OSMOSIS

Osmosis
 Is usually defined as the transport of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to an imbalance on its concentration on either side of the membrane.

Reverse osmosis
takes place when the pressure opposing

osmosis exceeds the osmotic pressure.

If one of the solution is pure water, then the pressure necessary to stop the flow of water from the region of high concentration to the region of lower concentration.

Relative osmotic pressure

The pressure on the right is then greater than the pressure on the left by amount of hpg ;where p is the density of the liquid, this extra pressure was created by osmosis, and once h becomes large enough, the pressure forces water back through the membrane as the same rate as it moves through osmosis.

Water intake by Roots and turgor in plants Epsom salts Regulation of fluid between cells (interstitial fluid) Swelling (edema) due to heart failure Effect of electrolyte balance

EXAMPLES OF OSMOSIS IN BIOLOGICAL ORGANISM

Water intake by roots and turgor in plants

-osmosis between water and roots is thought o be
responsible for the transfer of water into many plants. Ground water is purer and has a higher concentration than sap, so osmosis moves water into roots. Water in sap is then transferred by osmosis into cells causing them to swell with increased pressure. This pressure is called turgor pressure partly responsible for availability for plants to stand up.

Epsom salt -soaking a sprinkled ankle in epsom salt is a

common method of reducing swelling. The concentration of the water in the swollen part of the ankle is greater than in he epsom salts solution. Osmosis therefore transports water out of the ankle into the soaking solution.

Regulation of the fluids between cells

-I n humans and other animals the interstitial fluid is regulated by exchange of substances with blood in capillaries. Many substances are moved across the capillary but the transport of water is of immediate interest.

Swelling edema due to heart failure -if the patient suffers from right heart failure, then
the heart is less effective in taking up the blood sent to it, the pressure at the right capillary rises. Edema-causes reverse osmosis all along the capillary and the build up of interstitial fluid. Pulmonary Edema-If the patient is experiencing left heart failure, the pressure increases in the lungs, causing reverse osmosis. And there is the water build up.

Effect of electrolyte balance -too much salt consumption causes water retention
because osmosis carry water from the salty blood into the interstitial region. Electrolyte-essentially dissolved salts.

Dialysis

Dialysis
-is the diffusion of substances other than water through semi permeable membrane and occurs in kidneys and many other places in biological organisms.

Reverse Dialysis -also called filtration

-occurs in high concentration side is large enough to reverse the normal direction of dialysis.

Two examples of dialysis in humans

Kidney function Effects of diuretics

Kidney failure
Can cause high blood pressure. If filtration slows or stops in glomerulus, the kidney emits a hormone called renin that causes blood pressure to rise so that filtration recommences. high blood pressure can even cause capillaries in the glomerulus to burst.

Effects of Diuretics
Diuretics- any substance that increased urine outputs. -the presence of such molecule decreases the concentration of water in the tube and its reabsorption , resulting in a greater production of water in the urine.

Active transport -in which the living membrane itself supplies

energy to cause the transport of a substance. -can also aid ordinary osmosis or dialysis and explains why some transport proceeds faster than osmosis and dialysis alone.

The Cardiovascular System

- many of the characteristics of vascular system can be explained in terms of laws of physics. -cardiovascular system is consist of two pumps the right side of the heart and the left side of the heart and complex arrangement of vessels that transports blood through nearly every part of the body. -the maximum and minimum pressure is systolic and diastolic. Diastolic-due to the elasticity of the arteries *minimum pressure is 80mm Hg.

The Heart as a Double Pump

-the purpose of any pump is to create pressure exerting a force directly in the fluid. -the heart of some animals including humans, consist of two pumps and two reservoirs preceding those pumps. -right side of the heart pumps blood trough the lungs to the left side of the heart. -left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of circulatory system , returning it to the right side of he heart , where the process begins again

Pressures around the system -resistance in the system causes pressure to drop as
blood flows in the system. P1 P2=FR *where P1 is the pressure at the entrance of a tube and P2 at its exit -pressure drop is equal to the resistance and flow rate. The resistance R depends strongly on the radius, so the pressure drop in the aorta is fairly small, while in the capillaries is fairly large.

Blood Velocities and branching -the velocities of the blood is much greater in the
major arteries about 30cm/sec than in the capillaries about 310cm/sec. -the total flow rate in the major arteries is the same as in the aorta since all the blood which passes through the aorta passes through the major arteries. Therefore, F aorta=F major arteries

Effect of gravity in the Circulatory System

-gravity affects pressure but not flow rate in the Circulatory System. In any closed system, pressure due to gravity has no net effect on flow rate, much at the atmosphere has no effect in a flow of IV. -gravity can have effect in fluid balance. P=hpg *where h is depth in the fluid, p is density and g is the acceleration of gravity. *where h is positive in any point below the heart and negative in any point above the heart.

The blood pressure in the major arteries on the head is then: P head= P heart-h head pg *can cause fainting if P head is too low. Pressure in the major arteries in the legs is P legs=p heart + h head pg * the larger fluid in the legs can cause edema.

Flow regulation in the circulatory system.

-blood flow is adjusted by both changes in vessel radii and by changes in blood pressure. In tube of uniform diameter, fluid flows obey relationship. F= (P1-P2)/R

Poiseuilles law
-a resistance always decreases when radius increases and increases when viscosity increases. Applicability of Poiseuilles law- does not quantitatively describe blood flow very accurately for a no. of reasons. First-blood is not an ideal fluid. Second-vessel wall are not rigid. Third- Poiseuilles law is only valid for non turbulent flow *Poiseuilles law is widely applied to blood flow and does not give a good qualitative description of the dependence of flow on radius and viscosity.