Bai Giang Cong Nghe Phan Mem

TRNG I HC HNG HI VIT NAM
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

B MN H THNG THNG TIN
-----***-----

BI GING

NHP MN CNG NGH PHN MM

TN HC PHN : CNG NGH PHN MM
M HC PHN : 17404
TRNH O TO : I HC CHNH QUY
DNG CHO SV NGNH : CNG NGH THNG TIN

HI PHNG - 2011

2

MC LC

Ni dung
Trang
Chng 1: Gii thiu
5
1.1. Khi nim phn mm
5
1.2. Cc c im ca phn mm
5
1.3. Cc ng dng ca phn mm
6
1.4. Gii thiu v Cng ngh phn mm (Software engineering)
8
Chng 2: Cc m hnh pht trin phn mm
9
2.1. M hnh thc nc (Waterfall model)
9
2.2. M hnh nguyn mu (Prototyping model)
11
2.3. M hnh pht trin nhanh (RAD model)
13
2.4. M hnh tng trng (Incremental model)
13
2.5. M hnh xon c (Spiral model)
13
2.6. Cc m hnh hin i (Fourth generation techniques)
15
Chng 3: Kho st v phn tch yu cu
18
3.1. Thu thp yu cu (Requirements elicitation)
18
3.2. Phn tch yu cu (Requirements analysis)
28
3.3. c t yu cu (Requirements specification)
28
3.4. Xt duyt yu cu (Requirements validation)
35
Chng 4: M hnh ha h thng
37
4.1. M hnh ha d liu (Data modeling)
37
4.2. M hnh ha chc nng (Functional modeling)
37
4.3. M hnh ha lung thng tin (Information flow modeling)
38
Chng 5: Thit k h thng
40
5.1. Qu trnh thit k (Design process)
43
5.2. Cc nguyn tc thit k (Design principles)
46
Chng 6: Kim th phn mm
50
6.1. Mc ch (Testing objectives)
50
6.2. Nguyn tc kim th (Testing principles)
50
6.3. Kim th theo ng c bn (Basic path)
50
6.4. Kim th theo phn vng tng ng (Equivalence partitioning)
54
6.5. Kim th theo gi tr bin (Boundary value analysis)
56
6.6. Cc mc kim th (Testing strategy)
58

3

Tn hc phn: Nhp mn Cng ngh phn mm Loi hc phn: 1
B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng Thng tin Khoa ph trch: CNTT.
M hc phn: 17404 Tng s TC: 2
Tng s tit L thuyt Thc hnh/Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc
30 30 0 0 khng khng
Hc phn hc trc: Khng yu cu.
Hc phn tin quyt: Khng yu cu.
Hc phn song song: Khng yu cu.
Mc tiu ca hc phn:
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v cng ngh phn mm.
Ni dung ch yu:
Gii thiu v cng ngh phn mm; Cc m hnh pht trin phn mm; Lng gi d n phn mm;
Kho st v phn tch yu cu; M hnh ha h thng; Thit k h thng; Kim th phn mm.
Ni dung chi tit:
TN CHNG MC PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT TH BT KT
Chng 1: Gii thiu 2 2
1.1. Khi nim phn mm
Chng 2: Cc m hnh pht trin phn mm 6 6
Chng 3: Kho st v phn tch yu cu 4 4
Chng 4: M hnh ha h thng 4 4
Chng 5: Thit k h thng 4 4
5.3. Cc khi nim trong thit k phn mm (Design concepts)
Chng 6: Kim th phn mm 6 6
6.4. Kim th theo phn vng tng ng (Equivalence
partitioning)
4

TN CHNG MC PHN PHI S TIT
TS LT TH BT KT
Nhim v ca sinh vin:
Tham d cc bui hc l thuyt v thc hnh, lm cc bi tp c giao, lm cc bi thi gia k v
bi thi kt thc hc phn theo ng quy nh.
Ti liu hc tp:
1. Roger S. Pressman, Software Engineering- A practitioner's Approach, 6th edition, McGraw-
Hill.
2. Sommerville, Software Engineering, 7th edition, Pearson education.
3. Nguyn Xun Huy, Gio trnh cng ngh phn mm, NXB Trng HBK H Ni, 1996.
Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:
- Hnh thc thi: t lun hoc trc nghim.
- Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: cn c vo s tham gia hc tp ca sinh vin trong cc bui
hc l thuyt v thc hnh, kt qu lm cc bi tp c giao, kt qu ca cc bi thi gia hc
phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn.
Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F.
im nh gi hc phn: Z = 0,2X + 0,8Y.

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nht ca B mn H thng Thng tin, Khoa Cng
ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.

Ngy ph duyt: / /

Trng B mn

5

Chng 1: Gii thiu

1.1. Khi nim phn mm
Phn mm l mt tp hp bao gm:
Cc lnh (chng trnh my tnh) khi thc hn th a ra hot ng v kt qu
mong mun.
Cc cu trc d liu lm cho chng trnh thao tc thng tin thch hp.
Cc ti liu m t thao tc v cch dng chng trnh.
Phn mm l phn t ca h thng logic cha khng phi h thng vt l. Do vy, phn mm
c mt s c trng khc bit ng k i vi c trng ca phn cng.
c trng 1: Phn mm c pht trin hay c k ngh ho, n khng c ch to theo ngha
c in.
Mc du c mt s im tng ng gia pht trin phn mm v ch to phn cng, hai hot
ng ny v c bn l khc nhau. Trong c hai hot ng ny, cht lng cao c t ti thng
qua thit k tt, nhng giai on ch to phn cng c th a vo vn m cht lng khng tn
ti (hay d c sa i) cho phn mm. C hai hot ng ny u ph thuc vo con ngi, nhng
mi quan h gia ngi c p dng v cng vic c thc hin hon ton khc. C hai hot
ng ny i hi vic xy dng "sn phm", nhng cch tip cn l hon ton khc. Phn mm
c ch to ra l hon ton mi, khng c tin l trc v n cng ch c to ra 1 ln duy nht.
c trng 2: Phn mm khng hng i.
Phn mm khng cm ng vi khim khuyt mi trng vn gy cho phn cng mn c i.
Phn mm nu c vi cc b d liu u vo hp l th n lun cho kt qu c ngha ging nhau,
khng thay i theo thi gian, iu kin kh hu,
Cht yu
Mn c
T l
hng
Thi gian
ng cong hng hc ca phn cng
Thi gian
ng cong hng hc ca phn mm (l tng)
Gi t l cho n khi
lc hu
T l
hng
6

Thc t, phn mm s tri qua s thay i (bo tr). Khi thay i c thc hin, c th mt s
khim khuyt s c thm vo, gy ra trong ng cong t l hng c du hiu nh hnh v di
y. Trc khi ng cong c th tr v t l hng hc n nh ban u, th mt yu cu khc li
c a vo, li gy ra ng cong pht sinh nh nhn mt ln na. Dn dn, mc t l hng ti
thiu tng ln - phn mm b thoi ho do s thay i.
Nhn xt: Phn cng hng c vt t thay th, nhng khng c phn mm thay th cho phn
mm. Mi hng hc ca phn mm u ch ra li trong thit k hay trong tin trnh chuyn thit k
thnh m ho lnh my thc hin c. Do , vic bo tr phn mm bao gm vic ph thm ng
k so vi bo tr phn cng.
c trng 3: Phn ln phn mm c xy dng theo n t hng, ch t khi c lp rp t cc
thnh phn c sn.
Cch thit k v xy dng phn cng iu khin cho mt sn phm da trn b vi x l: v s
mch s => thc hin phn tch m bo chc nng ng => phn loi cc danh mc thnh
phn => gn cho mi mch tch hp (thng gi l IC hay chip) mt s hiu mt chc nng nh
trc v hp l; mt giao din xc nh r; mt tp cc hng dn tch hp chun ho.
i vi phn mm: Khi xy dng ta khng c danh mc cc thnh phn. Phn mm c t
hng vi n v hon chnh, khng phi l nhng thnh phn c th lp rp li thnh chng trnh
mi.
Sn phm phn mm l g?
Sn phm phn mm l mt hoc mt nhm cc chng trnh c xy dng gii quyt
mt vn no . V d: chng trnh qun l hot ng ca my mc v cc chng trnh ng
dng.
Nhm cc sn phm hin c.
Hin nay ngi ta phn chia thnh 7 nhm phn mm chnh.
Nhm 1: Phn mm h thng.
Thi gian
Hnh 1: ng cong hng hc thc t ca phn mm
T l hng
Thay i
ng cong l tng
ng cong thc t
7

L mt tp hp cc chng trnh c vit phc v cho cc chng trnh khc. Chng
trnh ny x l cc thng tin phc tp nhng xc nh cp thp, to mi trng hot ng (trnh
bin dch, trnh son tho, qun l tp tin, ).
Cc chng trnh ny c trng bi tng tc ch yu vi phn cng my tnh, phc v nhiu
ngi dng, c cu trc d liu phc tp v nhiu giao din ngoi.
Nhm 2: Phn mm thi gian thc.
L phn mm iu phi hoc phn tch hay kim sot cc s kin th gii thc ngay khi
chng xut hin.
Phn mm thi gian thc bao gm cc yu t:
Mt thnh phn thu thp d liu thu v nh dng thng tin t bn ngoi.
Mt thnh phn phn tch bin i thng tin theo yu cu ca ng dng.
Mt thnh phn kim sot hoc a ra cc p ng cho mi trng ngoi.
Mt thnh phn iu phi iu ho cc thnh phn khc sao cho c th duy tr vic p
ng thi gian thc.
H thng thi gian thc phi p ng c nhng rng buc thi gian cht ch.
Nhm 3: Phn mm nghip v.
Ngy nay, x l thng tin nghip v l lnh v ng dng phn mm ln nht. Phn mm loi
ny phc v cho cc h thng ri rc: h thng tin qun l. Cc ng dng phn mm nghip v cn
bao gm c tnh ton tng tc (nh x l cc giao tc cho cc im bn hng) ngoi ng dng x
l d liu.
Nhm 4: Phn mm khoa hc cng ngh.
Phn mm ny c c trng bi cc thut ton. Phn mm to ra mt ng dng mi, thit
k c my tnh tr gip (computer aided of design - CAD), c ch n cc c trng thi gian
thc v phn mm h thng.
Nhm 5: Phn mm nhng.
Nm trong b nh ch c v c dng iu khin cc sn phm v h thng cho ngi
dng v th trng cng nghip. C th thc hin cc chc nng n gin nhng mang tnh chuyn
bit (huyn b), v d: iu khin chc nng cho l vi sng; hay c th a ra cc kh nng iu
khin v vn hnh (chc nng s ho -t, kim sot xng, biu th bng ng h, cc h thng
phanh).
Nhm 6: Phn mm my tnh c nhn.
Loi phn mm ny bng n trong hn thp k va qua (nh x l vn bn, trang tnh,
ho, qun tr c s d liu). Hin nay c tip tc pht trin biu th giao din ngi my, to ra
s thn thin, d s dng cho ngi dng.
Nhm 7: Phn mm tr tu nhn to.
8

Dng cc thut ton phi s gii quyt cc vn phc tp m tnh ton hay phn tch trc
tip u khng th qun l ni. Phn mm ny hot ng mnh h chuyn gia (h c s tri thc);
trong lnh vc nhn dng v x l hnh nh v m thanh; chng minh cc nh l v chi tr chi.
Hin nay pht trin mnh mng n-ron nhn to: m phng cu trc vic x l trong b no ca con
ngi.
Cng ngh phn mm l mt lnh vc nghin cu ca tin hc nhm a ra cc nguyn l, phng
php, cng c, phng tin gip cho vic thit k v ci t mt sn phm phn mm t c cc
yu cu sau mt cch tt nht:
Phi c tnh ng n v khoa hc.
D tip cn v ci tin.
Ph dng.
c lp vi cc thit b.
Bi tp:
1. Trnh by vai tr ca phn mm
2. Trnh by cc c im ca phn mm
3. Cc ng dng ca phn mm
9

Chng 2: Cc m hnh pht trin phn mm

i khi cn c gi l m hnh tun t tuyn tnh hay m hnh thc nc, m hnh ny gi
mt cch tip cn tun t, c h thng ti vic pht trin phn mm vn bt u t mc h thng v
tin dn qua phn tch, thit k, m ho, kim th v h tr. Di y minh ho m hnh thc nc
cho k ngh phn mm. c m hnh ho theo chu k k ngh qui c, m hnh thc nc bao gm
cc hot ng sau:
K ngh v m hnh ho h thng / thng tin. Bi v phn mm bao gi cng l mt phn
ca mt h thng (hay nghip v) ln hn nn cng vic bt u t vic thit lp yu cu cho mi
phn t h thng v ri cp pht mt tp con cc yu cu cho phn mm. Quan im h thng
ny l iu bn cht khi phn mm phi tng tc vi cc thnh phn khc nh phn cng, con
ngi v CSDL. K ngh v phn tch h thng bao gm vic thu thp yu cu mc h thng vi
mt lng nh thit k v phn tch mc nh. K ngh thng tin bao gm vic thu thp yu cu ti
mc nghip v chin lc v ti mc lnh vc nghip v.
Phn tch yu cu phn mm. Tin trnh thu thp yu cu c tng cng v hi t c bit
vo phn mm. hiu c bn cht ca cc chng trnh phi xy dng, k s phn mm ("nh
phn tch") phi hiu v lnh vc thng tin (c m t trong phn sau) i vi phn mm cng nh
chc nng cn c, hnh vi, hiu nng v giao din. Cc yu cu cho c h thng v phn mm cn
phi c lp t liu v xt duyt cng vi khch hng.
K ngh h
thng
Phn tch v
nh r yu cu
Thit k h
thng v phn
mm
M ho
Kim th n v
v tch hp h
thng
Hnh 2: M hnh thc nc
Vn hnh v
bo tr
10

Thit k. Thit k phn mm thc t l mt tin trnh nhiu bc tp trung vo bn thuc tnh
phn bit ca chng trnh: cu trc d liu, kin trc phn mm, biu din giao din v chi tit th
tc (thut ton). Tin trnh thit k dch cc yu cu thnh mt biu din ca phn mm c th c
nh gi v cht lng trc khi giai on m ho bt u. Ging nh cc yu cu, vic thit k
phi c lp t liu v tr thnh mt phn ca cu hnh phn mm.
Sinh m. Thit k phi c dch thnh dng my c c. Bc m ho thc hin nhim v
ny. Nu thit k c thc hin theo mt cch chi tit th vic sinh m c th c thc hin mt
cch my mc.
Kim th. Mt khi m c sinh ra th vic kim th chng trnh bt u. Tin trnh kim
th hi t vo ni b logic ca phn mm, m bo rng tt c cc cu lnh u c kim th, v
vo bn ngoi chc nng; tc l tin hnh cc kim th lm l ra cc li v m bo nhng ci
vo nh s to ra kt qu thng nht vi kt qu mun c.
Vn hnh v bo tr. Phn mm chc chn s phi tri qua nhng thay i sau khi n c bn
giao cho khch hng (mt ngoi l c th l nhng phn mm nhng). Thay i s xut hin bi v
gp phi li, bi v phn mm phi thch ng vi nhng thay i trong mi trng bn ngoi (chng
hn nh s thay i do h iu hnh mi hay thit b ngoi vi mi), hay bi v khch hng yu cu
nng cao chc nng hay hiu nng. Vic bo tr phn mm phi p dng li cc bc vng i ni
trn cho chng trnh hin ti ch khng phi chng trnh mi.
M hnh tun t tuyn tnh l m hnh c nht v c s dng rng ri nht cho k ngh phn
mm. Tuy nhin, nhng ch trch v m hnh ny lm cho nhng ngi ng h n tch cc phi
t vn v tnh hiu qu ca n. Mt s cc vn thnh thong gp phi khi dng m hnh tun
t tuyn tnh ny l:
Cc d n thc him khi tun theo dng chy tun t m m hnh ngh. Mc du m
hnh tuyn tnh c th cho php lp, nhng iu ch lm gin tip. Kt qu l nhng thay i c
th gy ra ln ln khi t d n tin hnh.
Khch hng thng kh pht biu mi yu cu mt cch tng minh. M hnh tun t
tuyn tnh i hi iu ny v thng kh thch hp vi s bt trc t nhin tn ti vo lc u ca
nhiu d n.
Khch hng phi kin nhn. Bn lm vic c ca chng trnh ch c c vo lc cui
ca thi gian d n. Mt sai lm ng ngn, nu n khi c chng trnh lm vic mi pht hin ra,
c th s l mt thm ho.
Trong mt phn tch th v v cc d n hin ti, Brada thy rng bn cht tuyn tnh ca vng
i c in dn ti "cc trng thi nghn" m trong mt s thnh vin t d n phi i cho cc
thnh vin khc ca t hon thnh cc nhim v ph thuc. Trong thc t, thi gian mt cho vic
ch i c th vt qu thi gian dnh cho cng vic sn xut. Trng thi nghn c khuynh hng
ph bin vo lc u v cui ca tin trnh tun t tuyn tnh.
11

Tng vn trn u l thc. Tuy nhin, m hnh vng i c in c mt v tr quan trng v
xc nh trong cng vic v k ngh phn mm. N a ra mt tiu bn trong c th b tr cc
phng php cho phn tch, thit k, m ho, kim th v bo tr. Bn cnh , vng i c in
vn cn l mt m hnh th tc c dng rng ri cho k ngh phn mm. Trong khi n qu thc
cn im yu, n vn tt hn ng k nu so vi cch tip cn ngu nhin ti vic pht trin phn
mm.
Thng thng khch hng xc nh mt tp cc mc tiu tng qut cho phn mm, nhng
cn cha nh danh cc yu cu ci vo chi tit, hay x l ci ra. Trong cc trng hp khc, ngi
pht trin c th khng chc v tnh hiu qu ca thut ton, vic thch nghi h iu hnh hay dng
giao din ngi my cn c. Trong nhng trng hp ny v nhiu trng hp khc m hnh lm
bn mu c th a ra cch tip cn tt nht.
M hnh lm bn mu (hnh di) bt u vi vic thu thp yu cu. Ngi pht trin v
khch hng gp nhau v xc nh cc mc tiu tng th cho phn mm, xc nh cc yu cu no
bit, v min no bt buc phi xc nh thm. Ri n vic "thit k nhanh". Thit k nhanh tp
trung vo vic biu din cc kha cnh ca phn mm thy c i vi ngi dng (nh cch a
vo v nh dng a ra). Thit k nhanh dn ti vic xy dng mt bn mu. Bn mu c khch
hng / ngi dng nh gi v c dng lm mn cc yu cu i vi phn mm cn pht trin.
Tin trnh lp i lp li xy ra cho bn mu c "vi chnh" tho mn nhu cu ca khch hng
trong khi ng thi li lm cho ngi pht trin hiu c k hn cn phi thc hin nhu cu no.
Mt cch l tng, bn mu phc v nh mt c ch xc nh cc yu cu phn mm. Nu
mt bn mu lm vic c xy dng th ngi pht trin c th dng c cc on chng trnh

BT U
Tp hp yu cu v
lm mn => xc nh
mc tiu tng th,
kho st thm
nh r yu cu
Thit k nhanh
Xy dng bn
mu
nh gi ca
khch hng v
bn mu
Sn phm
Lm mn
bn mu
KT THC
12

c hay p dng cc cng c (nh b sinh bo co, b qun l ca s, v.v..) nhanh chng sinh
ra chng trnh lm vic.
Nhng chng ta ngh v bn mu th no khi n c dng cho mc ch c nu trn? Brook
nu ra cu tr li:
Trong hu ht cc d n, h thng u tin him khi s dng c. N c th l qu chm, qu
ln, cng knh trong s dng hay tt c nhng nhc im ny. Khng c cch no khc l bt u
li, au n nhng tinh khn hn, v xy dng mt phin bn c thit k li trong nhng vn
ny c gii quyt... Khi mt khi nim h thng mi hay mt k ngh mi c dng,
ngi ta phi xy dng mt h thng ri vt i, cho d vic lp k hoch c thc hin chu o
nht th n cng khng th bao qut ht chy ng c ngay ln u. Do cu hi qun l
khng phi l liu chng ta c nn xy dng mt h thng th nghim v ri vt n i hay khng.
Bn s lm nh vy. Cu hi duy nht l liu nn lp k hoch trc xy dng mt ci vt i hay
ha hn bn giao ci vt i cho khch hng...
Bn mu c th phc v nh "h u tin" - ci m Brook lu chng ta nn vt i. Nhng
iu ny c th l mt cch nhn l tng ho. Ging nh m hnh tuyn tnh tun t (thc nc),
vic lm bn mu ta nh mt m hnh cho k ngh phn mm c th tr thnh c vn bi nhng
l do sau:
1. Khch hng thy c ci dng nh l phin bn lm vic ca phn mm m khng bit rng
bn mu c gn li "bng ko cao su v dy gi hng", khng bit rng trong khi x y
cho n lm vic th chng ai xem xt ti cht lng phn mm tng th hay tnh bo tr thi gian
di. Khi c thng bo rng sn phm phi c xy dng li cho c th t ti mc
cht lng cao, th khch hng ku tri v i hi rng "phi t sa cha" lm bn mu thnh
sn phm lm vic. Rt thng l vic qun l pht trin phn mm b bung lng.
2. Ngi pht trin thng hay tho hip ci t c c bn mu lm vic nhanh chng. H
iu hnh hay ngn ng lp trnh khng thch hp c th c dng n gin bi v n c sn
v bit; mt thut ton khng hiu qu c th c ci t n gin chng t kh nng.
Sau mt thi gian, ngi pht trin mi c th tr nn quen thuc vi nhng chn la ny v
qun mt mi l do ti sao chng li khng thch hp. Vic chn la khng c theo l tng
by gi li tr thnh mt phn tch hp ca h thng.
Mc du vn c th xut hin, vic lm bn mu c th l mt m hnh hiu qu cho k ngh
phn mm. Cha kho l nh ngha ra cc qui tc ca tr chi t ngay lc bt u; tc l khch
hng v ngi pht trin phi cng ng rng bn mu c xy dng phc v lm c ch xc
nh yu cu. Th ri n phi b b i (t nht cng mt phn) v phn mm thc ti c a vo
k ngh vi con mt hng v cht lng v tnh bo tr c.
13

M hnh pht trin nhanh (RAD Rapid Application Development) chnh l m hnh tng
dn vi chu k pht trin cc ngn. tc mc tiu ny, RAD da trn phng php pht
trin trn c s thnh phn ho h thng cng vi vic ti s dng cc thnh phn thch hp. RAD
thch hp cho nhng h thng qun l thng tin.
RAD - da vo phng php lun,iu chnh cc giai on SDLC to ra mt sphn ca hthng
pht trin nhanh v vo cc thao tc th cng ca ngi s dng.
Phn ln RAD - da vo phng php lun m ngi phn tch s dng cc k thutc bit v
cng c my tnh tng tc cc giaion phn tch, thit k, v thc hin, nh cng c CASE
(computer-aided software engineering).
Thay v chuyn giao mt ln, qu trnh pht trin v chuyn giao c chia lm nhiu ln, mi
chuyn giao p ng mt phn chc nng.
Yu cu ngi dng c phn loi u tin, mc cao s thuc phn chuyn giao sm
Khi pht trin mt bn tng, yu cu tng ng l c nh, tuy nhin, yu cu cho bn tng
sau vn pht trin.
M hnh xon c, ban u do Boehm xut, l m hnh tin trnh phn mm tin ho vn
cp i bn cht lp ca lm bn mu vi cc kha cnh h thng v c kim sot ca m hnh trnh
t tuyn tnh. N cung cp tim nng cho vic pht trin nhanh cc phin bn tng dn ca phn
mm. Dng m hnh xon c ny, phn mm c pht trin thnh tng chui cc ln a ra tng
dn. Trong nhng ln lp u, vic a ra tng dn c th l m hnh trn giy hay bn mu. Trong
cc ln lp sau, cc phin bn y tng dn ca h thng c k ngh ho s c to ra.
M hnh xon c c chia thnh mt s khun kh hot ng, cng cn c gi l vng
nhim v. V c bn, c t ba ti su vng. Hnh sau m t cho m hnh xon c c cha su vng:
1. Trao i vi khch hng - nhim v i hi thit lp vic trao i c hiu qu gia ngi
pht trin v khch hng.
2. Lp k hoch - nhim v i hi nh ngha cc ti nguyn, hn thi gian v cc thng tin
lin quan ti d n.
3. Phn tch ri ro - nhim v i hi nh gi c nhng ri ro k thut v qun l
4. K ngh - nhim v i hi xy dng mt hay nhiu biu din cho ng dng
5. Xy dng v a ra - nhim v i hi xy dng, kim th, thit t v cung cp s h tr
cho ngi dng (nh ti liu v hun luyn)
14

6. nh gi ca khnh hng - nhim v i hi thu c phn hi ca khch hng da trn
nh gi v biu din phn mm c to ra trong giai on k ngh v c ci t trong
giai on ci t.
Mi mt trong cc vng u c t vo mt tp cc nhim v, c gi l tp nhim v, vn
c thch ng vi cc c trng ca d n c tin hnh. Vi cc s n nh, s cc nhim v
cng vic v tnh hnh thc ca chng l thp. Vi cc d n ln, nhiu cng thng hn, th mi
vng nhim v li cha nhiu nhim v cng vic vn c xc nh t ti mc hnh thc
cao hn. Trong mi trng hp, hot ng h tr (nh qun l cu hnh phn mm v m bo cht
lng phn mm) - c nu trong phn sau - s c p dng.
Khi tin trnh tin ho ny bt u, t k ngh phn mm i vng xon c theo chiu ngc kim
ng h, bt u t trung tm. Mch u tin quanh xon c c th lm pht sinh vic pht trin c
t sn phm; cc bc tip theo quanh xon c c th c dng pht trin bn mu v th ri
cc phin bn phc tp dn thm. Mi bc qua vng lp k hoch li lm ny sinh vic iu chnh
k hoch d n. Chi ph v lch biu c iu chnh da trn phn hi c suy t nh gi ca
khch hng. Bn cnh , ngi qun l d n iu chnh s vic lp lp k hoch cn hon
chnh phn mm.
Khng ging nh m hnh tin trnh c in vn kt thc khi phn mm c chuyn giao,
m hnh xon c c th c thch ng p dng trong ton b cuc i ca phn mm my tnh.
Mt ci nhn khc c th c xem xt bng vic kim tra trc im vo d n, nh c v trong
hnh trn. Mi hnh hp c t theo trc c th c dng biu din cho im bt u cho cc
kiu d n khc nhau. "D n pht trin khi nim" bt u ti ct li ca xon c v s tip tc
(nhiu ln lp xut hin theo con ng xon c m vn gn vi vng t m trung tm) cho ti khi
vic pht trin khi nim l y . Nu khi nim ny c pht trin thnh mt sn phm thc ti,
D n bo tr
sn phm
D n nng
cao sn phm
D n pht trin
sn phm mi D n pht trin
khi nim
Xy dng
v a ra
K
ngh

Phn
tch ri
ro
Lp k
hoch
Trao i vi
khch hng
Trc im
vo d n
nh gi ca khch hng
15

th tin trnh tin qua hnh hp tip (im vo d n pht trin sn phm mi) v mt "d n pht
trin mi" c khi u. Sn phm mi s tin ho qua mt s ln lp quanh xon c, i theo con
ng vn gn vng c t mu sng hn vng li. V bn cht, xon c, khi c c trng theo
cch ny, vn cn lm vic cho ti khi phn mm c cho ngh. C nhng lc tin trnh ny
ng, nhng bt k khi no mt thay i c khi u, th tin trnh ny li bt u ti im vo
thch hp (tc l nng cao sn phm).
M hnh xon c l cch tip cn thc t cho vic pht trin cho cc h thng v phn mm
qui m ln. Bi v phn mm tin ho khi tin trnh tin ho, nn ngi pht trin v khch hng
hiu r hn v phn ng vi ri ro ti tng mc tin ho. M hnh xon c dng cch lm bn mu
nh mt c ch lm gim bt ri ro, nhng iu quan trng hn, lm cho ngi pht trin c kh
nng p dng c cch tip cn lm bn mu ti mi giai on trong tin ho ca sn phm. N
duy tr cch tip cn tng bc mt cch c h thng do cch tip cn vng i c in gi ,
nhng t hp cch tip cn ny vo mt khun kh lp li, vn phn nh c st thc hn th gii
thc. M hnh xon c i hi vic xem xt trc tip cc ri ro k thut ti mi giai on ca d n,
v nu c p dng ng th n c th lm gim ri ro trc khi chng tr thnh vn thc s.
Nhng ging nh cc m hnh khc, m hnh xon c khng phi l mt liu thuc bch
bnh. C th kh thuyt phc nhng khch hng (c bit trong tnh hung c hp ng) rng cch
tip cn tin ho l kim sot c. N i hi tri thc chuyn gia nh gi ri ro chnh xc v da
trn tri thc chuyn gia ny m t c thnh cng. Nu mt ri ro chnh khng c pht hin v
qun l th khng nghi ng g na vn s xut hin. Cui cng, chnh bn thn m hnh ny cng
cn cha c s dng rng ri nh m hnh trnh t tuyn tnh hoc lm bn mu. Cn phi c
thm mt s nm na trc khi tnh hiu qu ca m hnh quan trng ny c th c xc nh vi
s chc chn hon ton.
Thut ng k thut th h th t (4GT) bao gm mt phm vi rng cc cng c phn mm c
mt im chung: mi cng c u cho php ngi k s phn mm xc nh c trng no ca
phn mm mc cao. Ri cng c t ng sinh ra m chng trnh gc da trn c t ca
ngi pht trin. Ngi ta gn nh khng cn bn ci v vic phn mm c th c xc nh i
vi mt my cng mc cao th chng trnh c th c xy dng cng nhanh hn. M hnh 4GT
cho k ngh phn mm tp trung vo kh nng xc nh phn mm bng vic dng cc khun mu
ngn ng c bit hay k php ho vn m t cho vn cn c gii quyt di dng khch
hng c th hiu c.

16

Hin ti, mt mi trng pht trin phn mm h tr cho m hnh 4GT bao gm mt s hay tt
c cc cng c sau:
- Ngn ng phi th tc hi p c s d liu.
- B sinh bo co.
- B thao tc d liu.
- B tng tc v xc nh mn hnh.
- B sinh chng trnh.
- Kh nng ho mc cao.
- Kh nng lm trang tnh v vic sinh t ng HTML.
- Cc ngn ng tng t c dng cho vic to ra trang Web thng qua vic dng cc
cng c phn mm tin tin.
Ban u nhiu trong nhng cng c c nhc ti c sn ch cho nhng lnh vc ng
dng rt c th, nhng ngy nay mi trng 4GT c m rng cp ti hy ht cc loi
ng dng phn mm.
Ging nh cc m hnh khc, 4GT bt u t bc thu thp yu cu. Mt cch l tng, khch
hng s m t cc yu cu v cc yu cu s c dch trc tip thnh mt bn mu vn hnh
c. Nhng iu ny khng thc hin c. Khch hng c th khng chc chn mnh cn g, c
th c s m h trong vic xc nh cc s kin bit, c th khng c kh nng hay khng sn
lng xc nh thng tin theo cch thc m cng c 4GT c th gii quyt c. Bi l do ny, i
thoi khch hng/ ngi pht trin c m t cho cc m hnh tin trnh khc vn cn l phn bn
cht ca cch tip cn 4GT.
Vi nhng ng dng nh, c th chuyn trc tip t bc thu thp yu cu sang ci t bng
cch dng ngn ng sinh th h th t phi th tc (4GL) hay mt m hnh bao gm mt mng cc
biu tng ho. Tuy nhin vi n lc ln hn, cn phi pht trin mt chin lc thit k cho h
Tm hiu yu cu
Phn tch
Thit k
Ci t
Kim th
Sn phm
Cng c t ng
hoc h tr
Hnh 3: M hnh k ngh th 4 - 4GT
17

thng, ngay c nu c dng 4GL. Vic dng 4GT thiu thit k (vi cc d n ln) s gy ra cng
nhng kh khn (cht lng km, kh bo tr, ngi dng kh chp nhn) m chng ta gp phi
khi pht trin phn mm bng cch dng cc cch tip cn qui c.
Vic ci t dng 4GL lm cho ngi pht trin phn mm biu din c cc kt qu mong
mun theo cch l pht sinh t ng chng trnh tnh ra chng. Hin nhin, mt cu trc d liu
vi nhng thng tin c lin quan cn phi c sn v sn sng cho 4GL truy nhp vo.
bin i mt ci t 4GT thnh mt sn phm, ngi pht trin phi tin hnh vic kim th
ton din, xy dng cc ti liu c ngha v thc hin mi hot ng tch hp gii php khc vn
cn ti trong cc m hnh k ngh phn mm khc. Bn cnh , phn mm c pht trin theo
4GT phi c xy dng theo cch lm cho vic bo tr c th c tin hnh mt cch chng
vnh.
Ging nh mi m hnh k ngh phn mm, m hnh 4GT c u im v nhc im. Nhng
ngi ng h cho l lm gim ng k thi gian pht trin phn mm v lm tng rt nhiu hiu
sut ca ngi xy dng phn mm. Nhng ngi phn i cho l cc cng c 4GT hin ti khng
phi tt c u d dng hn cc ngn ng lp trnh, rng chng trnh gc do cc cng c ny to ra
l "khng hiu qu," v rng tnh bo tr cho cc h thng phn mm ln c pht trin bng cch
dng 4GT vn cn l vn m.
C i iu li ch trong cc lun im ca c hai pha v c th tm tt trng thi hin ti ca
cch tip cn 4GT nh sau:
1. Vic dng 4GT l cch tip cn c th tn ti c cho nhiu lnh vc ng dng khc nhau.
Gn vi cc cng c k ngh phn mm c my tnh h tr v b sinh m, 4GT cung cp
mt gii php tin cy c cho nhiu vn phn mm.
2. D liu c thu thp t cc cng ty c dng 4GT ch ra rng thi gian cn cho vic to ra
phn mm c gim ng k i vi cc ng dng va v nh v rng khi lng thit k
v phn tch cho cc ng dng nh cng c rt bt.
3. Tuy nhin, vic dng 4GT cho cc n lc pht trin phn mm ln i hi nhiu phn tch,
thit k v kim th (cc hot ng k ngh phn mm) t ti vic tit kim thi gian
vn ny sinh t vic xo b m ho.
Tm li, cc k thut th h th t tr thnh mt phn quan trng ca k ngh phn mm. Khi i
i vi cch tip cn da trn cu phn (s c trnh by mc tip theo), m hnh 4GT c th tr
thnh cch tip cn thng tr cho vic pht trin phn mm\
Bi tp:
1. Trnh by m hnh thc nc
2. Phn bit m hnh bn mu vi m hnh thc nc
3. Phn bit m hnh tng trng vi m hnh thc nc
18

Chng 3: Kho st v phn tch yu cu

Mi giai on pht trin h thng i hi s trao i gia nh pht trin v ngi dng
nhn c thng tin c ch. Mi giai on cn tm kim mt di rng cc cu hi v ng dng. V
d: Khi phn tch tnh kh thi, cc cu hi tng i rng v tng qut:
- u l phm vi ca vn ?
- Cch tt nht t ng ho l g?
- Cng ty c c gng pht trin ng dng ny hay khng?
- Cng ty c th h tr vic pht trin ng dng khng?
Khi phn tch yu cu chng ta tm hiu cc thng tin c lin quan n ng dng l g. V d:
- Cc d liu cn thit l g?
- Cc x l no c tin hnh v cc thng tin chi tit lin quan?
Khi thit k chng ta pht trin thm: Lm th no thng tin c lin quan ti ng dng:
- Lm th no chuyn ng dng vo mi trng chn?
- Lm th no thit k d liu logic c chuyn vo thit k d liu vt l?
- Cc module chng trnh c phi hp vi nhau nh th no?
Cc thng tin khng xut pht t u khc ngoi chnh t yu cu ca ngi dng. Nhim
v ca nh pht trin l phi nm bt c cc thng tin trn. C nhiu cch thu thp d liu:
Phng vn - hp nhm - quan st - gii thiu trc chng trnh sau xin kin - n nh cng
vic tm thi - lm vic chung - xem xt ti liu ni b, ti liu ngoi Mi phng php c u,
nhc im ring (chng ta s tho lun sau). Nh pht trin phn mm phi bit vn dng linh hot
cc phng php trn thu c thng tin mt cch hiu qu nht.
Cc tnh cht ca d liu.
Cc d liu c phn bit theo mt vi kha cnh:
- nh hng thi gian.
- Cu trc.
- Nhp nhng.
- Ng ngha.
- ln.
Mi yu t trn u quan trng trong vic xc nh cc c t ca ng dng bi v chng
hng dn cho cng ngh phn mm bit s lng v kiu thng tin nn c chn. Cng vy, cc
kiu d liu khc nhau c lin quan ti cc loi ng dng khc nhau v i hi cc k thut khai
thc thng tin khc nhau. Khng ch ti cc c tnh ca d liu s dn ti li phn tch thit k.
19

Bn cnh vic thu thp thng tin, chng ta cng cn s dng cc k thut nh lng thng tin
v bin dch v ng dng ra.
Tnh cht 1: Hng thi gian.
Tnh hng thi gian ca d liu cp ti qu kh, hin ti hoc cc i hi tng lai ca
ng dng ra.
Cc d liu qu kh, v d, c th m t cng vic c bin it th no qua thi gian,
cc quy nh nh hng th no ti nhim v, v tr ca n trong t chc v nhim v. Cc thng tin
qu kh l chnh xc, y v xc ng.
Cc thng tin hin ti l cc thng tin v ci g ang xy ra. V d thng tin ng dng hin ti
lin quan ti qu trnh hot ng ca cng ty, s lng cc lnh c thc hin trong ngy hoc s
lng cc hang ho c sn xut, cc chnh sch, sn phm, i hi nghip v, yu cu php quy
hin ti hoc cc rang buc khc cng rt cn thit cho vic pht trin ng dng. Cc thng tin hin
ti nn c chuyn thnh cc t liu cho ph hp vi i ng pht trin tng s hiu bit ca h
v ng dng v phm vi ca bi ton
Cc i hi trong tng lai lin quan n cc s thay i s din ra, chng khng chnh xc
v rt kh kim tra. Cc d on kinh t, khuynh hng tip th, kinh doanh l cc v d.
Tnh cht 2: Tnh c cu trc.
Thng tin chng ta thu thp c l nhng thng tin c t chc theo mt cu trc (khun
mu) nht nh; c nh vy mi th hin mt ngha phn nh mt i tng no , iu ny l
hin nhin. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thu thp d liu, chng ta c khi khng hiu c cu trc
ca thng tin phn nh, m rt c th hiu theo hng khc (iu ny c cp phn cc li
c th mc phi trong qu trnh pht trin h thng - Chng 2).
Cu trc ca thng tin nh hng v phn m rng theo thng tin c th c phn loi
theo mt cch no . Cu trc c th tham chiu ti cc hm, mi trng hoc dng d liu hy
hnh thc x l. Cc thng tin thay i t phi cu trc cho ti cu trc m phn cu trc c xc
nh bi cng ngh phn mm (SE).
Mt v d thc t khi phn tch chc nng ca nghip v. Cc chc nng ca nghip v nu
theo ngi qun l h thng th khng th k ra ht v l cc cng vic ca tng b phn, ca
tng nhn vin. Do vy ta ch nm c nhng ci tng quan (c tnh tru tng cao - khng r
rng, c th). Cn cc chc nng nghip v ca tng b phn, tng nhn vin th rt nh l. V
ng gia mt danh sch cc chc nng nh vy th kh c th thy c tnh cu trc ca n. Cc
nh phn tch li phi "ngi li" vi nhau v t chc li cc chc nng nghip v . C nh vy th
khi xy dng chng trnh, ta trnh phi lm i lm li cc chc nng ging nhau gia cc b phn
trong thc t. M ta ch cn nu ra mt lin kt (link) t b phn (module) ny n b phn khc.
Tnh "khng chun" ca d liu th hin r nht thng tin trong mt t "ho n". Ho n
thanh ton th hin rt nhiu thng tin, nh: S HD, Tn H, Tn khch hng, a ch khch hng,
20

v sau l mt bng lit k chi tit tn cc mt hng, n gi, s lng, thnh tin ... nhng
trong thc t, khng mt bng d liu c khun dng ging nh mt ho n no c mt trong kho
d liu ca h thng. iu ny l do lin kt d liu t cc bng khc m thnh, trnh lu tr trng
lp qu nhiu thng tin. Do vy, cc nh thit k d liu t chc li cu trc ca d liu cn lu
tr.
Tnh cht 3: y .
Hn lc no ht, khi tm hiu v mt i tng hay lnh vc no , ta lun cn thng tin
phn nh v n mt cch y v chnh xc nht c th c. V mt l thuyt th khng bao gi ta
c c ton b thng tin v i tng hay lnh vc m ta x l. Trong thc t cng nh vy, thng
tin m ta c ch l tm ta c th x l m thi.
Cc thng tin c th xp theo cp tnh y m cao nht l mi thng tin cn thit s
c biu din. Mi kiu ng dng i hi mt mc y khc nhau. Cc h thng x l giao
dch lun tip cn cc thng tin y v chnh xc (v d h thng bn v my bay). Tuy nhin
cc h thng xy dng theo kin trc h chuyn gia hay tr tu nhn to (AI) l minh ho tt nht
vic x l thng tin khng y .
Tnh cht 4: Nhp nhng.
Tnh nhp nhng l mt thuc tnh ca d liu khng trong sng v ngha hoc c nhiu ngha
mt cch hu (c ch nh). Tnh cht ny lin quan n mc ng ngha. V d, nhn thy mt
ca hiu c th bin Git l hp, th mt cu b c th hi b mt cu hi nh sau: Ti sao
git li l hp?, vo hon cnh ny, ng b s phi mt rt nhiu cng sc gii thch cho con
hiu. Nh vy c hin tng ng ni g, b ho cuc. gii quyt vn ny cn cn c vo
ng cnh.
Tnh cht 5: Ng ngha.
Mi ngi trong mt t chc u c mt tp hp cc nh ngha c chia s cho bit cc
thut ng, chnh sch hoc cc hnh ng c biu hin nh th no.
Ng ngha rt quan trng vi vic pht trin ng dng v vi chnh bn thn ng dng .
Nu mi ngi dng chung mt thut ng m c cch hiu khc nhau th s dn n khng th trao
i thng tin c. i vi ng dng th d liu s khng bao gi x l c cho n khi ngi s
dng hiu c ng ngha ca d liu ny. Cc ng dng s c ngha xc nh vi mc d liu
c nh tnh thng qua vic o to v s dng lu di. Khi cc cn b ch cht chuyn cng tc,
th kh nng chuyn ho ng ngha d mt. Vic nh mt ng ngha ca mt cng ty c th gy tn
tht rt ln cho cng ty .
Tnh cht 6: ln (volume).
Volume l s lng cc s kin nghip v h thng phi tin hnh trong mt chu k no .
Volume ca to mi hay thay i khch hng c tin hnh theo thng hoc nm, trong volume
ca giao dch c tin hnh theo ngy gi hoc l theo peak volume (peak volume l s cc giao
21

dch hoc cc s kin c thc hin trong thi k bn nht). Thi k cao im c th l cui nm
hoc cui cc qu, v d chun b cho bo co np thu. Volume ca d liu l mt ngun thng tin
phc tp bi v s lng thi gian cn thit vi mt giao dch n l c th tr thnh rt quan trng
i vi lng ln d liu cn x l sau ny.
Cc k thut thu thp d liu.
Cc k thut thu thp d liu c th k ra l: phng vn, hp nhm, quan st n nh cng
vic tm thi, xem xt ti liu, xem xt phn mm. Mi k thut u c im mnh v hn ch v
s lng v kiu d liu ta thu c khi s dng chng. Chng ta hy bn lun v cc k nng ny.
Phng vn.
Phng vn l vic tp hp mt nhm ngi s lng t trong mt khong thi gian c nh
vi mt mc ch c th. Phng vn thng c tin hnh vi 1 hoc 2 ngi hi i vi 1 ngi
c phng vn. Trong qu trnh phng vn, cc cu hi c th c thay i. Bn c th nh gi
c cm nhn ca h, ng c v thi quen vi cc b phn, qu trnh qun l hoc cc thng tin
v thc th khc ng ch . Kiu ca phng vn l kiu ca thng tin yu cu. Phng vn c
dn dt sao cho c 2 bn tham gia u cm thy tho mn vi kt qu ca n. Cuc phng vn c
chun b k ng ngha vi vic hiu c v ngi ang c phng vn. Do bn khng l cho
h bi ri v bn c th hi vi cu ban u c chun b cho d khng phi l tt c.
Mt cuc phng vn bao gi cng c bt u, on gia v kt thc.
- Lc bt u, bn t gii thiu v t cc cu hi n gin. Nn bt u vi cc cu hi
tng qut v khng i hi cc tr li mang tnh quan im c nhn. Hy ch n kt
qu tr li tm ra mi cc cu hi tip theo v tnh trung thc, thi ca ngi c
phng vn.
- Vo gia bui, nn tp trung vo ch . Hy ly mi thng tin bn cn lu , s dng cc
k thut m bn chn ban u. Nu thy mt vi thng tin qua trng, hy hi xem bn
c th c tho lun sau ny.
- Vo lc kt thc, hy tm tt cc th m bn nghe v ni nhng g s phng vn tip.
Bn c th ghi chp v ngh ngi c hi xem xt li. Tt nht l trong thi gian 48
gi v c s chp nhn ca ngi dng theo ngy xc nh.
Phng vn c th s dng 2 loi cu hi:
- Cu hi m: L cu hi c nhiu cch tr li khc nhau, cu hi m thch hp cho cc
chc nng ng dng hin ti cng nh ang ngh v cho vic xc nh cm nhn
kin, v mong i v ng dng c ra. Mt v d l: ng c th ni cho ti v ,
ng c th m t lm th no .
- Cu hi ng: l cu hi m ch tr li c hoc khng hoc mt cu tr li c th. Cc
cu hi ng tt cho khai thc thng tin thc t hoc bt ngi dng tp trung vo phng
22

vn. V d, cu hi c th l: Bn c dng cc bo co hng thng hay khng ?. Vi cc
cu tr li C th c th c tip ni bng cu hi m: ng c th gii thch
Cc bc tin hnh phng vn thnh cng
Tin hnh t cuc hn ph hp vi thi gian ca phng vn.
Chun b tt, tm hiu k v ngi c phng vn.
ng gi.
C k hoch m u
Gii thiu bn thn, mc ch.
S dng cu hi m bt u.
Lun lu vo cu tr li.
C k hoch cho ni dung chnh.
Kt hp cu hi ng v m.
Lun bm st cc cch trnh by v pht trin chi tit.
Lun cung cp thng tin phn hi, v d: Cho php ti trnh l iu ng
va ni .
Hn ch ghi chp nu thy khng tin.
C k hoch kt thc.
Tm tt ni dung, yu cu hiu chnh.
Yu cu xc thc li ni dung, nh gi li ghi chp.
Cho bit ngy thng h s nhn c bo co.
Thng nht ngy thng ly bn hiu chnh.
Xc nhn li lch lm vic.
Cc cu hi c th a ra theo kiu c cu trc hay phi cu trc.
- Phng vn c cu trc l phng vn trong ngi c phng vn c danh sch cc
mc cn duyt qua, cc cu hi xc nh v cc thng tin cn tm hiu c xc nh
trc.
- Phng vn khng cu trc l phng vn c nh hng bi cu tr li. Cc cu hi
phn ln l cu hi m, khng c mt k hoch ban u. Do vy ngi i phng vn bit
cc thng tin cn thit s dng t cc cu hi m pht trin chi tit hn v ch .
Phng vn c cu trc thch hp khi bn bit v cc thng tin cn thit trc khi phng vn.
Ngc li, phng vn phi cu trc thch hp khi bn khng th on trc c ch , hay cha
c thng tin g v ngi c phng vn. Cc trng hp in hnh ca phng vn l ngi khch
hng bt u vi phng vn phi cu trc cho hai bn nhn thc c v min ca bi ton (hiu
s lc vn ). Sau , phng vn dn dn tr thnh c cu trc v tp trung vo cc thng tin bn
cn hon chnh phn phn tch.
23

Cc kt qu phng vn ngi s dng ln c trao i li vi ngi c phng vn trong
mt thi gian ngn. Ngi c phng vn phi c bo trc v thi hn i vi vic phng vn.
Tuy nhin, c th xin b tr b sung phng vn trong trng hp cn nhiu iu cn hi hoc nhiu
ngi cn gp.
Bng sau so snh phng vn c cu trc v phng vn phi cu trc.
Phng vn c cu trc Phng vn phi cu trc

u im
Dng dng chun cho nhiu
cu hi
D qun l v nh gi

nh gi c nhiu mc
ch.
Khng cn o to nhiu.
C kt qu trong cc phng
vn.
C kh nng mm do nht
Cn chm ch nghe v c k nng m rng cu
hi.
C th bao c nhng thng tin cha bit
i hi c thc hnh.
Nhc im Chi ph chun b ln.
Tnh c cu trc c th khng
thch hp cho mi tnh hung.
Gim tnh ch ng ca ngi
i phng vn.
Lng ph thi gian phng vn.
Ngi c phng vn c th nh kin vi cc
cu hi.
Tn thi gian la chn v phn tch thng tin.
Mt k nng tt l pht trin cc s nh l mt phn ca ti liu phng vn. Khi bt u
mt cuc phng vn mi, nn bn bc v cc s v a cho h bn ghi chp h c th kim
tra sau ny. Bn s nhn c ngay kin phn hi v tnh chnh xc ca s v hiu bit ca bn
v ng dng. Li ch ca cch tip cn ny th hin c mt k nng v tm l. T kha cnh k
thut, bn thng xuyn c kim tra li cc vn m bn c nghe. Cho ti khi thi gian phn
tch kt thc, c bn v khch hng u tin chc rng qu trnh x l ng dng l y . T kha
cnh tm l, bn lm tng nin tin ca khch hng vo kh nng phn tch bng cch trnh by cc
hiu bit ca mnh. Mi khi bn ci thin s v i vo phn tch, bn cng tng c nim tin
ca ngi s dng rng bn c th xy dng c ng dng p ng c nhu cu ca h.
Phng vn thch hp cho vic nhn thng tin m bo c s lng ln cht lng:
Cc kiu thng tin nh tnh l: cc kin, nim tin, thi quen, chnh sch v m t.
Cc kiu thng tin nh lng bao gm: tn sut, s lng, nh lng cc mc c dng
trong ng dng.
Phng vn l mt dng khc ca thu thp d liu c th lm bn lc li, thiu chnh xc hoc
thng tin khng thch hp. Bn cn hc cch c ngn ng bng c ch, thi quen quyt inh
c cc iu kin cn thit cho cng mt thng tin.
24

Trong khi phng vn, chng ta cn ch n hn ng c ngi c phng vn c cch
ng x thch hp. Bng sau lit k mt vi tnh hung v kinh nghim x l.
Hnh vi ca ngi c phng vn. p ng ca ngi i phng vn.
on cc cu tr li ch khng tha nhn l
khng bit
Sau phng vn, kim tra cho cc cu tr li.
C ni nhng iu lt tai ngi i phng vn,
sai s tht.
Trnh cc cu hi d on c cu tr li,
kim tra cho cc cu hi
Cho thng tin khng y Kin tr hi t mc ch.
Dng trnh by khi ngi i phng vn ghi
chp
Ghi nhanh nht c th, ch hi cc cu quan
trng
Vi v hay tr li ri rc, u oi Nhanh chng kt thc, ngh b tr bui
khc
Th hin s khng quan tm, tr li t
qung
Ni chuyn vui sau chuyn ti khc
Khng mun thay i mi trng hin ti ng vin ci thin mi trng hin ti v so
snh 2 khuynh hng.
Khng hp tc, t chi tr li Ly ngun tin khc v hi: ng c quan tm
v nhng iu ngi khc ni v ng hay
khng?. Nu cu tr li l Khng th thi
phng vn.
Phn nn v v tr cng tc, lng, Tm ra mu cht vn . C gng dn dt v
ch chnh, v d: Dng nh c quan ng
c rt nhiu vn , c th ng dng mi m
chng ti xut s gii quyt c cc vn
trn.
L ngi thch th v cng ngh Chn lc cc thng tin cn thit, khng b
li cun vo cc vn cng ngh.
Phng vn v gp g ph hp vi mi loi kiu d liu do chng thng xuyn c s
dng.
u im ca phng vn:
- Nhn c c thng tin cht lng v s lng.
- Nhn c c thng tin y v chi tit.
- L phng php tt cho cc yu cu bn ngoi.
Nhc im ca phng vn:
- i hi c k nng giao tip.
25

- C th c kt qu thin v v mang tnh ch quan ca ngi c phng vn.
- C th dn n cc thng tin sai lc, khng lin quan, thiu chnh xc.
- i hi phi c 3 ngi kim tra kt qu.
- Khng thch hp vi s lng ln ngi.
Quan st.
Quan st c th tin hnh th cng hoc t ng.
- Theo cch th cng, ngi quan st ngi ti ch v ghi chp li cc hot ng, cc bc x l
cng vic. Cc bng video i khi c th c dng. Ghi chp hoc bng ghi hnh c phn
tch cho cc s kin, cc m t ng t chnh, hoc cc hot ng ch r l do, cng vic, hoc
cc thng tin v cng vic.
- Theo cch t ng, my tnh s lu tr chng trnh thng tr, lu li vt ca cc chng
trnh c s dng, email v cc hot ng khc c x l bi my. Cc file nht k ca
my s c phn tch m t cng vic.
u im ca quan st:
- Bao trm c cc tiu chun quyt nh, quy trnh suy lun, cc th tc khp ni (mang
tnh thc hnh).
- K s phn mm s khng b nh kin (khng b nh hng bi ngi khc) m hon
ton tp trung vo vn ca mnh.
- Quan st s khc phc ngn cch gia k s phn mm v ngi c phng vn.
- Nhn c cc hiu bit tt v mi trng cng tc hin ti, vn v qu trnh x l
thng qua quan st.
Nhc im ca quan st:
- Thi gian quan st c th khng biu din cho cc cong vic din ra thng thng.
- Thi quen d thay i do bit mnh b quan st (ngi b quan st s mt t nhin, hnh
ng c th b gh p).
- Mt nhiu thi gian.
Ngi i quan st nn xc nh ci g s c quan st. Nn xc nh thi gian cn thit cho vic
quan st, hy xin s chp thun ca c ngi qun l v c nhn trc khi tin hnh quan st.
n nh cng vic tm thi.
Khng c g thay th c kinh nghim. Vi mt cng vic tm thi, bn c c nhn thc
y hn v cc nhim v. Cng vy, u tin bn hc cc thut ng hon cnh s dng n. Thi
gian ko di t 2 tun n 1 thng di bn c th quen vi phn ln cc cng vic thng
thng v cc tnh hung ngoi l nhng khng c qu di tr thnh chuyn gia thc s i
vi cng vic.
26

Cng vic tm thi cho bn c s hnh thc ho cc cu hi v chc nng no ca phng
php hin thi ca cng vic s c gi li v ci no s b loi tr hoc thay i, nghin cu c
ng cnh hin ti. C th bng cng vic thay th cho cc cu hi khng thc hin c. Bt li
ca cng vic tm thi l tn thi gian v s la chn v thi gian c th lm ti thiu ho vn ,
khng bao ht c cc hot ng hoc thi gian. Mt nhc im khc na l k s phn mm c
th thin kin ho v qu trnh x l cng vic (do t mnh lm), ni dung lm nh hng n
cng vic thit k sau ny.
Hp nhm (meeting)
Meeting l vic tp trung t 3 ngi tr ln trong mt khong thi gian tho lun v mt
ch nht nh. Meeting c th va b sung va thay th phng vn bng cch cho php cc thnh
vin kim tra li cc kt qun phng vn c nhn. N c th thay th phng vn bng cch cung cp
mt din n cho cc thnh vin cng tm ra cc yu cu v cc gii php cho ng dng.
Meeting c th lm lng ph thi gian. Ni chung nu meeting cng ln th cng t kin
nht tr v thi gian i n quyt nh s ko di. Do vy ln c k hoch ban u cho meeting.
Lch trnh nn cung cp trc cho cc thnh vin. S lng ch cn tho lun ch nn thp hn 5
ch . Meeting ln c thi gian c nh v c a im thng nht c th vi cc quyt nh cn
thit. Meeting khng nn ko di qu 2 gi c th m bo c s tp trung, ch ca cc
thnh vin.
u im ca hp nhm :
- C th ra quyt nh m cc thnh vin u phi tun theo (a s).
- Nhn c c thng tin tng hp v chi tit.
- L phng php tt cho cc yu cu bn ngoi.
- Tp hp c nhiu ngi dng lin quan.
Nhc im ca hp nhm:
- Mt nhiu cng sc thi gian v tin bc chun b.
- Nu s i biu nhiu s tn thi gian ra c quyt nh.
- Cc ngt qung trong cuc hp d lm mi ngi phn tn.
- D chuyn sang cc ch t lin quan nh : chnh tr, th thao, thi trang
- Mi khng ng thnh vin dn n chm c kt qu.
iu tra qua bn cu hi
c ng dng khi cn ly kin ca i a s ngi dng v mt s thng tin c th
tp hp s liu thng k m khng c iu kin gp trc tip. Vi cch ny, ngi thu thp d liu
s son trc mt bn cu hi, c th c sn cc phng n la chn ngi dng la chn nh
du vo, sau thu li v thng k kt qu.
V d, cc cu hi c th nh sau :
27

Bn thng ng dng my tnh vo cc lnh vc no sau y ?
A. Gii tr. B. Cng vic. C. Do thch. D. Khng dng.
Vi cch thc ny, ngi thu thp khng cn mt thi gian gp trc tip (nh phng vn hoc
hp nhm) m vn thu c thng tin, khng i hi k nng giao tip. Cc cu hi trong danh
sch c th l dng phng vn trn giy hoc my tnh. u im chnh ca cu hi l nu nh
khng cn phi ch r tn ca ngi tr li th thng tin cc cu tr li s c tnh trung thc cao hn.
Cng vy, cc cu hi chun xc cung cp cc d liu thc m theo cc quyt nh c th c
da vo. Cc mc cu hi, nh l phng vn c th l cu hi m hoc ng.
u im ca bn cu hi :
- Ngi cho kin c th khng cn bit tn do vy cho quan im v cm nhn c tnh
trung thc cao, c th da vo ra quyt nh.
- C th tin hnh vi nhiu ngi.
- Thch hp vi cc cu hi ng v hu hn.
- Ph hp vi cng ty a chc nng v c th tu bin theo a phng.
Nhc im ca bn cu hi :
- Kh thc hin li c.
- Cc cu hi khng c tr li khng c ngha l khng c thng tin.
- Cc cu hi c th kh hiu do yu cu cn phi ngn gn
- Thc hin nh gi c th chm.
- Ngi dng t c kh nng a ra kin khc (do tnh ng ca cc cu hi).
- Khng th b xung thm thng tin khi tin hnh cng b cc bn cu hi.
Xem xt ti liu
Khi nim ti liu m ch cc cm nang, quy nh, cc thao tc chun m t chc cung cp
nh l hng dn cho cc nh qun l v nhn vin.
Cc ti liu khng phi lun nm trong n v . Ti liu c th l ti liu ni b, c th l
cc n phm k thut, cc bo co nghin cu, Cc ti liu thc s c ngha vi k s phn
mm tm hiu cc lnh vc m h cha tng c kinh nghim. N hu ch cho vic xc nh cc
cu hi v qu trnh thao tc v sn xut. Ti liu a ra cc thng tin mang tnh khch quan.
Ti liu ni b m t c ng cnh hin thi ; ph hp vi vic nghin cu c tnh lch s
(qu trnh hot ng lu di). Tuy nhin vic phi cung cp ti liu ni b lm cho ngi dng e
ngi, gy thnh kin ; kh c th nhn bit c quan im, ng c tin hnh cng vic.
Ti liu ngoi cho ta xc nh c cc khuynh hng cng nghip, kin cc chuyn gia,
cc kinh nghim ca cc cng ty khc v thng tin, k thut. Tuy nhin thng tin c th khng xc
ng, thiu chnh xc v c th gy thnh kin.
Xem xt phn mm
28

Mt cch thng xuyn, cc ng dng phi thay th cc phn mm c. H thng hin ti c
th c phn mm h tr t trc. Nghin cu cc phn mm tn ti cung cp cho chng ta cc
thng tin v qu trnh x l cng vic hin thi v cc m rng c rng buc bi thit k phn mm.
Khim khuyt ca vic thu nhn thng tin t vic xem xt phn mm l ti liu c th khng
chnh xc hoc kp thi, m c th khng c c v thi gian c th lng ph nu ng dng b
xo b.
Kt lun
Thu thp d liu l bc khi u v cng quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin phn mm
cho h thng. Nhng thng tin thu thp c s l cn c xy dng phn mm v l bng chng
xc thc cc yu cu ca ngi dng c c cp v c c p ng hay khng ? Thu thp d
liu c th c tin hnh trong mi giai on ca qu trnh pht trin ng dng nhng c cc mc
ch khc nhau. Cc c tnh cn lu ca d liu cn thu thp l : tnh hng thi gian ; tnh c
cu trc ; tnh y ; tnh khng nhm ln ; ng ngha v ln.
Thu thp d liu c th theo nhiu k nng : phng vn ; iu tra qua bn cu hi ; quan
st ; hi hp ; lm vic chung ; n nh cng vic tm thi ; xem xt ti liu v xem xt phn mm
hin ti. Mi k nng c u im v nhc im ring. Tuy nhin u im ca k nng ny c th
khc phc nhc im ca k nng kia (v d : cc thng tin khng th hi c hoc din t
khng r khi phng vn th c th thm c trong qu trnh lm vic chung). Tu tng iu kin
hon cnh c th m ngi i thu thp ti liu c th p dng k nng cho ph hp. Mc ch chnh
vn l thu thp c nhiu thng tin c tnh chn thc cao lm cn c cho cc cng vic sau ny.
Phn tch yu cu l cng vic bao gm cc tc v xc nh cc yu cu cho mt h thng mi hoc
c thay i, da trn c s l cc yu cu (c th mu thun) m nhng ngi c vai tr quan
trng i vi h thng, chng hn ngi s dng, a ra. Vic phn tch yu cu c ngha quan
trng i vi thnh cng ca mt d n.
Vic phn tch yu cu mt cch c h thng cn c gi l k ngh yu cu (requirements
engineering). Thut ng "phn tch yu cu" cn c p dng c th cho cng vic thun ty phn
tch (thay v cc vic khc chng hn nh lm r yu cu hay vit ti liu yu cu).
c t mt vn l m t (mt cch rt ring nh cc k thut th hin) cc c trng ca vn
. Vn c th l i tng, khi nim, mt th tc no ,
Yu cu u tin ca c t l phi mang tnh chnh xc.
29

Phn tch v nh r yu cu l bc k thut u tin trong tin trnh k ngh phn mm. Hot
ng phn tch v nh r yu cu hng ti c t yu cu phn mm oc th hin trong cc
khun cnh nh sau:
Cc c t thng mang tnh tru tng ho cao. Do vy ngi ta phn chia thnh nhiu
mc c t. Cng mc cao (nhng mc u tin ca qu trnh lm mn hoc chnh xc ho) c t
cng tru tng. Cng xung cc mc thp hn, c t cng tin dn ti c th - tc l mt th hin
trn mt my tnh c th vi mt ngn ng lp trnh c th - y chnh l qu trnh lm mn dn.
Cc loi hnh c t.
C hai kiu c t l c t hnh thc v c t phi hnh thc.
c t hnh thc: L cc c t chnh xc tc l khng th dn ti nhng cch hiu khc
nhau. c t hnh thc s dng cng c ch yu l i s v logic.
V d: c t mt ma trn:
Cp ca ma trn n x n (n l s t nhin l).
Phn t cui ca hng 1 bng phn t u ca hng cui.
Phn t trung tm bng trung bnh cng ca cc phn t 4 gc.
Hoc c th din t nh sau:
A n x n = (a[i, j])n x n; n = 2k + 1, k e Z.
a[1, n] = a[n, 1].
( )
1 1
, [1,1] [1, ] [ ,1] [ , ] / 4
2 2
n n
a a a n a n a n n
+ + (
= + + +
(

1. Thit
lp cc
nhu cu
h
thng
2.
Nghin
cu
tnh
kh thi

3. M
hnh
ho h
thng
4. Xc
nh
yu cu
5. c
t yu
cu
(c t
tru
tng)
6. c t thit k
h thng v phn
mm (m t tru
tng cho phn
mm)
1.1. Bo co
nhu cu (ti
liu quan
nim cho
phn mm)

2.1.
Bo co
kh thi 3.1.
M
hnh h
thng

4.1. Yu
cu
qua thm
nh

4.2. T
liu yu
cu

6.1. Ti liu c t
thit k (ti liu c
t cc yu cu h
thng v cc yu cu
phn mm )

5.1. Ti
liu c
t yu
cu

30

c t phi hnh thc: Din t bng nhng ngn ng, tuy khng cht ch nhng c nhiu
ngi bit v c th trao i vi nhau chnh xc ho cc im cha r rng, nhng khi nim cn
m h.
V d: C hai con hu trn bn c. Hai con hu s ng nu chng nm trn cng hng,
cng ct hoc trn cng mt ng cho song song vi ng cho chnh hay ng cho ph. =>
R rng y c mt s khi nim m h.
c t hn hp: Phi hp c hai kiu c t trn.
Trong thc t, c nhiu loi hnh c t, v d nh:
- c t cu trc d liu: Nu cc thnh phn ca d liu
V d: c t mt phn s: Phn_s = { x/y , x e Z , y e N }
S_phc = { a + b.i | a, b e R }
- c t chc nng: M t thng qua vic nu ln cc tnh cht hay thuc tnh ca tn vo v
tn ra.
V d:
- c t i tng: Bao gm c t cu trc d liu v m t cc chc nng.
V d: c t i tng phn s.
PS = { x/y , x e Z , y e N }
Php cng: +: PS x PS PS
- c t thao tc: Nu ln trnh t tin hnh cng vic.
V d 1: x, y, z e PS. Cc bc cn thc hin i vi php cng (+) 2 phn s.
z = x + y { Quy_ng_mu_s(x, y);
z.t_s = x.t_s + y.t_s;
z.mu_s = x.mu_s;
};
V d 2: Quy trnh Bn hng:
1. Khch hng yu cu c mua hng.
2. Hng dn khch xem v la chn hng ho.
3. Tho thun hnh thc thanh ton: Tin mt, sc, chuyn khon,
+
a e PS
b e PS
c e PS
UCLN
a e N
b e N
c e N
;
;
a c b c
c d
a d b d
>
`
)

31

4. Ghi ho n cho khch.
5. Nhn tin v giao hng ho cho khch.
- c t c php: Thc cht l cc nh ngha c tnh truy hi t tng th n c s. M t
cch lp ghp cc k hiu, cc t vi nhau li to thnh chng trnh. V d: Trong ngn
ng lp trnh PASCAL, tn (nh danh - identify) c khi qut nh sau: L dy cc k t
bt u bng ch ci hoc du gch ni di, sau c th l ch s, ch ci hoc du gch
ni di.
<nh danh> = <ch ci> <nh danh> <k t>
<k t> = <ch ci> <ch s>
<ch ci> = { A, B, C, , Z } { a, b, , z }
<ch s> = { 0, 1, 2, , 9 }
- c t qua s :
V d: c t nh danh

c t phn s
g. c t thut ton: Cc bc thao tc gii quyt bi ton.
Kiu c t phi ph hp vi gii php. Cc yu cu ca phn mm c th c phn tch
theo mt s cch khc nhau. Cc k thut phn tch c th dn ti nhng c t trn giy hay trn
my tnh (c xy dng nh CASE) c cha cc m t ngn ng ho v t nhin cho yu cu
phn mm. Vic lm bn mu gip c t c th c trin khai, tc l bn mu s th hin nhng
cng vic thc hin cc yu cu. Cc ngn ng c t hnh thc dn n biu din hnh thc.
Cc nguyn l c t.
c t c th xem nh mt tin trnh biu din. Mc ch cui cng ca c t l cc yu
cu c biu th sao cho dn ti vic ci t phn mm thnh cng. Balzer v Goldman ngh 8
nguyn l c t tt.
Nguyn l 1: Phn tch chc nng vi ci t.
Trc ht, theo nh ngha, c t l mt m t v iu mong mun, ch khng phi l cch
thc hin n (ci t). c t c th chp nhn 2 dng hon ton khc nhau. Dng th nht l dng
ca cc hm ton hc: Vi mt tp d liu u vo cho, to ra mt tp d liu u ra c bit.
Dng tng qut ca c t nh th l tm ra (mt hoc tt c nhng) kt qu ng vi P (u vo),
vi P biu th mt tn t bt k. Trong c t nh th, kt qu thu c phi c din t mt cch
A Z
a z

;
;
a c b c
c d
a d b d
>
`
)

A Z, a z
0 9

;
;
a c b c
c d
a d b d
>
`
)

+ , -

;
;
a c b c
c d
a d b d
>
`
)

0 9

;
;
a c b c
c d
a d b d
>
`
)

/
0 9

1 9

32

y , ton vn, theo dng l ci g (khng phi l nh th no). Mt phn iu ny l v kt
qu ca mt hm (ton hc) ca u vo (php ton c im bt u v im kt thc xc nh
r) khng b nh hng bi mi trng bao quanh.
Nguyn l 2: Cn ngn ng c t h thng hng tin trnh.
Xt tnh hung trong mi trng l ng v s thay i ca n nh hng ti hnh vi ca
thc th no tng tc vi mi trng (nh trong h thng my tnh nhng). Hnh vi ca
n khng th biu din c dng hm (ton hc) ca u vo. Thay v th, cn phi s dng cch
biu din khc - cch m t hng tin trnh, trong c t ci g t c bng cch xc nh
mt m hnh cc thao tc mong mun t c ca h thng di dng cc cng vic p ng chc
nng i vi kch thch khc nhau t mi trng.
Nhng c t hng tin trnh nh vy, trnh by mt m hnh v hnh vi h thng, thng
thng b loi ra khi cc ngn ng c t hnh thc, nhng chng li l bn cht nu nhiu tnh
hung ng phc tp hn cn phi c c t. Trong thc t, cn phi tha nhn rng trong nhng
tnh hung nh vy c tin trnh cn t ng ho ln mi trng tn ti ca n u phi c m t
mt cch hnh thc. Tc l, ton b h thng cc b phn tng tc phi c c t ch khng ch
mt thnh phn c c t.
Nguyn l 3: c t phi bao gm h thng c phn mm l mt thnh phn trong
Mt h thng bao gm cc thnh phn tng tc nhau. Ch bn trong hon cnh ca h
thng ton b v tng tc gia cc thnh phn ca n th hnh vi ca mt thnh phn ring mi c
th c xc nh. Ni chung, mt h thng c th c m hnh ho nh mt tp hp cc s vt
tch cc v th ng. Nhng s vt ny c lin quan ln nhau v qua thi gian th mi quan h gia
cc s vt thay i. Mi quan h ng ny a ra s kch thch cho cc s vt tch cc, cn gi l
cc tc nhn, p ng. S p ng c th gy ra nhng thay i thm na, v do , to ra thm
kch thch cho cc tc nhn c th p ng li.
Nguyn l 4: c t phi bao gm c mi trng m h thng vn hnh.
Tng t, mi trng m trong h thng vn hnh v tng tc vi cng phi c xc
nh.
May mn l iu ny n thun ch cn s tha nhn rng bn thn mi trng cng l mt h
thng bao gm cc s vt tng tc, c tch cc ln th ng, m trong h thng ch l mt tc
nhn. Cc tc nhn khc, theo nh ngha l khng thay i bi v chng l mt phn ca mi
trng, gii hn phm vi ca vic thit k v ci t v sau. Trong thc t, s khc nhau duy nht
gia h thng v mi trng ca n l ch n lc thit k v ci t v sau s vn hnh ch trong
c t cho h thng. c t mi trng lm cho giao din ca h thng c xc nh theo cng
cch nh bn thn h thng ch khng a vo cch hnh thc khc.
Cn phi ch rng bc tranh c t h thng c trnh by y chnh l bc tranh ca
tp hp cc tc nhn xon xut nhau cao phn ng vi nhng kch thch trong mi trng (thay
33

i cc s vt) do cc tc nhn to ra. Ch c thng qua nhng hnh ng iu phi ca tc nhn
m h thng mi t ti mc tiu ca n. S ph thuc ln nhau vi phm vo nguyn l phn tch
(c lp vi cc phn khc ca h thng v mi trng). Nhng y l mt nguyn l thit k, khng
phi l nguyn l c t. Thit k tun theo c t, v quan tm ti vic phn r mt c t thnh cc
mu gn tch bit chun b cho ci t. Tuy nhin c t phi v li chnh xc bc chn dung ca
h thng v mi trng ca n nh cng ng ngi dng cm nhn theo mt cch thc nhiu chi
tit nh cc giai on ci t v thit k cn ti. V mc chi tit cn thit ny l kh thy trc,
nu khng ni l khng th, nn c t, thit k v ci t phi c tha nhn nh mt hot ng
tng tc. Do iu mu cht l cng ngh cn c bao qut tht nhiu cho hot ng ny khi
bn c t c son tho v thay i (trong c hai giai on pht trin khi u v bo tr v sau).
Nguyn l 5: c t h thng phi l mt m hnh nhn thc.
c t h thng phi l mt m hnh nhn thc ch khng phi l mt m hnh thit k hay
ci t. N phi m t mt h thng nh cng ng ngi s dng cm nhn thy. Cc s vt m n
thao tc phi tng ng vi cc s vt ca lnh vc ; cc tc nhn phi m hnh cho cc c nhn,
t chc v trang thit b trong lnh vc ; cn cc hnh ng h thc hin th phi m hnh cho
nhng hot ng thc t xut hin trong lnh vc.
c t phi c kh nng t hp vo trong n nhng qui tc hay lut bao trm cc s vt
thuc lnh vc. Mt s trong nhng trng hp l lut bi tr nhng trng thi no ca h thng
(nh hai s vt khng th ng thi cng mt ch v vo cng mt lc), v do gii hn hnh
vi ca cc tc nhn hay ch ra nhu cu son tho thm ngn cn nhng trng thi ny khi ny
sinh. Cc lut khc m t cch cc s vt p ng li khi b kch thch (nh lut chuyn ng ca
Newton). Nhng lut ny, biu th cho tnh vt l ca lnh vc, l phn c hu ca c t h
thng.
Nguyn l 6: c t phi th hin tnh vn hnh.
c t phi y v hnh thc c th c dng trong vic xc nh liu mt ci t
c ngh c tho mn c t cho nhng trng hp kim th tu khng. Tc l, vi kt qu
ca vic ci t trn mt tp d liu c chn mt cch tu , phi c th dng c t xc nh
tnh hp l cho nhng kt qu . iu ny ko theo rng c t, mc du khng phi l mt c t
hon ton v cch thc, vn c th hnh ng nh mt b sinh cc hnh vi c th trong s nhng
hnh vi phi c ca ci t c ngh. Do , theo mt ngha m rng, c t ny phi l vn
hnh ...
Nguyn l 7: c t chp nhp dung sai v tnh khng y .
Khng c t no c th l y hon ton. Mi trng trong n tn ti thng qu
phc tp cho iu . Mt c t bao gi cng l mt m hnh - mt s tru tng ho - ca mt
tnh hung thc (hay c mng tng) no . Do , n s khng y . Hn th na, nh
c pht biu n s tn ti ti nhiu mc chi tit. Tnh vn hnh c yu cu trn khng nht
34

thit l cn thit. Cc cng c phn tch c s dng gip cho ngi c t v kim th c
t phi c kh nng x l vi tnh khng y . Mt cch t nhin iu ny lm cho vic phn tch
b yu i, khi c th c thc hin bng cch m rng phm vi cc hnh vi chp nhn c tha
mn cho c t, nhng mt s suy gim nh vy phi phn nh cc mc bt trc cn li.
Nguyn l 8: c t phi c cc b ho v c ghp lng lo.
Cc nguyn l trc x l c t nh mt thc th tnh. Thc th ny ny sinh t ci ng ca
c t. Cn phi tha nhn rng mc du mc tiu chnh ca mt c t l dng lm c s cho
thit k v ci t mt h thng no , n khng phi l mt s vt tnh dng sn m l mt s vt
ng ang tri qua thay i ng k. Vic thay i nh th xut hin trong ba hot ng chnh: pht
biu, khi mt c t ban u ang c to ra, pht trin, khi c t c son tho trong qu trnh
thit k lp phn nh mi trng thay i v / hoc cc yu cu chc nng ph.
Vi nhiu thay i xut hin cho c t, iu mu cht l ni dung v cu trc ca n c
chn lm ph hp hot ng ny. Yu cu chnh cho s ph hp l ch thng tin bn trong
c t phi c cc b ho sao cho ch mt phn nh (mt cch l tng) cn phi sa i khi
thng tin thay i, v ch c t cn c cu trc (ghp) mt cch lng lo cho tng phn c
th c thm vo hay loi b mt cch d dng, v cu trc c iu chnh mt cch t ng.
Mc du cc nguyn l c Balzer v Goldman tn thnh tp trung vo tc ng ca c t
trn nh ngha v ngn ng hnh thc, nhng li bnh lun ca h p dng c cho c mi dng
c t. Tuy nhin, cc nguyn l cn phi c dch thnh s thc hin. Trong mc sau chng ta s
xem xt mt tp cc hng dn to ra mt c t cc yu cu.
Cc mc tru tng ca c t.
Cc c t c th hin mt vi mc tru tng khc nhau cng vi mi tng lin gia
cc mc y. Mi mc nhm n cc i tng c khc nhau m h c quyn quyt nh v vic
da vo m thc hin nh gi bn thit k ca cc nh pht trin phn mm. Cc mc l:
Mc 1: nh ra yu cu.
c th hin bng ngn ng t nhin v cc dch v m h thng s phi cung cp. Phn
ny phi c vit sao cho d hiu i vi khch hng v ngi qun l hp ng, ngi s mua
sn phm phn mm v ngi s s dng n. K thut c t phi hnh thc l thch hp cho mc
c t ny.
Mc 2: c t yu cu.
Ti liu nu ra cc dch v mt cch chi tit hn. Ti liu ny i khi cn c gi l ti liu
c t chc nng. Yu cu i vi c t mc ny l phi chnh xc n mc c th lm c s cho
hp ng gia nh pht trin phn mm v khch hng. ng thi cng cn c vit sao cho d
hiu i vi nhn vin k thut ca c ni mua phn mm v ni pht trin h thng. K thut c
t hnh thc hn l thch hp cho mc c t nh vy, tuy nhin cng cn tu thuc vo trnh
kin thc c bn ca khch hng. Tt hn c l ta c th dng loi hnh hn hp c t.
35

Mc 3: c t phn mm / c t thit k (y l m t tru tng cho phn mm).
Dng lm c s cho vic thit k v thc thi. Cn th hin mt quan h r rng gia t liu ny v
c t yu cu. Ta phi xc nh rng: i tng c y ch yu l cc k s phn mm ch
khng phi l ngi s dng hoc ngi qun l. K thut c t hnh hnh thc l hon ton ph
hp cho mc c t ny.
Vic xt duyt bn c t yu cu phn mm (v/ hoc bn mu) do c ngi pht trin phn
mm v khc hnh cng tin hnh. Bi v c t to nn nn tng cho giai on pht trin nn cn
phi cc k cn thn trong khi tin hnh cuc hp xt duyt.
Vic xt duyt trc ht c tin hnh mc v m. Ti mc ny, ngi xt duyt c gng
m bo rng bn c t c y , nht qun v chnh xc. Cn cp ti cc cu hi sau:
1. Cc mc tiu v mc ch c thit lp cho phn mm c nht qun vi mc tiu v
mc ch ca h thng hay khng?
2. Nhng giao din quan trng vi mi phn t h thng c m t cha?
3. Lung v cu trc thng tin c m t thch hp cho lnh vc vn cha?
4. Cc biu c r rng khng? Liu mi biu c th ng ring khng li gii thch
khng?
5. Cc chc nng chnh c cn bn trong phm vi v c m t thch hp cha?
6. Liu hnh vi ca phn mm c nht qun vi thng tin n phi x l v chc nng n phi
thc hin hay khng?
7. Cc rng buc thit k c hin thc khng?
8. Ri ro cng ngh pht trin l g?
9. Cc yu cu phn mm khc c xem xt n cha?
10. Cc tiu chun hp l c pht biu chi tit cha? Chng c thch hp m t mt h
thng thnh cng khng?
11. Liu c s khng nht qun, b st hay d tha no khng?
12. Vic tip xc vi khch hng c y khng?
13. Ngi dng xt duyt bn Ti liu s b ca ngi dng hay bn mu cha?
14. Cc c lng v K hoch d n phn mm b nh hng th no?
a ra cu tr li cho nhiu cu hi trn, vic xt duyt c th tp trung vo mc chi tit.
Ti y, mi quan tm ca chng ta l vo t ng ca bn c t. Chng ta c gng lm l ra vn
c th n nu bn trong ni dung c t. Nhng hng dn sau y l gi v vic xt duyt chi tit
bn c t:
- Phi quan st cc mi ni c sc thuyt phc (nh chc chn, do , r rng, hin nhin,
t suy ra rng) v hi Ti sao chng li c ?
36

- Theo di nhng thut ng mng lung (nh mt s, i khi, thng, thng thng, bnh
thng, phn ln, a s); yu cu lm sng t.
- Khi c nu danh sch, nhng khng y , th phi m bo mi khon mc u c hiu r.
Ch vo cc t nh vn vn, c nh th, c tip tc nh th, sao cho.
- Phi chc chn pht biu phm vi khng cha nhng gi thit khng c ni r (nh m hp l
trong khong 10 ti 100. l s nguyn, s thc hay s h 16?
- Phi nhn bit v cc ng t m h nh x l, loi b, nhy qua, xo b C th c
nhiu cch hiu v n.
- Phi nhn bit cc i t vu v (nh m un vo/ra lin lc vi m un kim tra tnh hp l
d liu v t c bo kim sot ca n. C kim sot ca ai? ).
- Tm cc cu c cha s chc chn (nh bao gi, mi, tt c, khng mt, khng bao
gi) ri yu cu bng chng.
- Khi mt thut ng c nh ngha tng minh ti mt ch th hy th thay th nh ngha ny
vo ch xut hin ca n.
- Khi mt cu trc c m t theo li th hy v ra bc tranh gip hiu c n.
- Khi mt tnh ton c xc nh th hy th vi t nht hai th d.
Mt khi vic xt duyt hon tt th bn bn c t yu cu phn mm s c c khch
hng ln ngi pht trin k tt. Bn c t tr thnh mt hp ng cho vic pht trin phn
mm. Nhng thay i trong yu cu c nu ra sau khi bn c t hon thnh s khng b hu
b. Nhng khch hng phi lu rng tng thay i sau khi k u l mt m rng ca phm vi
phn mm v do c th lm tng thm chi ph v / hoc ko di lch biu (thi gian thc hin).
Ngay c vi nhng th tc xt duyt tt nht ti ch th mt s vn c t thng thng vn
cn li. Bn c t rt kh kim th theo mi cch c ngha, v do s khng nht qun hay
b st c th b b qua khng ti. Trong khi xt duyt, ngi ta c th khuyn co nhng thay
i cho bn c t. C th s cc k kh khn lng nh tc ng ton cc ca thay i; tc l,
lm sao vic thay i trong mt chc nng li nh hng ti cc yu cu cho chc nng khc?
Bi tp:
1. Trnh by cc k thut thu thp yu cu
2. Trnh by m hnh phn tch yu cu
3. Trnh by cc ti liu c t yu cu
37

Chng 4: M hnh ha h thng

M hnh ho d liu trong Cng ngh phn mm l qu trnh to ra m hnh d liu bng cch p
dng cc m t m hnh d liu s dng cc k thut m hnh ho d liu.
M hnh ho d liu xc nh v phn tch cc yu cu d liu cn thit cho qu trnh nghip v ca
mt t chc. Cc yu cu d liu c biu din bi m hnh d liu khi nim v c ci t
trong m hnh d liu logic.

Qu trnh m hnh ho d liu

M hnh chc nng l biu din c cu trc v cc chc nng, cc hot ng, v cc qu trnh bn
trong h thng.
Phn r chc nng l qu trnh phn r cc mi quan h c tnh chc nng thnh cc phn nh hn
m da vo c th xy dng li h thng.
V d v phn r chc nng:
38

Phng php:
S dng biu khi lung chc nng
S dng k thut phn tch v thit k hng cu trc
Biu lung d liu l biu din ho ca lung d liu trong mt h thng thng tin.
Mi mt s dng d liu thng gm cc thnh phn chc nng hoc tin trnh, dng d liu,
kho d liu v cc i tng.
- Chc nng: trong s dng d liu, chc nng hay tin trnh l mt qu trnh bin i thng tin.
T thng tin u vo n bin i, t chc li thng tin, b sung thng tin hoc to ra thng tin mi,
t chc thnh thng tin u ra, phc v cho hot ng ca h thng nh lu vo kho d liu hoc
gi cho cc tin trnh hay i tng khc.

39

- Dng d liu: Dng d liu l dng chuyn di thng tin vo hoc ra khi mt tin trnh,mt chc
nng, mt kho d liu hoc mt i tng no . Cc thnh phn ca dng d liu bao gm ng
biu din dng, mi tn ch hng dch chuyn thng tin v tn ca dng. Cn ch l cc dng d
liu khc nhau phi mang tn khc nhau, v cc thng tin tri qua thay i th phi c tn mi cho
ph hp.
- Kho d liu: Trong s dng d liu, kho d liu th hin cc thng tin cn lu tr. Di dng
vt l, kho d liu ny c th l tp ti liu, cp h s hoc tp thng tin trn a. Trong s dng
d liu, di tn kho d liu chng ta s ch quan tm ti cc thng tin c cha trong .
Trong mt trang s dng d liu ta c th t mt kho d liu nhiu ch, nhm gip vic th
hin cc dng d liu tr nn d dng hn.
- Tc nhn ngoi: Tc nhn ngoi c th l mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hoc mt t chc bn ngoi
h thng, nhng c mi lin h vi h thng.
- Tc nhn trong: Tc nhn trong l mt chc nng hoc mt tin trnh bn trong h thng, c
miu t trang khc ca s .
- S ng cnh: S ng cnh(Context Diagrams) bao gm ba nhm thnh phn:
+ Thnh phn chnh l mt vng trn nm v tr trung tm va s , biu th cho ton b
h thng ang c nghin cu.
+ Xung quanh vng trn trung tm ny l tt c cc phn t bn ngoi, c quan h vi h
thng (tc nhn ngoi).
+ Tt c cc ng truyn thng tin vo v ra khi h thng (ngha l ni h thng vi mi
tc nhn ngoi ca n).
V d v biu lung d liu:

Bi tp:
1. Trnh by Biu Phn r chc nng
2. Trnh by biu lung d liu
40

Chng 5: Thit k h thng

Trong i sng hng ngy, khi mt ngi no cn xy dng mt ngi nh, ngi mi mt
k s xy dng n, yu cu thit k cho h ngi nh. Vi cc s liu v cn nh cn xy dng. Cn
c vo , ngi k s s thit k ra m hnh ngi nh. y khng phi l ngi nh c c
xy dng trong thc t, m ch l trn bn v. Nhng thng qua m hnh , cng vi s m t chi
tit ca ngi k s, ch nh cng c th hnh dung ra ngi nh ca mnh. Bn thit k ny rt quan
trng, n gip cho ch nh cng vi k s xy dng hiu v cng vic mnh cn lm, nu c yu
cu chnh sa th thc hin ch trn bn v. Cn khi bt tay vo xy dng thc t th vic chnh
sa lc ny s rt kh khn v tn km.
Khi sn xut phn mm cng vy. R rng, yu cu ca khch hng cng khng khc g yu cu
cn xy ngi nh ca ch nh n. Cng vic ca k s xy dng v k s phm mm theo tng giai
on cng c nhiu im chung. Ta hy xem xt bng so snh sau:
K s xy dng K s phn mm
- Kho st a hnh, tm hiu nhu cu ca ch
nh: cn xy nh bao nhiu tng, kch thc
bao nhiu, trang tr nh th no,
- Tm hiu nhu cu khch hng, kho st
h thng, ly s liu,
- Thit k ngi nh trn bn v - Thit k phn mm, a ra m hnh
- Tm hiu kin ch nh v bn thit k - Duyt li vi khch hng
- Thc hin cc chnh sa nu cn - Thc hin cc chnh sa nu cn
- Cho thi cng ngi nh - Tin hnh ci t chng trnh
Thit k l bc u tin trong giai on pht trin cho bt k sn phm hay h thng cng ngh
no. N c th c nh ngha l " tin trnh p dng nhiu k thut v nguyn l vi mc ch
xc nh ra mt thit b, mt tin trnh hay mt h thng chi tit cho php thc hn n v mt
vt l."
Mc tiu ca thit k l to ra mt m hnh hay biu din ca mt thc th (s vt: ngi nh,
chic xe hi, ci cu, ) m sau ny c xy dng.
Thit k l mt qu trnh sng to, i hi kinh nghim v s tinh nhanh ca ngi thit k.
Thit k phi c thc hnh v hc bng kinh nghim, bng kho st cc h thng ang tn ti,
khng th hc bng sch v (ni ng ra l khng ).
Thit k phn mm l mt qu trnh chuyn ho cc yu cu thnh mt biu din phn mm.
Bc u, biu din m t ton b v phn mm. Vic lm mn tip theo sau dn ti mt biu din
thit k gn vi chng trnh gc.
Thit k phn mm nm trung tm k thut ca tin trnh k ngh phn mm v c p dng
bt k khun cnh k ngh c s dng (thc nc, xoy c, bn mu, th h th 4 - 4GT, ).
41

Mt khi cc yu cu v phn mm c phn tch v c t th thit k phn mm l mt trong
ba hot ng k thut - thit k, lp trnh, kim th - nhng hot ng cn xy dng v kim
chng phn mm. Tng hot ng ny bin i thng tin theo cch cui cng to ra phn mm my
tnh hp l.
Lung thng tin trong giai on k thut ny ca tin trnh k ngh phn mm c minh ho
trong s sau:
Cc yu cu phn mm, c biu th bi cc m hnh thng tin, chc nng v hnh vi l ci
vo cho bc thit k. Bng vic s dng mt trong s cc phng php thit k, bc thit k to
ra thit k d liu, thit k kin trc v thit k th tc.
- Thit k d liu: Chuyn m hnh lnh vc thng tin to ra trong bc phn tch thnh cu
trc d liu s cn cho vic ci t phn mm.
- Thit k kin trc: nh ngha ra mi quan h gia cc thnh phn cu trc chnh ca chng
trnh.
"Hnh mu thit k" c th c dng t ti cc yu cu c xc nh cho h thng, v
nhng rng buc nh hng ti cch m cc hnh mu thit k kin trc ny c th c p dng.
Biu din thit k kin trc - khun kh ca h thng da trn my tnh - c th c suy ra t c
t h thng, m hnh phn tch v tng tc ca cc h con c nh ngha bn trong m hnh phn
tch.
M hnh
thng tin
M hnh
chc nng
M hnh
hnh vi
Cc yu
cu khc
Thit
k
Lp
trnh
Kim
th
Thit k d liu (cu trc, cch
lu tr, cch khai thc)
Thit k kin trc (thnh phn,
cu trc chng trnh, v mi
quan h gia chng)
Thit k th tc (m t th
tc phn mm ng vi tng
thnh phn cu trc)
Module
chng trnh
Phn mm
qua tch hp v
kim th
Thit k phn mm v k ngh phn mm
Thit k
giao din
42

- Thit k giao din: M t cho cch phn mm trao i vi chnh n, vi h thng lin tc vi n,
v vi ngi dng n. Giao din bao gm mt lung thng tin (nh d liu v / hoc iu khin) v
cc kiu hnh vi c bit. Do , cc biu lung d liu v iu khin cung cp nhiu thng tin
cn cho thit k giao din.
- Thit k th tc: Bin i cc thnh phn cu trc ca kin trc phn mm thnh m t th tc
cho cc cu phn phn mm. Chng trnh gc c sinh ra ri vic kim th c tin hnh
tch hp v lm hp l.
Trong khi thit k chng ta ra cc quyt nh m cui cng s nh hng ti s thnh cng
ca vic xy dng phn mm v iu quan trng l nh hng ti s d dng bo tr n. Nhng ti
sao thit k li quan trng?
Tm quan trng ca thit k phn mm c th c pht biu bng mt t - cht lng.
Thit k l ni cht lng c nui dng trong vic pht trin phn mm: cung cp cch biu
din phn mm c th c xc nhn v cht lng, l cch duy nht m chng ta c th chuyn
ho mt cch chnh xc cc yu cu ca khch hng thnh sn phm hay h thng phn mm cui
cng. Thit k phn mm phc v nh mt nn tng cho mi bc k ngh phn mm v bo tr:
Tm quan trng ca thit k:
- Khng c thit k, ta c nguy c dng ln mt h thng khng n nh - mt h thng s
tht bi khi c mt thay i nh; mt h thng kh c th m th c; mt h thng khng th no
xc nh c cht lng chng no cha n cui tin trnh kim th, khi thi gian cn rt ngn
m khng t tin phi chi ra.
- Thit k tt l cha kho cho cng trnh hu hiu, khng th hnh thc ho qu trnh thit
k trong bt k mt cng trnh no. Ch rng RAISE ch l mt phng php nghim ngt vit
ra thit k, pht trin n, kim tra n ch tuyt nhin khng phi l mt phng php hnh thc
pht trin thit k.
Thit k phn mm tri qua mt s giai on sau:

Giai on 1: Nghin cu v hiu ra vn . Khng hiu r vn th khng c th thit k c
phn mm hu hiu.
Bo tr
Kim th
Ci t
Thit k
C thit k
Khng thit k

Ci t
Kim th
Bo tr
43

Giai on 2: Lm sng t cc c im ln ca mt hoc mt vi gii php c th. Vic chn gii
php ph thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi thit k; ph thuc vo cc thnh phn c th ti s
dng v ph thuc vo s n gin ca cc gii php trc . Kinh nghim cho thy, nu cc nhn
t l tng t th nn chn gii php n gin nht.
Giai on 3: M t tng iu tru tng (cha r rng) trong gii php. Trc khi to ra cc t liu
chnh thc, ngi thit k nn thy rng cn phi xy dng mt m t ban u s khai ri chi tit
ho n. Cc sai st v khim khuyt trong mc thit k ban u s c pht hin v c iu
chnh cho ph hp ti cc mc chi tit thit k tip theo.
Qu trnh khc phc khim khuyt ny s c lp li cho tng phn tru tng t mc
thit k ban u cho n khi mt c t thit k chi tit cho tng phn tru tng kt thc. Nn
phn chia ra cc phn nh ng vi thit k ri t hp li, sao cho vic m t chi tit cc phn nh
ch trong khong mt trang giy.
Qu trnh thit k l qu trnh tng cng hnh thc ho trong s tin trin ca thit k v phi
lun quay tr li cc thit k ng n t hnh thc (t hnh thc y c ngha l mang tnh m
t c h thng trong thc t) c trc y ca qu trnh . Nh thit k phi bt u vi mt bn
phc tho ht sc khng hnh thc ri sau tinh ch n, thm vo cc thng tin l cho thit
k tr nn hnh thc hn. Qu trnh thit k th hin nh sau:
Quan h gia thit k v c t l rt cht ch. Mc du qu trnh a ra mt c t yu cu
c xem nh l mt phn t c bn ca hp ng l mt hot ng ring bit, song vic hnh thc
ho c t yu cu hn l mt phn ca qu trnh thit k. Thc t, ngi lm thit k s lp i lp
li gia c t v thit k.
Qu trnh thit k lin quan mt thit n vic m t h thng mt s mc tru tng khc
nhau. Khi mt thit k c phn chia thnh nhiu thnh phn th ngi ta thng pht hin ra
c nhng sai xt giai on trc. Do phi quay tr li tinh ch. Thng thng th ngi
ta bt u giai on sau ngay trc khi giai on trc kt thc n gin l lui qu trnh tinh ch.
Hnh v di y nu cc hot ng ca qu trnh thit k v cc sn phm ca n. Cc giai on l
kh tu nhng n lm cho qu trnh thit k tr nn nhn thy c v t d qun l c.
Phc tho thit
k phi hnh thc
Thit k phi
hnh thc
Thit k
hnh thc
Thit k kt thc
44

Thnh qu ca mi hot ng thit k l mt bn c t. c t ny c th l mt c t tru
tng, hnh thc v c to ra lm r cc yu cu, n cng c th l mt c t v mt thnh
phn no ca h thng phi c thc hin nh th no. khi qu trnh thit k tin trin th cc
yu cu ngy cng c b sung vo bn c t . Cc kt qu cui cng l cc c t v thut
ton v cc cu trc d liu c dng lm c s cho vic thc hin h thng.
Thc t, cc hot ng thit k din ra song song vi cc sn phm thit k khc nhau. Cc
sn phm ny li c trin khai cc mc chi tit khc nhau trong din bin ca qu trnh thit k.
Cc hot ng ct yu trong vic thit k mt h thng phn mm ln
1. Thit k kin trc: Cc h con to nn h tng th v cc quan h ca chng l c phn
hoch r rng v ghi thnh ti liu.
2. c t tru tng: i vi mi h con, mt c t tru tng cc dch v m n cung cp
v cc rng buc phi tun theo cng c h tr.
3. Thit k giao din: y bn c khng nn hiu giao din ch l nhng g hin th trn
mn hnh, m phi hiu rng c th l tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong h thng vi nhau.
Giao din vi tng h con khc cng c thit k v ghi thnh ti liu. c t giao din khng
c m h v cho php s dng h con m khng cn bit n nhng g c din ra bn trong
ca h con (theo kiu hp en).
c t yu cu Kin trc h thng
c t phn mm
c t giao din
c t thnh phn
c t cu trc d liu
c t thut ton
Thit k kin trc
c t tru tng
Thit k giao din
Thit k thnh phn
Thit k cu trc d liu
Thit k thut ton
c t cc yu cu
c t cc yu cu
Hot ng Ti liu c to ra

Cc hot ng thit k v sn phm ca thit k.
45

4. Thit k cc thnh phn: Cc dch v c cung cp bi h con c phn chia thnh cc
thnh phn hp thnh ca h con .
5. Thit k cu trc d liu: Cc cu trc d liu c dng trong vic thc hin h thng
c thit k chi tit v c c t y.
6. Thit k thut ton: Cc cch thc (phng php x l) c dng cung cp cho cc
dch v c thit k chi tit v c c t.
Qu trnh ny c lp li cho mi h con sao cho n khi cc thnh phn hp thnh c xc
nh mt cch r rng v u c th chuyn i (nh x) mt cch trc tip vo cc thnh phn ca
ngn ng lp trnh, chng hn nh cc gi (packets), cc th tc (procedures) v cc hm
(functions).
Phng php tip cn thng xuyn c khuyn khch s dng l phng php tip cn t
trn xung (top down): Vn ln c phn chia mt cch quy thnh cc vn con cho n
khi cc vn d gii quyt c xc nh r rng. Trong qu trnh ny ngi thit k khng nht
thit phi phn r tt c cc thnh phn tru tng (ngha l vn ny cn phc tp m cch gii
quyt l cha xc nh r) khi m bng kinh nghim h bit chc chn rng c th hon ton xy
dng c. Do h c th tp trung sc lc vo cc thnh phn ng xt nht.
Ch rng khi m phng php hng i tng c chp nhn th phng php t trn
xung s t hiu qu. Khi ngi thit k s dng cc i tng sn c lm khung thit k.
Theo quan im qun l d n, thit k phn mm c tin hnh theo 2 bc:
Bc 1- Thit k s b: Quan tm ti vic chuyn ho cc yu cu thnh kin trc d liu v
cc thnh phn phn mm.
Bc 2- Thit k chi tit: Tp trung vo vic lm mn biu din kin trc dn ti cu trc
d liu chi tit v biu din cc quy trnh tnh ton v x l ca phn mm.
Trong phm vi thit k s b v chi tit, c xut hin mt s hot ng thit k khc nhau.
Bn cnh vic thit k d liu, kin trc v th tc, nhiu ng dng hin i c hot ng thit k
giao din phn bit. Thit k giao din lp ra cch b tr v c ch tng tc ngi-my (HCI
humen computer interface). Mi quan h gia cc kha cnh k thut v qun l ca thit k c
minh ho trong hnh v di y.

46

Vic m t thit k.
Thit k phn mm l mt m hnh ca th gii thc m t cc thc th v cc mi quan h
ca chng vi nhau.
Thit k cn c m t sao cho t c mc sau:
Lm c s cho vic thc hin chi tit.
Lm phng tin lin lc gia cc nhm thit k cc h con.
Cung cp y thng tin cho ngi bn tr h thng.
Ngi ta thng dng cc khi nim th, cc ngn ng m t chng trnh hoc vn bn
khng hnh thc to dng ti liu thit k.
Phng php cu trc c dng rng ri trong nhng nm u ca nhng nm 1980. N
c dng thnh cng trong nhiu d n ln, n lm gim gi thnh mt cch ng k, s dng
c cc khi nim chun v m bo rng vic thit k tun theo mt chun nht nh. Cc cng
c CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering thit k phn mm c my tnh h tr) c
dng tr gip cho phng php ny.
Cc phng php thit k thng tr gip mt vi cch nhn nhn h thng nh sau:
Nhn nhn cu trc: Cho ci nhn cu trc thng qua lc cu trc.
Nhn nhn quan h thc th: M t cu trc d liu logic thng dng, cp n c t d
liu quan h thc th.
Nhn nhn dng d liu: V lc dng d liu.
Ngi ta cn dng lc chuyn trng thi b sung cho phng php trn.
m bo cht lng cho mt biu din thit k, cn c cc tiu chun cho thit k tt. Song
v mt phng php, chng ta a ra cc hng dn sau:
1. Thit k nn a ra cch t chc theo cp bc dng cch kim sot thng minh trong s
cc thnh phn phn mm.
THIT K S B
Thit k kin trc
Thit k th tc
Thit k giao din
Thit k d liu
THIT K CHI TIT
KHA CNH
QUN L
KHA CNH
K THUT
Quan h gia kha cnh k thut v kha cnh qun l trong thit k
47

2. Thit k nn theo cc module, tc l phn mm nn c phn hoch mt cch logic thnh
cc thnh phn thc hin chc nng hay cc chc nng con xc nh.
3. Thit k nn cha cch biu din phn bit v tch bit gia d liu v th tc.
4. Thit k nn dn ti cc module (nh chng trnh con hay th tc) nu ra cc c trng
chc nng c bit.
5. Thit k nn dn n giao din l rt gn phc tp ca vic ni ghp li gia cc module
v vi mi trng bn ngoi.
6. Thit k nn c hng theo cch dng mt phng php lp li c iu khin bi
thng tin c trong phn tch cc yu cu phn mm.
Cc c trng trn ca mt thit k tt c c khi thc hin ng tin trnh thit k k ngh
phn mm thng qua vic p dng cc nguyn l thit k c bn, phng php lun h thng v xt
duyt thu o.
Nh vy, mi phng php thit k phn mm u a vo nhng phng php trc cm v
l php duy nht, cng nh mt cch nhn thin cn th no v ci g c trng cho cht lng
thit k
Tuy vy mi phng php u c nhng c trng sau:
1. Mt c ch chuyn ho t biu din min thng tin thnh biu din thit k
2. Mt k php biu din cc thnh phn chc nng v dao din ca chng
3. Cc trc cm lm mn v phn hoch
4. Cc hng dn v nh gi cht lng
Bt k phng php lun thit k no c dng, cng trnh s phn mm phi p dng mt
tp cc khi nim nn tng cho thit k d liu, kin trc v th tc:
Tru tng
Modul
Kin trc phn mm.
Cp bc iu khin
Cu trc d liu
Th tc phn mm
Che du thng tin
Thit k hng chc nng
H thng c thit k theo quan im chc nng, bt u mc cao nht, sau tinh ch
dn dn thnh thit k chi tit hn. Trng thi ca h thng l tp trung v c chia s cho cc
chc nng thao tc trn trng thi .
Ban u, ta coi yu cu mc cao nht ca h thng l mt chc nng duy nht cn phi thc
hin. Sau , ta tr li cho cu hi thc hin chc nng trn th cn phi lm cc cng vic g?
48

t cng vic trong cu hi trn c coi l chc nng con ca chc nng trn. Thc hin xong cc
chc nng con cng l thc hin xong chc nng cha. H thng c phn r dn dn, v c lm
mn. Hnh nh ca h thng s c xy dng theo cc bc trn.
Thit k hng i tng
H thng c nhn nhn nh mt b cc i tng (ch khng phi l mt tp hp cc chc
nng). H thng c phn tn, mi i tng c thng tin v trng thi ca ring n. i tng l
mt b cc thuc tnh xc nh trng thi ca i tng v cc php ton thc hin trn . Mi
i tng l mt khch th ca mt lp m lp c xc nh bi thuc tnh v cc php ton ca
n. N c tha k t mt vi lp i tng cp cao hn, sao cho nh ngha n ch cn nu
cc khc nhau gia n v cc lp cao hn n. Cc i tng lin lc vi nhau ch bng trao i cc
thng bo. Trong thc t, hu ht cc lin lc c thc hin gia cc i tng bng cch ni i
tng ny vi mt th tc, m th tc ny kt hp vi mt i tng khc.
Thit k hng i tng da trn tng che du thng tin. Gn y theo cch thit k ny,
ngi ta pht trin nhiu h thng cu to bi nhiu thnh phn c lp v c tng tc vi
nhau.
S tht, cc h phn mm ln phc tp n mc m ngi ta dng cc phng php tip
cn khc nhau trong vic thit k cc thnh phn khc nhau trong h thng. Chng c mt chin
lc tt nht no cho cc d n ln. Cc cch tip cn hng chc nng v hng i tng l b
sung h tr cho nhau ch khng phi l loi b nhau. K s phn mm s chn ra cch tip cn
thch hp nht trong tng giai on thit k. Nhn mc tng th th h thng nh l mt b cc
i tng (ch khng phi l mt b cc chc nng), cho nn mc tru tng cao th cch tip
cn hng i tng l thch hp hn. n mc chi tit th mt cch t nhin hn nn xem chng
l cc chc nng tng tc gia cc i tng. Sau mi i tng li c phn gii thnh cc
thnh phn, tc l c th xem n nh l mt h con.
Rt nhiu h thng, c bit l h thng thi gian thc c nhng (vo mt h thit b vt
cht c thc) c cu to nh mt h gm mt b cc qu trnh hot ng song song v c lin lc
vi nhau. Cc h ny thng phi tun theo cc rng buc nghim ngt v thi gian, m cc phn
cng thng phn ng tng i chm, ch c cch tip cn nhiu b x l hot ng song song
mi c th hon thnh c yu cu v thi gian.
Cc chng trnh tun t l d thit k, thc hin v kim tra v th nghim hn l cc h
thng song song. S ph thuc v thi gian gia cc qu trnh l kh hnh thc ho, kh khng ch
v th nghim.
Do , qu trnh thit k nn c xem nh l mt hot ng gm 2 giai on:
Giai on 1: Minh nh cu trc thit k logic, c th l cc thnh phn ca h thng v cc
mi quan h gia chng. C th dng cch nhn hng chc nng hoc cch nhn hng i tng.
49

Giai on 2: Thc hin cu trc trong dng c th thc hn c. Giai on ny i khi
c gi l thit k chi tit v i khi l lp trnh. Chc rng s quyt nh v tnh song song nn l
giai on ny ch khng phi l cc giai on sm hn trong qu trnh thit k.
Bi tp:
1. Trnh by cc giai on thit k phn mm
2. Trnh by cc nguyn tc thit k phn mm
50

Chng 6: Kim th phn mm

Kim th phn mm l hot ng kho st thc tin sn phm hay dch v phn mm trong ng
mi trng chng d nh s c trin khai nhm cung cp cho ngi c li ch lin quan nhng
thng tin v cht lng ca sn phm hay dch v phn mm y. Mc ch ca kim th phn mm
l tm ra cc li hay khim khuyt phn mm nhm m bo hiu qu hot ng ti u ca phn
mm trong nhiu ngnh khc nhau.
Kim th khng phi l g ri (Debugging)
Kim th khng bao gi c th pht hin hon ton 100% li
Mc ch ca kim th l tm ra li ch khng phi nguyn nhn gy ra chng
Cc ng dn c xc nh bng vic xy dng th chng trnh. Mi trng hp kim th s
tng ng vi mt ng dn. Ta c th gp vn i vi cc ng dn khng th thc hin
c.
th chng trnh
th chng trnh l mt th c hng trong :
Cc nh ca th biu din cc cu lnh
Cc cnh biu din lung iu khin
Ngha l, c mt cnh t nh i n nh j nu cu lnh tng ng vi nh j c th c thc thi
ngay lp tc sau cu lnh tng ng vi nh i
th chng trnh ca bi ton tam gic:
51

Mt s nh ngha
Chui: l mt ng dn m trong nh bt u v nh kt thc l khc nhau, v cc nh bn
trong c bc vo =1 v bc ra =1

Cc bc thc hin:
Xy dng th chng trnh/ th ng dn quyt nh t m ngun
Tnh phc tp ca th
52

Xc nh mt tp hp cc ng dn c bn
Thit k mt trng hp kim th tng ng vi mi ng dn c bn
Thc thi cc trng hp kim th
Mt ng dn c bn l ng dn ni t nh bt u n nh kt thc.
S lng cc ng dn c lp cn c kim th bng gi tr V(G) = e-n+2*p .
Trong :
G l th ng dn quyt nh
V(G) l phc tp ca th G
e l s cnh, n l s nh, p l s thnh phn

Cch xc nh cc ng dn c bn
Chn mt ng dn c bn ban u tng ng vi mt s thc thi chng trnh bnh thng
(ng dn c bn ny nn c cng nhiu nh quyt nh cng tt)
tm cc ng dn c bn khc, d tm ngc/xui trn ng dn ban u cho n khi gp mt
nh quyt nh. Thay i quyt nh ti nh ny, v tip tc tm ng dn kh thi cho n nh
kt thc
Lp li bc trn cho n khi tt c cc quyt nh u c thay i vi nhnh ng v sai
V d:

53

Cc ng dn c bn trong bi ton tam gic

Cc ng dn c bn kh thi
54

Kim th theo ng dn c bn da vo phng php ca Tom McCabe. N s dng th
chng trnh xc nh cc trng hp kim th. Kim th theo ng dn c bn c s dng
cho cp kim th n v. N c nhc im l ngi kim th phi c k nng lp trnh tt
c th hiu c m ngun v lung iu khin trong chng trnh
6.4. Kim th theo phn vng tng ng (Equivalence partitioning)
Xem xt v min gi tr ca cc bin chia thnh cc phm vi tng ng
Bao gm c min d liu khng ng
Khng quan tm n s trng lp
V d
Hy xem xt mt hm F vi cc bin u vo x1, x2 c gi tr c gii hn v nm trong cc
khong sau:
a<= x1<=d vi cc khong gi tr l [a b), [b c), [c d]
e<=x2<=g vi cc khong gi tr l [e f), [f g]
Cc gi tr khng ng l x1< a, x1>d and x2<e, x2>g
Cc kiu kim th theo lp tng ng
Kim th theo lp tng ng- li n
Kim th theo lp tng ng- li kt hp
Kim th theo lp tng ng- li n y
Kim th theo lp tng ng- li kt hp y
Kim th theo lp tng ng- li n
S dng mt bin t mi lp tng ng (hay mt khong gi tr) trong mt trng hp kim th
55

Da trn gi thit li n
S lng trng hp kim th bng s lng nhiu nht cc khong gi tr ng m mt bin c th
nhn

Kim th theo lp tng ng- li kt hp
Khng s dng gi thit li n
Mi trng hp kim th tng ng vi mt phn t ca tch cc ca cc lp tng ng

Kim th theo lp tng ng- li n y
Xem xt c cc gi tr khng ng vi gi thit li n

Kim th theo lp tng ng- li kt hp y
Xem xt c cc gi tr khng ng khng s dng gi thit li n
56

Khi mt hm chc nng F vi hai bin x1 v x2 c ci t trong chng trnh, cc bin u vo
x1 v x2 s c cc gii hn:
a<=x1<=b
c<=x2<=d
Cc on [a,b] v [c,d] c gi l cc min gi tr ca x1 v x2
Gi thit li n
Cc li ca chng trnh t khi c gy ra bi hai hay nhiu bin cng mt lc
tng chnh ca kim th theo gi tr bin l s dng gi tr ca bin u vo ti gi tr nh nht,
ln hn gi tr nh nht, gi tr thng thng, gi tr ln nht, v nh hn gi tr ln nht
Kim th theo gi tr bin vi mt bin:

Kim th theo gi tr bin vi hai bin:

Kim th theo gi tr bin y
L mt m rng ca kim th theo gi tr bin bao gm cc gi tr nh hn gi tr nh nht
v ln hn gi tr ln nht (cho php vt qu min gi tr)
57

L mt hnh thc kim th vi li bit c chng trnh s thc hin nh th no nu
d liu vo c li
C th khng c p dng vi mt s ngn ng lp trnh c rng buc kiu
Kim th theo gi tr bin y

Kim th theo gi tr bin y vi hai bin

Kim th theo gi tr bin xu nht (hai bin)
Loi b gi thit ch c mt li n
Cho php cc gi tr u vo c th cng nhn gi tr bin

S lng trng hp kim th
Kim th theo gi tr bin: 4n+1
Kim th theo gi tr bin y : 6n+1
Kim th theo gi tr bin xu nht: 5n
Vi n l s lng cc bin
Nhc im ca kim th theo gi tr bin
Cc bin phi c lp vi nhau
Khng p dng c cho cc bin thuc kiu logic
58

Cc cp ca kim th phn nh cp trong m hnh thc nc ca vng i pht trin phn
mm. Ba cp : c t, Thit k c bn, Thit k chi tit tng ng vi ba cp ca kim th:
kim th n v, kim th tch hp v kim th h thng.
Thng thng, kim th theo cu trc tng ng vi mc n v, kim th theo chc nng
tng ng vi mc h thng.
Unit Test Kim tra mc n v
Mt Unit l mt thnh phn phn mm nh nht m ta c th kim tra c. Theo nh ngha ny,
cc hm (Function), th tc (Procedure), lp (Class), hoc cc phng thc (Method) u c th
c xem l Unit.
Unit Test thng do lp trnh vin thc hin. Cng on ny cn c thc hin cng sm cng tt
trong giai on vit code v xuyn sut chu k pht trin phn mm. Thng thng, Unit Test i
hi kim tra vin c kin thc v thit k v code ca chng trnh. Mc ch ca Unit Test l bo
m thng tin c x l v xut (khi Unit) l chnh xc, trong mi tng quan vi d liu nhp
v chc nng ca Unit. iu ny thng i hi tt c cc nhnh bn trong Unit u phi c
kim tra pht hin nhnh pht sinh li. Mt nhnh thng l mt chui cc lnh c thc thi
trong mt Unit, v d: chui cc lnh sau iu kin If v nm gia then else l mt nhnh. Thc
t vic chn la cc nhnh n gin ha vic kim tra v qut ht Unit i hi phi c k thut,
i khi phi dng thut ton chn la.
Cng nh cc mc kim tra khc, Unit Test cng i hi phi chun b trc cc tnh hung (test
case) hoc kch bn (script), trong ch nh r d liu vo, cc bc thc hin v d liu mong
ch s xut ra. Cc test case v script ny nn c gi li ti s dng.
Integration Test Kim tra tch hp
Integration test kt hp cc thnh phn ca mt ng dng v kim tra nh mt ng dng hon
thnh. Trong khi Unit Test kim tra cc thnh phn v Unit ring l th Intgration Test kt hp
chng li vi nhau v kim tra s giao tip gia chng.
Integration Test c 2 mc tiu chnh:
- Pht hin li giao tip xy ra gia cc Unit.
- Tch hp cc Unit n l thnh cc h thng nh (subsystem) v cui cng l nguyn h
thng hon chnh (system) chun b cho kim tra mc h thng (System Test).
Trong Unit Test, lp trnh vin c gng pht hin li lin quan n chc nng v cu trc ni ti ca
Unit. C mt s php kim tra n gin trn giao tip gia Unit vi cc thnh phn lin quan khc,
tuy nhin mi giao tip lin quan n Unit tht s c kim tra y khi cc Unit tch hp vi
nhau trong khi thc hin Integration Test.
Tr mt s t ngoi l, Integration Test ch nn thc hin trn nhng Unit c kim tra cn thn
trc bng Unit Test, v tt c cc li mc Unit c sa cha. Mt s ngi hiu sai rng
59

Unit mt khi qua giai on Unit Test vi cc giao tip gi lp th khng cn phi thc hin
Integration Test na. Thc t vic tch hp gia cc Unit dn n nhng tnh hung hon ton khc.
Mt chin lc cn quan tm trong Integration Test l nn tch hp dn tng Unit. Mt Unit ti mt
thi im c tch hp vo mt nhm cc Unit khc tch hp trc v hon tt (passed)
cc t Integration Test trc . Lc ny, ta ch cn kim tra giao tip ca Unit mi thm vo vi
h thng cc Unit tch hp trc , iu ny lm cho s lng kim tra s gim i rt nhiu, sai
st s gim ng k.
C 4 loi kim tra trong Integration Test:
- Kim tra cu trc (structure): Tng t White Box Test (kim tra nhm bo m cc thnh
phn bn trong ca mt chng trnh chy ng), ch trng n hot ng ca cc thnh
phn cu trc ni ti ca chng trnh chng hn cc lnh v nhnh bn trong.
- Kim tra chc nng (functional): Tng t Black Box Test (kim tra ch ch trng n chc
nng ca chng trnh, khng quan tm n cu trc bn trong), ch kho st chc nng ca
chng trnh theo yu cu k thut.
- Kim tra hiu nng (performance): Kim tra vic vn hnh ca h thng.
- Kim tra kh nng chu ti (stress): Kim tra cc gii hn ca h thng.
System Test - Kim tra mc h thng
Mc ch System Test l kim tra thit k v ton b h thng (sau khi tch hp) c tha mn yu
cu t ra hay khng. System Test bt u khi tt c cc b phn ca phm mm c tch hp
thnh cng. Thng thng loi kim tra ny tn rt nhiu cng sc v thi gian. Trong nhiu trng
hp, vic kim tra i hi mt s thit b ph tr, phn mm hoc phn cng c th, c bit l cc
ng dng thi gian thc, h thng phn b, hoc h thng nhng. mc h thng, ngi kim
tra cng tm kim cc li, nhng trng tm l nh gi v hot ng, thao tc, s tin cy v cc yu
cu khc lin quan n cht lng ca ton h thng.
im khc nhau then cht gia Integration Test v System Test l System Test ch trng cc hnh
vi v li trn ton h thng, cn Integration Test ch trng s giao tip gia cc n th hoc i
tng khi chng lm vic cng nhau. Thng thng ta phi thc hin Unit Test v Integration Test
bo m mi Unit v s tng tc gia chng hot ng chnh xc trc khi thc hin System
Test.
Sau khi hon thnh Integration Test, mt h thng phn mm c hnh thnh cng vi cc
thnh phn c kim tra y . Ti thi im ny, lp trnh vin hoc kim tra vin (tester) bt
u kim tra phn mm nh mt h thng hon chnh. Vic lp k hoch cho System Test nn bt
u t giai on hnh thnh v phn tch cc yu cu. Phn sau ta s ni r hn v mt quy trnh
System Test c bn v in hnh.
System Test kim tra c cc hnh vi chc nng ca phn mm ln cc yu cu v cht lng nh
tin cy, tnh tin li khi s dng, hiu nng v bo mt. Mc kim tra ny c bit thch hp cho
60

vic pht hin li giao tip vi phn mm hoc phn cng bn ngoi, chng hn cc li tc nghn
(deadlock) hoc chim dng b nh. Sau giai on System Test, PM thng sn sng cho khch
hng hoc ngi dng cui cng kim tra chp nhn (Acceptance Test) hoc dng th
(Alpha/Beta Test).
i hi nhiu cng sc, thi gian v tnh chnh xc, khch quan, System Test thng c thc
hin bi mt nhm kim tra vin hon ton c lp vi nhm pht trin d n.
Bn thn System Test li gm nhiu loi kim tra khc nhau (xem hnh 3), ph bin nht gm:
- Kim tra chc nng (Functional Test): bo m cc hnh vi ca h thng tha mn ng yu
cu thit k.
- Kim tra kh nng vn hnh (Performance Test): bo m ti u vic phn b ti nguyn h
thng (v d b nh) nhm t cc ch tiu nh thi gian x l hay p ng cu truy vn
- Kim tra kh nng chu ti (Stress Test hay Load Test): bo m h thng vn hnh ng
di p lc cao (v d nhiu ngi truy xut cng lc). Stress Test tp trung vo cc trng
thi ti hn, cc im cht, cc tnh hung bt thng
- Kim tra cu hnh (Configuration Test)
- Kim tra kh nng bo mt (Security Test): bo m tnh ton vn, bo mt ca d liu v
ca h thng.
- Kim tra kh nng phc hi (Recovery Test): bo m h thng c kh nng khi phc trng
thi n nh trc trong tnh hung mt ti nguyn hoc d liu; c bit quan trng i
vi cc h thng giao dch nh ngn hng trc tuyn.
Acceptance Test - Kim tra chp nhn sn phm
Thng thng, sau giai on System Test l Acceptance Test, c khch hng thc hin (hoc y
quyn cho mt nhm th ba thc hin). Mc ch ca Acceptance Test l chng minh phn mm
tha mn tt c yu cu ca khch hng v khch hng chp nhn sn phm (v tr tin thanh ton
hp ng).
Regression Test - Kim tra hi quy
Regression Test kim tra li phn mm sau khi c mt s thay i xy ra, bo m phin bn
phn mm mi thc hin tt cc chc nng nh phin bn c v s thay i khng gy ra li mi
trn nhng chc nng vn lm vic tt. Regression test c th thc hin ti mi mc kim tra.
Bi tp:
1. Trnh by phng php kim th theo gi tr bin
2. Trnh by phng php kim th theo phn vng tng ng
3. Trnh by phng php kim th theo ng c bn

61

62

MT S THI MU
63

Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn: CNG NGH PHN MM
Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
Trnh by cc c im ca phn mm?
Cu 2: (2 im)
Trnh by cc quy trnh pht trin phn mm c in?
Cu 3: (3 im)
Trnh by cc k thut thu thp yu cu: Phng vn v Quan st?
Cu 4: (3 im)
Trnh by k thut M hnh ho lung chc nng ca h thng?
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
Lu : - Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi
64

-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
Trnh by cc ng dng ca phn mm?
Cu 2: (2 im)
Trnh by cc quy trnh pht trin phn mm c in?
Cu 3: (3 im)
Trnh by cc k thut thu thp yu cu: Hp nhm v Bn cu hi?
Cu 4: (3 im)
Trnh by k thut M hnh ho lung d liu ca h thng?
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------
65

-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Nm hc: x
thi s: K duyt :
x x
Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)
Trnh by cc ng dng ca phn mm?
Cu 2: (2 im)
Biu lung d liu l g? Cc quy c v biu lung d liu?
Cu 3: (3 im)
Trnh by qu trnh thit k phn mm?
Cu 4: (3 im)
Kim th l g? Trnh by k thut kim th theo gi tr bin?
----------------------------***HT***----------------------------

Bai Giang Cong Nghe Phan Mem

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