Figures of speech

A figure of speech is simply uttering a statement in away that is not plain. It ornaments the otherwise plainly cladbody Or An expression or comparison (sometimes termed trope ____ to turn ) whose meaning is metaphorical, ironical, or rhetorical, not literal

Arrangement of the Figures of speech

Class -1 figures based on similaritysimile,metaphor,allegory,parable,fable. Class -2- figures based on association or reference.- metonymy, synecdoche, allusion Class-3 figures based on contradiction oxymoron, antithesis, epigram , irony. Class -4 figures based on soundOnomatopoeia, Alliteration, Pun.

Arrangement of the Figures of speech

Class 5 figures based on imaginationpersonification, Apostrophe, hyperbole. Class 6 figures based on construction of sentences or words. Climax, Anti-climax, Litotes , Eupphemism.

figures based on similarity Simile,Metaphor,Allegory,Parable,Fable Simile Simile comes from the latin word similes, which means likeness. In simple words a simile compares two objects using proper words of comparison, like , like as so . In complex words, a simile is a an explicit comparison. There is a common feature in both the objects , which draw comparison. In The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, The bride hath paced into the hall Red as a rose is she
.

figures based on similarity The bride has been compared with rose, with the common feature of being red. The essential feature that one must not overlook is that in a simile, the objects are different physically and in their nature in general; it is the common feature(s) which link them together. A comparison between author is just a comparison, and not a simile, but a comparison between an author and a General is definitely a simile, provided it is explicit.

Metaphor
A metaphor is the comparison of two objects , where the object being compared and the object with which it is compared are not linked with words of comparison, but two objects are stated to be together in one sentence. in other words, the object being compared is directly stated to be the objects with which it is compared. A metaphor is thus, a direct simile . in Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare makes Romeo utter, It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Juliet is being compared to sun

figures based on similarity

Allegory it comes from the Greek words allos and agoria , which means other and I speak In an allegory, an aspect of life, or an incident, is described through something else, whose story line is similar to that aspect or incident, so that aspect or incident, so that readers are able to draw a comparison. The best example of allegory is Bunyan s The Pilgrim s Progress, which is an allegory on the journey of life to attain salvation.

Allegory
Virtue and vices are presented as a characters and righteous life is named as a person Christian , who embarks on a journey to escape destruction and redemption.

Parable
A parable is a story which bears moral significance in real life . The New Testament abounds with parables. Fable A fable is a story, told by animals who are assigned the qualities of human beings, which come with moral at end. Thus a fable is a sort of parable, but the characters are mostly animals. The lesson might be religious or for those who are wordly-wise.

figures based on association or reference

Allusion An allusion is a passing reference to someone, Something or some incident. In Julius Ceaser, Cassius utters
When went there by an age since the great flood But it was famed with more than with one man ? Shakespeare here alludes to Greek and Roman mythology, according to which Zeus had once flooded the entire earth to destroy mankind.

Metonymy
In a metonymy, one word is substituted for another word which is associated with it. in other words, a noun or a pronoun is substituted for another noun with which it has some association The pen is mightier than the sword. Here, pen is associated with the writer and sword is associated with all soldiers, kings, politicians and diplomats. The meaning of the line is that education have a greater sway to influence the people than the world of politics has to rule over others by force.

Synedoche
In Synecdoche too, something is substituted for something else. however, the substitution is very different from that of metonymy. in Synecdoche, either a whole is substituted for a part; or a part is substituted for the whole; or else one word is substituted for another that is chained to it. Whole for a part Taxi , Taxi Or Cab ,cab We actually call the driver of the vehicle and not the vehicle. We expect the driver to bring the conveyance.

 Part for the whole. A captain of ship might often have to give a command like all hands to the deck by saying hands he refers to the crew.

figures based on contradiction oxymoron, antithesis, epigram , irony

Oxymoron in an oxymoron, two contradictory words are placed side by side True lies Idly busy

 Antithesis Anti means opposite and thesis means I write . In an antithesis a statement is made, which is contradicted in the next part. So it is a sentence having two parts, which are contradictory. United we stand; divided we fall . The purpose of such contradictory statement is not to refute the first or second, but to emphasize on one aspect by presenting its cotradiction.

Irony
Irony consists in saying something of whose opposite is meant. The opposite meaning is contained nowhere in sentence it is not explicit. The opposite meaning is implied. This is achieved through the intonation of the speaker. A famous example of irony occurs in Julius Caesar: He was my friend, faithful and just to me, But Brutus says he was ambitious, And Brutus is an honourable man

figures based on soundOnomatopoeia, Alliteration, Pun.

Pun consists in using a word in a sentence , where more than one meaning of word is carried. in a pun, the sentence can be interpreted in more than one way because one word can be successfully applied to mean more than one meaning. it must be kept in mind that all the meanings of the word must be applicable in the same sentences. An ambassador is a person who lies abroad for the sake of his country

 In this sentence the word lie is a pun. One meaning is that an ambassador is a person who resides abroad for the sake of his country. Another meaning is that an ambassador is a person who tells lies about his country to make it good.

 Onomatopoeia in this figure of speech, sounds are conveyed through words. The words do not refer to a sound, but actually bring out the sound in their utterance. Ding, dong,bell Alliteration alliteration is the repetitive use of the same sound of a particular alphabet in a sentence in the same place. it is not the alphabet, but the sound of the alphabet matters Most musical, most melancholy.

figures based on imaginationpersonification,hyperbole

Personification in simple words, personification is animating the inanimate. Human qualities are attributed to abstract and inanimate object is looked upon as living beings, though not always human beings. The frost perform its secret ministry Unhelped by any wind. Here frost and wind have been invested with qualities of a human being.

 Hyperbole it is nothing but exaggeration. Things are made to look bigger than they really are. Hyperbole serves to bring out the intensity of something I have told this to you a thousand times.

figures based on construction of sentences or words. Climax, Anti-climax, Litotes , Euphemism.

Climax in a climax , the sentence ,clause ,phrases or words are arranged in such a manner that there is a rise in order so presented. The rise may be in something good, or in something bad. Black it stood as Night, fierce as ten Furies, terrible as Hell

LITOTES
In Litotes, something is affirmed through its negation. The affirmation can be positive or negative. I am not a bad guy.

Euphemism
Euphemism is the mannered way of saying something which, if told plainly, might be considered offensive in a civilized society.in other words it is simply to make something beautiful and hide the grim aspect of it. Physically challenged crippled. Mentally challenged mad Impaired vision blind. Death passes away