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THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ESKAYANLANGUAGE OF BOHOL
A research report submitted to the National Commission onIndigenous Peoples, Bohol, The Philippines.
July 2006. Piers Kelly.
Acknowledgments
This research could not have been completed without the patient assistance of theEskayan teachers and cultural leaders in Taytay (Duero), Biabas (Guindulman),Cadapdapan (Candijay) and Tambongan (Candijay). These are Anacleto Acerda, PedroBag-o, Rufino Bag-o, Rominador Bag-o, Adricula Bagotsay, Fabian Baja, Juan Datahan,Jundo Datahan, Estanislao Deloso, Alberta Galambao, Hilario Galambao, Rustica Palma, Nida Salingay, Julieta Viscayda, and others. The fieldwork was facilitated by ColonelRoberto Datahan who made all the necessary introductions and arrangements, andRaymond Datahan who acted as interpreter, mechanic and pistol-packing mountainescort. Thanks also to the staff of the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples,Bohol, for providing me with office space and research materials.The advice of linguists Sally Dixon, Dr Jean Mulder and Fr Milan Ted Torralbainfluenced the direction of this research more than they may suppose. I am also gratefulfor the insights of Marionito Luspo, for the encouragement of Baby Rama, to Jes Tirolfor sharing his ideas and to Rose Sarabosing for her ongoing help with Boholano-Visayan.Thanks are also due to Robyn Sloggett and Libby Melzer for supporting the project through the University of Melbourne’s Centre for Cultural MaterialsConservation, and to Zoë Bedford for sharing her research and launching me on my way.
Disclaimer
Please note that the 10-month research period granted by the Australian YouthAmbassadors for Development Program was not sufficient to complete a thoroughevaluation of the Eskayan language. A reliable descriptive and comparative study wouldtake several years of sustained analysis and would require cross-examination by qualifiedlinguists. Accordingly, the opinions in this document are based on the research that I have been able to accrue in this limited time period and should neither be considered definitivenor authoritative. Ma. Cristina J Martinez’ PhD thesis
Gahum ug Gubat: A Study of Eskayan Texts, Symbolic Subversion and Cultural Constructivity
(1993) is the mostcomprehensive study of Eskayan literature available to date and includes some valuablesociolinguistic analysis. I urge the NCIP to acquire a copy of this work beforecommissioning any further research (see Recommendations on p20). This report hasendeavoured to set down the terms for classifying the language only. Please be advisedthat I am not qualified to comment upon the legal status of the Visayan-Eskayacommunity in the context of Republic Act 8371.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................3
2. TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................4
3. METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Accepted evidence..................................................................................................................................6
3.2 Excluded data.........................................................................................................................................7
3.3 Existing assumptions on the origin of Eskayan....................................................................................9
3.4 Testable hypotheses...............................................................................................................................9
4. CLASSIFICATION.......................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Cognacy................................................................................................................................................10
4.12 Implications of cognacy results.........................................................................................................11
4.13 Testing the displacement hypothesis.................................................................................................11
4.2 Syntax and morphology.......................................................................................................................12
4.21 Implications of the Eskayan – Cebuano structural equivalence.....................................................12
4.3 Phonology and phonotactics...............................................................................................................13
4.31 The phonology and phonotactics of Eskayan...................................................................................13
4.32 Implications of Eskayan phonology and phonotactics....................................................................14
4.4 Spanish loan words..............................................................................................................................14
4.41 Semi-predictable loans......................................................................................................................16
4.42 Implications of Spanish loan patterns in Eskayan...........................................................................18
5. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................18
5.1 Future research....................................................................................................................................19
6. RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................................................20
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECONDARY SOURCE MATERIALS...............................................................22
APPENDIX A: P
INAY
.....................................................................................................................................27
APPENDIX B: L
EXICAL COMPARISON OF
E
SKAYAN
, C
EBUANO
, B
IKOL
....................................................31
APPENDIX C: L
EXICAL COMPARISON OF
E
SKAYAN
, A
KLANON
-B
ISAYA
, T
AGALOG
...............................41
APPENDIX D: L
EXICAL COMPARISON OF
E
SKAYAN
, P
ROTO
–M
ALAYO
-P
OLYNESIAN
, P
ROTO
-A
USTRONESIAN
................................................................................................................................................51
APPENDIX E:
L
EXICAL COMPARISON OF
E
SKAYAN
, M
INANGKABAU
........................................................61
APPENDIX F: L
EXICAL COMPARISON OF
E
SKAYAN
, A
NCIENT
H
EBREW
, L
ATIN
.......................................71
APPENDIX G: L
EXICAL COMPARISON OF
E
SKAYAN
, E
TRUSCAN
...............................................................81
The Classification of the Eskayan Language of Bohol
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Sections
« prev | next »- 1. Introduction
- 2. Terminology
- 3. Methodology
- 3.1 Accepted evidence
- 3.2 Excluded data
- 3.3 Existing assumptions on the origin of Eskayan
- 3.4 Testable hypotheses
- 4. Classification
- 4.1 Cognacy
- 4.12 Implications of cognacy results
- 4.13 Testing the displacement hypothesis
- 4.2 Syntax and morphology
- 4.21 Implications of the Eskayan–Cebuano structural equivalence
- 4.3 Phonology and phonotactics
- 4.31 The phonology and phonotactics of Eskayan
- 4.32 Implications of Eskayan phonology and phonotactics
- 4.4 Spanish loan words
- 4.41 Semi-predictable loans
- 4.42 Implications of Spanish loan patterns in Eskayan
- 5. Conclusions
- 5.1 Future research
- 6. Recommendations
- Bibliography of secondary source materials
- APPENDIX A: Pinay
- APPENDIX B: Lexical comparison of Eskayan, Cebuano, Bikol
- APPENDIX C: Lexical comparison of Eskayan, Aklanon-Bisaya, Tagalog
- APPENDIX E: Lexical comparison of Eskayan, Minangkabau
- APPENDIX F: Lexical comparison of Eskayan, Ancient Hebrew, Latin
- APPENDIX G: Lexical comparison of Eskayan, Etruscan
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