aeygl bedpy itk zpkeqn dpi` mix`lelq mipetlhn dpixw re

n
xitq blt

pelegsgmail. om
2012 x`exata 13

?dfd jnqnd df dn

mix`lelq mipetlhn dpixw re n - zeihpeelxd zex bdd lr mihxetn mixaqdae ,irevwn oebx'f dpi`y dtya - bivdl `a df jnqn
:dxrdae

e`

,efky

ote`ae

dxag

s`

,ix`lelq

mya

oetlh

lret

ipi`

xiykn

,miix`lelq

izeyxa

,"xhphxt"n a -oa oli`) minieqn

izbvda ,ie iea ,ze`p ieliba ligz` .dixhqidl

ik

mipetlh ly

d aerd

epid

zweeyn

l"pk

mixwnae mipkxvd bp

e`

zexagl

z nzn

zipxvi

ily

dngln

qpkidl s`e

,x`lelq

igid

zxag

xywd

zeldpn

meyl

.dl`ky

bedpy

jiieyn

zexagl

ux`a x`lelqd
.

aeygl

zexag

xeaivd z`

ipi`

xeywd
ik

itk

dwifn dpi`

:ze`p

mya

oin`n ip`

iyi`

ynn zewyer

ielib

ebi`

(lynl

dibeleiad inegza zilnxet dxykd il oi`e ,d`etxd megza ueri zzl jnqen `l ip` .lnyg q pdn e` beleia ,`tex ippi` :ie ie
.lnyg

zq pde

,dwifita zeax wqerd lelqn - zihxe`iz zilwifit dinik lr yb a) dinika x`ezl ' dpy hp ehq ip` ,xitq blt iny :izbvd
iqiqad qxewd z` izxare
xetiyl

dxizge

iz nl ef dpya .ibeg-e

lelqna

,ziaihiiae` zir n dyib jx ze`ivnd

liawna dpy jyna

dwifit mb iz nl ixarae ,(riztn

`l ote`a

xwga oin`n ip` .owtqe hqilpeivx ip` ,jkl xarn .zeihpbne

.zir nd

xwgnd zibel ezn

zxfra epaiaqy ifitd mlerd

lnyga

z`

epzpad

izl yde zeihnzn ze`gqepa ynzydln ozipy dnk izrpnp ,okl .mir ne dwifita rwx `ll miyp` xear azkp jnqnd :dxrd
elld minegza oiany iny geha ip` .miaeyg eqi ibyen milikny la` ,deab ir n oebx'fn "miiwp" xzeiy dnk mixaqd zzl
.il xv .edyn

minnrynk dl`

.envrykl

mixaqda d`xi

miwitqn zipekiz

(?hqet) xn`nd oiipra ligzdl

xyt`

dnxa dwifit i enil elit`

,dfd wlgd z`

epxary

ixg` ,eiykr

?zihpbnexhwl` dpixw idn

ihpbnexhwl` d y

2
2.1

epaex .(miqepin) miilily miprhne (miqelt) miiaeig miprhn :mibeq ipya miribn miilnyg miprhn ik d aerd z` mixikn epaex
(qepine

qepin

,l`xyi

lrn

,qelte

xiee`d)

qelt)
edylk

oniq

eze`

agxnay

ilra

eiykr

miilnyg

epiin

.dfl

miprhn
df

dfl

mikynp

df

"miqgiizn"

(qepine

qelt)

miprhnd

jetd

oniq

da

ilra

dxevd

miprhn

z`

zeillka

era

,df

z`

xikn
df

mb

mig

eae x g bivnd `ad xei`a enk lynl ,mipey mipniqe mil ba miilnyg miprhn edylk ote`a mdl mixfetn (elek mewid ,oiipaa x g
:miililye

http://j14.org.il/arti les/9367

miiaeig miilnyg miprhn

- a han sirdl i` k zd ixhne zryryn zixei` dygndl1

+
-

+
+

dig d .miqepind lkl dkiyne ,miqeltd lkn dig yibxi `ed

,lynl
orhnd

.epnn
oky

orhnd

,2-a

ly

wgxnae

oneqnd

orhnl

,(l bz
xy`n

dig d
,1-a

e`

dkiynd

oneqnd

orhnl

,x ga edylk

jk

,xzei

xzei

le b

dwfg

mewna - qelt

orhndy

dkiyn

lkk)

yibxi

oniq lra - "ogea" orhn miyp m` ,zrk

miprhnd

(wexi

qelt)

l eba
eply

zeielz

ogead

:eil` xzei

dkiynde

,`ad

xei`a

aexw 1-a oneqnd

dpiidz

orhnd

+
+

(dkiynd
d ewp

e`)

lka

dig d

eply

jq

ogead

z`

lawp

orhnd

z`

lka ogea orhn yibxny zegekd

,mze`
miyp

mkqpe

m`

lk jq `ed

eply

.oeeike

l eb

ilnyg d y

ogead
yi

df

orhnd
gekl

yibxny

.x ga

miprhnd

miprhnd

lk

lkn

zeig de

eilr

milirtny

rahnd

eze`

eze`

ly

mi v

xiaqdl

rep

.(`yepd

lr

`l

xg`

`ed ihpbnd gekd mb .ihpbnd gekd - y g gek sxhvn d yl

ipy

df

dyrnl

xn`n

j`

md

miilnyg

,we d

`ed

gekd

ze ye

miihpbn

mdipia xywd

r in xewn lka e` hpxhpi`a `exwl

ze y

.(n"`y

e`

.ogea

lr

m`) eilr

z`

gwip

.orhnd

m`

yibxiy

dn we ape x ga

dxwna ,x gd) xae nd

agxna d ewp

,ilnygd d ya miiepiy mpyi xy`k

lirtn

,ihpbn-exhwl`d

mega uilnn ip` ik

orhn

lk

edf

.ilnyg d y `xwpy dn lawp ,yibxn `edy illkd gekd

.(eply

d ewp lka oky ,d y dyrnl

zekiynd

`edy

d yd

xzee`

dnverd

f"rla)

okle

,ea

we al

xyt`

ihpbn-ilnygd

dn

d yd

aezkl ihpeelx

epi` `ede

miihpbnexhwl` milb

daeba
sqep

iepiyd

ebip

da

dxevd

.d yd

zepekza zelzk

ly

dyrnl

dnverd

mdy
`ed

mi

ilbl

dne a

ihpbnexhwl`d

,milb

d ya

zxeva

rp

milba

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mda

iepiydy
l ebd

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wfeg - xnelk) el` mi`iy ly wfegd i"re ,(

:el`

mil b z`

bivn `ad xei`d

ilbl

ebipa

wave-length )

ze`a aexl

mr

ly

oneqn `ede

dti

dpekz

.m wzn

mind

ipt

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ze`a zpneqn mew`ea xe`d zexidn .xnegd

) ` nl zipeeid ze`a oneqne (

ze y

,z`f

inz `id milbd zen wzd zexidn

,xzei h`l zvw min wzn milbd mixneg jeza) xe`d zexidn

miltyd e`) ely mi`iyd oia wgxnd i"r zihnkq lb x`zl ozip zi nin- g dxeva .(
df l eb .(d yd

miihpbnexhwl`

,min

2.2

- zrxyn

e` ,(

lb-jxe` `xwpd l eb ,(ely

amplitude )

d ehiltn`

`xwp

A
A

enk .miilily mi`iy ,dyrnl ,ody - lnyd ze ewp oia wgxnl deey ,
agx

df

`yep

e`) qepiqd

mb

la`

,xzei

zivwpet ly

akxen

dxevd

avnd

dyrnl

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,il`i i`

lb

`id l"pd lbd zxevd

ze`d i"r bveind ,(lbd-jxe`) mi`iyd oia wgxnd ik al eniy

oaenk

.zixwird

`ed

dfd

d ewpd

lbd

.miltyle

mi`iyl

deey

zpadl daxda mxez `le

,(

d ehiltn`d

,ok

,dfd xn`nd liaya i in

miaeliyn rbx iptl exkfedy miakxend milbd z` aikxdl ozip .zeixwn dpi` idefe ,(sxbd z` minwnn ofe`na dti` ielz ,qepiqewd
`l

eilr

mbe ,"diixet

zexnzde

ixeh" `xwpd

dwihnzna megz

edf

mipey

mixhnxt mr

qepiqewe qepiq

zeivwpet

`n

.xeai d

d ewp

jx

zexi zd

xear

mi`iy

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dnk

ip

we al

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ozip

ze`a

,(

e`

c
f

,xe`d
ze`a

zexidn)
oneqn

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frequen y)
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zexi z

zexidn

min wzn
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df

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l eb

lbd zen wzd

.zg`

dipya

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z`

daxd ly

z`

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milbdy

agxna

oeeikn

znieqn

daipn lbd jxe`a

(1)

f =c
:lbd jxe`

oial lbd zexi z

zexidn

oia mi`ad mixywd

.jtidle

se

dyrnl

ody

,(

Hz

xeviwa e` ,

Hertz)

"uxd" ze`xwpd

ozip dheyt dxabl` zxfra

c
c
, f=
f

miniiwzn ik ze`xl

,xzei

ze igia z np zexi z

dphw zexi zd

era

jk ,xzei

,(mixhn) wgxn ly

le b lbd jxe`y

ze igia np lb
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letk

xhn

:zeipeibd

(1)-d`eeyna
.zexidn

ze igid

ly

ze igi

ok`y

ixd

zlra

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dipy

iwlg

xe`d zexidn

xhn

,xnelk

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xhn

ly

ze igia

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z np

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zexidny

mvra df

lkk

jxe`

oeeikn

,dipy iwlg g`

zihpbnexhwl` dpixw

,gxkda
dpixwe

dwifn

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ly

mxf

dppi`

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`id

dpixw

weqrp

mixwpd

`ha

,z`f

da

,dpixw

zpixw

mr

.zelgne

,zihpbnexhwl`
ly

mibeq-izz

.(maiaq mipexhwl`

ipirxb

wypl

dpixw -

xyewn

`edy

dpixw ibeq ipy

dyelyn

zakxen

ila) meild

meh`

efd

oeeikn

dpixwd

ipirxb

,miyp`d

oia li adl

ly

mxf

aeyg

zipirxbd
heyt

aex

lv`

.(ynn

gt

hrn

dpixwd

`id `tl`

xxern

er

byen

zpixw

jk

lr

"dpixw"

lr)

rbxl

2.3

byend

epiigl zipeig
akrz`

.`n`b-zpixwe

s`e

.zipirxb

`ha-zpixw

zx eg `ide ,zpkeqn dpi` ziqgi `tl` zpixw .jynda aigx` jk-lre ,zihpbnexhwl` dpixw ly beq `id `n`b zpixw .mipexhwl`
(...meildd

meh`

ipirxbn

xzei

miihbxp`e

miphw

md

mipexhwl`)

xzei

wenr

zx eg

.ynn
!ihpbnexhwl`d
-xhwl`d

d ya

dpixwd jk

.xzei

lb

heyt

(xzei

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dle b

dwifn `id jk ,(xzei

zihpbnexhwl`
dpixwd

dpixw

zexi zy

dle b zexi z)

lkk

xzei

.zihpbnexhwl`
,lb

jxe`-zexi z

ohw lb jxe`

`ha

okeqn wqr

dpixw `ed
xywd

t"r

zpixw

.iyep`d

`id `n`b

df

wlga

,e`)

xzei

xerl

zpixwe -

xidadl

`n
xzei

ipevxay

ohw dpixwd ly

zihpbnexhwl` dpixwly lkk

,xnelk

zighy

dnxa

dwifn mb okle
byend

la`

lbd jxe`y

lkk

.xzei zihbxp` zihpbne

...mixne` mire id mixia`dy dn enk

rp
-

df

mexhwtq

`n

miphw

."ihpbnexhwl`d

lb

ikxe`

miihpbnexhwl`d

oial

dpixwd

,(xzeid

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ly

lkl

mexhwtq"
n"w

zeiexi zd

d`n

mixew

l eba

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epgp`

lb

zihpbnexhwl`

ikxe`l

.zegt

e`

wx

dpixw ly

miqgiizn

ep`

,(!mixhn x`ilin

sl`

.(mixhn i x`ilin x`ilin 10 e` ,miqt` 19 eixg`e

:mixikn epleky

.ei x

ilb mi`xew

epgp`

(uxd x`ilink

.exwin ilb mi`xew epgp`

i x`ilin

100

zex izdy

oiay

jkn

zeiexi zl

mini`zn

IR

raep myd .(

e` ,

el`

infra-red

lb

ikxe`

zeny

mdl

.xhnd

100

zi x`ilin

- me ` `xtpi`) me `-zz

`id

xhn-epp)

ly

oial ,uxd

ly

(uxd i x`ilin sl` 800-kl r uxd i x`ilin sl` 400-k) xhnepp 400

jxe`

l eb

oia zerp

oial

mipeyd

10 oia lb ikxe`l

n"n

zgzn in

oia

x qa

mipeyd lb-ikxe` z`

oia

lb

(uxd i x`iln sl` 400-l

zexi zl

sqe`l

lb

dnk oia lb ikxe`l

n"n oial n"q

700

lk

le b

1012
3000

miwlgn epgp`

xhn-epp

xe` mi`xew epgp`

ikxe`

dxeva

mixhn

oial n"w ze`n

r uxd x`ilin)

.me ` xe`

d`xp xe` mi`xew epgp`

10-k

g`)

1019

1) uxd

lbd

ziteqpi`

iwlg

mipzepe ,zeveawl

r uxd 10,000-k) n"q

(uxd x`ilin

miixyt`d

aexl)

ikxe`l

r uxd

`id ef dpixw ly

oial xhnepp 700

(xhnepp 004) lebq re (xhnepp 007) me `n lgd ,ze`xl milbeqn ep` eze` xe`d lk :daeyg d ewp idef

oia lb ikxe`l

.(visible light)

!epiigl zipeig s`e llk dwifn dppi` mixwnd ly ugen aexay zihpbnexhwl` dpixw !dpixw `ed
lebq-lr

xe`

mi`xew

epgp`

(uxd

i x`ilin

oeilinkl

uxd

i x`ilin

sl`

800)

xhnepp

10

oial

xhnepp

zihpbnexhwl` dpixw idef .lebq xe` ly zexi zd lrn in `id ef dpixw ly zexi zdy jkn raep ymd .(
mitxyp

epgp`y

jkl

zi`xg`d

dpixwd

mb

idef

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dlelre

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dwifn

(zedeabd

400

UV

zeiexi za

oia

e`

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egia)

dwlgay

.ynyl

dtiyga

re uxd i x`ilin oeilin oiay zeiexi zl mi`zn - !xhnd zi x`ilin zitl` 10) xhnepp zi`n oial xhnepp 10 oiay lb ikxe`l
oebx`e

ze`ixad

i xyne

,ynn

okeqn

dpixw

idef

X-ray) X-ipxw

.(

e`

,obhpx

zpixw

mi`xew

ep`

,(uxd

ultra-violet)

i x`ilin

x`ilin

10

ineliv zra efd dpixwdn epilr obdl i k .daxd `l dfe ,y ega ziaxind dtiygd zenkl mihx phq miraew inlerd ze`ixad
,x gd

eze`a

`vnp

epi`

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lirtne

,(ef

dpixw

mibteqd)

zxter

zegela

epze`
.efd

zpixw

mi`xew

mivevit

mdipia

ep`

,(uxd

,mipey

i x`ilin

miipirxb

x`ilin

mikildza

10-n

zhltp

dle bd
`id

zexi z

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ilra
m `l
.(ef

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zpkeqne

t"r zeveawl miwlgn epgp` xy`

xzei zihbxp` `id jk - dler

dzexi zy

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miyialn

seba

mixay

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e`

dwifnd dpixwl i n xzei sygidl

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zpkeqn

dpixw ly

xhnepp

ef

dpixw

wpr zeienk

zi`nn
.(

miphwd

lb

miipiy
`l

ikxe`l

gamma-radiation)

zhlet

ynyd

i k

`n`b

mb) miipirxb

,ihpbnexhwl`d d ya milb `id zihpbnexhwl` dpixw ,xeviwa

- xei zihpbnexhwl` dpixw ly lbd jxe`y

lkk

.(mdly zeiexi zd

:(zeiexi z e`) lb ikxe` ly sivx mexhwtq lr mipeyd dpixwd ibeq z` d`xnd miyxz oldl .mixg` miig mixevile m ` ipal xzei

.zihpbnexhwl`d dpixwd mexhwtq lk

jqa

ynn xv megz

dyrnl

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d`xpd xe`d ik ze`xl

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zexrd

[uxda zeiexi z megz

,mipieel zxeywze

difieelh ,ei x

ly

.min"kne

.
.

Wi-Fi-e

33C 250 C

ly

xe iyd

zynynd

'tnh geeha

.mi gein mixiykna dlil

,megzay ihbxp` zegtd

sebd

ly

dpixwd megz

me `d ravd

awr - mi eyg
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enk)

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enk)

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ly

miqeg `l

ei x

101 103

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1011 4 1014

103 7 107

me ` `xtpi`

4 1014 8 1014

7 107 4 107

d`xp xe`

8 1014 1015

4 107 108

lebq-dxhle`

1015 1019

108 1010

obhpx

> 1019

< 1010

`n`b

on lgd

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zpkeqn

dribn
.(llga

miinipt minelivl zynyn

mivtg z`ivnl

ziqgi miqeg miteb

10 10

my

dpixwd

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zewixqe

109 1011

megz

minvrn zhltp

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ly

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zii`x zxyt`n jkae

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10 10

megz

dlah oldl

'zeh-ela ixiykn

miixlelq mipetlh ly

lbexwin ixiykna menigl

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xe iyd

znkqnd

ozip

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jx xe gl

dzleki

miteb

jx `l

la` ,(`nbe l

,eply

.(zenvr

.ipirxb uevit lynl enk

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jk ,xzei deab wtqddy lkke ,"h`ee" ze`xwpd ze igia nnp df .dly wtqdd `id zihpbnexhwl` dpixw ly ztqep daeyg dpekz
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xe`d

ipxw

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ly

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jk

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,deeynd

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ewn

ewn

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wegx

miwgxzny

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lkky

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xzei

lkk
jk

(agexd

.xzei

jenp

ieew
ghy

it

lr)

`"d ka

z igil

mipey

wtqdd

okle

mixefi`a

,xzei

ynydn

le b

dn `d

megd
ipt

lr

.ze xei

?ohxq zexveeidl znxez `id vik ?zppiin dpixw idn

gln

lynl

.ilnyg

orhn

ilra

dlewlen

orhna miperh oxzpd ineh` era ,

lk
-

aiaqy era

epaexl

re ik

,oxzp ipei dyiy

ogley gln

ly

e`

meh`

`ed

oei

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edn

lk

m ew

oiadl

yi

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dpixw

idn

mpyi xelk

oei lk
okle

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dfk

," ixelk"

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xe iqd

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sodium hloride )

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ik

miniieqn
mi`pza

xwira) i n
miavna

`zd

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.zenl

lelr

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iaeig

ilnyg

mpyi oxzp oei

ixelk

oxzp `ed

i"r rawp zihpbnexhwl` dpixw ly dibxp`d - exkfe) witqn ddeab dibxp` zlra dpixw xy`k

ila

leki

+1

ipei dyiy

.(

`l

i k

ilily ilnyg orhn ilra xelkd ineh`y jk ,oxzp ineh`e xelk ineh` ly 1:1 qgin ieyr ogley

inikd myd

zexi zdy lkk - dly zexi zd

oiadl

2.4

.xera

`edy

dxwna

zenwxa

,dyw

.`zd

ly

zelewlenn

dk

dxeva

ii`-o`-i a

mipexhwl`

`za
xa

rbet
ly

xewrl

dl`k

eteqa

dleki

zenwx
rbtzy

ly

`id

,(zihbxp`

oepii

minieqn

zeaebz

ly

xzei

dpixwd

miavna

zxyxy

ligzdl

jk

(daxd
lelr

,dle b

xzei

megza

oian

oepiid

iphxq jtdidl

,mixg`

- minieqn

-x`ilin x`ilin 10-n dle bd zexi za zihpbnexhwl` dpixw) `n`be (mipexhwl`) `ha ,(meild ipirxb ,xen`k) `tl` zepixw

X-ipxw)

mb

d`xp

obhpx
xe`

`id jk ,xzei
exezay

zpixw

zpixwe
ddeab

od

`z

,(d`xp

zexi z

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zenwx

xe`

ly

zlra

xe` ly

efn

opiil

ozlekia

zexi zl

xy`

aexw)

dpixwdy lkk

dkenp zexi z

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dkenp

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mexhwtqdn

UV

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zpixw

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zepixw

zexi z

dpixwd ibeq x`yn

dpixw `id d`xp xe` ,ok`e

zpixw ly

zexg`

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,obhpx zpixw ly

efn

od

UV

(lebq-dxhle`)

(uxd

zpixwe

,zeppiin od

xzei zihbxp`

dkenp

zexi z

lra

4
i"r dliri dxeva miltehn seba miiphxqd mi`zd aex .ohxq ly mipey mibeq mpyie ,iphxql jetdi `zy n"r gi ygxzdl zekixv xy` zeaiq ly lelkn epyi

dxqdl ozip xity le ib - xi`nn e` xity ,le ba ,zeidl leki le ib ule ibl migztzne ,ie`xk miltehn mpi` elld mi`zd mixi p mixwna .eply oeqigd zkxrn
. `n akxen `yepd ,xeviwa .mitqep ohxq i wenl gztzdl zelelry sebd iagxa zexexb gley - zinewn xqed m` mb - xi`nn le ib era ,zinewn

.mi`zd

e`

sebd

ixai`n

eli`

i`

ewtza

zerbet

ody

zeie r

mey

oi`e

,zeppiin

opi`

ei xe

exwin

,me `-`xtpi`

minegza

zepixw

-xhwl`d dpixwd megz) exwin zpixwl dtiyg oia jetd ihqihhq xyw - zeketd ze`vez mizirl e`vnp ekxrpy miieqipa ,dyrnl
znxez

exwin zpixwy jkdn

mizirle ,ziaeig "drtyd"a

dkin

x"

sxv`

ip`

ly

"dgked

o`k

mbe

,i` eel

aexw ,raep epi`

xa d

.miiphxq mile ib

zegztzde

dtvp ,mizirl ,okl) sebd lr drtyd mey dl oi`y jkl ze r

oerh"

xn`na

,d`elgz

oial

("e`lilb"

zixlelq

oifbnd

dpixw

oia

ly

(2102

xywd

x`exat)

`yepa

261

oeilba

mixwgnl

df

miwpil

(mix`lelq

mixiykn

mirlet da zihpbne

heyt idef `l` - miiphxq mile ib leqigl

`yepa

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mitxevn

df

ulnen

xn`n

.(...zilily

seqa

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"drtyd"a

'nr)

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zegepl

,mze`

(zeillka ,mi aer mix`lelq mipetlh ji` :e`) ?zix`lelq dpixwl xeyw df ji`e ,mngn lb-exwin re n

2.5

dibxp` zlra `id ef dpixw .mipneye min menigl exwind zpixw megza miihpbnexhwl` milba ynzyn lb exwin - `ed ok enyk

ribn o`k ?

`l

d`xp xe`

.mipnye min menigl

xe`d
dn

megza

ly

dpixw

mihxtl

zpixw era

,oney

zelewlene

min zelewlen

znngn

`id re n

,jk

m`

.d`xp

znxeb xy` zihpbnexhwl`d dpixwd ix z x`yl qgia exwin zpixwa " gein"
dxifgn

qpk` `l

d`xny

ip`

enk

." ner

lb"

,exwin
`xwpy

zpixw

mixifgn

dpan mixvei

mi gein

exwind

mixnegn

miiepad

zpixw ilb ,ely

dpand

xe`

zpixwn daxda dzegt

xa mey oi` - oiiprnd wlgd

eizexiwy

efk

dxeva

awr ,lbexwind xiykn

iepa

lbexwin

jeza

.d`xpd

repi lbd lky mewnay `vei jk - qt`d aiaq z epzn d ewp lka ilnygd d yd znver dfd avna xne` wx la` ,wei a xne` df
`id

lbexwin

ixiykn

xear

exwin

.(!dipya mrt
ziqgi

miprhn

z xtd

odl

zpixw

zexi z)

x`ilin 2.45

yi

"leti

onfa

xdn

iaeig `iyl

hpnen"

`n

dpzyn

ely

ilily `iyn ilnygd

z`xwpd

dpekz

zelra

od

dnverd
d yd

lynl

j`

,oneye

miahw ipy

dlewlenl

dyrnl

,ilily ilnyg d yl

dipya

minrt

dxehxtnhy

i x`ilin

oeeikne

okle

xei`a enk

jxra zi`xp

jynp (mipnind) dlewlena

dpzyn

dlewlend

nerd

ly

lba

dibxp`d

el`
z`

iaeigd

ze y

ly

`l` ,"dxyi"

mpeeike

dli bn efd

dpi` dlewlend

wlgdy llba
-

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iaeig

drepzd

avna

ilnyg

.zwqtp

izla

.minngzn

zelewlen

,mieqn

oeeika

gi

- uxd x`ilin 2.45-k

zenieqn

zelewlen

) min zlewlen ly dxwna .dreaw

ik oiadl aeyg
myd o`kne

jynp

dxeva

dyrnl

`ed

H2 O

.(leti

d yl

ner"

iepiyd ,xnelk

min

fkexn iaeigd ilnygd orhnd era ,ovngd meh` aiaq `vnp ililyd ilnygd orhnd aex ,(

era

,"mewna

znvera

(ovngd)

,ztxehn

mind -

.onind ineh` ipy aiaq

,

pole

ahew) miilnyg

dlewlena

zexidna

zelewlen

ililyd

zktdzn

ly

wlgd

dlewlend

dibxp`l

n `id

oxygen
-

+
Hydrogen

Hydrogen
ly

ddeab

zetitv

yi

onind ineh` xefi`a era

,ilily orhn ly

ddeab

zetitv

yi

ovngd

meh` xefi`a .min

zlewlen

:1

xei`

.iaeig orhn
-

onin lk

il iaeigd orhnde

ovngd il miililyd

.iaeig ilnyg orhna mixiyr mipnind era

miprhnd ipye ,ililyl

iaeig 1:1

,ilily ilnyg orhna xiyr ovngd

qgia dpi`

efd

ik d aerd z`

zetitvd

ik yib dl

zihnkq dxeva

aeyg

mibviin

- ei x zxeywz enk `id zix`lelq zxeywzy oeeikn z`f ?lbexwind zlert ote`l hqwh ly z aekn zenk yi wn ip` dnl f`
mihlewe mihlety ei x ixiykne ei x zepgz enk dyrnl md (myd ribn o`kn megza
znxeb

zihpbnexhwl`
ef

d aer

dpixw

.mipneye

min

zehlewe
menigl

zex yn

lbexwind

xe iyd
xiykn

zephp`

ynzyn

x`lelqd
mda

ells

ixiykn

milbd

ly

,"mi`z"d) xe iyd zephp`e ix`lelqd xiyknd

,ei xd

megz

zephp`e

eze`

ei xd

(ei xd

ilb

ixiyknl
megza

ebipa

`le)

.dpixw

exwind

ilb

znngn dpixwdy ixd - rtya seba mipneye min epl yiy oeeikne - mipneye min menigl znxeb exwin zpixwy aeygl miax miyp`l
n"r

!ely

dpada

dbeye

`n

daeyg

d ewp

qtqtn

jk

ayegy

in

j`

.miiphxq

mile ibl

mexbl

e`

mda

rebtl

dlelre

,mi`zd

z`

xe` ztwyn d`xny enk dze` swyl jixv ,df liaya . ner lb zxeva zeidl ,xen`k ,dkixv `id ,min mngl lkez exwind zpixwy
zxfra
lk

,`nbe l

`le)

,gena

zizkzn

mind z`

dhlt

y`xd

mngl

ly

i k -

ipyd

vl

xnelk

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invdl

ikxe`

jixv

ly

mly

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xtqn

ly

g`

ly
v

wie n
il

wgxna -

gpend

zeneieqn

ix`lelq

zekzn

xiyknn

zxfra

mihltpd

d`xp

exwin

ilb

oekpd wgxna wei a zipekn dxar dxwna m` gipp) ygxzn xak `ed m`e , `n xi p dfk avny oaenk .wie n `n wgxna ,(!zkzn
geeha `ed exwin zpixw izia lbexwin hlet ea (oiiprd jxevl ,dnverd) wtqdd ,jkl xarn .xvw `n onf wxtl ygxzn `ed - (mkn
.lbexwin ly dnverdn (!)sl` itka jenp - h`ee
xe iyd

wenn

wgxnd

mr

z xei

dnverd

0.75 1

ik xekfl

- k ly dnvera dpixwd z` hlet ix`lelq oetlh era ,h`ee

aeyg

. ala

h`ee

100-k

ly

dnvera

zex yn

od

?zeix`lelq

500 1500

zephp`

iabl

ly

dne

.jk myl miitivtq mi`pza jxev yi j` ,min mngl leki d`xp xe`y oaenk5
6
.xn`nl ihpeelx `l df ,libxk la` ,dlewlend ly zllekd dibxp`dn wlgl n `id dwehxtnh ,dyrnl

eze`

enri

zephp`n

m`

ipeibd

xy`n

8-ka

wgxnae

dphw

m `l

xhn

wgxnn

aexw

xzei

daxd

dribny

xy`n

dibxp`d

1,000

it

zenk

.xhn
dphp`

xy`n

epil`

miixlelq mipetlh ,jkl

xarn

oenk

oetlhdy

.dwifn dppi` ef dnver

dphp`dn

dphw didz

`id

jkl

mb j`

xak

mixhn

dnverd

wgxna dnverdn

daiqd

.exwin

.envr

ipy

ly

mixhn

ly

xnelk

wgxna

xzei

xe iyl

al

zneyz

dwfg dnverl

.ziyilya

.dpnn

oeiln it dphw dnverd

oetlhdn

zpixw ly

wgxna
10

xhn

wgxnd

wgxna

itl

m `

,mixhn 100-k ,zeixlelq

zeptdl

epnn mitygp

yi

,z`f

epgp`

mr

,okle

.dle b

dvexy in ,okl .xzei jenp x`lelqd zephp` ly ieqikdy lkk ,xnelk - xzei drexb mdly dhilwdy lkk xzei dwfg dnvera mix yn
:se`- iixh

o`k

yiy

oaenk

.ezaiaqa zeix`lelq

zephp`

xzeiy

dnk

si rdl

eilr

envr

.xzei
,onf

witqn

ix`lelq

oetlha

mixa nyk

z`f

lka

,sebl

wifny

epl

re iy

exwind

oetlhdn

dwfg

dpixwl

dwfg dnvera zex yn

megza

dpixwa

xa

dtiygn

rpnidl

xe iyd

zephp`

onvr

mey

oi`

m`

,dnl

f`

xaer xy`k .ipexhwl` xiykn `ed ix`lelqd oetlhd xiykn ,lk m ew - zeaiq izyn raep xa d ?dng ofe`dye y`x a`k miyibxn
envr xiyknd - xnelk .mxf mda xaer xy`k minngzn mi bpe ,mi bp ly dle b zenk jx xaer `ed ,ipexhwl` xiykna ilnyg mxf
ztqep daiq .(dibxp` daxd riwydl yi ,exwin zpixw zxfra r in mixhn ze`n dnk ly wgxnl x yl n"re) ezlrtd awr mngzn
jxe`l

id

milirna

zxfra

dieqiky

miynzyn

epgp`

enk
,ixd

wei a
,jk

.xefi`d

menigl

.ezenngzdl

mxeb

znxeb
seba

,onf

wlg

jxe`l

lk

ofe`l

ieqiky

aer

,mvra

`l

,enk

e`

aer

xzei

edylk

dng

didz

xiykn

z nvdy

ofe`dy

jkl

`id

mexbi

!sxega

mewn lka z`vnp zihpbnexhwl` dpixw

,'zeh-ela ipwzd ,(...uetp xzei did df xara) difieelh xe iy zepgz

.zepkeqn
ei x

ixiykn

od

m"kn

zephp`

qgia ,olen

.min"kna

mi ner

xy`k

yeniya

z`vnp

dpixwd

znver

dwifn dpi`
z`

2.6

,mipieel ziigpdl zephp` ,gewit il bne miqehn ,ei x zepgz

ei xd inegza zihpbnexhwl` dpixw mihlet dl` lk - (ziaa zexiwa lnyg iheg elit`e) deab gzn ly lnyg ihege min"kn ,

dlibx dphp`l

onf

mitirve

li bn

izlae

l"pd

xy`

zeppiin izla od dl`

mexhwtqd

xa

,mipeekn

inegza

zepixw ,xen`k j`

dpixwy

jkl

miihpbnexhwl` milb

ze rl

dti

zehlet

od

Wi-Fi

.exwinde

`nbe
-

miwie n

x`ilin 1-2 megza exwin ix za zeynzyn ,lynl ,miigxf` miqehn heeipl n"kn zephp` .deey ote`a hrnk mipeeikd lkl zx ynd
ote`a
dl`

zex yn

miyp`

xen`k

axwa

xy`

xzei

dl`

ddeab

zehp`

d`elgzl

zaiaqa mi aerd
zeie r

mey

oi`

miyp`

ly

zeix`lelq

mipy

zexyr

zephp`n

ixg`

daxda

,z`f

ddeab

lkae

. `n

dnverae

zedeab

,dpixwd

zenverae

z`

xzei

.diqelke`d

,uxd

wenn

x`yl qgia

?m"e`d i"r "zphxqn"k dbeeq `id re n ,dwifn dpi` zix`lelqd dpixwd m`

2.7

xwgl l"piad d igid ,dpyk iptl .zepi ra gqpzdl m` ,zwie n dpi` m"e`d i"r "zphxqn"k zix`lelq dpixw ly beeiql dprhd
dveawn
ohxq

ohxqnk

zegztzd

oebk " `n

zix`lelqd
e irl

rbepa

dpixwd

z`

zelaben

dbeeiq

zeie r

IARC

oxear

mipkeqn" mixneg ,x`yd oia ,millkp efd

yi

e`

xy`

International Agen y for Resear h on Can er)

miavn

ly

aeliye

zeaexrz

dveawa .g"raa ohxq zegztzd

.wl`h qiqa lr zewa`l

dtiyg

oke miveng

e ir

,mixneg

ly

dveaw

ef

xear zeie r witqnn zegte

,dtw ,(mipitf`i efpad zgtynn

.`ixad oeibdd

m"e`d
`id

uetp

drbxd

lr dxab `yepa zizxeywzd

ly

ohxqd

dveaw

2B

,m `-ipaa
xe k) oa`e

dixhqidd

?`yepa dixhqid yi dnl f`

2.8

miix`lelq mipetlhy oeeikn .ohxqe ipirxb wyp oebk miilily mixa l xywzn xy` ,"dpixw" byendn mi gtn miyp` - heyt df
qiqa lr
enk

miniiwzn

"mipezir

er

xy`

xken

,mi qenn

df"

ik

zxeywz

,`yepa

xeaiva

irvn`

dwip`t

z`fn

dxzi

xevil

miqxhpi`n

.mipkeqn

ynn xeiavd zaehy mizgyen mi ib`zk - w v ly dax d ina - zeqtzp

.dfd
m`

,zixfrn)

dpkqd

z in

z`

oiadl

i k

mi`tex

,miq pdn

,mipr n

mdy

mitg

jkn

`l

x`lelqd
gtd

z`

mipin`

miyiwn

mi`xewd

miax

ldw

miyp`

axwa

,dpixw mihlet

oiipr

zxivie

zexagy oeeikny `id ztqep d ewp .mixne`y

mb odilr lihdl dyw df oi` ,mdipir bpl `l

zexewnn

`yepd

lr

.zxzein

`exwl

`n

aeyg

dwip`tl qpkidl `le

,okl
(zniiw

?dyer ip` dn - llwl mzq e` zel`y jze` le`yl dvex ,jzi` mikqn `l ,jzi` mikqn ip` m`e
.zxzekl

ok`

zeivqpq

zgzn

dlrnl

my riten

`ed

2.9

.liin il gley