UNIT THREE: GENETICSChapter Fifteen: The ChromosChapter Fifteen: The ChromosChapter Fifteen: The ChromosChapter Fifteen: The Chromos(Text from Biology, 6

Edition,

The Chro

REMendelian Inheritance Has ItsCyclesConnections between Mendel’sbegan to be made in around 19Boveri, and others independentlinheritanceinheritanceinheritanceinheritance, which states thatchromosomes, and it is the chroindependent assortment.Morgan Traced a Gene to a SpeThomas Morgan was the first tochromosome.

Morgan’s Choice of Experiment

Morgan chose a spegrowing on fruit. Amature in two weedistinguishable witX chromosomes, wnormal phenotype f Alternatives to theassumed to have or

Discovery of Sex Li

After Morgan discovered a maleThe resulting offspring had redhe bred the first generation to eHowever, the white-eye trait oaffecting his white-eyed mutanthere was no corresponding eyewas recessive, females could onchromosomes. Since a male onltype allele to offset the recessiSexSexSexSex----linked geneslinked geneslinked geneslinked genes are those locomal Basis of Inheritanceomal Basis of Inheritanceomal Basis of Inheritanceomal Basis of Inheritance y Campbell and Reece)

osomal Basis of Inheritance (Chapter Fifte

LATING MENDELISM TO CHROMOSOMEShysical Basis in the Behavior of Chromosomesdiscoveries and chromosomal behavior0. In 1902, Walter Sutton, Theodor y

formed a chromosome theory of chromosome theory of chromosome theory of chromosome theory of Mendelian genes have specific loci onmosomes that undergo segregation andific Chromosomeassociate a specific gene with a specific

l Organism

cies of fruit fly,

Drosophila melanogaster

, whichsingle mating of fruit flies produces hundreds os. Additionally, fruit flies only have four pairs oeven a light microscope. Female fruit flies havile males have one X and one Y chromosome.or a character is called the wild typewild typewild typewild type, such as rwild type are called

mutant phenotypes

, becausiginated as changes or mutations in the wild-ty

kage

fly with white eyes, he mated it with a red-eye yes, which suggested that red eyes were dominach other, he found the usual 3:1 phenotypic raly showed up in males. Morgan deduced that tt was located exclusively on the X chromosome-color locus on the Y chromosome. Since the mly have white eyes if she received the allele on y received one copy of the gene, there would be allele.ated on a sex chromosome.1

en)

uring Sexual Lifefeeds on the fungioffspring that canf

chromosomes, easilye a homologous pair of e established that thed eyes in

Drosophila

.e they are due to allelese allele.d female.ant. Whenio.he gene, whereutant allelewono wild-

2UNIT THREE: GENETICSChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance(Text from Biology, 6

Edition, by Campbell and Reece)Linked Genes Tend to Be Inherited Together Because They are Located On the Same ChromosomeGenes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses because thechromosome is passed on as a unit – these are said to be linked geneslinked geneslinked geneslinked genes. In Morgan’s crossing of bodycolor and wing size, he found that the two traits were usually inherited together in specificcombinations because the genes are on the same chromosomes.Independent Assortment of Chromosomes and Crossing Over Produce Genetic RecombinantsProduction of offspring with new combinations of traits inherited from two parents is geneticgeneticgeneticgeneticrecombinationrecombinationrecombinationrecombination.

The Recombination of Unlinked Genes: Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

When Mendel studied dihybrid plants, he learned that some offspring have combinations of traits thatdo not match either parent in the parental generation. For example, consider crossing a pea plant with yellow-round seeds (heterozygous for both, YyRr) and a pea plant with green-wrinkled seeds(homozygous for both, yyrr). Half the offspring should inherit a phenotype matching either one of theparents – they are called parental typesparental typesparental typesparental types. But other phenotypes display new combinations of seedshape and color: they are called recombinantsrecombinantsrecombinantsrecombinants. Since 50% of all offspring are recombinants,geneticists say there is a 50% frequency of recombination.A 50% frequency of recombination is observed for any two genes located on different chromosomes.

The Recombination of Linked Genes: Crossing Over

Linked genes do not assort independently because they tend to move together through meiosis andfertilization. However, recombination between linked genes can occur. Morgan proposed that there issome mechanism that exchanges segments between homologous chromosomes that occasionallybreak linkage between two genes. Subsequent experiments showed that such an exchange (crossingover) accounts for recombination of linked genes.Geneticists Can Use Recombination Data To Map a Chromosome’s Genetic LociOne of Morgan’s students, Alfred H. Sturtevant, discovered a method for constructing a ggggenetic mapenetic mapenetic mapenetic map,an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome. He hypothesized that therecombination frequencies calculated from experiments reflect the distances between genes on achromosome. Assuming that the chance of crossing over is approximately equal at all points on achromosome, he predicted that the farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that acrossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. A geneticmap based on recombination frequencies is specifically called a linkage maplinkage maplinkage maplinkage map. He expressed the

3UNIT THREE: GENETICSChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceChapter Fifteen: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance(Text from Biology, 6

Edition, by Campbell and Reece)distance between genes in map unitsmap unitsmap unitsmap units, defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombinationfrequency.It is also possible for more than onecrossover to occur and thus “cancel out”a first crossover, reducing the observednumber of recombinant offspring.Since the frequency of crossing over isnot actually uniform over the length of the chromosome, map units do not haveabsolute size. Linkage map portrays asequence of genes on a chromosome,but not the precise location of genes.Cytological mapsCytological mapsCytological mapsCytological maps of chromosomes locate genes with respect to chromosomal features.SEX CHROMOSOMESThe Chromosomal Basis of Sex Varies With The Organism

In humans and other mammals, there are two varieties of sex chromosomes, designated X and Y. Aspreviously stated, females result from two X chromosomes, while a male results from a combination of X and Y. In both testes and ovaries, the two sex chromosomes separate during meiosis, and eachgamete receives one. Each ovum contains one X chromosome, while half the sperm contain and X andhalf the sperm contain a Y chromosome. The SRY gene (sex-determining region of Y) promptsdevelopment of gonads into testes rather than ovaries. It is a chemical trigger that codes for a proteinthat regulates many other genes.In the X-O system, females are XX while males are XO. This occurs in grasshoppers, crickets, roaches,and some other insects. In birds, some fishes, and some insects, the variable that determines sex ispresent in the ovum, where males are ZZ and females are ZW (so as not to be confused with X and Y).In most species of bees and ants, females develop from fertilized (diploid) ova, while males developedfrom unfertilized eggs (haploid).Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Patterns of InheritanceIn humans, the term

sex-linked

usually refers to genes on the X chromosome. If a sex-linked trait isdue to a recessive allele, a female will express the phenotype only if she is a homozygote. Becausemales only have one locus, any male receiving the recessive allele from his mother will express thetrait. Thus, far more males than females will have disorders from sex-linked recessives.