Introduction to CFD Module

VERSION 4.2

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Introduction to the CFD Module 19982011 COMSOL

Protected by U.S. Patents 7,519,518; 7,596,474; and 7,623,991. Patents pending. This Documentation and the Programs described herein are furnished under the COMSOL Software License Agreement (www.comsol.com/sla) and may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. COMSOL, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Multiphysics, and LiveLink are registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. Other product or brand names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Version: Part No. CM021302 May 2011 COMSOL 4.2

The CFD Module

This module is tailored for the solution and simulation of fluid flow problems ranging from laminar single-phase flow to turbulent multiphase flow. The CFD Module can be used to understand, predict, and optimize the flow in closed and open systems. The model library includes models that exemplify the modeling and simulation of industrial equipment and devices, tutorial models for education, and benchmark models for verification and validation of the fluid flow interfaces. The figure below shows the physics interfaces in the CFD Module as displayed in the graphical user interface in the module.

The CFD Module

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The Fluid Flow Interfaces As shown by the figure above, the CFD Module includes a catalogue with a large number of Fluid Flow interfaces ( ) for different types of flow. In addition, the module also includes Chemical Species Transpor t interfaces ( ) for reacting flows in multi-components solutions, and Heat Transfer interfaces ( ) for solids, fluids, and porous media. Below follows a brief overview of the Fluid Flow interfaces. S INGLE- P HASE F LOW The Laminar Flow Interface ( ) is used primarily to model flows of comparably low Reynolds number. The interface solves the Navier-Stokes equations, for incompressible and weakly compressible flows (up to Mach 0.3). This fluid flow interface also allows for simulation of non-Newtonian fluid flow. The Turbulent Flow Interfaces ( ) model flow of high Reynolds numbers. The interface uses the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and solves for the averaged velocity field and averaged pressure. The fluid flow interface also formulates different models for the turbulent viscosity. There are three turbulence models availablea basic k- model, a Low Reynolds number k- model and the Spalar t-Allmaras model. Similar to the Laminar Flow interface, compressibility (Mach < 0.3) is selected by default. The Creeping Flow Interface ( ) approximates the Navier-Stokes equations for very low Reynolds numbers. This is often referred to as Stokes flow and is appropriate for use when viscous flow is dominant, such as in very small channels or microfluidics applications. The Rotating Machinery Interfaces ( ) are used for the modeling of flow where one or more of the boundaries rotate, for example in mixers and propellers. The physics interfaces suppor t compressibility (Mach 0.3), laminar non-Newtonian flow, and turbulent flow using the k- model. T HIN- F ILM F LOW The Lubrication Shell interface ( ) is available in 2D, 2D axisymmetric, and 3D geometries. This physics interface is a boundary interface, which means that the boundary level is the highest level; it does not have a domain level. Using boundary equations, this physics interface models the thickness, velocity, and pressure in narrow channels. The simulation of the flow of a lubrication oil between two rotating cylinders is an example of a possible use of this physics interfaces.

4 | The CFD Module

M ULTIPHASE F LOW The Bubbly Flow interface ( ) models two-phase flow where the fluids form a gas-liquid homogeneous mixture, and the content of the gas is less than 10%. The physics interface suppor ts both laminar and turbulent flows using an extended version of the k- turbulence model that can account for bubble induced turbulence. For laminar flows, the physics interface suppor ts non-Newtonian flows. The Bubbly Flow interface also allows for mass transfer between the two phases. The Mixture Model interface ( ) is similar to the Bubbly Flow interfaces but assumes that the dispersed phase consists of solid par ticles or liquid droplets. The continuous phase has to be a liquid. The physics interface suppor ts both laminar and turbulent flows using the k- turbulence model. For laminar flows, the physics interface suppor ts non-Newtonian flows. The Mixture Model interface also allows for mass transfer between the two phases. The Two-Phase Flow, Level Set interface ( ) and the Two-Phase Flow, Phase Field interface ( ), are both used primarily to model two fluids separated by a fluid interface. The moving interface is tracked in detail using the level set method and the phase field method respectively. Similar to other fluid-flow interfaces, these physics interfaces suppor t both compressible (Mach 0.3) and incompressible flow. They suppor t laminar flow where one or both fluids can be non-Newtonian. The physics interfaces suppor t turbulent flow using the k- turbulence model and also Stokes flow. POROUS M EDIAL AND S UBSURFACE F LOW The Brinkman Equations interface ( ) models flow through a porous medium where the influence of shear stresses are significant. The physics interface suppor ts both the Stokes-Brinkman formulation, suitable for very low flow velocities, and Forchheimer drag, which is used to account for effects at higher velocities. The fluid can be either incompressible or compressible, given that the Mach number is less than 0.3. The Darcys Law interface ( ) models relatively slow flows through porous media in the cases where the effects of shear stresses perpendicular to the flow are small. The Free and Porous Media Flow interface ( ) models porous media that contain open channels connected to the porous media, such as in fixed-bed reactors and catalytic conver ters. The Two-Phase Darcys Law interface ( ) sets up two Darcys law, one for each fluid phase in porous media, and couples the two, for example using capillary
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expressions. It is tailored for modeling effects such as moisture transpor t in porous media. N ONISOTHERMAL FLOW The Non-Isothermal Flow, Laminar Flow Interface ( ) is used primarily to model slow-moving flow in environments where the temperature and flow fields have to be coupled. A typical example is natural convection. The physics interface features predefined functionality to couple heat transfer in fluids and solids. The Non-Isothermal Flow, Turbulent Flow interfaces ( ) use the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled to heat transfer in fluids and in solids. The physics interface suppor ts three RANS turbulence models a basic k- model, a Low Reynolds number k- model and the Spalar t-Allmaras model. H IGH M ACH N UMBER FLOW The High Mach Number, Laminar Flow interface ( ) solves momentum and energy equations for fully compressible laminar flow. The physics interface can typically be used for modeling low-pressure systems, where the flow velocity can be very large but where the flow stays laminar. The High Mach Number, Turbulent Flow interfaces ( ) solves momentum and energy equations for fully compressible turbulent flow coupled to a RANS turbulence model. There are two version of this physics interfaces: one that couples to the k- turbulence model and one that couples to the Spalar t-Allmaras turbulence model.

6 | The CFD Module

Tutorial Example - Backstep

This tutorial model solves the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a backstep geometry. A characteristic feature of fluid flow in geometries of this kind is the recirculation region that forms where the flow exits the narrow inlet region. The model demonstrates the modeling procedure for laminar flows in the CFD Module. Model Geometry The model consists of a pipe connected to a block-shaped duct; see the figure below. Due to symmetry, it is sufficient to model one eighth of the full geometry. Outlet Wall Symmetry Wall

Symmetry

Inlet

Model geometry.

Domain Equation and Boundary Conditions The flow in the system is laminar and we can therefore use the Laminar Flow interface. The inlet flow is fully developed laminar flow, described by the corresponding inlet boundary condition. This boundary condition computes the flow profile for fully develop laminar flow in channels of arbitrary cross section. The boundary condition at the outlet sets a constant relative pressure. Fur thermore, the ver tical and inclined boundaries along the length of the geometry are symmetry boundaries. All other boundaries are solid walls described by a non-slip boundary condition.

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Results The figure below shows a combined surface and arrow plot of the flow velocity. This plot does not reveal the recirculation region in the duct immediately beyond the inlet pipes end. For this purpose, a streamline plot is more useful, as demonstrated in the next figure.

The velocity field in the backstep geometry.

8 | Tutorial Example - Backstep

The recirculation region visualized using a velocity streamline plot.

The instructions below show how to formulate, solve and reproduce the plots above using the CFD Module.

M O D E L W I Z A RD The first step is to select the space dimension and the Laminar Flow interface for stationary studies. We can do this in the Model Wizard. 1 Go to the Model Wizard window. 2 Click Next 4 Click Next . . . 3 In the Add physics tree, select Fluid Flow>Single-Phase Flow>Laminar Flow (spf). 5 In the Studies tree, select Preset Studies>Stationary

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6 Click Finish

We are now ready to star t the model set up.

GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Parameters

Let us first define a parameter for the inlet velocity. We can use this parameter to run parametric studies. 1 In the Model Builder, right-click Global Definitions 2 Go to the Settings window for Parameters. 3 Locate the Parameters section, see the figure below. In the Parameters table, enter the following settings:
NAME EXPRESSION DESCRIPTION

and choose Parameters

v0

1[cm/s]

Inlet velocity

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GEOMETRY 1 This section describes the details in the geometry definition. We can star t by defining the cylinder.
Cylinder 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1>Geometry 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Cylinder.

and choose Cylinder

3 Locate the Size and Shape section. In the Radius edit field, enter 2.5e-3.
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4 In the Height edit field, enter 1.5e-2. 5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, enter 0. 6 Locate the Axis section. In the z edit field, enter 0. 7 In the x edit field, enter 1.

8 Click the Build Selected button

Let us continue by defining the outlet section.

Block 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Geometry 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Block.

and choose Block

3 Locate the Size and Shape section. In the Width edit field, enter 3e-2. 4 In the Depth edit field, enter 1e-2. 5 In the Height edit field, enter 1e-2. 6 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, enter 1.5e-2. 7 In the y edit field, enter -5e-3.

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8 In the z edit field, enter -5e-3.

9 Click the Build Selected button 1 0Click the Zoom Extents button

. on the Graphics toolbar.

We are now ready to form the composite geometry of the inlet and outlet channel.
Union 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Geometry 1 2 Select the objects cyl1 and blk1 only. 3 Go to the Settings window for Union.

and choose Boolean Operations>Union

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4 Locate the Union section. Clear the Keep interior boundaries check box.

5 Click the Build Selected button

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Due to symmetry, we can cut out one eighth of the geometry to represent the full solution. We can do this by first creating a prism of one eighth of a box around the geometry above, and then using the intersection Boolean operation.
Work Plane 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Geometry 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Work Plane.

and choose Work Plane

3 Locate the Work Plane section. From the Plane list, select yz-plane . 4 From the 3D projection list, select Entire 3D geometry.

5 Click the Build Selected button

Bzier Polygon 1

1 In the Model Builder, click the Geometry node (below the Work Plane 1 node) and then the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar. 2 Right-click Geometry (below the Work Plane 1 node) and choose Bzier Polygon . 3 Go to the Settings window for Bzier Polygon. 4 Locate the Polygon Segments section. Click the Add Linear button. 5 Find the Control points subsection. In row 2, set y to 5e-3. 6 Click the Add Linear button. 7 In row 2, set x to 5e-3. 8 Click the Add Linear button. 9 Click the Close Curve button.

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1 0Click the Build Selected button

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We can see below that the triangle that we have created, using the polygon tool, overlaps with one eighth of a fictive box around the geometry. We will use this to create the prism for the intersection Boolean operation.

Extrude 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Work Plane 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Extrude.

and choose Extrude

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3 Locate the Distances from Work Plane section. In the associated table, enter the following settings:
DISTANCES (M)

4.5e-2

4 Click the Build Selected button

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5 Click the Zoom Extents button

on the Graphics toolbar.

Intersection 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Geometry 1 Operations>Intersection .

and choose Boolean

2 Select the objects uni1 and ext1. You can do this by clicking one object in the graphics window to highlight it (red) , for example uni1 that is the union of the cylinder and the

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block, and then right-clicking on it (it changes color to blue) to add it to the selection list. Repeat this for the second object.

3 Click the Build Selected button 4 Click the Zoom Extents button

. on the Graphics toolbar.

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Form Union

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Form Union geometry is now complete.

and choose Build Selected

. The model

MATERIALS 1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1>Materials . 2 Go to the Material Browser window. 3 Locate the Materials section. In the Materials tree, select Built-In>Water, liquid. and choose Open Material Browser

4 Right-click and choose Add Material to Model

from the menu.

We have now the physical proper ties that we need for our CFD simulation. This also defines the domain settings and we only need to specify the boundary conditions, which we will do below.

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L A M I N A R F L OW

Inlet 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1>Laminar Flow 2 Select Boundary 1 only, which represents the inlet. 3 Go to the Settings window for Inlet.

and choose Inlet

4 Locate the Boundary Condition section. From the Boundary condition list, select Laminar inflow. 5 Locate the Laminar Inflow section. In the Uav edit field, enter v0 (which we previously defined as a Global Parameter).

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Symmetry 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Laminar Flow 2 Select Boundaries 2 and 3 only.
Outlet 1

and choose Symmetry

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Laminar Flow 2 Select Boundary 7 only.

and choose Outlet

The default outlet condition specifies a zero relative pressure.

All other boundaries have now the default wall condition.

MESH 1 1 In the Model Builder, click Model 1>Mesh 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Mesh. 3 Locate the Mesh Settings section. From the Element size list, select Coarse . .

The physics induced mesh will automatically introduce a mesh that is a bit finer on the walls compared to the free stream mesh. The close-up figure below shows the boundary layer mesh at the walls.

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4 Click the Build All button

ST UD Y 1 1 In the Model Builder, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute .

When we select Compute, COMSOL will automatically use a suitable solver for our problem.

RESULTS Two postprocessing plots are automatically created, one slice plot for the velocity and one pressure contour plot on the wall. We can proceed as follows to reproduce the first result plot.
Velocity (spf)

1 In the Model Builder, expand the Velocity (spf) 2 Right-click Slice 1 and choose Delete.

node.

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3 Click Yes to confirm.

UNTITLED.MPH

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Velocity (spf) 2 Right-click Velocity (spf) 3 Go to the Settings window for Arrow Surface.

and choose Surface .

and choose Arrow Surface

4 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Arrow length list, select Logarithmic. 5 From the Color list, select Yellow. 6 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.

To see the recirculation effects, create a streamline plot of the velocity field.
3D Plot Group 3

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Results 2 Right-click Results>3D Plot Group 3

and choose 3D Plot Group and choose Streamline .

3 In the Graphics window, select Boundary 1 only and right-click it to add this boundary to the selection list in the Settings window for Streamline. The streamlines will now start at this boundary. 4 Go to the Settings window for Streamline. 5 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Line type list, select Tube. 6 Right-click Streamline 1 and choose Color Expression .
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7 Click the Plot button

Now we can clearly see the wake formed behind the expansion section.

26 | Tutorial Example - Backstep

Tutorial Example - Heat Sink

This model is intended as a first introduction to simulations of fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer. It shows the following impor tant points: How to draw an air box around a device in order to model convective cooling in this box. How to set a total heat flux on a boundary using automatic area computation. How to display results in an efficient way using selections in data sets. The modeled system consists of an aluminum heat sink for cooling of components in electronic circuits mounted inside a channel of rectangular cross section (see the figure below). Such a set-up is used to measure the cooling capacity of heat sinks. Air enters the channel at the inlet and exits the channel at the outlet. The base surface of the heat sink receives a 1 W heat flux from an external heat source. All other external faces are thermally insulated.

inlet

outlet

base surface

The model set-up including channel and heat sink.

The cooling capacity of the heat sink can be determined by monitoring the temperature of the base surface of the heat sink. The model solves a thermal balance for the heat sink and the air flowing in the rectangular channel. Thermal energy is transpor ted through conduction in the
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aluminum heat sink and through conduction and convection in the cooling air. The temperature field is continuous across the internal surfaces between the heat sink and the air in the channel. The temperature is set at the inlet of the channel. The base of the heat sink receives a 1W heat flux. The transpor t of thermal energy at the outlet is dominated by convection. The flow field is obtained by solving one momentum balance for each space coordinate (x, y, and z) and a mass balance. The inlet velocity is defined by a parabolic velocity profile for fully developed laminar flow. At the outlet, a constant pressure is combined with the assumption that there are no viscous stresses in the direction perpendicular to the outlet. At all solid surfaces, the velocity is set to zero in all three spatial directions. The thermal conductivity of air, the heat capacity of air, and the air density are all temperature-dependent material proper ties. You can find all of the settings mentioned above in the physics interface for Conjugate Heat Transfer in COMSOL Multiphysics. You also find the material proper ties, including their temperature dependence, in the Material Browser.

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Results The hot wake behind the heat sink visible in the figure below is a sign of the convective cooling effects. The maximum temperature, reached at the heat sink base, is slightly more than 375K.

The surface plot shows the temperature field on the channel walls and the heat sink surface, while the arrow plot shows the flow velocity field around the heat sink.

M O D E L W I Z A RD 1 Go to the Model Wizard window. 2 Click Next 4 Click Next 6 Click Finish . . . 3 In the Add physics tree, select Heat Transfer>Conjugate Heat Transfer>Laminar Flow (nitf). 5 In the Studies tree, select Preset Studies>Stationary.

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GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Parameters

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Global Definitions 2 Go to the Settings window for Parameters.

and choose Parameters

Define some parameters that you can use when specifying the channel dimensions. 3 Locate the Parameters section. In the Parameters table, enter the following settings:
NAME EXPRESSION DESCRIPTION

L_channel W_channel H_channel U0

7[cm] 3[cm] 1.5[cm] 5[cm/s]

Channel length Channel width Channel height Mean inlet velocity

GEOMETRY 1

Import 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1 (mod1)>Geometry 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Import. 3 Locate the Import section. Click the Browse button.

and choose Import

4 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file heat_sink_n19.mphbin. 5 Click the Build Selected button . and choose Work Plane . 6 In the Model Builder, right-click Geometry 1
Rectangle 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Geometry Rectangle . 2 Go to the Settings window for Rectangle.

(below the Work Plane 1 node) and choose

3 Locate the Size section. In the Width edit field, enter L_channel. 4 In the Height edit field, enter W_channel. 5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, enter -4.5e-2. 6 In the y edit field, enter -W_channel/2. 7 Click the Build Selected button .

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Extrude 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Work Plane 1 (wp1) 2 Go to the Settings window for Extrude.

and choose Extrude

3 Locate the Distances from Work Plane section. In the associated table, enter the following settings:
DISTANCES (M)

H_channel

4 Click the Build Selected button

. on the Graphics toolbar.

5 Click the Go to Default 3D View button

MATERIALS 1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1 (mod1)>Materials Browser . 2 Go to the Material Browser window. 3 Locate the Materials section. In the Materials tree, select Built-In>Air. 4 Right-click and choose Add Material to Model from the menu.
Air

and choose Open Material

By default, the first material you add applies to all domains. Typically, you can leave this setting and add other materials that override the default material where applicable. In this example, specify aluminum for Domain 2: 1 In the Model Builder, right-click Materials 2 Go to the Material Browser window. 3 Locate the Materials section. In the Materials tree, select Built-In>Aluminum 3003-H18. 4 Right-click and choose Add Material to Model from the menu.
Aluminum 3003-H18

and choose Open Material Browser

1 In the Model Builder, click Aluminum 3003-H18 2 Select Domain 2 only.

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C O N J UG AT E H E A T TR A N S FE R ( N I T F )

Fluid 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1 (mod1)>Conjugate Heat Transfer (nitf) choose Fluid . 2 Select Domain 1 only.
Inlet 1

and

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Conjugate Heat Transfer (nitf) boundary condition Laminar Flow>Inlet . 2 Select Boundary 115 only. 3 Go to the Settings window for Inlet.

and choose the

4 Locate the Boundary Condition section. From the Boundary condition list, select Laminar inflow. 5 Locate the Laminar Inflow section. In the Uav edit field, enter U0.
Outlet 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Conjugate Heat Transfer (nitf) boundary condition Laminar Flow>Outlet . 2 Select Boundary 1 only.
Temperature 1

and choose the

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Conjugate Heat Transfer (nitf) boundary condition Heat Transfer>Temperature . 2 Select Boundary 115 only.

and choose the

3 The default temperature, corresponding to 20 degrees Celsius or 68 degrees Fahrenheit, applies at the inlet.
Heat Flux 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Conjugate Heat Transfer (nitf) boundary condition Heat Transfer>Heat Flux . 2 Select Boundary 8 only. 3 Go to the Settings window for Heat Flux. 4 Locate the Heat Flux section. Click the Total heat flux button. 5 In the qtot edit field, enter 1.
Outflow 1

and choose the

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Conjugate Heat Transfer (nitf) boundary condition Heat Transfer>Outflow .

and choose the

32 | Tutorial Example - Heat Sink

2 Select Boundary 1 only.

MESH 1

Free Tetrahedral 1

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1 (mod1)>Mesh 1 .

Size 1

and choose Free Tetrahedral

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Free Tetrahedral 1 2 Go to the Settings window for Size.

and choose Size

3 Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Geometric entity level list, select Domain. 4 Select Domain 1 only. 5 Locate the Element Size section. From the Predefined list, select Finer. 6 Click the Build All button .

ST UD Y 1 1 In the Model Builder, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute . To reproduce the figure in the Results section above, define a selection of walls used in the post-processing.

DEFINITIONS In order to get a better plot, we will creat some selections in the definitions section.
Walls

1 In the Model Builder, right-click Model 1 (mod1)>Definitions Selections>Explicit . 2 Go to the Settings window for Explicit.

and choose

3 Locate the Input Entities section. From the Geometric entity level list, select Boundary.
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4 Right-click Explicit 1 6 Click OK.

and choose Rename.

5 Go to the Rename Explicit dialog box and enter walls in the New name edit field. 7 Select Boundaries 3 and 5114 only.

RESULTS We will now recreate the plots in teh introduction section above.
Data Sets

1 In the Model Builder, expand the Data Sets node Sets>Solution 1 and choose Add Selection . 2 Go to the Settings window for Selection.

. Right-click Results>Data

3 Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Geometric entity level list, select Boundary. 4 From the Selection list, select walls.
Temperature (nitf)

1 In the Model Builder, click Results>Temperature (nitf) 2 Go to the Settings window for 3D Plot Group.

3 Locate the Data section. From the Data set list, select Solution 1. 4 Right-click Results>Temperature (nitf) and choose Arrow Volume . 5 Go to the Settings window for Arrow Volume. 6 In the upper-right corner of the Expression section, click Replace Expression. 7 From the menu, choose Conjugate Heat Transfer (Laminar Flow)>Velocity field (u,v,w). 8 Go to the Settings window for Arrow Volume. 9 Locate the Arrow Positioning section. Find the x grid points subsection. In the Points edit field, enter 40. 1 0Find the y grid points subsection. In the Points edit field, enter 20. 1 1Find the z grid points subsection. From the Entry method list, select Coordinates. 1 the Coordinates edit field, enter 5e-3. 2In 1 the Model Builder, right-click Arrow Volume 1 3In 1 4Go to the Settings window for Color Expression. 1 the upper-right corner of the Expression section, click Replace Expression. 5In and choose Color Expression .

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1 6From the menu, choose Conjugate Heat Transfer (Laminar Flow)>Velocity magnitude (nitf.U). 1 7Click the Plot button .

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