The Mole

Q: how long would it take to spend a mole of $1 coins if they were being spent at a rate of 1 billion per second?

Background: atomic masses

Look at the atomic masses on the periodic table. What do these represent? E.g. the atomic mass of C is 12 (atomic # is 6) We know there are 6 protons and 6 neutrons Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass. So, C weighs 12 u (atomic mass units). What is the actual mass of a C atom? Answer: approx. 2 x 10-23 grams (protons and neutrons each weigh about 1.7 x10-24 grams) Two problems 1. Atomic masses do not convert easily to grams 2. They cant be weighed (they are too small)

With these problems, why use atomic mass at all? 1. Masses give information about # of p+, n0, e 2. It is useful to know relative mass E.g. Q - What ratio is needed to make H2O? A - 2:1 by atoms, but 2:16 by mass It is useful to associate atomic mass with a mass in grams. It has been found that 1g H, 12g C, or 23g Na have 6.02x1023 atoms 6.02 x 1023 is a mole or Avogadros number mol is used in equations, mole is used in writing; one gram = 1 g, one mole = 1 mol. Read 4.3 (167-9). Stop after text beside fig 2.
Do Q1-6. Challenge: 1st slide (use reasonable units)

The Mole

The Mole: Answers

1. A mole is a number (like a dozen). Having this number of atoms allows us to easily convert atomic masses to molar masses. 2. 6.02x1023 3. 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 4. 3.00 x 6.02x1023 = 18.06x1023 or 1.81x1024 (note: there are 3 moles of atoms in one mole of CO2 molecules. In other words, there are 5.42x1024 atoms in 3.00 mol CO2) 5. 3.01x1023 6. a) 1.43 kg z 12 = 0.119 kg per orange b) 1.01 g z 6.02x1023 = 1.68 x 10 24 g

Mollionaire
Q: how long would it take to spend a mole of $1 coins if they were being spent at a rate of 1 billion per second? A: $ 6.02 x 1023 / $1 000 000 000 = 6.02 x 1014 payments = 6.02 x 1014 seconds 6.02 x 1014 seconds / 60 = 1.003 x 1013 minutes 1.003 x 1013 minutes / 60 = 1.672 x 1011 hours 1.672 x 1011 hours / 24 = 6.968 x 109 days 6.968 x 109 days / 365.25 = 1.908 x 107 years

A: It would take 19 million years

Comparing sugar (C12H22O11) & H2O

1 mol each 1 gram each No, they have dif. No, molecules volume? have dif. sizes. densities. No, molecules Yes, thats what mass? have dif. masses grams are. Yes. No, they have dif. # of moles? molar masses Same No, they have dif. Yes (6.02x1023 # of in each) molecules? molar masses No, sugar has # of atoms? No more (45:3 ratio)

Molar mass
The mass of one mole is called molar mass E.g. 1 mol Li = 6.94 g Li This is expressed as 6.94 g/mol What are the following molar masses? S 32.06 g/mol SO2 64.06 g/mol Cu3(BO3)2 308.27 g/mol Calculate molar masses (to 2 decimal places) CaCl2 Cu x 3 = 63.55 x 3 = 190.65 (NH4)2CO3 B x 2 = 10.81 x 2 = 21.62 O2 O x 6 = 16.00 x 6 = 96.00 308.27 Pb3(PO4)2 C6H12O6

Molar mass
The mass of one mole is called molar mass E.g. 1 mol Li = 6.94 g Li This is expressed as 6.94 g/mol What are the following molar masses? S 32.06 g/mol SO2 64.06 g/mol Cu3(BO3)2 308.27 g/mol Calculate molar masses (to 2 decimal places) CaCl2 110.98 g/mol (Cax1, Clx2) (NH4)2CO3 96.11 g/mol (Nx2, Hx8, Cx1, Ox3) O2 32.00 g/mol (Ox2) Pb3(PO4)2 811.54 g/mol (Pbx3, Px2, Ox8) C6H12O6 180.18 g/mol (Cx6, Hx12, Ox6)

Converting between grams and moles

If we are given the # of grams of a compound we can determine the # of moles, & vise-versa In order to convert from one to the other you must first calculate molar mass g g = mol x g/mol mol g/mol mol = g z g/mol This can be represented in an equation triangle Formula g/mol g mol (n) Equation HCl 0.25 g= g/mol x mol 36.46 9.1 H2SO4 98.08 53.15 0.5419 mol= g z g/mol NaCl 58.44 3.55 g= g/mol x mol 207 Cu 1.27 0.0200 mol= g z g/mol 63.55

Simplest and molecular formulae

Consider NaCl (ionic) vs. H2O2 (covalent)
Na Cl Na Cl

Cl Na Cl Na Chemical formulas are either simplest (a.k.a. empirical) or molecular. Ionic compounds are always expressed as simplest formulas. Covalent compounds can either be molecular formulas (I.e. H2O2) or simplest (e.g. HO) Q - Write simplest formulas for propene (C3H6), C2H2, glucose (C6H12O6), octane (C8H14) Q - Identify these as simplest formula, molecular formula, or both H2O, C4H10, CH, NaCl

Answers

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Q - Write simplest formulas for propene (C3H6), C2H2, glucose (C6H12O6), octane (C8H14) Q - Identify these as simplest formula, molecular formula, or both H2O, C4H10, CH, NaCl C4H7 A - CH2 CH CH2O A - H2O is both simplest and molecular C4H10 is molecular (C2H5 would be simplest) CH is simplest (not molecular since CH cant form a molecule - recall Lewis diagrams) NaCl is simplest (its ionic, thus it doesnt form molecules; it has no molecular formula)