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INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES DAVV ASSIGNMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY ON NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr.BHAVYA CHATURVEDI FACULTY IMS AARUSHI NUPUR BHATNAGAR POOJA GUPTA PRIYA TIWARI BBA{HA} 5TH SEM
Nosocomial infection

Outlines
What is meant by nosocomial infections? Methods of transmission of nosocomial infections. Which bacteria can cause nosocomial infections? What are the sites of nosocomial infections? Problems of nosocomial infections. Control & prevention

What is meant by Nosocomial infection?


 It is hospital-acquired infection.

 It comes from two Greek words: 1-(Nous) means : Disease. 2-(Komeion)means: To take care of.

Nosocomial infection

Definition cont
 These infections appear: - 48 hours or more after hospital admission. - Within 30 days after discharge.

Nosocomial infection

Methods of transmission
Contact transmission. Droplet transmission. Airborne transmission. Common vehicle transmission. Vector borne transmission.

Nosocomial infection

Contact transmission
The most common method & it has two types:  Direct-contact transmission. - Physical transfer of microorganisms
between the host and infected person.

 Indirect-contact transmission. - contact of the host with a contaminated


intermediate object

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Methods of transmission cont


Droplet transmission.
- Germs from droplets deposit on the hosts body.

Airborne transmission.
- Droplets from the patient remain suspended in air for along period of time. - Dust particles contain the infectious agent.

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Methods of transmission cont


Common vehicle transmission.

Vector borne transmission.

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Bacteria causing nosocomial infection


 Gram-positive bacteria:
1- Staphylococcus aureus:

2- Enterococci:

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Bacteria cont
 Gram-negative bacteria:
1- E-coli:

2- Enteric gram negative rods:

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Bacteria cont
3- Coagulase-negative staphylococci:

4- Pseudomonas aeruginosa :

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Factors predisposing a patient to nosocomial infections:

Immunodeficiency.

Chronic pulmonary disease.

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Factors cont
Patients treatment. Recurrent blood transfusion.

Chronic anaemia.

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Sites of nosocomial infection


Urinary tact infection. Surgical site infection. Nosocomial pneumonia. Bacteraemia.

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Sites cont
Urinary tact infection.
- The most common site for nosocomial infections. - Symptoms: Doudy offensive urine.

Nosocomial pneumonia.
- Occurs especially in patients depend on ventilators in intensive care units.

Nosocomial infection

Sites cont
Surgical site infection.
- Usually acquired during the operation itself. - The main risk factor is: The extent of contamination during the surgery.

Bacteraemia.
- Occasionally , Bacteria infecting urinary tract invade the blood stream to cause septicemia.
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Problems of nosocomial infection


Prolong of hospitalization.

Nosocomial infections are costly.


Many countries spend much money : - USA: 4.5 billion dollars per year. - England: 3.6 million pounds per year.

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Problems cont
Delaying wound healing.

Delaying rehabilitation.

Causing mortality.

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Problems cont
Increasing exposure to antimicrobial therapy and its potential adverse effects.

Nosocomial infection

prevention
Handwashing.

Cleaning surrounding environment. - Sterilization of equipments used in the hospital .

Nosocomial infection

Prevention cont
Gloves

Aprons. - Play an important role in reducing risk of transmission of microorganisms.

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Prevention cont
Patient isolation.
prevent transmission of microorganisms from patient to other patients , health-care workers & visitors.

Vaccination of health care workers.

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Control of nosocomial infection


Controlling nosocomial pneumonia.

Controlling surgical wounds infection.

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Control cont
Controlling blood stream infection.

Nosocomial infection

Thank You
Nosocomial infection

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