Test Review Ch. 10

I. Art

Creation of Adam-MichelangeloSistine Chapel-MichelangeloThe Last Judgment-MichelangeloProcession of the Eucharist-Gentille BelliniPortrait of Katrina-Albrecht Dürer Walrus-Albrecht Dürer Wedding Feast of Nastalgio delegi Onesti-Sandro BoticelliBirth of Venus-Sandro BoticelliThe Cardinal Francesco-Andrea MontegnaLamentation Over Christ-GiottoThe Marriage of the Virgin-RaphaelDavid-MichelangeloDavid-DonatelloMona Lisa-Leonardo DaVinciVitruvian Man-Leonardo DaVinciTomb of the De Medicis-Michelangelo

II. IdentifiesGiotto de Bondone

-(1267?-1337) Cimabue’s apprentice; fly prank- realist; lucky poor artist

Francesco Petracrch

- (1304-1374) returned to classics; search of virtuous ideas

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

(1463-1494)-

Oration on the Dignity of Man

- “A truly marvelous creature; a great miracle[man]” Champion of the individual

Michelangelo

-(1475-1564)painted Sistine chapel, sculpted David- beauty of man

Leon Battista Alberti-

(1404-1472) “men can do all things if theywill”

Christine of Pizan

- (1365-1430?)

Book of Three Virtues, Book of Deeds of King Charles V, Book of Feats of Arms of Chivalry

Baldassare Castiglione

- (1478-1529)

Book of the Courtier

idealsof men: military, education, arts

Johannes Gutenberg

-(1400?-1470) first printed bible in 1455-needed paper technology

Cosimo De Medici

- (1388-1464) takes over Florence 1434;concentrated power in family; supported arts

Lorenzo the Magnificent

-(r. 1478-1492) ideal renaissance ruler:statesman, artist, athlete

Girolamo Savanarola

-(1452-1498) seizes chance of French 1494invasion to oust Medicis

“Burning of the Vanities”

-1497 destruction of nude paintings,cards, dice, etc. wants what /God/ intends

Visconti Dynasty

-(r. 1278-1447) military strength; ends withoutheir

Sforza Dynasty

- 1450 continued military tradition; supported arts

King Robert

-(r. 1309-1343)”friend of learning and virtue- petrarch” [naples]

Alfonso the Magnanimous

- (r. 1435-1458) reunites Naples andSicily

Pope Sixtus IV

- orders construction of Sistine Chapel

Pope Alexander VI

- (Borgia) (r. 1492-1502) many lovers

Cesare Borgio

-(Medici) Machiavellian Model ; conquered under Alexander

Pope Julius II

- hired Michelangelo to paint Sistine Chapel; patron pope [Lorenzo style]

Niccolo Machiavelli

-(1469-1527)

The Prince

politics= cold- blooded realism « strength of will »

Pope Leo X

-(Medici)

Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella Castille

- “Reconquista” of Spain 1492- drive out jews + vagabonds

Dante Alighieri

-(1265-1321)

Divine Comedy

woman guide toheaven

Filippo Brunelleschi

- (1377-1446) dome of Florentine Church

Raphael

-(1483-1520) realism. Religion as realism, perspective,family values

Leonardo DaVinci

- (1452-1519) “can do anything well” studiedcadavers to bring real realism to art

Charles V

- cant pay army + send to Rome to burn, rape, pillage“the wise”

Louis the Spider XI

- Machiavellian ; conquers Burgandy

Charles VIII

-(r. 1483- 1498) brings Italian renaissance north

Francois I

- humanist ; hires DaVinci to come to France

Francois Rabelais

- Pantagruel & Gargantua embodied Frenchrenaissance as masterpieces of satire

Henry VIII

-(r. 1509-1547)) 6 wives; splits from catholic church;competes with Moore in arts-Catherine>Ann Bolin>>>>

Pope Clement VII

-(Medici) denies divorce to Henry VIII

Sir Thomas Moore

- (1478-1535)

Utopia

comments on evils, yetmarks ideals of society; Lord Chancellor competes and wins in artscompetition v. Henry VIII; killed by Henry VIII after churchdisagreement

Catherine of Aragon

- (1485-1536) first wife of Henry VIII; bearson daughter- Mary I; divorced

Elizabeth I

- (r. 1558-1603) best queen of England; used power for arts [Shakespeare]

William Shakespeare

-(1564-1616) embodied renaissance idealsinto plays

Field of Cloths of Gold-

patronage competition between FrancoisI and Henry VIII, henry loses

Sistine Chapel

- built under Pope Sixtus IV, ceiling painted byMichelangelo

Realism

- accurate view of the world

Individualism

- people could create their own destiny

Activism

- encouraging envolvement in change

Humanism

- classical literature, history, philosophy, arts

Doge

- Venice great council leader

Condottieri

- army captains of mercenary armies

Black Plague

- 1348 speeds up trade, lowers prices

Patrons

- supporters of the arts

Pazzi Conspiracy

- Kills Giovanni de Medici in Duomo of Florentine Chapel- Lorenzo escapes; Jacopo de' Pazzidefenestrated

Contra Posto-

weight on one foot

III. Main Ideas

1)key features of renaissance: roots, ideals, catalysts2)medieval v. renaissance contrast3)Spread of Renaissance: technology, war, etc.4)Ruler Patronship

Test Review Ch. 11

I. Portraits

Pieter Brueghel-The CripplesHenry VIIIAnna of Cleves-Hans HolbeinCatherine of AragornFredrich the WiseJohn CalvinElizabeth IBloody Mary IThomas MoreDesederius ErasmusMartin Luther The Miracles of St. Ignatius-Paul Rubens[baroque]Burial of the Count of Orgaz-El Greco

II. IdentifyHabsburg-Valois Wars-

(1521-1544) –dynastic claims in Italy

Fall of Constantinople

- 1453

Suleiman the Magnificent

(r. 1520-1566) reached Vienna in1529; Turkish-Ottoman Emperor

Technologies:

weapons, mercenaries, navies

Charles V

(r. 1519-1556) - Holy Roman Emperor; son of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella Castille; orders sack of Rome to pay army 1527 (inquisition); Habsburg jaw; abdicates in 1555-1556.

Ferdinand I-

(r. 1558-1564) Charles’ brother; receives rules of Austria

Phillip II-

(r.1556-1598) Charles’ son; receives Spain and Naples

Fourth Lateran Council-

1215 declares that there is no salvationoutside the catholic church.

Devotion moderna-

“modern religion” Personal relationship withChrist.

Thomas a Kempis-

The Imitation of Christ (1425)

piety & ethicsv. dogma

Brethren of the Common Life-

Desiderius Erasmus-

(1466-1536) “Prince of Humanists”

Praiseof Folly (1511);

friend of Thomas More;

Julius [II] Excluded from Heaven “Egg Luther hatched”

Martin Luther-

(1483-1546) outspoken German monk believingthat “the just shall live by their own faith”; priesthood of the people; attack on indulgences

Reformation-

The “Revolution” after Luther’s campaign

Pope Leo X (Medici) -

1517- sells massive indulgence to pay for new St. Peters church

Johann Tetzel-

head of indulgences in Germany under Leo X;moves Luther to 95 Thesis; “As soon as the coin in coffer rings,the soul from purgatory swings”

Ninety-Five Theses-

Luther’s arguments posted on Wittenbergchurch doors; spread around Europe by printing press.

Katherina von Bora-

Luther’s wife; former nun

Diet of Speier (1529) -

denied Lutheran right to worship inCatholic lands

Leipzig Debate (July 1519) -

Catholic theologian Johann Eck calls Luther to look at consequences of his stand.

Diet of Worms (1521) -

Luther appears before Charles V toexplain intentions

Fredrich the Wise

- protects Luther as local German Prince;Elector of Saxony

Twelve Articles (1524) -

peasants’ demands and dues; leads to

Peasants’ war

; Luther condemns

Peace of Augsburg (1555) -

Ferdinand meets with German princes; each prince defined religion of principality.

Ulrich Zwingli -

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer influenced byErasmus in Zurich; died in religious civil war of 1529.

Anabaptists-

kept religion out of politics; left baptism for adults

John Calvin-

Frenchman fled to Geneva;

the Institutes of theChristian Religion (1536)

; mysterious God, the “elect”; predestinations

Henry VIII-

(r. 1509-1547) Pope Leo X: “defender of the faith”

Defense of the Seven Sacraments (1521)

Pope Clement VII (Medici) -

flees to Castelle de St. Angeloduring Rome sacking in 1527 by Charles V

Wives of Henry VIII-

Catherine of Aragon (divorced)[MaryI]>Anne Boleyn(executed)[Elizabeth I]>JaneSeymour(died)[Edward VI]>Anne of Cleves(divorced)>KathrynHoward(executed)>Katherine Parr(widowed)

Archbishop of Canterbury-

Thomas Cranmer first second-up of Church of England

Act of Supremacy (1534)-

king declared supreme ruler of Churchof England

Elizabeth I-

(1568-1603) “Good queen Bess”; religious tolerance

Act of Uniformity (1549) –

Book of Common Prayer

mademandatory in England

Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros-

(1498) formed university atAlcala de Henares; publishes the

Polygot Bible (1520)

latin, greek,hebrew

Polygot Bible-

Greek, Latin, Hebrew bible

Jesuits-

humanists; missionaries; religious order (1940)

Ignatius of Loyola-

Society of Jesus founder (humanism+missionaries); wrote

The Spiritual Exercises-

Catholicorthodoxy

Council of Trent (1545-1563)-

meetings to reform catholic churchcalled by Pope Paul III; banned indulgences; supported communityof the faithful

Spanish Inquisition>Roman Inquisition (1542)-

persecution of Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews, and Muslims

Battle of Lepento (1571)-

Phillip II

of Spain victory against Turkswhen outnumbered

Huguenots-

French Protestants>Henry of Navarre [Bourbons]

Guise Family-

led Catholics against Bourbons

Catherine de Medici-

(regent 1559-1589) rules for young sonsafter Henry II’s death

Charles IX-

(r. 1560-1574) son of Henry II and Catherine deMedici

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-

August 23, 1572 marriageof Henry of Navarre and Catherine’s daughter disrupted by CharlesIX

Henry IV-

[Navarre] (r. 1589-1610) issues Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes-

ended French-Christian wars; brought religioustoleration to France

“Council of Blood/Troubles”-

Netherlands 1566-1609

William of Orange-

Dutch leader in wars after 1572

Spanish Armada (1588)-

Phillip attacks Elizabeth I after failedmarriage proposal; “protestant wind”

Defenestration of Prague

- (1618)

Catholics take over Bohemiaupsetting

catholic-protestant balance for HRE electors, causing 30Years War

30 Years War (1618-1648)-

Bavaria taken by Catholics; HREelectors tied

Albrecht von Wallenstein-

Bohemian nobleman; gives aid toHRE Ferdinand II

Eidict of Restitution (1629)-

All territory lost to protestants since1552 to be returned

Transubstantiation-

the turning of bread & wine into the blood & body of christ

Maximilian of Bavaria-

lends Ferdinand II an army which winsBattle of White Mountain in 1620

Ferdinand II-

(r. 1619-1637) Holy Roman Emperor [Habsburg]

Gustavus Adolphus-

(r. 1611-1632) Swedish king

Peace of Westphalia (1648)-

freedom of religion; balance of power

Phillip “the Fair”-

duke of Habsburg

Juana “the Mad”-

mother of Charles V

Don Carlos-

mad son of Phillip II and Maria of Portugal

Emperor Francis Joseph-

“emperor of sorrows”Battle of White Mountain in 1620

Test Review Ch. 12

I. Pictures

Jan VermeerMaria Sibylla Merian

II. Identifies

Batholomeu Dieas-

Portuguese explorer; rounded south Africa in1488

Vasco de Gama-

1498 leads Portuguese around cape of good hopeto India

Sir Francis Drake-

British privateer; favorite of Elizabeth I;conquers Spanish Armada

Prester John-

Christian king in the heart of Africa; would helpagainst muslims

Press Gangs-

forces men into the navy

Scurvy-

disease of the gumbs; prevented with vitamin C (citrus)

Ptolemy’s Geography-

(100?-178) globe; 3 continents, 2 oceans;overestimated land

Fall of Constantinople-

1453 to turks; muslim outreach

Marco Polo-

(1254-1324) wrote about Chinese explorations;incorrect geography; exotic

Henry the Navigator-

(1394-1460)Portuguese Price; sponsored “Prestor John” searches

Astrolabe-

measured altitude of the sun/star for latitude (insouthern hemisphere)

Quadrant-

determined latitude by aligning with north star

Caravel-

Portuguese ships; square sails; lateen- triangle movablesail allows sailing upwind+ faster

King John II of Portugal-

names “cape of good hope” to eastriches

Spice Islands-

Orient

- Ptolemy’s land of plenty in the west

Christopher Columbus-

(1446-1506) 1476 learned Portugueseshipbuilding; Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain financed trip to westIndies in 1492; nina, pinta, santa maria [4 voyages to 1502]

Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494

- Pope Alex VI creates line of demarcation for Spanish/Portuguese; ignored by northern europe

Amerigo Vespucci-

(1451-1512) patronized by Medicis to voyageto the mundus novus in 1499; name given to “America”

Vasco Nunez de Balboa-

(1475-1517) Spanish; trekked acrossIsthmus of Panama

Ferdinand Magellan-

(1480?-1521) Spanish; Circumnavigatedworld 1519>straits of Magellan>names pacific ocean> Killed in1521 in Phillipene war; Sevastian Elcano completes voyage

John Cabot-

(1450-1498) 1497 commissioned to search for northwest passage by king Henry VII; finds maine [acc. Son,Sebastian]

Northwest passage-

Passage to the Orient

Jacques Cartier-

1534- explored st. Lawrence river in Canda; failQuebec settlement 1541

Samuel Champlain

- founded first permanent Quebec settlement1600

East India Company-

Chartered by Dutch in 1602 for spiceislands; expelled Portuguese; founded Manhattan island settlement

Maize-

corn = potatoes grow easily