Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ေဒါင္းခ်င္ေက ေဒစာကိုဖိ
ေဒါင္းခ်င္ေက ေဒစာကိုဖိ
&cdkifhwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;
80^94(2)
228^94 (5)
500
60-usyf
yxrtBudrf
Mo*kwfv 1-8-94
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
- xkwfa0ol -
&cdkif-jrefrmy@dwf
&cdkifvSjrifhESifh nDrsm;udk,fpm;
OD;&Jjrifh (01049)
wufvrf;pmay
trSwf(967)? ya'om&yfuGuf? apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;? &efukefNrdKU/
- jzefYcsdol &cdkifom;BuD;pmay
Z -23? ydawmufvrf;? bk&ifhaemif? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef; - 67436
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
rmwdum
rmwdum
aqmif;yg;&Sif\ twKywd
xkwfa0ol\ trSmpm
q&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpm
raemf[&Duefawmf ausmufpm
wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fydkif; a&S;a[mif;'*Fg;
azmif;awmfav;q,f
&cdkifwl&d,mESifh*Dw
ajcawmf&mrsm;
&udKifa0omvDNrdKUa[mif;rS *kywpm
tuRefodorQ &u0Pausmufpm
e&m"dywd armfuGef;
&cdkifjynfe,f (10)ESpfc&D;ESifh
&cdkifh,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
ausmuf-qnfawmfBuD;
&cdkifhEGm;vm;Ob
q&mOD;jr0g\ twKywd tusOf;
&cdkifatmifvHawmf
a0omvDacwf '*Fg;rsm;
pmrsuf E S m
5
9
11
15
18
24
30
33
40
45
52
57
18/
19/
20/
21/
22/
23/
24/
25/
26/
62
65
70
76
79
r[musdefbk&m;oGef;vkyfjcif;
&cdkif*dkPf;&Spfyg;
&cddkify[dk&fpnf
&cdkifa&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI vuf&mrsm;
OD;&mZf"mwfapwDawmf
&cdkifuysmusrf;
,D;,if-----,D;a,------,D;vm;
t'lrif;ndKavm? b'lrifndKavm
o&PHwifh yef;ig;yGifh
pmrsuf E S m
88
92
100
106
113
119
125
130
139
&cdkifjrefrmy@dwfq&mBuD;
OD;OD;omxGef;\ twKywd
q&mBuD; OD;OD;omxGef;udk &cdkifjynfe,f? ajrmufOD;NrdKU anmifyifaps;&Gmae
(tb) OD;aumif;pH&TD? trd a':atmif<uZHwdkYrS 1917-ck Edk0ifbmv 23-&uf?
aomMumaeYwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/ wpfOD;wnf;aomom; jzpfonf/
i,f&G,fpOfrSp tbdk;jzpfol &mZ0ifq&mBuD; OD;omxGef;atmifu &cdkif
&mZ0if? aq;usrf;? euwfusrf;? yl&mPfusrf;rsm;udk EIwfwdkuftm*HkoifMum;ay;
cJhonf/ e0rwef;wGif ynmoifMum;aepOf zcifuG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh ausmif;rS
EkwfxGufvdkuf&NyD;aemuf &[ef;yk*dKvf? vlyk*dKvfwdkYxH ou#? ygVd? ordkif;? tif;?
aA'ifESifh tjcm;avmuDynm&yfrsm;udk oifMum;avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf/
1950-ckESpfrS 1955ckESpftxd rlvwef;ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyf
udkifcJhonf/ 1955-ckESpfrS 1977ckESpfxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUa&S;a[mif;okawoeXme
cGJwGif &cdkifjrefrmy@dwftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ ,ckvuf&SdajrmufOD;
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufBuD;rSm q&mBuD;pkaqmif; wnfaqmufcJhaom
jywdkufBuD;jzpfonf/ 1977-ckESpfrS 1983-ckESpfxd ajrmufOD;NrdKUa&S;a[mif;
okawoe XmecGJwGif tMuHay;yk*dKvftjzpf qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
1980-ckESpfrS 1983-ckESpfxd wl;azmfcJhaom &cdkifa0omvDNrdKUa[mif; wl;azmf
rIvkyfief;wGif udk,fwdkifudk,fusyg0ifwl;azmf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
xkwfa0ol\ trSmpm
1970-ckESpf? 0ef;usif rlvwef;ausmif;om; t&G,fwGif uRefawmfonf
&cdkifjynfajrmufOD;NrdKUudk pwifa&muf&SdcJhygonf/ rlvwef;ausmif;om;t&G,fESifh
tv,fwef;ausmif;om;t&G,w
f iG f ajrmufO;D NrKd U Bu;D jyif;cJah omaMumifh q&mBu;D
OD;omxGef;ESifh aumif;pGm&if;ESD;cJh&ygonf/
q&mBuD;tm; uRefawmfwdkYu cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm tzdk;[k ac:Muygonf/ tzdk;
\aemufrS wpfawm0ifwpfawmxGuf wpfawmifwuf wpfawmifqif;? bk&m;
apwD tqlqludkzl;arQmfMunfndK&if; ajrmufOD;NrdKUajrae&mtESHU a&mufzl;ygonf/
oGm;&if;vm&if; tzdk;ajymjyaom ordkif;yHkjyif? Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk em;axmif
&if; ,cifu &cdik v
f rl sKd ;wd\
Yk ,Ofaus;rIw;kd wufykH ZmwdrmefE;kd Mum;yH?k trsKd ;bmom
omoemapmifha&SmufyHkwdkYudk uRefawmfrsufpdxJ tawG;xJ? pdwful;xJwGif
rMumcPqdkovdk wa&;a&; jrifa,mifrdygonf/ ESpfoufjrwfEdk;rIudk cHpm;&yg
onf/ txufwef;ausmif;om; b0wGif ajrmufOD;rSppfawGodkY ajymif;a&TU&onfh
twGuf tzdk;ESifh taea0;oGm;&onfhwdkif uRefawmfh&ifxJ tzdk;\tajym? tqdk
tqHk;trrsm; jrwfEdk;pGm ydkudef;atmif;vmcJhygonf/ touft&G,fBuD;jyif;
tawGUtMuKH tzHzk kH b0wGif pHv
k mcJah omfvnf; tzd;k tay:xm;&Scd ahJ om uReaf wmf
\ pdwfxm;rsm; ajymif;vJroGm;cJhyg/
10
11
12
av;pm;pGmjzifh
udak pmvSatmifoYkd ----
q&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpm
uRefawmfrSm "n0wDpmapmif odkufNrdKufatmifjrifpGm xGufay:vma&;
twGuf BudK;yrf;&rnfhwm0efcHwpfOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf "n0wD&cdkiftrsdK;om;
wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rISESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;rsm; &&Sda&;udk txl;*kpdkuf &SmazG
MuHqcJhygonf/ &cdkifjynf a&S;tqufqufu wnf&SdvmcJhonfh &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkY\
,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;udk tjrwfwEdk; &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;Muolrsm;um; ,cktcg
qdkvQif &SmrS&Sm;qdkovdkyif jzpfaeavNyD/ odkYaomf ydkufpdyfwdkuf &SmazGaxmufvSrf;
cJh&m xdkyk*dKvfrsdK;tcsdKUudk awGU&Sdvm&ayonf/ uRefawmfum; wtm;wufrdvm
awmhonf/ xdkyk*dKvftcsdKUxHodkY &cdkif,Ofaus;rIvuf&mrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;ulnDMu&ef vIdufvSJpGm awmif;cHcJh&m NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUae
q&mOD;omxGef;xHrS pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom atmufygjyefpmudk &&Sdygonf/
Nrd K Ua[mif ; Nrd K U/
17-9-51
13
14
apmvS a tmif
"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)
15
raemf[&D uefawmfausmufpm
raemf[&Duefawmfac: (uefvSuef-,ckNrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtv,fwGif&Sdonf/)
uefvSuefonf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfa[mif;\ uefwpfckjzpfonf/ if;uefawmf
wGif a&;xdk;xm;cJhaom ausmufpmjzpf uJhodkYaom pmrsdK;jzifh awGU&onf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ou&mzf 792-ckESpfwGif e&rdwfvSrif;apmrGefBuD;onf
ajrmufOD;udkwnf NrdKUwnfbk&m;? a&uef? a&wGif;wdkYudk jyKpkwnfaxmifcJhav
onf/
xdkrif;aemuf e&EkapmrGef\ om;awmf bapmjzL (Kalimah sah) onf
ou&mZf 817-ckESpfwGif eef;wufawmfrlonf/ if;rif;onf ou&mZf 817ckEpS w
f iG f raemf[&Duefac: ewfa&tdik Bf u;D udk av;axmifu
h efawmftjzpf wl;azmfchJ
avonf/ xdka&mtcg jA[DPbmomwdkY\"avhxHk;pHwdkYudk txl;ojzifh ,HkMunf
aeaomumvjzpf xHk;pHawmftwdkif; uefawmfudk ywfywfvnfausmufwHwdkif;
awG um&HNyD;vQif uefawmf\av;axmifh ewfuGef;wpfckpD wnfcJhav\/ xdkewf
uGef;wdkYwGif r[ma'0ewfkyfwpfckpDxm;cJh\/ ewfkyf\wnf&m yvif0dkif;ay:
wGif ,ckazmfjyygausmufpmudk a&;xdk;xm;cJhavonf/
if;ausmufpmudk ou&mZf 1299-ck? uqkefvtwGif; xyfrHwl;azmf&mwGif
&&Sd&m t*Fvdyf*syef'kwd, urmppfBuD;jzpfpOfu aysmufqHk;oGm;avaomaMumifh
wpfydkif;wpfprQom jyefvnfawGU&Sdygonf/
rpHkrvifwpfydkif;wpfpuav;yifjzpfjim;aomfvnf; t"dym,fudk &&Sd&efaomf
vnf;aumif;? zwfIMuapjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;? &nfoef azmfjy&jcif;r[kwf?
16
17
18
wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fydkif;
OD ; omxG e f ; ? Nrd K Ua[mif ; /
"n0wD r * Z if ; (152-53)
a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;
r[m0D[Du&uyl&"n0wDjynfBuD;wGif xD;eef;ueufpOfqufjzefYrdk; tkyfpdk;
awmfrlaom rif;rsm;taygif;wdkYwGif ,ckazmfjyvwHUaom wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf
tv,fydkif;twGif;wGif acwftavsmuf oHk;pGJMuukefaom aiGom;'*Fg;a[mif;rsm;
udk tenf;i,frQ azmfjyvdkaom pdwfxm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;\
A[kow
k ajymifajrmufapjcif;iSm vnf;aumif;? wdrjf rKyaf ysmufu,
G af eaom okcrk
ynm&yfrsm;udk ay:xGufxGef;um;apjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; BudK;pm;&SmazGpkaqmif;
um azmfjy&ayownf;/
wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fydkif;[l acgif;pOfwyfNyD;vQif pDpOfa&;om;&
jcif;rSm ou&mZf 974-ck? oD&dok"r&mZm\ vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaom aiGom;'*Fg;
a[mif;udk tpjyKNyD;vQif a&;om;azmfjy&jcif;aMumifh wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf
tv,fydkif;'*Fg;[laom acgif;pOfudk qifETJcJh&ayonf/ tb,faMumifh wwd,
ajrmufOD;acwf ac:wGif&oenf;[lrlum; ou&mZf 449-ckESpfwGif yxrajrmuf
OD;NrdKUawmfBuD;udk zefqif;wnfaxmifawmfrlavaom yJjzLrif;om;onf yxr
ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk wnfawmfrl\/ if;ou&mZfrSm cqyudef;udkNzdK a&wGufvm
aom ,ckaumZmou&mZf 792-ckwGif rif;apmrGefBuD;onf 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKU
udk wnfawmfrlaomaMumifh 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKU[k ac:wGifavonf/ wwd,
ajrmufOD;NrdKUac:wGifaMumif;um; ou&mZf 893-ckwGif b0&Sifrif;Am;BuD;onf
qufvufazmfjyygOD;rnf[k tmoDo&SdcJhygaMumif;/
"n0wDjynfBuD;wGif OD;pGmtp'*Fg; ay:aygufvm&jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm
taemufrZdrae0ifwdk; wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD; taygif;wdkYESifh ukeful;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&;twGuf vSnfhvnfoHk;pGJjcif;tvdkYiSm a&T? aiG? aMu;'*Fg;rsm;udk cwfESdyfoHk;pGJMu
ukefownf;/ tb,fumvurS pwifjzpfay:oenf;[lrl &mZ0if0goemxHkolwdkY
onf a&S;tusqHk;jzpfaom NrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;wdkYudk vdkufvH&SmazGMuaomtcg
&cdkifwdkif;wGif ta[mif;qHk;'*Fg;ac: qwfwHqdyf'*Fg;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ wcsdKU
aom &mZ0ifq&mwdkYu if;'*Fg;udk rm&,k'*Fg;[k t,ltq&SdcJhMuonf/ '*Fg;
wGifvnf; pmaytu&m trSwftom; wpfpHkwpfckrSryg? qwfkyfwpfckwnf;om
cwfESdyfvsuf yg&SdNyD;vQif '*Fg;\tem;ESifh tom;jyifwdkYrSm yGef;xdyJh&SNyD; uGJNydKvk
cref; jzpfaeonf/ ta[mif;qHk;'*Fg;awmh rSefygay\/ ou&mZf aeYpGJryg
ra0cGJEdkif? odkYaomf &mZ0ifoufBuD;awGu xifjrifcsufwpfckay; a&;om;rSwf
wrf;wifxm;cJhMuonfrSm ymNrdKUawmf rLodrfrif;onf (acwoifvnf;ac:\)
qwfwHqdyfcwfESdyftyfaom '*Fg;rsm;udk cwfESdyfoHk;pGJcJhzl;aMumif; &mZ0ifa[mif;
usrf;\ xGufqdkcsuft& [kwfrSefvdrfhEdk;jzifh rLodrf (acwoifac: wdkif;cspfrif;)
vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaMumif;[lay\/
odkYaomf yxrazmfjy&if; rm&,k'*Fg;vnf; vGefvGef;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdk
aomf rm&,krif; a*gwrbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrD umvuyif bkd;awmfteESifh
umVa'0dv&aowdkY rNzdKao;aom ou&mZf 6057-wGif rif;jzpfaomoljzpfaom
aMumifh xdkacwf xdkumvtcsdef '*Fg;udkum; roHk;pGJcJhMu? a&T'dkifcGuf aiG'dkifcGufudk
om oHk;pGJcJhMuaMumif; aCmouolaX;BuD;0wKudk axmufIEdkifonf/ xdkaMumifh
,kwdrxif&Sm;acs/ rLodrfac: wdkif;cspfrif;vufxufwGif oHk;pGJcJhaMumif; &mZ0if
oufBuD;wdkY azmfjycJhMuonfrSmvnf; aemufodkY qkwfvGef;onf[l xifrdonf/
tb,faMumifq
h akd om yxra0omvDNrKd Uawmfa[mif;wGif &SmazG&&Sad om '*Fg;tcsKd U
rSm ou&mZf -150ausmftwGif;u usa&mufNyD;vQif tu&mpmwdkYrSmvnf; a&S;
a[mif;ou|em*&Dt'l ?l tma&ADtu&moufoufjzifah omf vnf;aumif;? EGm;kyf
vlkyfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; cwfESdyfxkvkyf awGU&Sd&ayonf/
xdkYaMumifh azmfjyNyD;jzpfaom qwfwHqdyf'*Fg;rSm pmayroHk;pGJrDumvuaomf
if;? rm&,krif;\ aemufqHk;tqufrS aomfvnf;aumif; ay:xGuf[efvuPm
&ay\/ xdt
k pOftcgrSp aiGom;'*Fg;? a&Tom;'*Fg;? aMu;jym;'*Fg;oH;k pGv
J mMuav
19
20
21
OD ; omxG e f ;
&mZ0if q &m/
1954-? 1955? &cd k i f w ef a qmif r * Z if ; twG J ( 1)
trS w f ( 4)
22
23
24
aAmif;awmfav;q,f
&udKifwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwGif urmay:&Sd vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJU
bdouJhodkY rsdK;dk;ESifhnDpGm a'otvdkuf? Xmetvdkuf? umvtvdkuf tqifhqifh
xHk;zGJUvmMuonf/ rdrdwdkYXme? umva'oESifhnDpGm xHk;zGJUqif,ifonfvnf; &Sd\/
eD;pyf&mwdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? qufqHrdwfzGJU&m wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhvnf;
aumif;? qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;rSm tenf;i,fwlnDaeonfvnf; &Sd\/ rdrdwdkYMoZm
vTr;f rd;k &m xD;aqmif;eef;aewdrYk S b@mawmfqufo &&Sad om txnfrsKd ;tkyrf sKd ;
0wfpm;rsdK;wdkYudk qif,ifxHk;zGJU&onfvnf; &Sd\/
tcgwpfyg;pDwdkY tcGifhta&;tm;nDpGm bk&ifrif;jrwfESifhwuG? rdzk&m;acgif
BuD; om;awmf orD;awmf tdrfa&SUOy&mrSL;awmfrwfawmf uawmfZkEwf avmo
uGufppfwyfppfcsD 'dkif;usD'kdif;usm;tp&Sdaom 0efBuD;rsm;? NrdKUpm;&Gmpm;rsm;ESifhwuG
taptyg;taygif;wdkYudk XmeumvESifhnDatmif 0wfpm;ay;oem;awmfrlonf/
xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&m rSL;BuD;rwfBuD; aoemywdBuD;wdkYonf wdkufckduf&m
vnf;aumif;? avQmufwif&mvnf;aumif;? qHk;jzwf&mvnf;aumif;? vGefuJ
xl;cRefcJhonf&Sdaomtcg aAmif;awmfpvG,fawmfwdkY tcReftwuf yef;cufyef;
&Guf tqifht&pf? yk&pfzl;wef? wrmcRefMumzl; qiful;qifajymuf waxmuf
rum&f;uGuf? anmif&Guf awmifhwJhZmNAJ? a'gif;'vdyf? wHqdyf? yk@&du 'dyoPmef
MumrGef y'krtp&Sdaom wHqdyfedrdwfwdkYudk qifhwdk; rlvwGif jznfhpGwf&onf/
pvG,fawmfwdkYrSmvnf; xdkenf;wlyif jznfhpGuf&onf/
25
26
27
OD ; omxG e f ;
&cd k i f w ef a qmif
&cd k i f w ef a qmif r * Z if (1960-61)
28
29
30
&cdkifwl&d,mESifh *Dw
&cdik w
f &l ,
d mESi*hf w
D wdo
Yk nf rnfonft
h csed f rnfonfu
h mvuyif ay:ayguf
vmoenf;/ tuRef\ ,aeYtxd qef;ppfa0zefum pkaqmif;&[dorQaom pm
a[mif;aya[mif;? &cdkifoufBuD; rdbwdkYxHrS pmayA[kokwtm;vHk;teufrS
tenf;i,fazmfjyygtHh/ rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh tenf;i,f azmfjy&oenf;[lrl
um; tvGef&Snfvsm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifhwnf;/
,if;twGufaMumifh &cdkifwdkY\ rlv*DwrSm- a&S;vGefavNyD;aom bk&m;tql
qlwdkY\ yGifhawmfrl&m rZdra'ot&yfESifh urmOD;olwdkY\ rif;tqufqufwdkYrS
qif;oufvmonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif wdkif;BuD;q,fhajcmufwdkif;? jynfBuD;q,fhajcmuf
jynf tygt0ifjzpfaom &ry&l jynf? &r0wDNrKd U? orkwad '0rif;qufrpS jzpfxeG ;f
vmcJhonf/ xdkrSwqifh r[m0d&rif;qufwdkY\ aysmfpH&m a0omvDNrdKUawmfBuD;
pjEm;rif;qufwdkYonf pdk;pHcJhMu\/
,if;tcguyif ,ck &cdkifwdkY\toHjzifh pyfqdkoHk;pGJMuukefonfh a&vm; avS
awmfoHwpfckESifh od*pjEm;rif;\ arsmufom;awmf apmjynfhndKoDqdkaom oQdK;
vdkuf&wkac: &uefBuD;udk &cddkif&mZ0ifwGif awGUrd&onf/ if;wdkYrStxufydkif;
ou#? rm*"? &mu0Ptu&mwdkYESifh a&;xm;aom qef;vuFmwdkYjzifh pDuHk;xm;
onfh ygVdoHESifh tu&muAsm*DwwdkYudk awGUrd&onf/
31
32
OD ; omxG e f ;
&cd k i f w ef a qmif r * Z if ; 1957-58 ck E S p f /
33
ajcawmf&mrsm;
&cdkifjynfae&mtESHUtjym; ajcawmf&mrsm;udk awGU&onf/ ajcawmf&mrsm;
rSm t&G,ftpm;trsdK;rsdK; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK; &SdMuonf/ tcsdKUaomajcawmf&mrsm;rSm
pufvuPmryg&SdMu/ tcsdKUaomajcawmf&mwdkY pufvuPmrsm; yg&SdMuonf/
pufvuPmyHkpHwdkYrSmvnf; wpfckESifhwpfckrwlnDay/ ,aeYxdawGU&Sd&orQaom
ajcawmf&myHkpHrsm;udk tcsdK;tpm;tvdkuf cGJjcrf;rnfqdkygu yHkpHav;rsdK; &Sdonfudk
awGU&onf/
yxrajcawmf&myHkpHrSm &THUap;ay: vlom;wpfOD;\ yuwdajc&mtwdkif;
zdESdyfxm;ouJhodkY t&mxifaeaomyHkpHrsdK;jzpfonf/ ajcawmf&mrsdK;udkvnf;
obm0ausmufaqmifrsm;? ausmufwHk;rsm;om awGU&ayonf/ pufvuPmESifh
rnfonfhoauFwrQ ryg&Sday/ odkYaomf ajc&mrsm;rSm vlomrefwpfOD;\ ajc&m
xuf BuD;rm;ayonf/
okawoDtcsdKUwdkYu ajc&myHkpHudk urmOD;vlom;wdkY\ ajc&m(Fossil) ?
ausmufjzpfyk <f uif;tjzpf ,lqMuonf/ odaYk usmufjzpfyk <f uif; (Fossil) wpfck
jzpf&efrSm ESpfaygif;oef;ESifhcsDNyD; tcsdef,l&ayonf/ ,if;odkYESpfaygif; oef;ESifhcsD
NyD;rS jzpfvmaom ausmufjzpfkyf<uif;rsm;rSm tvGef&Sm;yg;oavmufwefzdk;vnf;
&SdvSayonf/
34
35
36
37
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
&cd d k i f r * Z if ; trS w f ( 8)?1984
38
39
40
&udKifa0omvDNrdKUa[mif;rS ]*kywpm}
urmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdkYwGif rdrdwdkY\ trsdK;om;pmayrsm; &SdMu&m rdrd
wdkY\ pmayonf rnfonfhtcgrSp qif;oufNyD; rnfonfhyk*dKvfrsm; wnfxGif
cJhaMumif;udk oufqdkif&mynm&SdwdkYu BudK;BudK;pm;pm; &SmazGMuonf/
rnfodkYyif &SmazGvifhupm; taMumif;rnDGwfygu r&&SdEdkifyg/ tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf vdkaompmayudk r&&Sdjcif;? ausmufpmESifh pmayudk r&&Sdjcif;?
oufaocHypnf;rsm;udk r&&Sdjcif;? wpfqifhwpfqifhpDaompmwdkYudk wpfacwfu
wpfacwfpD qif;oufvmaomta&;tom; pmayrsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? aMu;pm
rsm;? yk&ydkufpmrsm; tp&SdonfwdkYudk e,ft&yf&yf? a&S;NrdKUawmfa[mif;t&yf&yf?
XmetoD ; oD ; wd k Y u d k oG m ;a&muf & S m azG & jcif ; ? ajray:rsm;ud k &&S d a omf v nf ;
ajratmufrsm;udk &&Sd&efrSm tvGefyif cufcJygonf/ v,f,mvkyfudkif xGef,uf
&mvnf;aumif;? vrf;yef;qufoG,f wl;azmf&mvnf;aumif;? a&wGif;a&uef
wl;azmf&mvnf;aumif;? awmif? ajrmif urf;yg;NydKus&mvnf;aumif;? wpfpHkwpf
ckaom apwDbk&m;rsm; NydKysuf&mvnf;aumif; xGufay:&&SdaomtcgrSomvQif
awGUMu&ayonf/
odkY awGUMuHK&jyefaomfvnf; todtjrif A[kokw&Sdaom olwdkY&&Sdaom
tcgrSomvQif &&Sday;vmMuayonf/ A[kokwenf;yg;aomolwdkY &&Sdyguvnf;
41
42
(jrefrmjyef)
43
*kyw
ESihf a0omvD rnfoq
Ykd ufqw
H n
l &D oenf;
44
45
tuRefodorQ &u0Ptu&m
tuRef,aeYxd &SmazGpkaqmif;&&SdorQaom urmha&;&mvllrsdK;toD;oD;wdkY\
tu&mpmaywdw
Yk iG f ,ckazmfjyvwHa om tu&mpmayonfum; &u0Ptu&m
pmay jzpfygonf/ bZmaMumifh &u0Ptu&mudkomvQif txl;ta&;pdkufNyD;
a&;&ygoenf; ]]urmay:&Sd tjcm;vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdkY\pmayudk ra&;om;&yg
oenf;}} uJhodkY 0d0g'apm'emjyKcJhygvQif toifhyif tuRefajzMum;ygtHh/
urmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdkYwGif rdrdpmayudk rdrdwdkY xkwfazmfvsuf rdrdwdkY
wdkif;EdkifiHtoD;oD;wdkYwGif oli,fwef;tp trfatESifh tdkif-pD-tufpf tp&Sdaom
0dZmwef;vGeftqifhwef;xd oifMum;ae&onfrSm tm;vHk;tod jzpfygonf/ wdrf
jrKyfaysmufuG,faeaom vlrsdK;toD;oD;wkdYrSm ,aeYxd awmifbufodkY arQmf?
ajrmufbufodkY &rf;um prf;w0g;0g;yif jzpfaeao;\/
rdrdwdkYtrsdK;om;tcsif;csif;yif ]]igwdkY pmay&Sd\avm? ,if;pmayum; todkY
enf;}} [l trsdK;rsdK;a0zefajymqdkum wcsdKUaomolwdkYu a0E&m Zmwfawmf
Bu;D rSvmaom pum;wGif trdwm yHo
k nf ZkZumykPm ;tm; ]]ppfajrjyifoYkd ra&muf
rDuyif H;I cJNh yq
D
kd jyefco
hJ avm}} qdo
k nfph um;yHu
k o
hJ Ykd rdrw
d \
Ykd qif;oufvmaom
tajctjrpfudk wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ pl;prf;&SmazG a0zefjcif;r&SdbJ pdwfBuD;0ifum
]]igvlaZmfvlarmfwpfa,mufygyJ? igajymovdk jzpf&rnf/}}
46
47
48
49
1958-59 ck E S p f ?
&cd k i f w ef a qmif ES p f v ,f r * Z if ;
50
51
52
e&m"dywdarmfuGef;
OD;omxGe;f (ajrmufO;D NrKd U)
armfuGef;\t"dym,frSm ou&mZf 955ck? wydkYwGJvqef; 5-&uf? Ak'[l;aeY
e&m"dywda&Teef;oQif rdeaYf wmfral om 0gqdv
k wGif tvdak wmfjynfrh nf[
l qdo
k nf/
rSefaomaMumifh ykPm;rPDa"gufudk uif;jyif&GmwGif [def'laoma&marmaESmt0if
ig;oQif;oHk;yGm; vSLawmfjyKonf/ v,fudkom;pOfajr;quf pm;apyg urnf;xm;
onf/ a&SUawmfcHa&G;om;i&J ESpfa,muf toHk;csvnf; oHustay:xufjyif
tawmif;trSwfr,l ay;\wnf;/
armfuGef;onf NrdKUa[mif;ta&SUbuf wpfrdkifausmfcefY a0;aom rif;w&m;
jyif&GmwGif rPDacgufykPm; a&uefa&SUykPm;\ aetdrf&m 1313-ck? wydkwGJ
vqef; 5&ufaeYu wl;azmf&&Sdonf/ xdkae&mrS 30-9-52 aeY NrdKUa[mif;? oQpf
aomif;bk&m;BuD;odrfawmfwGif;odkY pmay0goemygolwpfpkwdkYu ajymif;a&TUxm;Mu
ygonf/ if;ESifhtwl tvsm; 6awmifcefY&Sd oHcJtajrmufBuD;wpfckudkvnf; awGU&
ygonf/
armfuGef;\tus,ft"dyg,frSm ou&mZf 955 ckwGif b0&Sife&m"dywdaqmf
vdro
f Qm;ac: rif;zavmif;Bu;D onf ykPm ;yPda"guf yka&m[dw\
f a[majymcsuf
twdkif; 0gqdkvwGif tvdkcyfodrf;NyD;jynfhatmifjrifonfjzpf yka&m[dwfykPm;
awmftm; uif;jyif&GmwGif v,fig;oQnf; oHk;yGm;qkay;oem;awmfrlonf/ if;udk
53
54
vGw
J wfav&m ESprf sm;Mumavav tu&mrsm;ajymif;vGv
J mavav jzpfavonf/
xdkYaMumifh ausmufpmwdkYwGifvnf; wpfckESifhwpfck rwlbJ uGJjym;Muonf/
ausmufpmwGif &? e? twdkYrsm;pGm uGJvGJMuonf/ om;pOfajr;quf (om;pdkifNrD;
quf) pm;apyg (pm;pDyg)tay:xufjyif (taygufxufjAif)? oHawmfcs (toH
csonf) wefp;kd vufaqmif (tawmif;trSw)f ay;\ (yD;\)? paomtu&mwdo
Yk nf
&cdkifoHoufoufjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh &cdkifwpfjynfvHk;&Sd
ausmufpmwdkYwGif &ckdifjrefrmtu&mjzifh a&;onf&Sdaomf &cdkifoHoufjzifhom
rsm;pGma&;avh&Sdojzifh acwftvdkufpmaywwfolwdkYrSm vwfwavm a&Smifwcif
tm;jzifh zwfI&ef a0cGJr&Edkifatmifyif &Sdaernfjzpf&m ynm&Siftaygif;wdkYtm;
&cdkifoHudk owd&pGmjzifh zwfIMuyg&ef armfuGef;pmtm;jzifh &efukefwuodkvf
ausmif;awmfol ausmif;awmfom; taygif;wdkYtm; A[kokwpmvTmtjzpfjzifh ulnD
ay;ydkYtyfygonf/
A[kokwyGm;rsm;Muap&ef &cdkifjynf&Sd a&S;a[mif;tEkynmausmufpm?
urnf;? &mZ0ifpmayESifh taqmuftOD;wdkYonfvnf; wpfaeYwpfjcm; ysufpD;,dk
,Gi;f aeonfrS ynm&Sit
f aygif;wd\
Yk vufwiG ;f odo
Yk ufqif;usa&muf oH;k oyfa0zef
EdkifMuygapownf;/ urnf;yg yka&m[dwfrlPD"gwfuJhodkY rSefuefpGm wifBudK
a[mpGrf;Edkifaom ynm&Sifrsm; xGef;um;yGm;Edkifygapownf;/
55
56
OD ; omxG e f ; (ajrmuf O D ; )
&cd k i f w ef a qmif p mapmif (pm-134 rS 135 xd )
57
&cdkifjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESifh
&cdkif,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;onf raysmufaumif; rysuf
aumif;ay/ jynfolUtusdK;jyK aqmif&Gufavhr&Sdaom e,fcsJUt*FvdyfacwfwGif
&cdkif,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf rsufESmi,fi,fESifh &SdcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyf
a&;&NyD;acwfwGifrl ,cifuxuf ta&;w,l jyKpkjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/
txl;ojzifh 1962-ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI azmfxkwfrIrsm;rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpfwdk;wufvmonfudk tm;&
p&m awGU&ayonf/ 1966-ckESpf awmifBuD;NrdKUusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif
&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;dk;&m oQdKif'dkiftuESifh Ak'ylZed,tursm;udk azmfxkwfwifquf
EdkifcJhNyD;aemuf &cdkif,Ofaus;rI*kPfowif;onf jynfaxmifpktESHUwGif arT;BudKif
oGm;avonf/
,if;tcsdefrSp &cdkif,Ofaus;rIazmfxkwfrIrsm;udk &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdkY
udk,fEdIufu jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ ESpfpOfjynfaxmifpkaeYwdkif;vnf;
&cdkifuuGufrsm;udk BudK;pm;wifqufcJhonf/ xdkYjyif &cdkifpmayordkif;ESifh "avh
xHk;pH,Ofaus;rIrsmudkvnf; jyKpkvmMuayonf/
1974-ckEpS w
f iG f &cdik jf ynfe,f[
l ay:aygufvmcJah omtcgwGiv
f nf; &cdik f
,Ofaus;rI azmfxkwfrIrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf; vkyfydkifcGifh
58
59
60
61
62
ausmufqnfawmfBuD;
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
(ajrmuf O D ; )
&cd k i f j ynf e ,f r * Z if ; ? (10)ES p f a jrmuf txl ; xk w f
1984-'D Z if b m (15)&uf /
1984-85 ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;
OD;omxGe;f
a&S;acwf&cdkifwdkYonf qnfajrmif;wmwrHrsm;udk qnfzdkYcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY
wl;azmf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&,
G cf surf mS Edik if \
H ppfrufa&;&mt& &efou
l kd umuG,f
Edkif&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;&mt& pdkufysdK;a&; arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;
wGif toHk;csEdkif&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? aomufoHk;a&rsm; &&Sd&EftwGuf vnf;
aumif;? rD;ab;umuG,f&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; ? NrdKUjyjynf&Gmrsm; pdrf;vef;pdk
jynfap&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; jzpfayonf/
qnfajrmif;wmwrHrsm; wl;azmfqnfzdkYjcif;onf a&S;acwfu NrdKUjyjynf&Gmrsm;
wnfaqmuf&mwGif t"duyg0ifaom vkyfief;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk wnf
aqmuf&eftwGuf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m Adokumynm&yfrsm; &SdcJhonf/ &cdkifwdkU
toH;k jyKMhJ uaom Adou
k musr;f Bu;D rsm;rSm (1) ola,mfaZ,susr;f ? (2) t#omcgusr;f
(3)erEmusrf; (4) plVmrkPdusrf; (5) MuHy#dusrf; ponfwdkY jzpfMuonf/
&cdkifrif;orD;,dkifjcif;tydk'f (10)ESifh (11)wdkYwGif ]]{,if,if{{? {oHcsdKjrwf?
usL;um&Gufydrhf? jyom'fig;&mESifh a&mufvmaomf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fpm; awmif;
yefxm;cJhrSefonf? edAmeful;wdkY? "nNrdKUudk? ewfwdkYrp? puf0ef;csvsuf? 'DyywfuHk;?
rif;tm;vHk;wdkY vufHk;raxmif? rmefa,mifrx? wm0efcs? vkyfuukefoD;?
oQifrif;oD;onf/
63
64
OD ; omxG e f ;
1984-85 ppf a wG a umvd y f r * Z if ;
65
&cdkifEGm;vm;Ob
&cdkifjynfae&mtEHSHUtjym; EGm;vm;Obkyfrsm;udk ordkif;kyf<uif;rsm;
tjzpf awGU&onf/ "n0wDacwfro
S nf ajrmufO;D acwftxd EGm;vm;Obkyrf sm
udk bmoma&;qdkif&m bk&m;ykxdk;apwDrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? Ak'0iftkwfcGuf
ausmufcu
G rf sm;wGif vnf;aumif;? aiG'*Fg;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? yk&ydu
k af rmfueG ;f
rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? 12-v&moD pufvuPmrsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? xGif;xk
oGef;vkyfcJhMuonfrsm;udk awGU&onf/
tcsdKUaom okawoDrsmu EGm;vmObonf oD0bk&m;ocifESifh Budcsf
awmfbk&m;ocifwdkY\ wrefawmfeEdEGm;vm; jzpfonf/ tdEd,jynf [dELbmom
t,ltqt& wrefawmfeEdEGm;vm;udk udk;uG,fMuonf/ &cdkifrS EGm;vm;Ob
kyfrsm;onf tdEd,jynf [dELbmomrS ysHUESHUpdrfh0ifvmjcif; jzpfrnf/ a&S;acwf&cdkif
wdkYonfvnf; EGm;vm;Obkyfrsm;udk udk;uG,fMuonf/ [dELbmom0ifrsm;om
jzpfrnf[k aumufcsufcswwfMuonf/
odkY,lqjcif;rSm wpdwfwa'otm;jzifh rSefuefayvdrfhrnf/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf a&S;acwf&cdkifjynf &mZmXmeDrif;aejynfrsm; xGef;um;cJhojzifh vlrsdK;
aygif;pHk? bmomaygif;pHkwdkY rSDwif;aexdkifcJhMuayrnf/ ,if;txJwGif [dELbmom
0if eEdEGm;vm;udk udk;uG,fcJhMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdaumif;&Sdayvdrfhrnf/
66
aumif;jrwfaom Ny
D &moD\ &moDyk Ef mG ;vm;Obudk bdou
d rf *Fvm r*Fvm
ypnf;wpfcktjzpf xnfhoGif;jcif;rSm ob0usvSayonf/
a0omvDrSay:xGufvmaom bdaouausmufjym;(0g) 12-v&moDpufwGif
vnf; Nyd&moD EGm;vm;Oobkyf yg&Sdayonf/ ajrmufOD;acwf r[mynm
ausmfa&; 12-v&moDbGJU{uydk'f&wk uqkefvwGifvnf; ]]&moDNyD? uqkefv
0,f? rmCeNidrfaysmf&SdefoJoJ? anmifa&yGJ[k? yGifhNrJpHum;? ESpfz0g;wd? EGm;vm;O
b? wHighwm&m}} ponfjzifh EGm;vm;Obkyfudk Nyd&moD\ &moDkyftjzpf
toHk;jyKcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/
"n0wDjynf pEmol&d,rif;vufxufwGif Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf "n0wDjynfodkY
<ucsDvmNyD; r[mrkedkyfyGm;awmfudk oGef;vkyfcJhonf/ kyfyGm;awmfBuD;\ xdkif&m
yvifatmufajcwGif Ak'jrwfpGm\ av;cef;Ak'0ifjzpfaom qif? jrif;? EGm;vm;/
jcaoFhkyfrsm;udk xGif;xkcJhonf[k od&ayonf/
av;cef;Ak'0if EGm;vm;Obkyfudk xnfhoGif;&jcif;rSm Ak'bk&m;&Sifonf
Nyd&moD uqkefvjynfhaeYwGif tavmif;awmf okar"m&Sif&aohb0 'DyuF&m
bk&m;&Sif\ ajcawmf&if;0,f ed',HAsm'dwfyef;udk a&muf&Sdawmfrljcif;? zGm;jrifawmf
rljcif;? bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdawmfrljcif;? (y&dedAmefpy,fawmfrljcif;)ponfh
txdrf;trSwftjzpf Nyd&moD\ oauFwjzpfaom EGm;vm;Obkyfudk
xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; jzpfayonf/
pEmol&d,rif;rStpjyK &cdkifbk&iftqufqufwdkYonf bk&m;ykxdk;apwD
awmfrsm;\atmufcHwGif vnf;aumif;? tkwfcGuf? ausmufcGufrsm;wGif vnf;
aumif; EGm;vm;Obkyf yg&Sdaom av;cef;Ak'0if? &Spfcef;Ak'0if? 12cef; /
Ak'0ifkyfrsm;udk xGif;xkcJhMuayonf/
ajrmufOD;NrdKU\ ajrmufbufwpfrdkifausmfcefYtuGm om&yywawmifay:wGif
a0omvDacwf pjEm;rif;qufrS wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhaom om&yywapwDawmf
\ atmufcHav;cef;Ak'0ifwGif EGm;vm;ObkyfrSm tvGefvuf&majrmufvSay
onf/
yg#vdyw
k jf ynf oD&"d rmaomurif;Bu;D onfvnf; taomuausmufwikd x
f yd f
wGif qif? jrif;? EGm;vm; jcaoFhponfh av;cef;Ak'0ifkyfrsm;udk xkvkyfcJhonf/
67
68
69
OD;omxGe;f
jynfe,fpmapmif 12? 1982 ckESpf
70
q&mjr0g twKywdtusOf;
ol&,
d y@dwf
q&mBuD; OD;jr0gqdkvQif &udKiftrsdK;om;wdkif; odonf/ &udKiftrsdK;om;
taygif;wGiv
f nf; txl;ojzifh oifCor*pnf;a0;&mESihf &wnXmecsKy\
f nDvm
cHpnf;a0;&m r[mbkrdu? bkrdygv? bkrdaZ, r[mXmeBuD;jzpfaom ppfawG
NrdKUawmftwGif; aexdkifMuukefonfh &[ef;&Sifvl jynfoly&dowfrSL;BuD;rwfBuD;pHk
&m? tjzmjzmaom bmomt,lwdkY\ qHkpnf;&mESifh ausmif;awmfol ausmif;awmf
om; 'Hk;,drf;orm;wdkY\ EIwfyg;pyfwGif txyfxyftvDvD csD;usL;wrf;w tmvkyf
[vsuf rysufaomvHkYv0g,rjzifh qifhumqifhum aumif;csD;jzmvsuf q&mBuD;
OD;jr0gudk av;pm;yg\[l [pfatmfMuukef\/ 0ZDuHajrmuf ajymqdkcJhMuygonf/
um,uHajrmufyg\avm tdk---&udKiftrsdK;om;taygif;wdkY trsdK;om;pmyDudk
azmfxw
k &f m qH;k I;H epfemcJo
h nfum; oH;k Burd &f NdS y/D odyYk ifjzpfvifu
h pm; raerem;
aom vHkYvjzifh trsdK;om;pmyDudk rufarmvdkufpm;ol wpfOD;yDopGm xyfrHa&;
om;&ayonf/
r&SufaomrsufESm? remaompdwfESvHk;? rqHk;aom trIwdkYudk jyKjyefacsao;\
avm[k aMumudkGwf axmif;vdkvQifvnf; axmif;ygap/ txyfxyftvDvD
wpDpDwpmpmaemufwpfcg ay:vmjyeftHk;ovm;[l jym;jym;0yfatmif ESdrfeif;
vdkvQifvnf; ESdrfeif;ygap/ odkYwnf;r[kwf taumif&SdvQif azmfxkwfrnfhpmyD
rSm rMumrMumpDay:vmrnfhta&;aMumifh aemifwpfcg awG;csufr,l&atmif
tjywftowf uGyfrsufvdkvQifvnf; uGyfrsufygap/
71
72
73
74
75
76
&cdkifatmifvHawmf
&cddkifxD;dk;eef;aeY rif;taygif;wdkY\ a&Teef;Ou oHeef;raqmifOD; tNrJpdkuf
xlxm;tyfaom atmifvHawmfBuD;\ taMumif;csif;&m[lorQwdkYudk tcgtcGifh
ESifh MuHKBudKufpGm yk&mPfusrf;? &mZaoe*FAsL[musrf;? AsL[mpudusrf;? AsL[mppf
csDusrf;wdkYrS A[kokwjzpfapjcif;iSm tenf;i,fazmfjyygtHh/
1/
2/
3/
77
4/
5/
6/
7/
78
q&mOD ; omxG e f ;
Nrd K Ua[mif ;
(ppf a wG b 0opf * sme,f r S aus;Zl ; jyKonf )
&cd k i f a usmif ; om;ausmif ; ol r sm;toif ; r* Z if ;
1950-vGwfvyfa&;pmapmif
79
a0omvDacwf'*Fg;rsm;
&cdkifjynf a0omvDacwfwGif 'kwd,ajrmufa0omvDacwfjzpfaom pE&m;
acwf '*Fg;tcsdKUudk oHk;pGJcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkYoHk;pGJcJhMu&mwGif wpfusyf-ig;rl;wrwf-wyJ tp&Sad om tcsed t
f wG,w
f jYkd zifh '*Fg;cwfvyk
f oH;k pGcJ MhJ uonf/ t&G,f
yrmPwdkYrSmvnf; BuD;i,ftvdkuf oGef;vkyfcJhMuonf/ '*Fg;[lorQwdkYwGif rsufESm
jyifESpfck &SdMupNrJjzpfonf/ pE&m;rif;qufwGif oHk;pGJcJhMuukefaom '*Fg;wdkYrSm
rsm;aomtm;jzifh EGm;vm;\kyfyHkESifh aevo&zlwdkY\kyfyHkwdkY cwfESdyfcJhMuonf/
EGm;vm;kyfyHk\txufydkif;wGif *kywtu&mESifh a&;xdk;xm;aom pmwrf;i,f
wpfckpD yg&Sdonf/ if;wdkY\t"dym,frSm rdrdwdkY\'*Fg;wdkYESifhqdkif&mrif;wdkY\ trnf
rsm; jzpfMuonf/
,ckazmfjyyg'*Fg;rsm;rSm eDwdpE&m;rif;\'*Fg;yif jzpfygonf/ t0ef;rSm
t*FvdyfaiGom;'*Fg;ESifh wlonf/ tcsdefrSm wusyf&Sdonf/ wbufrsufESmwGif
EGm;vm;kyfESifh *kywpmwrf;jzpfonf/ if;jyif EGm;vm;kyf\ rsufESmwnfhwnfh
wGif Nyd&moD\ euwfyHkt0dkif;i,f av;ckyg&Sdonf/ Nyd&moDudk pE&m;rif;
rsm;onf txGwftjrwfjyKaom r*Fvm&Sdaomv bdodufoGef;&mv[l ,lqNyD;
vQif tjrwfwEdk; aqmif&GufoHk;pGJcJhMuonf/ ,if;aMumifhyif tqdkygokyfjy
vuPmwdkYudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ usefwpfbufrsufESmwGif puf0dkif; 2-ck\
80
rif;wd\
Yk taMumif;udk a&;xd;k xm;aom NrKd Ua[mif;NrKd U oQpaf omif;bk&m;ausmufpm
ou#tu&m taMumif;a& (20)wGif edwfpE&m;rif;taMumif;udk a&;xdk;xm;
onfrSm (eDwdpjE)wudc,axmeDoQ? qm&D? wm0Daw? yyqma'? tA'geD?
aomA[k&mZm? r[mj'Aaw[kjzpf if;rif;onf 55ESpfrQ eef;pHaMumif; od&
onf/
pE&m;rif;qufwdkY\ aiGom;'*Fg;rsm;jzpfaom eDwdpE&m;rif;'*Fg;udk wifjy
NyD;aemuf qufvufNyD; wwfEdkifoa&GU azmfjyEdkif&ef aiGom;'*Fg;rsm; pkaqmif;xm;
&Sdaom okawoDyk*dKvfwpfOD;aetdrfodkY uRefawmfoGm;a&mufcJhygonf/ okawoD
yk*dKvfBuD;rSm ppfBuD;rjzpfrD acwfa[mif;tenf;i,fudkrSDaomyk*dKvfwpfOD;jzpf
trsdK;rsdK;aom a&S;a[mif;'*Fg;rsm; pkaqmif;xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
Munfh UI ul;,lciG ahf y;yg&ef tEl;tGwaf jymqd&k m MunfMunfjzLjzLESihf xkwaf y;
ygonf/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omESifh '*Fg;rsm;udk MunfhIvdkuf&m ajrmufOD;acwf '*Fg;
rsm; csyfa& oHk;q,fcefYESifh a0omvDpE&m;rif; '*Fg;wpfjym;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
a0omvDpE&m;rif;'*Fg;rSm Ijrifvdkuf&onfhcsufcsif; pdwftenf;i,fysufoGm;yg
onf/
taMumif;rlum; eDwdpE&m;rif;'*Fg;uJhodkY EGm;wHqdyfESifhpmwrf;wdkY wpfbuf?
oZifacGyef;ESifh ae-v o&zlwpfbuf jzpfae rxl;jcm;awmhygbl;[k ,lqcJhyg
onf/ odkYaomf a&S;a[mif;ypnf;rsm;udk avhvmaeaomyk*dKvfwpfOD;jzpf xl;jcm;
csufwdkYudk aphpHkpGm MunfhI&m pmvHk;tu&mwdkYrSm xl;jcm;pGm dkufESdyfxmonfudk
awGU&ygonf/ tu&m? tu&m0Pwl\rif;\trnfrSm rwlacs/
yxrazmfjycJhaom'*Fg;rsm;\pmrSm eDwdpE&m'*Fg;jzpfonf/ ,ckawGU&Sdaom
pmrSm (jyx0DpE&m;)rif; '*Fg;jzpfaeonf/ tcsdKUaompmwdkYwGif bmomjyefqdk
csuw
f Ykd (y&dxpDG E&m;)[l awGU&S&d onf/ ud,
k af wGUrsujf riftm;jzifh (jyx0DpE&m;)
[l awGU&ojzifh (y&DxGDpE&m;)r[kwfbJ (jyx0DpE&m)odkYr[kwf jrefrmbmom
jzifh (yx0DpE&m;)omvQif jzpfaeonf/ cwfESdyfxm;aom EGm;kyfrSmvnf; eDwd
pE&m;rif; EGm;kyfxufudk,fcEmtenf;i,f &Snfvsm;aeonf/ vnfyif;wGif vnf
pnf;? vnfywfay: ykw;D wpfu;kH qGx
J m;onfuv
kd nf; xl;jcm;pGm awGUjrif&ao;yg
onf/
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
r[musdefbk&m; oGef;vkyfjcif;
y@dwf - OD;OD;omxGe;f
ab;avmif;awmf pEmol&d,rif; oGef;vkyfcJhonfh tpDtpOfudkrD r[musdef
bk&m; oGef;vkyf&ef ynm&Sdaom yka&m[dwf[l;&m;wdkYonf jynfpdk;BuD;trwfESifh
wdkifyif toifhjrwfqHk;aom aeY&uftcgwdkYudk wGuf wefcdk;BuD;xif&Sm;aom
bk&m;? odrfawmfapwD teD;jzpfap oifhjrwfaom ae&mwpfckjzpfap? nDnmaom
ajrwpfvif;udk jyKvkyf ajrcJjzifh vdrf;usH&onf/ oJjzLoJeDcif;&onf/ tarT;eHU
om &wemckepfyg; a&;qD;yufzsef;&rnf/ oHCmawmftoQifjrwfrsm;udk yifhzdwf
qGrf;auR;&onf/ udk;yg; (0g) 27-yg;aom oHCmawmfwdkYu y&dwfur0g &Gwf
zwf&rnf/ um; ajroefYpifjcif;wnf;/
xdkYaemuf t&yfav;rsufESm a'gif;yefum; (&mZrwfum) pnf;oHk;wef
ydwf&rnf/ twGif;pnf &mZrwftwGif; tjypfuif;aom uHhaumf? cs&m;? ydEJ
ponfh eHoifhopfwdkifESpfwdkifudk opfap;udkif a&TcsNyD;vQif t&yf&SpfrsufESm
aeYet
H vdu
k f N*Kd [w
f ikd Ef pS w
f ikd f pdu
k x
f &l rnf/ tTe&Yf iS rf if;a,musmf ;om pdu
k &f rnf/
vJNyKd jcif; r&Sad p&/ &if;zsm; rrSm;ap&? aeYeEH iS hf N*Kd [w
f ikd f rrSm;ap&/ &mZrwftwGi;f
tv,fA[dkwGif r[musdefbk&m;oGef;vkyf&ef vHktdk;opf? rD;zdkopf? toifhxm;&Sdap
&rnf/ a&TzsOf? aiGzsOf rdk;umxm;&rnf/ r@yfxdk;&rnf/ ,if;r@yftwGif; &wem
rsm;udk xm;&rnf/ eHYompaom tarT;tBudKif xif;ESifhrD;aoG;rsm;udk xm;&Sd&rnf/
89
90
&cdkif
*dkPf;&Spfyg;
91
&rm0wDr*Zif;trSwf(2)
1993-94? azazmf0g&Dv
92
OD;OD;omxGe;f
urmay:wGif vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdkYwGif pmay&SdMuonf/
&cdkifwdkYrSmvnf; "n0wDacwfrSp pmay&SdcJhaMumif; ordkif;rSwfwdkifESifh
kyf<uif;rsm;u azmfjyaeayonf/
,if;odkY &Sd&mwGif bmoma&;pmayESifh vlrIa&;pmay[l 2-&yf jzpfay:vm
onf/
bmoma&;pmayrSm ygVdESifhouwbmom ta&;tom;wdkYonfvnf; eDwd
usrf;&if;BuD;wdkY\ ouwbmomrS wdkif;&if;bmomodkY a&muf&SdvmMuayonf/
wdik ;f &if;om;bmomwGif rdrw
d Ykd vlrsKd ;pktvdu
k f bmoma0g[m&pum;twdik ;f
pmaywdkYudk jyKpkvmMuonf/
,if;pmaywdkYwGif pmoHayoHaESm a&;jcif;? pum;ajymoHaESm a&;om;
jcif; ponfwdkY &SdMuayonf/
odkYvQif pmaywGif t"dupmay[l 2-rsdK; jzpfxGef;vmonf/
(1) dk;dk;pum;ajypmay (2) uAsmpmay[l ay:xGef;vmonf/
Zmwfawmf? eDygwfawmf? 0wK? tjzpftysuf ordkif;&mZ0ifponfwdkYudk rsm;
aomtm;jzifh pum;ajyESifh a&;avha&;x &SdMuonf/
odkY&mwGif ynm&SdtcsdKUwdkYonf pum;ajy pmayudk odvG,f? rSwfvG,f? usuf
vG,fatmif pmjzifhwpfrsdK;? em;aomwtmHk om,mNidrfhanmif;ap&ef wpfrsdK;?
*Pef;ocsmF trSwt
f om;wdu
Yk kd vG,u
f pl mG rSwo
f m;Edik &f ef wpfrsKd ;? awmzGUJ ? awmif
93
94
95
vuFmrl&if;
u0du@? usrf;jyom;
t,ifucg? jynf"nm0,f
0,fomeef;r? &ZwEIduf
0Pyyg? unmr,f,s
tvSoZif? wovQifonf
jrif&tmHk? pGJwHkow
*dkPf;&Spf0jzifh? azmfjyNyD;cg
yygrnf&? ok0Ponf
i,fuuRrf;udk? vTrf;bGJUqdk
wrf;ownf;/ /
vuFmudzk wfaI omtcg uAsm\qdv
k &kd if;rSm ok0Pa'0Donf ajrmufom;
awmf od*FpE&m;tm; ]odrfuefrdefwGif} tpcsDaom&wkjzifh tvGrf;rajyao;[ef
yDyD xD;eef;udk&NyD; rdzk&m;tjzpfjzifh pHpm;awmfrlpOf usrf;udkjyKpkonf/
96
97
98
99
100
okwabm" (oQwabmw)ayrl
u0du@ygoe (ayrl)
u0d*EKusrf; (ayrl)
uu0d*Eygoeusrf; (riful;rl)
u0d*Eusrf; (riful;rl)
uAsmhb@mom&usrf; (yHkESdyfrl)
yk*H0efaxmufrif; OD;wif (yHkESdyfrl)
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
&cd k i f r * Z if ; twG J ( 8)1989
&cd k i f
A[d k p nf
OD;ol&,
d - ajrmufO;D
aemif----'l----aemif('dkif;)----[def;----[def;------[def;
a&S;acwf&cdkifwdkYonf wpfaeYwmudk em&D60pDjzifh a&wGufcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY
a&wGuf&mwGif em&DtrsdK;tpm;tm;jzihf oHk;rsdK;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ (1) a&em&D? (2)
oJem&D? (3) Muufem&D[l jzpfonf/ oJem&DESifh Muufem&DwdkYudk ae&mXmetcsdKU
wGif oifhavsmfaom tcsdefumvudk odEdkif&ef toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ a&em&Dudkum;
XmetoD;oD; toHk;jyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkYtoHk;jyK&ef vdktyfaomypnf;rsm;udk
pHkvifpGmxm;&onf/
,if;wdkYrSm (1) t0ef;tapmufwlnDpGmjyKvkyfxm;aom tifwHkBuD; 3vHk;ESifh
(2) aMu;zvm; 3vHk;wdkY jzpfonf/ tcsdefem&Dwdkif;wm&ef y[dk&fwD;&efvkyfom;rsm;
rSm (1) tifwHk 3vHk;udk apmifhae&ef vl 3a,muf? (2) a&jznfhjcif;? a&oGefjcif;?
jyKvkyf&ef vl2a,muf? (3) y[dk&fwD;&ef vl 2a,muf? pkpkaygif; (7)a,muf trI
xrf;&onf/ r[my[dk&fpifawmfBuD;rSm ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGif eef;awmfNrdKUdk;? wHwdkif;
3xyfteuf? wwd,NrdKUdk;ESifh 'kwd,NrdKUdk;Mum;wGif wnf&Sdonf/
101
pnfawmfw;D yHk
wpfcsdefpnfwD;aomtcg wpfy[dk&f[k qdkonf/ 4y[dk&fwD;wpfarmif;jynfh
onf/ 4y[d&k w
f pfarmif;[k qdak omaMumifh armif;Bu;D wpfv;kH udk wpfcsed w
f ;D &onf/
taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf; y[dk&fpifawmfwGif armif;oHk;vHk;&Sdao;onf/ ]'l} [k
toHxGufaom armif;wpfvHk;wdkY jzpfonf/ 'larmif;ESpfvHk;wGif ]'l[l[l} [l
[def;oHxGufaom armif;wpfvHk;&Sdonf/ 'l----[l dk;dk;toHxGufaom armif;
ESifh ]aemif} [l dk;dk;toHxGufaom armif;wpfvHk;wdkYrSm twdkif;twmtwlwl
jyKvyk &f onf/ d;k d;k armif;ESpv
f ;kH onf twdik ;f twm 4awmifywfvnfpD &So
d nf/
]'l[l[l} [l [def;oHxGufaomarmif;BuD;rSm 6awmif ywfvnf&Sdonf/ 4y[dk&f
wpfarmif;jynfhwdkif; vufwH&Snfc&mBuD;udk wpfBudrfpDrIwf&onf/ wpfy[dk&fjynfh
102
103
104
105
106
&cdkifa&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI vuf&mrsm;
OD;omxGe;f
rGef;wnfhcsdefESifh oef;acgiftcsdef usa&mufvQif---tcsdefaphem&D wD;NyD;aemuf----
tajrmufBuD;
wpfcsuf ypfazmuf&onf/
uRefawmf i,fpOfu ppfawGNrdKUwGif--rGef;wJh(12)em&DwD;vQif ppfawGNrdKU azmifawmfBuD;rS
rGef;wnfh tajrmufypf
wdkYonf pnfum;Muukef\/
,Ofaus;rIrsm; zvS,fEdkifMuukef\/
A[kokw ydkrdkrsm;jym;EdkifMuukef\/
xdkenf;wl? a&S;&mZ0ifa[mif;rsm;wGif &cdkifESifhtdEd,? &cdkifESifh jrefrm tp&Sd
aom ywf0ef;usif wdkif;jynfwdkYonf tcsif;csif;,Ofaus;rIzvS,fjcif;? qufqHjcif;
udk toHk;jyKcJhMuukef\/
yZmuJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIzvS,f aecJhygoenf;[k ar;ygjim;tHh? xdkpum;udk a&S;
NrdKUawmfa[mif;rsm;&Sd taqmuftOD;ESifh kyfvHk;? kyf<u yef;csD yef;ykwdkY\ &mpkESpf
tpOftwdkif; &SmazGMunfhIvdkufygu (1) taqmuftOD; trsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ yHkoPmef
onf tqifhqifh wpfrsdK;wpfrsdK;pD ajymif;vJvmjcif;? (2) pmay ta&;tom;
tu&mrsm; wpfqifhwpfqifh wpfrsdK;pD;wpfrsdK;pD ajymif;vJvmjcif;? (3)kyfvHk;
kyf<u yef;ykyef;csDrsm; wpfqifhwpfqifh qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwdkYonf wpfrsdK;wpfrsdK;pD
ajymif;vJvmjcif; tp&Sdaom ajymif;vJcsufrsm;udk &mpkESpftwdkif; a0zefMunfhjcif;
tm;jzifh ,aeYwikd af tmif a&muf&adS eaom tqift
h wef; xd,w
k o
d ufaoom"u
wdkYudk xif&Sm;ay:vGifapEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh yxrOD;pGm &cdkifjynfwGif;odkY a&mufvmMuukefaom wdkif;jcm;vlrsdK;
rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;vlrsdK;rsm; rnfrQaexdkifcJhMuoenf;/
rnfonfhbmomudk udk;uG,fcJhMuoenf;/
rnfonft
h cgumvuyif 0ifa&mufMuoenf;[laom ,kwt
d ud;k tum;rsm;
wdkYonf usrf;*efpmtkyf pmayrSm a&;om;xm;onfxuf a&S;a[mif;vuf&mrsm;
u ,kwdxifay\/
rnfuJhodkYyif a&TpmtkyfBuD;ESifh a&TpmvHk;BuD;wdkYjzifh a&;om;xmjim;aomfvnf;
oufaocH,kwdypnf;jzpfaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk rwifjyEdkifygu ,HkMunfzdkY
t&monf vGefpGmcufvJrnf[k xifygonf/
tqdkyg vuf&mwdkYomvQif rjiif;y,fEdkifaom ordkif;armfuGef;pmayjzpfMu
ukef\/ xdkYaMumifh-- a&S;a[mif;&cdkif,Ofaus;rIvuf&m tEkynmpmayESifh
oufqdkiftusHK;0ifonfh tEkynmvuf&mwpfcktaMumif;udk azmfjy&ayownf;/
107
108
kyv
f ;kH onf a&S;a[mif;a0omvDNrKd UawmfrS ajrmufO;D NrKd UawmfoYkd a&Srif;rsm;
a&TUajymif;,laqmifvmaom kyfvHk;rsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfayonf/
kyfvHk;udk oHk;ydkif;jcm; xkvkyfcJhonf/
atmufqHk;yvifydkif;wGif a&S;a[mif;yef;acG e*g; 2-aumif\ twGefYtvdrf
wdkYwGif yef;acG&Gufvdyfyef;wdkYjzifh jynfhpHkpGm xkvkyfxm;onf/
if;tay:wGif MumoGyftkd;wdkYjzifh wdkuftdrfyHkrkcfaygufoHk;ck &Sdonf/
a&SUrsufESmcH rkcfaygufwGif rdef;rkyf? ajc&if;wGif uav;wpfa,muf &yfae
[ef tkyf? vuf0Jvusfm rkcfaygufwdkYwGif a,musfm;kyfwpfzuf wpfkyfpHkxk
xm;onf/
if;wdkYatmuf qifkyfESifhusm;kyf OD;acgif;ydkif;wdkYygonf/ tay:wGif
yef;EG,fay:wGif xdkifvsuf rdef;rkyfwpfckygonf/ if;wdkYMum;wGif &Gufvdyfyef;rsdK;
pHk yef;acGrsm; xkxm;onf/ rdk;a&&SdefaMumifh yef;acGyef;&GufwdkY\ &Gufvdyftzk
txpf tem;apmif;wdkYonf tawmfyif acsmajrUajyaysmufoGm;NyD; if;\txuf
qHk;tydkif;wGif a&S;a[mif;"mwfvHk;ykxdk;yHk xkxmonf/ if;ykxdk;\ ywfvnfwGif
,cifu uxduOD;ausmf&if a&;om;NyD;jzpfaom a&S;a[mif;ou#pmjzpfonfh
]a,"rma[wk ybm0g wxmuw t[} tp&Sdaom Ak'w&m;awmf ygVd
pmaywpfydk'f yg&Sdonf/
if;tydkif;onf NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU eef;&mukef;jywdkufwGif &Sdonf/ tv,fydkif;
onf awZ&mrausmif;wdkufwGif &Sdonf/ atmufajcydkif;onf rlvom&yAw
awmifxdyfwGif &Sdao;onf/
kyfvHk;kyf<ursm;udk axmufIjcif;tm;jzifh ,ckazmfjycJhNyD;jzpfaom t"du
,Ofaus;rIBuD; 5-&yfwdkYonf ay:vGifvmayonf/ kyfwkudk a0omvDNrdKUawmf
a[mif;rS ajrmufOD;rif;qufjzpfaom e&ywdBuD;ESifh rdzk&m;acgifBuD; ewfoQifr,f
ud,
k w
f ikd f &iftakH wmf"mwfjrwfukd apwDwnfxm; ud;k uG,cf MhJ uavonf/ kyw
f u
k kd
vnf; ajymif;a&TUcJhavonf/
kyfwkESifhwpfuG vufq,fzufygaom tdEd, [dELbk&m; 2qlvnf; yg0if
ao;onf/ [dELbk&m; 2-qlrSm awmifxdyfapwDay:rS avsmusum awmifajc&if;
&Sdao;onf/ apwDawmfyHkoPmefrSm ,ckAk'*g,m&Sd r[maAm"dapwDawmfESifh
109
110
111
112
113
OD;&mZf"mwfapwDawmf
OD;OD;omxGef;(&cdkifjrefrmy@dw)
OD;&mZfapwDawmfonf "n0wD&udKifjynf *pye'Djrpf taemufbufurf;
ajc? aovyd|yAwawmifxyd af y:wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ jrwfpmG bk&m;\ OD;&mZf"mwf
jrwfued ;f 0yf OD;&mZfawmifapwD[k ac:wGio
f nf/ rnfonft
h csed rf pS ac:wGif
cJhoenf;/ "n0wDacwfrSp ac:wGifcJhonf/ ,if;acwfwGif rnfonfhrif; ?
rnfonfhou&mZfrSp wnfcJhoenf;? tp&Sdaomar;cGef;rsm;jzifh tMuif
olwdkYonf ar;jref;Muonf&Sdaomf rnfodkYajzMum;rnfenf;/ olwpfrsdK; igwpfzHk
awGU&maomif;ajrmif;ajymqdkaeMurnf/
,ckacwfonfum; pmayynm&Sifrsm; xGef;um;aomacwfjzpf\/ ,if;
aMumifh acwfrDordkif;okawoDwdkYonf okawoeenf;? ,kwdaA'enf;wdkYESifh nD
atmif qef;ppfavhvmMuonf/ ordkif;kyf<uif;? ordkif;rSwfwdkifrsm; taxmuf
txm;wdEYk iS hf nEd idI ;f wdu
k q
f ikd Nf y;D rS ,HMk unfMuonf/ &udK io
f rdik ;f okawoDrsm;onf
vnf; ordkif;rsm;udk a&Tjym;aiGjym;? aMu;jym;pm? ausmufpm? aypm? yk&ydkufpm
ponfjzifh tqifhqifhvufqifhurf; a&;ul;rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/
umvMumanmif;ojzifh rSwfwrf;pmayrsm; ysufpD;qHk;yg;jcif;rsm; &SdaeMu
onf/ ausmuftaqmufttHkBuD;wdkYrSm ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeMujim;aomfvnf; igwdkY
onf ordkif;rSwfwdkifBuD;taejzifh &SdaeMuao;onf[k rm;rm;pGefYum wnf&SdaeMu
114
115
116
117
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
&cd k i f j ref r my@d w
ajrmuf O D ; Nrd K U/
118
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (ayrl)
2/
0ifoHk;q,fusrf; (ayrl)
3/
rif;zavmif;"mwfpOfordkif;usrf; (ayrl)
4/
iar&mZ0if (ayrl)
5/
&cdkifr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;
OD;omxGef;atmif (yHkESdyfrl)
6/
7/
8/
&cdkifjynfordkif;
a'gufwmazmhcsefrm (yHkESdyfrl-t*Fvdyf)
9/
&cdkifjynfe,f jzpfpOfordkif;
(&cdkifjynfe,f jynfolYaumifpDxkwf-yHkESdyfrl)
119
&cdkifuymusrf;
&cdkifpmaywGif uAsmvuFmoufoufomru aw;*DwtwGufyg ta&;BuD;
vSonfh usrf;BuD;wpfapmif&SdcJhonf/ usrf;udk &udKifpmayESifh jrefrmpmayavm
uwGif ]u0du@ygousrf;} [k wGifonf/
]u0du@ygoe usrf;BuD;[kvnf; wGifonf/ &udKifuAsmusrf;BuD;onf
uHraumif; taMumif;rvSonfh Zmwd&yfajrwGif ESpfaygif; 200-ausmf wdrfjrKyf
vsuf &SdcJhonf/ usrf;BuD;jyefvnftouf0ifvmjcif;rSm rSwfom;zG,fjzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpkaeYrsm;wGif &cdkif,Ofaus;rItEkynm ,drf;tursm;udk wifquf
&ef 1965-ckESpfup aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fawmifBuD;NrdKUwGif usif;
ycJhonfh jynfaxmifpkaeYtwGuf &cdkiftuudk wifquf&ef wdkif;cGJ 13-rS a':Mum
ZH(uG,fvGef)ESifh? q&mrBuD;rsm;? OD;OD;omxGef;? OD;atmifausmfcdkif (uG,fvGef)?
OD;bom (uG,fvGef)ESifh tzGJU0ifrsm;wpfpkwdkYudk wm0efay;cJhonf/ xdktcg vdktyf
aom usrf;*efrsm;udk &SmazGMu&mwGif tqdkygu0du@ygoeusrf;onf t"dujzpf
,if;usr;f &S&d m yk*Kd vx
f rH S iSm;&rf;Ny;D Munfh aI vhvmMuonf/ ynm&Sw
d rYkd nfonf
rSm usr;f *efEiS v
hf ufrvGwaf p&[laom aqmify'k t
f wdik ;f yif jzpfonf/ &Sm;yg;aom
usrf;jzpfaeojzifh qifhyGm;ul;,l&ef pDpOfMuonf/
120
121
122
123
124
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
rSwfcsuf /
125
,D;,if-,D;av-,D;vm;
OD ; OD ; omxG e f ;
,D;,ifh-,D;av-,D;vm; aw;oHrsm;udk vlwdkif;Mum;zl;Muayrnf/ ykcufvGJ
aw;oH? avSavSmfaw;oH tm;avSmfaw;oH (0g)tm;jznfhaw;oHrsm; jzpfMuonf/
,D;qdkaompum;rSm ygVdbmom ]]{[drS qif;oufvmonf[k qdkMuonf/
t"dym,frSm ]]vmavmh}} [k teuf&onf/ ykcufudkvTJNyD; rdrdxHjyefvmapjcif;?
avSwufnDnDavSmfcwfNyD; yef;wdkifodkYta&muf o,faqmifac:,ljcif;? xdkxuf
BuD;rm;aom t&m0wKrsdK;udk rdrdvdk&modkYta&muf o,faqmifac:,ljcif; oabm
yif jzpfonf/
,D;qdkaom a0g[m&udk a&S;acwf ({,D;)({,D;)[l a&;om;cJhMuayonf/
&Gwfqdkaom A[k0Ptu&mtjzpf ]]csD}} (xD;)[l toHxGufMuonf/ tm;vHk;
aom uAsmrsm;udk aw;oHtjzpf&Gwfqdkaomtcg ]],D;,if}} ]],D;av;}} ]],D;vm;}}
oHpOfrsm;udk tcsDtcstydk'fwdkY xnfhoGif;&Gwfqdkavh&SdMuayonf/
,D;,if
ykcufvGJaom vufydkif&Sifrdcifwdkif;\ ESvHk;om;,dkpdrfhyGifhtefxGufvmaom
oHpOfwpfck jzpfonf/ oHpOfrSm oEmurf;ajctESHU dk;rwGif ,aeYwdkif yJhwifxyf
aeqJ jzpfonf/ &ifaoG;i,f\rsufvTmudk arwmaw;oHjzifh jznf;nif;pGm arS;puf
126
127
,D;av
tm;ESifhrmefESifh waoG;wnf; wufcwfoHESifhtNydKifay:xGufvmaomtoH
jzpfonf/ yef;wdik t
f a&muf wufnv
D ufnD csw
D ufavSmcf wfMu&ef wyfveS o
Yf w
H pfck
vnf; jzpfonf/ tEdkifrcHtHI;ray; ZGJvHkYvtjynfhygaom a<u;aMumfoHvnf;
jzpfonf/
]],D;av;av; ,D;av;av; ,Dvmvmvm ,D;,D;atmif r*FvH toHjyKvdkY
atmifvHvlzdkYvma&cg? idkU&GmrSm rsm;pGm[d,uf vlvlcsifhNydKifapqdk eifdkUudk,fudk
igdkUraMumufvSDvSDcsif;tNcDbm eifdkU&Gmudk ZmvJraMumuf usmvmvmvmh,D;
,D; av;av; ,D;av;av;}}
128
,D;vm;
tm;wif;oH? tm;avSmufoH? tm;jynfhoHwdkYudk Mum;&olwdkif; aoG;<uvmNyD;
udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifqGJiif wGef;ydkYcsifpdwfrsm; w&G&GjzpfvmjzpfMuonfh 0dkif;0ef;
Munfhae&mrSyif odumrqnfEdkifawmhbJ cg;awmifusdKufum yg0ifqGJiifrdawmh
onf/
]],D;vm;-,D;vm; (wvef) qHyk if;wefeef?Y wvefysyH sL;? wqH;k cl;au-qHck ,
k u
l m
vdk&mudk ygvma&av- ygvma&? yga& yga& yga& ,D;vm; yga&;&m avyga&
,D;vm; yga&av a,mufz ,D;vm;}}
emjcif;usifjcif;? yGef;yJhjcif;udkyif rodEdkifawmh? pdwftm;wuf<uum urm
BuD;udkyif qGJiifwGef;ydkYEdkifonfh cGeftm;rsdK; a&mufvmonf[k xifaerdawmhonf/
wpfa,mufa,mufu toHtedrt
hf jrif?h twuftus? oHaeoHxm;jzifh wdik af y;Ny;D
wpfyg'qHk;wdkif; qHk;wdkif; tm;vHk;u oHNydKif ]],D;vm;}} qdkaom toHESifhtwl
[pfatmfMuonfudk &cdkifpum;jzifh ]Aa'gaMumfonf} [k ac:onf/ wdkifay;aom
yk*dKvfrSm tm0Zef;&Tifoavmuf rdrdjrif&mMuHK&mwdkYudk xnfhoGif;oDusL;wwfMu
onf/
129
130
t'lrif;ndKavm? b'lrif;ndKavm
&udKifrif;orD;{csif;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwf wifjyMuukefaom pmayokaw
oD taygif;wdo
Yk nf ,aeYxrd rd w
d Ykd zwfo
I &d &dS orQaom ayyk&ydu
k pf m? vufu;l pm?
yHkESdyfpmponfwdkYrS azmfxkwfwifjyMuukef\/ ,if;wdkYwGifrl trsdK;rsdK;&SdMuonf/
rdrdwdkYawGU&Sdaomrludk udk;um; wifjyMu[efwlonf/ xdktcg wpfrsdK;wpfzHkpD
uGJjym;jcm;em;aeonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ ,if;wdkYwGifvnf; &cdkifrif;orD;{csif;
onf oDcsif;vuFmrsdK;jzpfaeojzifh um&eftquftpyfwdkYwGif rSm;,Gif;csufrsm;
awGU&ygonf/
taMumif;rlum; acwftqufquf vufajymif;vufvGJul;,l&jcif;? pmul;
ol\ rSm;,Gif;csuf&Sdjcif;? &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif;wGifvnf; a'otoD;oD;wdkY rdrdwdkY
a'otvdkuf ajymqdkaeMuaompum;wGif toHtenf;i,frQonf uGJvGJjcif;wdkY
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ ,if;uGv
J cJG sut
f ay:wGif rlwnfvsuf a&;om;Muojzifh toH
uGJvGJaejcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ xdktcg vuFmoGm;jzifh pDuHk;xm;aom &cdkif
rif;orD;{csif;onf t"dym,fazmfxkwf&m wpfrsdK;wpfzHk uGJjym;vm&jcif;tjzpf
odkY a&muf&Sdvmayonf/ rsufarSmufokawoDrsm;ESifh pmay0goem&Sifrsm;wdkYonf
rdrw
d zYkd wf&I aom {csi;f tay:wGif rnfonfph myd'k u
f m; rSm,Gi;f aeonf/ rnfonfh
pmydk'fwGif t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsuf vGJacsmfrSm;,Gif;aeonf/ rnfonfhpmydk'fwGif
131
132
133
134
,D;,if,if,;D ? xdyo
f ;D armufawmf[w
k w
f nfaMomf? rif;armfrb
d ----rif;armf
rdb? orD;vSudk? csdKjroHanmif;? ,dkif;jcif;aumif;jzifh armif;rrsm;rSm? vGJpdrfhiSmvsif?
&TD;umxnfh'DyD;,dkif;,ifh,D;/
/ ,D;,if,if,D;/
ed'gef;ydkif;wGif ol\trnfudk azmfjy&m um&efudkiJh (rif;ndKb'l)[k
pyfqdkxm;onf/ trSefrSm (b'lrif;ndK)jzpfonf/ (t)ESifh (b)wdkU vGJrSm;Edkifonf/
a&S;acwfta&;tom;wGif (bm;)udk ,ckacwfta&;tom;jzifh (zm;)[l a&;om;
vmMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh bk&m;ocifudk zk&m;ocif[k toHxGufjcif;? bcifudk
zcif[k toHxGufjcif;? bdk;ausmfudk zdk;ausmf[l toHxGufjcif;? tu&mpmvHk;
rajymif;bJ toHajymif;jcif;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ tenf;i,f &Sif;jythhH? &udKifAsnf;
33vHk;wGif (b)udk (wzHk;csyf)[l toHxGufonf/ if;toHudk &udKifwdkYu (z)oH
jyK qdkMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh (bm;)udk (zm;)[l xGufqdkvmMuonf/ {csif;
oDq
kd orD;awmfapma&TMumtm; jrykcufawmfwiG f wifvsuw
f pfbufwpfbufpD
rS tysdKawmf (6)usdyfpD aygif;(120)wdkYu oHnif;oHjrwdkYjzifhqdkvsuf ,k,pGmqGJiif
Muonf/ r*FvmjyKaomaeYyifvsif armufawmfwHwm;teD;&Sd orD;awmf zGm;jrif
awmfrlaom pHeef;awmfBuD;udk NzdKzsuf odrfawmfBuD;wpfaqmif orkwfNyD;vQif
ausmufqif;wkawmfwpfql wnfxm;awmfrlavonf/
orD;awmf\r*Fvmtcrf;tem;wGif ylaZmfaombk&m; jzpf orD;awmf\
trnfudk tpGJjyKum apma&TMumbk&m;? apma&TMumodrf[l ac:wGifonf/ umv
Mumanmif;vmojzifh ,ckacwfwGif a&TMumodrfbk&m;[k ac:wGifonf/ t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&rif;vufxuf ausmuf*lawmfBuD;NydKysuf ysOf;uwdk;wdkif? oGyfrdk;odrfBuD;
wpfaqmifudk aqmufvkyfcJhonf/ wcsdKUokawoDwdkYu (ra&TMum)[l trnfay;
NyD;vQif qdkif;bkwfwifMuonf/ ordkif;0goem&Sifrsm;u rauseyf uRefawmfh
xHvma&muf ar;jref;vmMuonf/
olwdkYwifjycsufrSm rif;orD;\i,femrnfrSm ra&TMumjzpfonf/ BuD;vmNyD;rS
apma&TMumjzpfonf[l qdkif;bkwfwifolwdkYu ajymvdkufonf[k qdkonf/ {csif;
tptqHk;xd tydk'fwdkYwGifvnf; wwd,ajrmufOD;acwfwGif e&ywdrif;BuD; jznfh
oGif;cJhonfh {csif;(2)ydk'f yg&Sdonf/ ,if; 2ydk'ftwGufvnf; tjiif;yGm;aeMuonf/
ajz&Sif;p&mtrsm;BuD;&Sdonf/ aqmif;yg; ajz&Sif;&efroifhao;ojzifh csefvSyf
135
{csi;f yxryd'k f
,D;,if,if,;D / / ,D;,if;,D,if; ,D;,if,if? ,if,ifav,D;? ,D;av;,D;?
,D;,if,if,D;-----rif;BuD;rif;vS? rif;"rvQif? vlUcGifausmf[dk; vGef[def;BudK;vsuf
wefcdk;ajymxl? bapmjzL[k? jynfolYocif? xdkt&SifrSm oHom&Sda[mif;? b0aESmif;
u taMumif;oifh? &ifEIduf&om;? rdbrsufazsmf? orD;awmfudk? csDai:ESpfodrfh?
NcdrfhNcdrfhnHhnHh? uAsmoHjzifh? usHusH&ifhusL;? ,D;,ifxl;jzifh? ysHUysL;om,m? qdkpdrfhiSm
vQif? pDumywfuHk;? ed'gef;xHk;udk? yef;uHk;toGif? zGJUpD&if? toQif&TDem; emMum;pD
&ef? tuRefy@d? u0dac:qdk? rif;bdkb'l? toQifvlvsif? wrlwoD;? qufoGif;yD;
onf? jynfolUwnfhxdyfoD; toQifrif;BuD;/
136
137
138
2/
3/
4/
5/
139
140
o&PH wifhyef;ig;yGifh
OD;OD;omxGef; (&cdkifjrefrmy@dwf)
&udKifwdkYonf OD;pGmtpjA[Pbmomudk udk;uG,fcJhMuayonf/ bk&m;jrwf
pGmonf 0gawmf(20)ajrmufwGif ou&mZf 123-ck uqkefvqef; (14)&ufaeY
wGif "n0wD&cdkifjynfBuD;odkY <ua&mufawmfrlcJhavonf/ xdktcsdefrSp &cdkifjynf
wGif r[mrkedkyfyGm;awmfBuD;ESifh r[m'def? r[musefpaom qif;wkawmfrsm;
jzpfxGef;cJhonf/ nDawmfokkwXESifh ta>ct&H 500 wdkU&[Ema,musfm; jzpfMu
onf/ ESrawmfy'kra'0DESifh ta>ct&H 500wdkY &[Emrdef;rjzpfMuonf/ 'Eol&d,
rif;BuD;tm; bk&m;ocifonf "rpMuma'oemawmf? tewvuPokwfawmf?
owArd y Zl ed,okww
f ef a'oemawmfrsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrcl o
hJ nf/ ,if;tcsed f
rSp Ak'? "r? oHC wnf;[laom &wemoHk;yg; xGef;vif;cJhonfrSm ,aeYwdkif
atmif wnf&Sdaeao;onf/ ,if;&wemoHk;yg;udk qnf;uyfylaZmfjcif;tm;jzifh
o&P*HkoHk;yg; wnfMuonf/ &ufBuD;&ufjrwfwdkYwGif ylZed,Zdetjzpfjzifh ylaZmf
Muonf/ ylaZmfMu&mwGif ylaZmftyfyal Zmfxu
kd af om ylZed,Zde? ylZmwA? ylZm&[
wnf;[laom ygVdawmft& aqmif&GufylaZmfMuonf/ ylaZmftyfylaZmfoifh ylaZmf
xdu
k af om t&mwKrsm;um; tb,foeYkd nf;? &[Emt&Sijf rwfrsm;wdEYk iS w
hf uG oDv
0ef? *ku0ef? orm"d0eftp&Sdaom ax&ft&Sifaygif;wdkYu usrf;*eft& a&G;cs,f
TefMum;xm;&Sdayonf/ odkY TefMum;csufwdkYudk ygVdawmftXuxm#DumwdkY
odkYqdkxm;onf/
'rwdP
ok'w@Kv
od'w
okr Prukv
vmZocFwmed
=
=
=
=
=
aeZmjruf
qHyef;
rkefnif;
jrwfav;yef;
ayguf a yguf y ef ;
141
142
143
odu
Yk Asmjzifh yef;oH;k yGiu
hf Asmudk oDu;kH cJah vonf/ xdrk w
S pfyg; (bk&m;rwif?
ewfr0if? vlwGifq,fyGifhyef;) ponfyef;rsdK;ESifhwuG r*Fvmaqmifyef;rsdK;? ewfyef;
rsdK;ponfwdkYudk azmfjycJhavonf/ aqmif;yg;jzifh &udKifwdkY\dk;&mylaZmfcGufjzifh
144
(OD ; OD ; omxG e f ; )
&ud K if ? jref r my@d w f
ajrmuf O D ; Nrd K U/
OD;&mZfajrr*Zif; trSwf(3)