Piston Aerodynamic Engine

3.1 Background
Dec 1903, Orville and Wilbur 1st flight with simple 4 cylinder piston engine, 77kg,12 hp The late 1850s piston steam engine 1862 Otto cycle invented (Nikolaus Otto, Germany) success in 1876 1903 Wright brothers designed and build their own engines, with aluminum cast blocks WW I (1914-1918), WW II (1939-1945) : Reciprocating engines. Till today airplanes that speeds less than 483 km/hr Max piston engine power 1000 hp, less than Turboprop/Turboshaft. Gas turbine used less expensive kerosene-based fuel

3.2 Engine Types

Boxer: cost, weight, balance

 SI : Spark Ignition (Otto)

CI : Compression Ignition (Diesel)

(T )

Power
4-stroke : 1 power/ 2 rev

W B mechWi

2-stroke : 1 power/ 1 rev

Mean effective pressure (MEP or Pme): Power/Volume

Cooling
Air cooled Liquid cooled

Supercharger/Turbocharger
Pressure decrease with altitude Power decrease

Used air compressor compensate pressure at high altitude

Supercharger/Turbocharger
Supercharger is drive by engine power Turbocharger is drive by turbine that located at exhaust Can be combined for high efficiency Variable speed and multi stage

Gas turbine Propeller Engines

1 Turboprop engines Similar to turbojet, but with additional stage in turbine Most power to drive propeller, but some jet thrust Aircraft with short take-off and landing or requiring a high propulsive efficiency at medium subsonic speed 2 Turboshaft engines Similar to turboprop, but with additional turbine. No jet thrust Helicopter Ships, tank, hovercraft

3.3 Thrust

 Thrust related to pressure From Bernoullis

Therefore:

Example 3.1

3.4 Combustion
Aviation Fuel
Hydrocarbon fuels, since 1903 Air & Fuel mixing with carburetor or direct injection Aviation Gasoline: Avgas High octane Gas turbine and diesel used kerosene base fuel Knocking : Pre-ignition loss performance Theoretical Air-Fuel mixture : Stoichiometric Air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) for Isooctane is 15.1

Rich mixture: Weak (lean) mixture :

AFR AFRstoich
AFR AFR stoich

AFRstoich AFR

Example 3.2
Find stoichiometric of Avgas, assume isooctane Air : 79% N2 + 21% O2 1mole of O2 3.76mole of N2