Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Setting Fires Vandalism Disrupting Other Children Stealing Aggression Against Girls
Sexually Abusing Boys Exhibitionism Fearing Calamity Suicidal Ideation Manipulative and Smooth (Yorukoglu & Kemph, 1966)
10 Retrospective Studies
Revealed abuse to anyone as children 1/3 Cases reported to authorities 10% - 18% (London et al., 2005)
6 to 12% (Elliott, 1993; Russell, 1984; Saunders et al., 1992; Smith et al., 2000)
Delayed Disclosure
N = 156 < One Week < One Year
Bottoms et al., 2007 Smith et al., 2000 Arata, 1998 Arata, Finkelhor et al., 1990 Ussher & Dewberry, 1995
Silence
39% Never told anyone as children (OLeary et al., 2010)
Progressive Disclosure
Partial Disclosure
Long 5% 48%
Less likely to disclose the closer the relationship (DiPetro et al., 1997; Smith et al., 2000)
Age
Adolescents abused for the first time as adolescents more likely to disclose than younger children Disclose first to another adolescent (Olafson & Lederman, 2006)
Response of Mother
Mothers who believed and supported Children had fewer mental health problems (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986; Luster & Small, 1997; Merrill et al., 2001)
Response of Listener
If person disclosed to tells someone else without permission Children have more mental health problems (Gold, 1986; OLeary, 2010)
Recantation
Cases where offender confessed 24.5% recanted fully or partially (Malloy, Lyon, Quas, & Forman, 2005) Quas,
Recantation
Predictors Lack of maternal support Abuse by male caretaker
Impact of Disclosure
Adolescents and children who disclosed Greater psychological distress Than those who didnt (Feiring et al., 2002; OLeary et al., 2010)
Impact of Disclosure
Adolescents who disclosed Felt less supported Perceived others reactions as negative Blamed selves for abuse (Feiring et al., 2002)
Discussion of Abuse
Those who discussed abuse Not just disclosed Within one year of abuse Better mental health (OLeary et al., 2010)
Type of Offender
Emotional Visibility? Emotional Invisibility? Where Does Safety Lie?
Intrusive Symptoms
Intrusive Memories Affective Flashbacks Physical Responses to Triggers Nightmares
Triggers
Smell of aftershave Footsteps on the stairs Alone in the room with a male Bathroom Dental appointments
Avoidant Symptoms
Refusal to talk or think about abuse Avoidance of reminders Numbing PostPost-traumatic decline
Arousal Symptoms
Characteristics of Assault
% 29 58 69 79
Risk of severe PTSD higher if also sexual abuse after 12 Risk of depression higher if also sexual abuse before 12 (Schoedl et al., 2010)
Types of Coping
Avoidant Most common Related to severity of abuse Practical in short-term shortBad outcomes in the long-term long-
Active Coping
Proactive coping Behavioral changes Cognitive reframing Support-seeking Support Self-acceptance Self
Affective Sequelae
Affective Flashbacks Secondary to Cognitions Internalizing Sex Offender Thinking Errors TraumaTrauma-Based World View
Affective Sequelae
Affective Flashbacks Secondary to Cognitions Internalizing Sex Offender Thinking Errors TraumaTrauma-Based World View
Nontraumatized Beliefs
I have a guardian angel that looks after me. Everything happens for a reason. Things turn out for the best.
Positive Illusions
Matlin & Stang. Stang. The Pollyanna Principle. 1978 Summarized over 1000 studies
NonNon-Traumatized Beliefs
Above average Things will work out Underestimate chances of negative events Overestimate chances of positive events Overestimate personal efficacy
Rated Selves More Positively than Peer of Same Sex and Age 87% (Taylor, Lerner et al., Submitted for Publication)
Ones Strengths
Important Rare
Ones Failings
Fire Car wreck w/ injury Robbery Loved one die from homicide, suicide or accident 30 Some sort 69 (Norris, 1992)
% 10 23 25
Age 10
Worse Outcome
Intrusiveness Injury Physical Violence (E.g., Banyard et al., 2004; Collings, 1995; Collings, OLeary, 2010)
Worse Outcome
Parent (Kendall(Kendall-Tackett, 1993)
Worse Outcome
More severe More frequent and longer lasting
Worse Outcome
Multiple abusers
Revictimization
College is Risky
Some sort of sexual victimization 50% Attempted or completed rape 25% (Fisher et al., 2000; Koss et al., 1987)
Risk Recognition
Women abused as children 1) Less likely to recognize risky situations 2) Perceived fewer situations to be high risk 3) Stayed in risky situations longer (Soler-Baillo et al., 2005; Yeater et Soleral.,2010; )
Attributions
Cost of Attributions
Internal Shame, guilt Withdraws from others Negative mental health outcomes Depression; suicidality, low self-esteem; selfinterpersonal problems; PTSD (Zinzow, 2010; Weiner Graham, 1999; Feiring et al., 2002)
Cost of Attributions
Perpetrator Blame Generally better outcomes (Feiring et al., 2002; Hoagwood, 1990; LevHoagwood, LevWiesel, 2000) But Anger, outrage, unjust world Helplessness
More severe abuse (Duration, type, frequency) More physical force or coercion
internal external
(Chaffin et al., 1997; Hunter, et al., 1992; Wyatt & Newcomb, 1990; Zinzow et al., 2010)
Role of Age
Self Blame External Blame Older age of onset Younger age of onset (Zinzow et al., 2010)
Peer Abuse
More self blame Less family blame (Zinzow et al., 2010)