16

12

Chapter 3. Three-Phase Mixture Model

Chapter 3. Three-Phase Mixture Model

3.4 Balance Equations MODELING AND 2-D FE-SIMULATION OF VORTEX RIPPLES USING A 3.4.1 Balance of Mass THREE-PHASE MIXTURE APPROACH

to account for the morphologic evolution becomes obsolete, considerably reducing computational cost.

The system consists of only four unknown elds to be calculated, three of which are scalar elds and one is a vector eld whose dimension depends on the numerical implementation.

Introduction

The partial density of a constituent then refers to an arbitrary volume element dv: Aim t(M ) = t (M ) t (M ) . (3.24) in out where dm is a small mass element and dv is the volume occupied by this element. Derivation and numerical implementation of a new, continuum- The partial density of a constituent then refers to andm . := (3.2) arbitrary volume (cf. element dv: dv Consider a control volume dv = A dx of length dx and cross section A = dy dz mechanical model for the description of sediment erosion, where the mixture enters atfractionaofvelocity ux and leaves at x + dx at a gure 2.3) The volume x at a constituent dm is introduced as (3.2) velocity ux+ dx interest the transport and deposition in the regime of ripple-covered beds.. The volume fraction of the constituent of:= dv . atdv inlet is n and x

One of the fundamental physical axioms is the conservation of mass. It states that within The foundations of the ideas created originate from mixture theory a closed system (here: the mixture), mass cannot1 beused here or destroyed but is constantand Theory of Timo Reisner1, 2, Jrg Renner2, Holger Steeb 1 Institute of Mechanics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Porous Media (TPM) and It be reviewed in Ehlers this principle that in time; although it may be rearranged in space. can is a consequence of (2002); Drew and Passmann (1998). 2 Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany for an open subsystem (i.e. some control volume within the mixture), the mass change 3.3. Kinematics 13 with time within the subsystem must equal the mass entering or leaving it. From this statement a mass balance for a single constituent can be derived. For a control volume where 3.3. Kinematics dmin the most general form: dv is the volume occupied by this element. 13 xed in space, this mass balance reads is a small mass element and

The Mixture Model

Motivation

Engineering: Wave attenuation, sediment transport and associated beach response wave periods

. (3.3) n := at the outlet n dx . Recall from (3.1) and (3.3) that we may write the mass fractions as x+ The volume fraction of a constituent is introduced as dv M = R n dv. We can write total mass M of the mixture is of course the sum of the masses of its constituents The dv R R R . n := (3.25) (3.3) t n dv = A nx ux A nx+ dx ux+ dx dv Sedimentology: Reconstruction M= dm, M = dm = dm, M = M , (3.4) R R R = mass M u 3.3. Kinematics of the B The totalA nx ux A nxis x + A B the (nx Bx ) the masses of its constituents13 mixture u of course x sum of dx of ancient water depths and
Figure R Illustration of the transition from the microscopic scale to a macroscopic three-phase 3.1: = model similarly x ) the volume (n u for dv and x x

Geophysics: Locating of buried Scientific curiosity: Example of on the right hand side is the mass change caused by the other con- where the last term similarly separately, in a staggered B coupled scheme. Choice of constituents B and 3.2 for the volumeB Framework dm objects (scatter due to rough regular self-organization of the mixture. Writing R ux x (nx ) dv =: M .this term, rearrangingbehavior.(3.2) stituents := for based on physical and scheme Balance Equations Three-Phase Mixture Model From (3.3)3.4. (3.5) it follows that the sum of the volume fractions must equal unity, 16 Chapter 3. dv and expanding to three dimensions, we dv, arrive at the following form of the mass = surface) V = dv = dv, V balance:. V (3.5) V= First 1) Volume Fractions into then = 1. the domain a been subdivided The volume fraction ofhasconstituent is introduced following three phases (gure 3.1): s (3.6) as B B t (M the+ div (M Balance .ofB Momentum ) 3.4.2 v ) = Mbed, a mobile sediment (3.26) and w water grains 3.4 Balanceconstitutes immovable sediment dvthe Equations without sediment follows can take:= values the the volume fractions must sum of mobile w}). The (3.3) Important processes Definition: From (3.3) and (3.5) it load (so that thensum ofdv .terms:= {s, a,sum up toequal unity, As the total mass of the mixture is constant, the mass exchange must

M is a dm, = M = = M= (3.4) R dm (n dv,Mixture approach: M , where =dmR n small xmass elementuand fluid isdm, volume occupied by this element. of a dv ) the Model the flow Classic approach: Model x x x x x (u ) dv B The partial density of asediment transport B to an arbitrary volumeelement .dv: dv, B V refers mixture V= V (3.5) = flow and V constituent then = dv = dv, with variable composition in a fully

Velocity difference between stoss and lee sides, vortex formation & ejection Resulting sediment erosion, transport and deposition

Numerical Simulations
Problem Model equations are numerically highly unstable

Within the immobile=sediment bed, is identical to the porosity (3.29) commonly used for gravity. R R = const, s is 0 porous media,t (M ) = t (M )as t (Mn = 1voids between the solid particles overB dened the ratio .of 1. , f = dt (p) = (3.24) f = fC (3.6)(3.9) n dt (mv), ( which +f in out ) = which is reasonablethe total volume. Ininvolved in this problem, sand and water, we mobile particles in for the materials the uid domain, cequals c, concentration of can na = the Consider a control uid. Note that dx ofmass balancebody volume the = dy the After some a particle = A the the bed, c Newtons cross within A uid, dz surface force on the volume dv Formulationaofcontinuous =to second law states that the and section momentum 1. or for divide by density, thereby transformingwithin length dx and0wa= c, balance with =(cf. net tractions body forces is equa 5.3. Weak the Mixture Equations 53 nbalance: volume The benet incompressibility velocityobtained leaves fractions = at a of enters at that when u of the momentum are known, the third gure 2.3) where the mixturethis conceptxisat a changetwo fx and volume x +p dx mv, rearrangement, the following relations are of linear forwn : at Modeling Approaches general form = na + at the n interest n = . volume fractions in terms of possible velocity ux+ dx . one is known fraction of the It is = n . ofto rephrase the inlet is (3.30) The volume automatically. constituent n and x t (n ) + div (n v s 5.3 from (3.1)Formulation1of , write the mass fractions = d (p) = d (mv), Weak using (3.3)) that=we the Mixture Equations n (3.9)t at the outlet n new. variables c and and the denitionsmay f = dt v dv f= a dv. as t ( x+ Use PDE interface, develop Use Mixture Model interface with dx Recall M = R n dv. We can write naf = c,account 1 the, interactions between constituents; production termsn-w + na = for ns B B := n = (3.7) numerical stabilization for built-in stabilization, model R The aim of RKinematics wa thefollowing determined empirically 3.3 this study is to compute = a continuous body R or for nn u to be elds: c, ux surface nx+ dx x+ dxbody can be expressed by integrating all stress vectors t on (3.25) t n dv = A nThe A forces on ana x Navier-Stokes equations and additional terms via weak := f n w w a . (3.8) cR n f== a + nR= . R n n = A nsurface B of nx ux + A + n x (nx ux ) dx ux A the body, x apply to mixture equations contributions & global equations Kinematics investigates the motion of material points within a continuum bed conThe Constitutive Relations sediment bed, sediment without 3) porosity ofxthedv bed, is indicating the boundary between t v dv for= a dv. R d Within the suspension sediment identical to the f =f =commonly used = immobileapplied forces. The idea of mixture theoryporosity t da. and uid x (nx u ) ( C sidering constituents are incompressible is that any spatial point work in progress All the is dened as R ratio of voids between the solid particles represents porous media, R which the over B B = nx x (ux ) dv ux x (nx ) dv, concentration c cannot exchange the uid with B TheWater the uid mobilized particles the concentration of mobile particles in the totalvolume. In phase of domain, c equals inmaterialphase the other constituents 3.3 Kinematics Introducing the c change within =: T can be After some the on the Shear within in water surface forces on theof other con-the Cauchyby tensor bed, is a linear function uid, with where the last term uid. Note that stress is the mass = 0 andcausedtby theviscosity 1.expressed rateintegratingT and right hand side the The Cauchy-theorem a body n = and strain stress tensor all st Preliminary Results - PDE Interface f The the normal of the n on the connected ton : velocitiesGauss theorem R v rearrangement,velocity eldux vectorsuspension,Mof for formobilized sand grains to rewrite (3.34) as a vo following relations are Bsurface thisthe using of the water phase stituents of the mixture. Writing forcesxareva dv =:obtained presented in section 3.5 (nx ) via the the body, and sediment particlessurface relations da and rearranging w Inertial negligible for the term, Stabilized Navier-Stokes equations were implemented expanding Kinematicsvinvestigates the motionthe followingpoints of the mass balance: without concontinuum integral, we of at and to three dimensions, we arrive atforces between the mobilized sand grains 762 E. ERTURK, T. C. CORKE AND C. GOKCOL s No intergranular arrivematerial form within a fC = (3.9) t da. sidering theThe pressure eld The idean = 1 , theory is that any spatial point represents applied forces. of the of mixture & tested for the Lid-Driven Cavity case... mixture fC = div T dv. ( The sediment bed n immovable is = c, t (M ) + div (M v )a = M . (3.26) 1 1 B B 0.95 nw = c, As the total mass of The following fourconstant, suce to computethe above elds: sum up to T n with the Cauchy stre the mixture is equations the mass exchange terms must Introducing the Cauchy-theorem t =: 1)+2)+3) Modelnequationstoby continuous body is expressed as 0.9 f zero (a mass increase of one of theThe total body forcevector = . athemass lossda and using Gauss theorem to rewri constituentsnormal aapplied on a surface of the must be + nw n = n balanced 0.75 0.85 other constituents, cf. section() = na volumeintegral, we arrive at from (3.431 ), t 3.2), (5.15) balance for the sediment bed 0.8 fB = fordm mobilized b (3.432 ( t (c) t () + div (cva ) = 0 volume balance from the= ), b dv. particles (3.27) = M = 0. 42 Chapter 5. Numerical Simulations with Comsol Multiphysics fC div T dv. 0.75

a is The and water phases 3.4. that when Equations known, the sediment benet of this concept+ wBalancetwo ofcalled the uid phase are or, synony- third is hereinafter the volume fractions f sediment - fluid is constituents must is possible by of zero (a mass increase oftotal onetheknownthe mixture thebecourse the sum a massNewtonof its constituents change in the motion one mass M of automatically. ofphases dynamicsthe masses thefractions in terms of of the suspension. The choiceclassical should intuitively volume from looking at The mously,Saturation condition: Itofbalanced to rephrase thebe of and Euler, anydepicted According to is of loss clear n = 1. (3.6) boundary new variables c under consideration: 3.4.1 Balance of Mass other constituents, cf. section 3.2), problemand produced by theApparently there are two It is common to distinguish bet the physical body is usingthedenitions dierent action of of Momentummaximum external forces. by materials 3.4.2 Balance distinctly present, = Furthermore, some proportion of the M sand and water.M = dierent=kinds nof=forces:,M = behaves,contact forces fC are applied dm, principally :=n= nw + a 1 ns sand dm f dm, Mporosity(3.4)(3.7) gradient! two M = 0. Surface or Reformulation:that when two of the volume the uid are known, the rest The benet of this concept is It is mobilized by the action of fractions (3.27) while the third dierent than the rest: phase, B direct physical B B One of the fundamental the sediment remainsthe conservationbetweena ofthesurfaces ofwithin liketerms inside a body, between physical axioms is immobile. Hence aone part thestates that behaves in a (or of n contactn ofmass. Itthe volume fractions two bodies solid, one is of known automatically. It is possible to rephrase . sediment c := f = w (3.8) a a closed systemnew variables c and imaginary inner surfaces). the+ n behavesdynamics fof originate and Euler, any chan (here:wheremixture), function of strain; created or n part the stress is a masscannot be while another classical is constant and stress destroyed body forces B According using and similarly forthe volumethe denitions n to Volume or but more uid-like,Newton from external sources R Rewriting the mass fractionsbe rearranged in rate. This distinctionby volumethis principleofofexternal forces. It is common to as M = n dv and dividing motivates the introductionthat in time; although it may function thestrain space.body ais produced by the we can also a third phase. for It bed, is identical dv the porosity commonly used is is a Within ofgravity. immobile sediment consequence of s to action f w write an open subsystem (i.e. somein Theoryequations + often called the eective f true density is two =dv the amixture),, f betweenoforforces: particles over contact force := within = n ratio n voids kinds change n principally 1dierent mass the . solid Surface or (3.7) The porous = control volume for density,media, ofVPorous Mediathe = of the V =C + V =f ( 2) R dv,whichR denednas R dv, Balance B = (3.5) V t n 2008) + div equal themassas na. c or leaving it. From of (3.28) = na domain, with time within the (Steeb, totalmustmaterialthedirectnphysicalequals the between this mobile particles bodies (or inside subsystem of a n In isvdened entering contact concentration surfaces of two in the volume. uid BNewtons c := B = (3.8) secondthe bestates. that the control volume particle is equal to the time ra law w derived. and within forcethe a = of Momentum on 2.2) Balance 2.1)single constituentncan n +Bc a= For a net the uid, 1. After some Balance within f bed, ndm 0 of MassR statement a mass all materials are incompressible, for a If we now assume thatbalancethe uid. Note that imaginary:= inner ,= mv, (3.1) changethe linearthe sum of thevolumefor nVolume or body forces fB originate from of most general form:p surfaces). : momentum obtained fractions must equal unity, From (3.3) and (3.5) it in following rearrangement, the for a continuous body: Newtons 2nd law: dv xed in space, this mass balance reads follows that relations are

0.7

0.5

0.65 0.6

0.25
0.55 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

42

If we now assume that all materials arefor the rigid sediment bed (5.15)1 and for the mobilized sediment by volume balances incompressible, B B a div T Finite ( (a) t = 11.0s, t = 0 (b) t = 11.083s, t = 30 particles (5.15)2 , R respectively. In order to implement these equations in a = b. Element 0 Three-phase mixturethe weak formulation. This is done natural, fundamental = R = const, (3.29) be transferred to approach allows a very by bringing all 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 scheme, they must Note that the inertial term a In our multiplying with a test functionbody force is gravity. section 3.3) o ripple problem, the thetransport problems X description, suitable for different contains only material derivative (cf. Equations (3.3 sediment and integrating Simulation result, Re=20000 Benchmark from Erturk et al. (2005) quantities to one side and rearranging, which is reasonable for the materials involved in this hold for arbitrary volumes, so that we can drop the volume in 0.4 velocity in must problem, sand and water, we can a xed reference frame, over All processesvcan be modeled in entire volume (e.g. flow inside the domain, Eddies BL1, BL2, with periodic BCs and oscillating 0.35 ...and in a ripple-like geometryBL3 Eddies BR1, BR2, BR3 divide by density, thereby transforming the mass balance to a volume balance with the (3.31), we at sediment bed) three equations into v = t (v) +arrive v) the local form of the mom 0.3 a= (grad v. ( general form a Chapter 5. Numerical Simulations with Comsol Multiphysics {t() n } dv = 0, (5.16) flow (cf. lab experiments by van der Werf et al. 2006) continuous body: 0.25 Simulation div (n v ) = n . stabilized NSE in the PDE interface agree well t (n ) + results using (3.30) (c) t = 11.166s, t = 60 (d) t = 11.25s, t = 90 B a div T mixture, we have to i 0.2 To derive the momentum balances for the constituents of the = b. with benchmarks and laboratory experiments, however simulations 0.15 { t (c )the total t () + div (cva )} c dv = 0, to account for the momentum transfer bet duce + ct () momentum productionterm a contains the material derivative (cf Note that the inertial s

volume balance B from (3.435 ), for the suspension B 3.3 Kinematics v + grad p = fb vf momentum balance Bfor the suspension from (3.56). ( c) wR vw w our ripple problem, Rewriting the mass fractions as MIn= R n dvThe total the by force applied iscan also Equations (3.33), (3.35) and ( and dividing only body force togravity. body volume dv we a continuous body is expressed as must (5.15)4 are very similar to the so that we can drop the volume integral. Plugging Equations (5.15)3 and hold for arbitrary volumes,Navier-Stokes equations. (5.15)3 write R continuity equation, and (5.15) a Kinematics investigates themotion of material points within a momentum equation - concontinuumwithout R is a formnofthethree equations into n R . 4 weform of the the local form of the (3.31), momentum balance t applied forces. The v mixture theoryarrive at spatial point represents (3.28) + div n idea of = sidering the is that any both extended to a suspension of water and sediment. These equations are supplemented = fB = b dm b dv. continuous body:
div (( c) vw + cva ) = 0

Conclusion

0.5

0.45 0.4

0.35 0.3

0.25 0.2

0.1

0.15 0.1

0.05
0.05

0 0
(a) t = 11.0s, t = 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95

(b) t = 11.083s, t = 30

Figure 6. Streamline contours of primary and secondary vortices, Re = 20 000.

(e) t = 11.33s, t = 120

(f) t = 11.416s, t = 150

using the full mixture equations have not yet been successful B velocity v in a xed model frame, Implementation of the three-phase referencevia the Mixture Model {div (( c) vw + cva )} p dv = 0, Interface is currently in progress B

(c) t = 11.166s, t = 60

Table I tabulates the minimum streamfunction value, the vorticity value at the centre of the primary vortex and also the centre location of the primary vortex for Re = 1000 along with similar results found in the literature with the most signicant ones are underlined. In Table I among the most signicant (underlined) results, Schreiber and Keller [26] have used Richardson extrapolation order to achieve high spatial accuracy. For Re = 1000 their exin (h) = 11.583s, t (d) t = 11.25s, t and 11.5s, t = 180 repeated trapolated solutions are= 90h6 order accurate (g) t = these solutions are obtainedt by using = 210 Figure 5.10: mesh size solutions. Richardson extrapolation on three di erentThe ow over a xed ripple at ten instants with time increments of t = 0.083s,
Copyright ? 2005 John Wiley & Sons,

contains rst derivatives of pressure solutions of 2-D steady incompressible (5.16)4Ercan Erturk et al., Numerical and second derivatives of the velocity, resulting driven cavity ow in dierent continuity requirements forInt. J. Numer. approximation functions. This(2005) at high Reynolds numbers, the respective Meth. Fluids, 48:747-774 problem can be overcome by integrating the pressure and viscous terms by parts. First Jebbe J. van der Werf et al., Modelling and measurement of sand transport processes over full-scale ripples in oscillatory ow, Coastal Engineering, 53:657673 (2006)

To the References derivetotal momentum balances forthe constituents of the mixtu duce the momentum production s to account for the moment

( c)

wR

vw vw + grad p b + v

vf dv = 0.

a = v = t (v) + (grad v) v.

corresponding to phase increments of t = 30 . Arrow length and surface color indicate velocity magnitude (from zero velocity in dark blue to 0.25m/s in dark red), arrow direction indicates direction of ow. Continued in gure 5.11. Ltd. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2005; 48:747774

(e) t = 11.33s, t = 120

(f) t = 11.416s, t = 150