Appendix

A
Durbin-Watson
Significance Tables
The Durbin-Watson test statistic tests the null hypothesis that the residuals from an
ordinary least-squares regression are not autocorrelated against the alternative that the
residuals follow an AR1 process. The Durbin-Watson statistic ranges in value from 0
to 4. A value near 2 indicates non-autocorrelation; a value toward 0 indicates positive
autocorrelation; a value toward 4 indicates negative autocorrelation.
Because of the dependence of any computed Durbin-Watson value on the
associated data matrix, exact critical values of the Durbin-Watson statistic are not
tabulated for all possible cases. Instead, Durbin and Watson established upper and
lower bounds for the critical values. Typically, tabulated bounds are used to test the
hypothesis of zero autocorrelation against the alternative of positive first-order
autocorrelation, since positive autocorrelation is seen much more frequently in
practice than negative autocorrelation. To use the table, you must cross-reference the
sample size against the number of regressors, excluding the constant from the count
of the number of regressors.
The conventional Durbin-Watson tables are not applicable when you do not have
a constant term in the regression. Instead, you must refer to an appropriate set of
Durbin-Watson tables. The conventional Durbin-Watson tables are also not
applicable when a lagged dependent variable appears among the regressors. Durbin
has proposed alternative test procedures for this case.
Statisticians have compiled Durbin-Watson tables from some special cases,
including:
Regressions with a full set of quarterly seasonal dummies.
Regressions with an intercept and a linear trend variable (CURVEFIT

MODEL=LINEAR).
Regressions with a full set of quarterly seasonal dummies and a linear trend

variable.
1

2
Appendix A

In addition to obtaining the Durbin-Watson statistic for residuals from REGRESSION,

you should also plot the ACF and PACF of the residuals series. The plots might suggest
either that the residuals are random, or that they follow some ARMA process. If the
residuals resemble an AR1 process, you can estimate an appropriate regression using
the AREG procedure. If the residuals follow any ARMA process, you can estimate an
appropriate regression using the ARIMA procedure.
In this appendix, we have reproduced two sets of tables. Savin and White (1977)
present tables for sample sizes ranging from 6 to 200 and for 1 to 20 regressors for
models in which an intercept is included. Farebrother (1980) presents tables for sample
sizes ranging from 2 to 200 and for 0 to 21 regressors for models in which an intercept
is not included.
Lets consider an example of how to use the tables. In Chapter 9, we look at the
classic Durbin and Watson data set concerning consumption of spirits. The sample size
is 69, there are 2 regressors, and there is an intercept term in the model. The DurbinWatson test statistic value is 0.24878. We want to test the null hypothesis of zero
autocorrelation in the residuals against the alternative that the residuals are positively
autocorrelated at the 1% level of significance. If you examine the Savin and White
tables (Table A.2 and Table A.3), you will not find a row for sample size 69, so go to
the next lowest sample size with a tabulated row, namely N=65. Since there are two
regressors, find the column labeled k=2. Cross-referencing the indicated row and
column, you will find that the printed bounds are dL = 1.377 and dU = 1.500. If the
observed value of the test statistic is less than the tabulated lower bound, then you
should reject the null hypothesis of non-autocorrelated errors in favor of the hypothesis
of positive first-order autocorrelation. Since 0.24878 is less than 1.377, we reject the
null hypothesis. If the test statistic value were greater than dU, we would not reject the
null hypothesis.
A third outcome is also possible. If the test statistic value lies between dL and dU,
the test is inconclusive. In this context, you might err on the side of conservatism and
not reject the null hypothesis.
For models with an intercept, if the observed test statistic value is greater than 2,
then you want to test the null hypothesis against the alternative hypothesis of negative
first-order autocorrelation. To do this, compute the quantity 4-d and compare this value
with the tabulated values of dL and dU as if you were testing for positive
autocorrelation.
When the regression does not contain an intercept term, refer to Farebrothers
tabulated values of the minimal bound, denoted dM (Table A.4 and Table A.5),
instead of Savin and Whites lower bound dL. In this instance, the upper bound is

3
Durbin-Watson Significance Tables

the conventional bound dU found in the Savin and White tables. To test for negative
first-order autocorrelation, use Table A.6 and Table A.7.
To continue with our example, had we run a regression with no intercept term, we
would cross-reference N equals 65 and k equals 2 in Farebrothers table. The
tabulated 1% minimal bound is 1.348.

4
Appendix A

Table A-1
Models with an intercept (from Savin and White)
Durbin-Watson Statistic: 1 Per Cent Significance Points of dL and dU
k*=1

k=2

k=3

k=4

k=5

k=6

k=7

k=8

k=9

k=10

n
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

dL
0.390
0.435
0.497
0.554
0.604
0.653
0.697
0.738
0.776
0.811
0.844
0.873
0.902
0.928
0.952
0.975
0.997
1.017
1.037
1.055

dU
1.142
1.036
1.003
0.998
1.001
1.010
1.023
1.038
1.054
1.070
1.086
1.102
1.118
1.133
1.147
1.161
1.174
1.186
1.199
1.210

dL
----0.294
0.345
0.408
0.466
0.519
0.569
0.616
0.660
0.700
0.738
0.773
0.805
0.835
0.862
0.889
0.915
0.938
0.959
0.981

dU
----1.676
1.489
1.389
1.333
1.297
1.274
1.261
1.254
1.252
1.253
1.255
1.259
1.264
1.270
1.276
1.284
1.290
1.298
1.305

dL
--------0.229
0.279
0.340
0.396
0.449
0.499
0.547
0.591
0.633
0.672
0.708
0.742
0.774
0.803
0.832
0.858
0.881
0.906

dU
--------2.102
1.875
1.733
1.640
1.575
1.526
1.490
1.465
1.447
1.432
1.422
1.416
1.410
1.408
1.407
1.407
1.407
1.408

dL
------------0.183
0.230
0.286
0.339
0.391
0.441
0.487
0.532
0.574
0.614
0.650
0.684
0.718
0.748
0.777
0.805
0.832

dU
------------2.433
2.193
2.030
1.913
1.826
1.757
1.705
1.664
1.631
1.604
1.583
1.567
1.554
1.543
1.535
1.527
1.521

dL
----------------0.150
0.193
0.244
0.294
0.343
0.390
0.437
0.481
0.522
0.561
0.598
0.634
0.666
0.699
0.728
0.756

dU
----------------2.690
2.453
2.280
2.150
2.049
1.967
1.901
1.847
1.803
1.767
1.736
1.712
1.691
1.674
1.659
1.645

dL
--------------------0.124
0.164
0.211
0.257
0.303
0.349
0.393
0.435
0.476
0.515
0.552
0.587
0.620
0.652
0.682

dU
--------------------2.892
2.665
2.490
2.354
2.244
2.153
2.078
2.015
1.963
1.918
1.881
1.849
1.821
1.797
1.776

dL
------------------------0.105
0.140
0.183
0.226
0.269
0.313
0.355
0.396
0.436
0.474
0.510
0.545
0.578
0.610

dU
------------------------3.053
2.838
2.667
2.530
2.416
2.319
2.238
2.169
2.110
2.059
2.015
1.977
1.944
1.915

dL
----------------------------0.090
0.122
0.161
0.200
0.241
0.282
0.322
0.362
0.400
0.437
0.473
0.507
0.540

dU
----------------------------3.182
2.981
2.817
2.681
2.566
2.467
2.381
2.308
2.244
2.188
2.140
2.097
2.059

dL
--------------------------------0.078
0.107
0.142
0.179
0.216
0.255
0.294
0.331
0.368
0.404
0.439
0.473

dU
--------------------------------3.287
3.101
2.944
2.811
2.697
2.597
2.510
2.434
2.367
2.308
2.255
2.209

dL
------------------------------------0.068
0.094
0.127
0.160
0.196
0.232
0.268
0.304
0.340
0.375
0.409

dU
------------------------------------3.374
3.201
3.053
2.925
2.813
2.174
2.625
2.548
2.479
2.417
2.362

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

1.072
1.088
1.104
1.119
1.134
1.147
1.160
1.171
1.184
1.195
1.205
1.217
1.227
1.237
1.246
1.288
1.324
1.356
1.382
1.407
1.429
1.448
1.465
1.481
1.496
1.510
1.522
1.611
1.664

1.222
1.232
1.244
1.254
1.264
1.274
1.283
1.291
1.298
1.307
1.315
1.322
1.330
1.337
1.344
1.376
1.403
1.428
1.449
1.467
1.485
1.501
1.514
1.529
1.541
1.552
1.562
1.637
1.684

1.000
1.019
1.036
1.053
1.070
1.085
1.100
1.114
1.128
1.141
1.153
1.164
1.176
1.187
1.197
1.245
1.285
1.320
1.351
1.377
1.400
1.422
1.440
1.458
1.474
1.489
1.502
1.598
1.653

1.311
1.318
1.325
1.332
1.339
1.345
1.351
1.358
1.364
1.370
1.376
1.383
1.388
1.392
1.398
1.424
1.445
1.466
1.484
1.500
1.514
1.529
1.541
1.553
1.563
1.573
1.582
1.651
1.693

0.928
0.948
0.969
0.988
1.006
1.022
1.039
1.055
1.070
1.085
1.098
1.112
1.124
1.137
1.149
1.201
1.245
1.284
1.317
1.346
1.372
1.395
1.416
1.434
1.452
1.468
1.482
1.584
1.643

1.410
1.413
1.414
1.418
1.421
1.425
1.428
1.432
1.436
1.439
1.442
1.446
1.449
1.452
1.456
1.474
1.491
1.505
1.520
1.534
1.546
1.557
1.568
1.577
1.587
1.596
1.604
1.665
1.704

0.855
0.878
0.901
0.921
0.941
0.960
0.978
0.995
1.012
1.028
1.043
1.058
1.072
1.085
1.098
1.156
1.206
1.246
1.283
1.314
1.343
1.368
1.390
1.411
1.429
1.446
1.461
1.571
1.633

1.517
1.514
1.512
1.511
1.510
1.509
1.509
1.510
1.511
1.512
1.513
1.514
1.515
1.517
1.518
1.528
1.537
1.548
1.559
1.568
1.577
1.586
1.595
1.603
1.611
1.618
1.625
1.679
1.715

0.782
0.808
0.832
0.855
0.877
0.897
0.917
0.935
0.954
0.971
0.987
1.004
1.019
1.033
1.047
1.111
1.164
1.209
1.248
1.283
1.313
1.340
1.364
1.386
1.406
1.425
1.441
1.557
1.623

1.635
1.625
1.618
1.611
1.606
1.601
1.597
1.594
1.591
1.589
1.587
1.585
1.584
1.583
1.583
1.583
1.587
1.592
1.598
1.604
1.611
1.617
1.624
1.630
1.636
1.641
1.647
1.693
1.725

0.711
0.738
0.764
0.788
0.812
0.834
0.856
0.876
0.896
0.914
0.932
0.950
0.966
0.982
0.997
1.065
1.123
1.172
1.214
1.251
1.283
1.313
1.338
1.362
1.383
1.403
1.421
1.543
1.613

1.759
1.743
1.729
1.718
1.707
1.698
1.690
1.683
1.677
1.671
1.666
1.662
1.658
1.655
1.652
1.643
1.639
1.638
1.639
1.642
1.645
1.649
1.653
1.657
1.661
1.666
1.670
1.708
1.735

0.640
0.669
0.696
0.723
0.748
0.772
0.794
0.816
0.837
0.857
0.877
0.895
0.913
0.930
0.946
1.019
1.081
1.134
1.179
1.218
1.253
1.284
1.312
1.337
1.360
1.381
1.400
1.530
1.603

1.889
1.867
1.847
1.830
1.814
1.800
1.788
1.776
1.766
1.757
1.749
1.742
1.735
1.729
1.724
1.704
1.692
1.685
1.682
1.680
1.680
1.682
1.683
1.685
1.687
1.690
1.693
1.722
1.746

0.572
0.602
0.630
0.658
0.684
0.710
0.734
0.757
0.779
0.800
0.821
0.841
0.860
0.878
0.895
0.974
1.039
1.095
1.144
1.186
1.223
1.256
1.285
1.312
1.336
1.358
1.378
1.515
1.592

2.026
1.997
1.970
1.947
1.925
1.906
1.889
1.874
1.860
1.847
1.836
1.825
1.816
1.807
1.799
1.768
1.748
1.734
1.726
1.720
1.716
1.714
1.714
1.714
1.714
1.715
1.717
1.737
1.757

0.505
0.536
0.566
0.595
0.622
0.649
0.674
0.698
0.722
0.744
0.766
0.787
0.807
0.826
0.844
0.927
0.997
1.057
1.108
1.153
1.192
1.227
1.259
1.287
1.312
1.336
1.357
1.501
1.582

2.168
2.131
2.098
2.068
2.041
2.017
1.995
1.975
1.957
1.940
1.925
1.911
1.899
1.887
1.876
1.834
1.805
1.785
1.771
1.761
1.754
1.748
1.745
1.743
1.741
1.741
1.741
1.752
1.768

0.441
0.473
0.504
0.533
0.562
0.589
0.615
0.641
0.665
0.689
0.711
0.733
0.754
0.774
0.749
0.881
0.955
1.018
1.072
1.120
1.162
1.199
1.232
1.262
1.288
1.313
1.335
1.486
1.571

2.313
2.269
2.229
2.193
2.160
2.131
2.104
2.080
2.057
2.037
2.018
2.001
1.985
1.970
1.956
1.902
1.864
1.837
1.817
1.802
1.792
1.783
1.777
1.773
1.769
1.767
1.765
1.767
1.779

*k is the number of regressors excluding the intercept

5
Durbin-Watson Significance Tables

k*=11
n
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

dL
0.060
0.084
0.113
0.145
0.178
0.212
0.246
0.281
0.315
0.348
0.381
0.413
0.444
0.474
0.503
0.531
0.558
0.585
0.610
0.634
0.658
0.680
0.702
0.723
0.744
0.835
0.913
0.979
1.037
1.087
1.131
1.170
1.205
1.236
1.264
1.290
1.314
1.473
1.561

dU
3.446
3.286
3.146
3.023
2.914
2.817
2.729
2.651
2.580
2.517
2.460
2.409
2.363
2.321
2.283
2.248
2.216
2.187
2.160
2.136
2.113
2.092
2.073
2.055
2.039
1.972
1.925
1.891
1.865
1.845
1.831
1.819
1.810
1.803
1.798
1.793
1.790
1.783
1.791

k=12
dL
----0.053
0.075
0.102
0.131
0.162
0.194
0.227
0.260
0.292
0.324
0.356
0.387
0.417
0.447
0.475
0.503
0.530
0.556
0.581
0.605
0.628
0.651
0.673
0.694
0.790
0.871
0.940
1.001
1.053
1.099
1.141
1.177
1.210
1.240
1.267
1.292
1.458
1.550

dU
----3.506
3.358
3.227
3.109
3.004
2.909
2.822
2.744
2.674
2.610
2.552
2.499
2.451
2.407
2.367
2.330
2.296
2.266
2.237
2.210
2.186
2.164
2.143
2.123
2.044
1.987
1.945
1.914
1.889
1.870
1.856
1.844
1.834
1.827
1.821
1.816
1.799
1.801

k=13
dL
--------0.047
0.067
0.092
0.119
0.148
0.178
0.209
0.240
0.272
0.303
0.333
0.363
0.393
0.422
0.450
0.477
0.503
0.529
0.554
0.578
0.601
0.623
0.645
0.744
0.829
0.902
0.965
1.020
1.068
1.111
1.150
1.184
1.215
1.244
1.270
1.444
1.539

dU
--------3.557
3.420
3.297
3.185
3.084
2.991
2.906
2.829
2.758
2.694
2.635
2.582
2.533
2.487
2.446
2.408
2.373
2.340
2.310
2.282
2.256
2.232
2.210
2.118
2.051
2.002
1.964
1.934
1.911
1.893
1.878
1.866
1.856
1.848
1.841
1.814
1.813

k=14
dL
------------0.043
0.061
0.084
0.109
0.136
0.165
0.194
0.224
0.253
0.283
0.313
0.342
0.371
0.399
0.426
0.452
0.478
0.504
0.528
0.552
0.575
0.597
0.700
0.787
0.863
0.929
0.986
1.037
1.082
1.122
1.158
1.191
1.221
1.248
1.429
1.528

dU
------------3.601
3.474
3.358
3.252
3.155
3.065
2.982
2.906
2.836
2.772
2.713
2.659
2.609
2.563
2.520
2.481
2.444
2.410
2.379
2.350
2.323
2.297
2.193
2.116
2.059
2.015
1.980
1.953
1.931
1.913
1.898
1.886
1.876
1.868
1.830
1.824

k=15
dL
----------------0.038
0.055
0.077
0.100
0.125
0.152
0.180
0.208
0.237
0.266
0.294
0.322
0.350
0.377
0.404
0.430
0.455
0.480
0.504
0.528
0.551
0.655
0.746
0.825
0.893
0.953
1.005
1.052
1.094
1.132
1.166
1.197
1.225
1.414
1.518

*k is the number of regressors excluding the intercept

dU
----------------3.639
3.521
3.412
3.311
3.218
3.131
3.050
2.976
2.907
2.843
2.785
2.730
2.680
2.633
2.590
2.550
2.512
2.477
2.445
2.414
2.386
2.269
2.182
2.117
2.067
2.027
1.995
1.970
1.949
1.931
1.917
1.905
1.895
1.847
1.836

k=16
dL
--------------------0.035
0.050
0.070
0.092
0.116
0.141
0.167
0.194
0.222
0.249
0.277
0.304
0.331
0.357
0.383
0.409
0.434
0.458
0.482
0.505
0.612
0.705
0.786
0.857
0.919
0.974
1.023
1.066
1.106
1.141
1.174
1.203
1.400
1.507

dU
--------------------3.671
3.562
3.459
3.363
3.274
3.191
3.113
3.040
2.972
2.909
2.851
2.797
2.746
2.699
2.655
2.614
2.576
2.540
2.507
2.476
2.346
2.250
2.176
2.120
2.075
2.038
2.009
1.984
1.965
1.948
1.943
1.922
1.863
1.847

k=17
dL
------------------------0.032
0.046
0.065
0.085
0.107
0.131
0.156
0.182
0.208
0.234
0.261
0.287
0.313
0.339
0.364
0.389
0.414
0.438
0.461
0.570
0.665
0.748
0.822
0.886
0.943
0.993
1.039
1.080
1.116
1.150
1.181
1.385
1.495

dU
------------------------3.700
3.597
3.501
3.410
3.325
3.245
3.169
3.098
3.032
2.970
2.912
2.858
2.808
2.761
2.717
2.675
2.637
2.600
2.566
2.424
2.318
2.237
2.173
2.123
2.082
2.049
2.022
1.999
1.979
1.963
1.949
1.880
1.860

k=18
dL
----------------------------0.029
0.043
0.060
0.079
0.100
0.122
0.146
0.171
0.193
0.221
0.246
0.272
0.297
0.322
0.347
0.371
0.395
0.418
0.528
0.625
0.711
0.786
0.852
0.911
0.964
1.011
1.053
1.091
1.126
1.158
1.370
1.484

dU
----------------------------3.725
3.629
3.538
3.452
3.371
3.294
3.220
3.152
3.087
3.026
2.969
2.915
2.865
2.818
2.774
2.733
2.694
2.657
2.503
2.387
2.298
2.227
2.172
2.127
2.090
2.059
2.033
2.012
1.993
1.977
1.897
1.871

k=19
dL
--------------------------------0.027
0.039
0.055
0.073
0.093
0.114
0.137
0.160
0.184
0.209
0.233
0.257
0.282
0.306
0.330
0.354
0.377
0.488
0.586
0.674
0.751
0.819
0.880
0.934
0.983
1.027
1.066
1.102
1.136
1.355
1.474

dU
--------------------------------3.747
3.657
3.572
3.490
3.412
3.338
3.267
3.201
3.137
3.078
3.022
2.969
2.919
2.872
2.828
2.787
2.748
2.582
2.456
2.359
2.283
2.221
2.172
2.131
2.097
2.068
2.044
2.023
2.006
1.913
1.883

k=20
dL
------------------------------------0.025
0.036
0.051
0.068
0.087
0.107
0.128
0.151
0.174
0.197
0.221
0.244
0.268
0.291
0.315
0.338
0.448
0.548
0.637
0.716
0.789
0.849
0.905
0.955
1.000
1.041
1.079
1.113
1.340
1.462

dU
------------------------------------3.766
3.682
3.602
3.524
3.450
3.379
3.311
3.246
3.184
3.126
3.071
3.019
2.969
2.923
2.879
2.838
2.661
2.526
2.421
2.338
2.272
2.217
2.172
2.135
2.104
2.077
2.054
2.034
1.931
1.896

6
Appendix A

Table A-2
Models with an intercept (from Savin and White)
Durbin-Watson Statistic: 5 Per Cent Significance Points of dL and dU
k*=1

k=2

k=3

k=4

k=5

k=6

k=7

k=8

k=9

k=10

n
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

dL
0.610
0.700
0.763
0.824
0.879
0.927
0.971
1.010
1.045
1.077
1.106
1.133
1.158
1.180
1.201
1.221
1.239
1.257
1.273
1.288

dU
1.400
1.356
1.332
1.320
1.320
1.324
1.331
1.340
1.350
1.361
1.371
1.381
1.391
1.401
1.411
1.420
1.429
1.437
1.446
1.454

dL
----0.467
0.559
0.629
0.697
0.758
0.812
0.861
0.905
0.946
0.982
1.015
1.046
1.074
1.100
1.125
1.147
1.168
1.188
1.206

dU
----1.896
1.777
1.699
1.641
1.604
1.579
1.562
1.551
1.543
1.539
1.536
1.535
1.536
1.537
1.538
1.541
1.543
1.546
1.550

dL
--------0.367
0.455
0.525
0.595
0.658
0.715
0.767
0.814
0.857
0.897
0.933
0.967
0.998
1.026
1.053
1.078
1.101
1.123

dU
--------2.287
2.128
2.016
1.928
1.864
1.816
1.779
1.750
1.728
1.710
1.696
1.685
1.676
1.669
1.664
1.660
1.656
1.654

dL
------------0.296
0.376
0.444
0.512
0.574
0.632
0.685
0.734
0.779
0.820
0.859
0.894
0.927
0.958
0.986
1.013
1.038

dU
------------2.588
2.414
2.283
2.177
2.094
2.030
1.977
1.935
1.900
1.872
1.848
1.828
1.812
1.797
1.785
1.775
1.767

dL
----------------0.243
0.315
0.380
0.444
0.505
0.562
0.615
0.664
0.710
0.752
0.792
0.829
0.863
0.895
0.925
0.953

dU
----------------2.822
2.645
2.506
2.390
2.296
2.220
2.157
2.104
2.060
2.023
1.991
1.964
1.940
1.920
1.902
1.886

dL
--------------------0.203
0.268
0.328
0.389
0.447
0.502
0.554
0.603
0.649
0.691
0.731
0.769
0.804
0.837
0.868

dU
--------------------3.004
2.832
2.692
2.572
2.471
2.388
2.318
2.258
2.206
2.162
2.124
2.090
2.061
2.035
2.013

dL
------------------------0.171
0.230
0.286
0.343
0.398
0.451
0.502
0.549
0.595
0.637
0.677
0.715
0.750
0.784

dU
------------------------3.149
2.985
2.848
2.727
2.624
2.537
2.461
2.396
2.339
2.290
2.246
2.208
2.174
2.144

dL
----------------------------0.147
0.200
0.251
0.304
0.356
0.407
0.456
0.502
0.546
0.588
0.628
0.666
0.702

dU
----------------------------3.266
3.111
2.979
2.860
2.757
2.668
2.589
2.521
2.461
2.407
2.360
2.318
2.280

dL
--------------------------------0.127
0.175
0.222
0.272
0.321
0.369
0.416
0.461
0.504
0.545
0.584
0.621

dU
--------------------------------3.360
3.216
3.090
2.975
2.873
2.783
2.704
2.633
2.571
2.514
2.464
2.419

dL
------------------------------------0.111
0.155
0.198
0.244
0.290
0.336
0.380
0.424
0.465
0.506
0.544

dU
------------------------------------3.438
3.304
3.184
3.073
2.974
2.885
2.806
2.735
2.670
2.613
2.560

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

1.302
1.316
1.328
1.341
1.352
1.363
1.373
1.383
1.393
1.402
1.411
1.419
1.427
1.435
1.442
1.475
1.503
1.528
1.549
1.567
1.583
1.598
1.611
1.624
1.635
1.645
1.654
1.720
1.758

1.461
1.469
1.476
1.483
1.489
1.496
1.502
1.508
1.514
1.519
1.525
1.530
1.535
1.540
1.544
1.566
1.585
1.601
1.616
1.629
1.641
1.652
1.662
1.671
1.679
1.687
1.694
1.747
1.779

1.224
1.240
1.255
1.270
1.284
1.297
1.309
1.321
1.333
1.343
1.354
1.364
1.373
1.382
1.391
1.430
1.462
1.490
1.514
1.536
1.554
1.571
1.586
1.600
1.612
1.623
1.634
1.706
1.748

1.553
1.556
1.560
1.563
1.567
1.570
1.574
1.577
1.580
1.584
1.587
1.590
1.594
1.597
1.600
1.615
1.628
1.641
1.652
1.662
1.672
1.680
1.688
1.696
1.703
1.709
1.715
1.760
1.789

1.143
1.162
1.181
1.198
1.214
1.229
1.244
1.258
1.271
1.283
1.295
1.307
1.318
1.328
1.338
1.383
1.421
1.452
1.480
1.503
1.525
1.543
1.560
1.575
1.589
1.602
1.613
1.693
1.738

1.652
1.651
1.650
1.650
1.650
1.650
1.650
1.651
1.652
1.653
1.654
1.655
1.656
1.658
1.659
1.666
1.674
1.681
1.689
1.696
1.703
1.709
1.715
1.721
1.726
1.732
1.736
1.774
1.799

1.062
1.084
1.104
1.124
1.143
1.160
1.177
1.193
1.208
1.222
1.236
1.249
1.261
1.273
1.285
1.336
1.378
1.414
1.444
1.471
1.494
1.515
1.534
1.550
1.566
1.579
1.592
1.679
1.728

1.759
1.753
1.747
1.743
1.739
1.735
1.732
1.730
1.728
1.726
1.724
1.723
1.722
1.722
1.721
1.720
1.721
1.724
1.727
1.731
1.735
1.739
1.743
1.747
1.751
1.755
1.758
1.788
1.809

0.979
1.004
1.028
1.050
1.071
1.090
1.109
1.127
1.144
1.160
1.175
1.190
1.204
1.218
1.230
1.287
1.335
1.374
1.408
1.438
1.464
1.487
1.507
1.525
1.542
1.557
1.571
1.665
1.718

1.873
1.861
1.850
1.841
1.833
1.825
1.819
1.813
1.808
1.803
1.799
1.795
1.792
1.789
1.786
1.776
1.771
1.768
1.767
1.767
1.768
1.770
1.772
1.774
1.776
1.778
1.780
1.802
1.820

0.897
0.925
0.951
0.975
0.998
1.020
1.041
1.061
1.079
1.097
1.114
1.131
1.146
1.161
1.175
1.238
1.291
1.334
1.372
1.404
1.433
1.458
1.480
1.500
1.518
1.535
1.550
1.651
1.707

1.992
1.974
1.959
1.944
1.931
1.920
1.909
1.900
1.891
1.884
1.876
1.870
1.864
1.859
1.854
1.835
1.822
1.814
1.808
1.805
1.802
1.801
1.801
1.801
1.801
1.802
1.803
1.817
1.831

0.816
0.845
0.874
0.900
0.926
0.950
0.972
0.994
1.015
1.034
1.053
1.071
1.088
1.104
1.120
1.189
1.246
1.294
1.335
1.370
1.401
1.428
1.453
1.474
1.494
1.512
1.528
1.637
1.697

2.117
2.093
2.071
2.052
2.034
2.018
2.004
1.991
1.978
1.967
1.957
1.948
1.939
1.932
1.924
1.895
1.875
1.861
1.850
1.843
1.838
1.834
1.831
1.829
1.827
1.827
1.826
1.832
1.841

0.735
0.767
0.798
0.826
0.854
0.879
0.904
0.927
0.950
0.971
0.991
1.011
1.029
1.047
1.064
1.139
1.201
1.253
1.298
1.336
1.369
1.399
1.425
1.448
1.469
1.489
1.506
1.622
1.686

2.246
2.216
2.188
2.164
2.141
2.120
2.102
2.085
2.069
2.054
2.041
2.029
2.017
2.007
1.997
1.958
1.930
1.909
1.894
1.882
1.874
1.867
1.861
1.857
1.854
1.852
1.850
1.846
1.852

0.657
0.691
0.723
0.753
0.782
0.810
0.836
0.861
0.885
0.908
0.930
0.951
0.970
0.990
1.008
1.089
1.156
1.212
1.260
1.301
1.337
1.369
1.397
1.422
1.445
1.465
1.484
1.608
1.675

2.379
2.342
2.309
2.278
2.251
2.226
2.203
2.181
2.162
2.144
2.127
2.112
2.098
2.085
2.072
2.022
1.986
1.959
1.939
1.923
1.910
1.901
1.893
1.886
1.881
1.877
1.874
1.862
1.863

0.581
0.616
0.649
0.681
0.712
0.741
0.769
0.796
0.821
0.845
0.868
0.891
0.912
0.932
0.952
1.038
1.110
1.170
1.222
1.266
1.305
1.339
1.369
1.396
1.420
1.442
1.462
1.593
1.665

2.513
2.470
2.431
2.396
2.363
2.333
2.306
2.281
2.257
2.236
2.216
2.197
2.180
2.164
2.149
2.088
2.044
2.010
1.984
1.964
1.948
1.935
1.925
1.916
1.909
1.903
1.898
1.877
1.874

*k is the number of regressors excluding the intercept

7
Durbin-Watson Significance Tables

k*=11
n
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

dL
0.098
0.138
0.177
0.220
0.263
0.307
0.349
0.391
0.431
0.470
0.508
0.544
0.578
0.612
0.643
0.674
0.703
0.731
0.758
0.783
0.808
0.831
0.854
0.875
0.896
0.988
1.064
1.129
1.184
1.231
1.272
1.308
1.340
1.369
1.395
1.418
1.439
1.579
1.654

dU
3.503
3.378
3.265
3.159
3.063
2.976
2.897
2.826
2.761
2.702
2.649
2.600
2.555
2.515
2.477
2.443
2.411
2.382
2.355
2.330
2.306
2.285
2.265
2.246
2.228
2.156
2.103
2.062
2.031
2.006
1.987
1.970
1.957
1.946
1.937
1.930
1.923
1.892
1.885

k=12
dL
----0.087
0.123
0.160
0.200
0.240
0.281
0.322
0.362
0.400
0.438
0.475
0.510
0.544
0.577
0.608
0.638
0.668
0.695
0.722
0.748
0.772
0.796
0.819
0.840
0.938
1.019
1.087
1.145
1.195
1.239
1.277
1.311
1.342
1.369
1.394
1.416
1.564
1.643

dU
----3.557
3.441
3.335
3.234
3.141
3.057
2.979
2.908
2.844
2.784
2.730
2.680
2.634
2.592
2.553
2.517
2.484
2.454
2.425
2.398
2.374
2.351
2.329
2.309
2.225
2.163
2.116
2.079
2.049
2.026
2.006
1.991
1.977
1.966
1.956
1.948
1.908
1.896

k=13
dL
--------0.078
0.111
0.145
0.182
0.220
0.259
0.297
0.335
0.373
0.409
0.445
0.479
0.512
0.545
0.576
0.606
0.634
0.662
0.689
0.714
0.739
0.763
0.785
0.887
0.973
1.045
1.106
1.160
1.206
1.247
1.283
1.315
1.344
1.370
1.393
1.550
1.632

dU
--------3.603
3.496
3.395
3.300
3.211
3.128
3.053
2.983
2.919
2.859
2.805
2.755
2.708
2.665
2.625
2.588
2.554
2.521
2.492
2.464
2.438
2.413
2.391
2.296
2.225
2.170
2.127
2.093
2.066
2.043
2.024
2.009
1.995
1.984
1.974
1.924
1.908

k=14
dL
------------0.070
0.100
0.132
0.166
0.202
0.239
0.275
0.312
0.348
0.383
0.418
0.451
0.484
0.515
0.546
0.575
0.604
0.631
0.657
0.683
0.707
0.731
0.838
0.927
1.003
1.068
1.124
1.172
1.215
1.253
1.287
1.318
1.345
1.371
1.535
1.621

dU
------------3.642
3.542
3.448
3.358
3.272
3.193
3.119
3.051
2.987
2.928
2.874
2.823
2.776
2.733
2.692
2.654
2.619
2.586
2.555
2.526
2.499
2.473
2.367
2.287
2.225
2.177
2.138
2.106
2.080
2.059
2.040
2.025
2.012
2.000
1.940
1.919

k=15
dL
----------------0.063
0.091
0.120
0.153
0.186
0.221
0.256
0.291
0.325
0.359
0.392
0.425
0.457
0.488
0.518
0.547
0.575
0.602
0.628
0.653
0.678
0.788
0.882
0.961
1.029
1.088
1.139
1.184
1.224
1.260
1.292
1.321
1.347
1.519
1.610

*K is the number of regressors excluding the intercept

dU
----------------3.676
3.583
3.495
3.409
3.327
3.251
3.179
3.112
3.050
2.992
2.937
2.887
2.840
2.796
2.754
2.716
2.680
2.646
2.614
2.585
2.557
2.439
2.350
2.281
2.227
2.183
2.148
2.118
2.093
2.073
2.055
2.040
2.026
1.956
1.931

k=16
dL
--------------------0.058
0.083
0.110
0.141
0.172
0.205
0.238
0.271
0.305
0.337
0.370
0.401
0.432
0.462
0.492
0.520
0.548
0.575
0.600
0.626
0.740
0.836
0.919
0.990
1.052
1.105
1.153
1.195
1.232
1.266
1.296
1.324
1.504
1.599

dU
--------------------3.705
3.619
3.535
3.454
3.376
3.303
3.233
3.168
3.107
3.050
2.996
2.946
2.899
2.854
2.813
2.774
2.738
2.703
2.671
2.641
2.512
2.414
2.338
2.278
2.229
2.189
2.156
2.129
2.105
2.085
2.068
2.053
1.972
1.943

k=17
dL
------------------------0.052
0.076
0.101
0.130
0.160
0.191
0.222
0.254
0.286
0.317
0.349
0.379
0.409
0.439
0.467
0.495
0.522
0.549
0.575
0.692
0.792
0.877
0.951
1.016
1.072
1.121
1.165
1.205
1.240
1.271
1.301
1.489
1.588

dU
------------------------3.731
3.650
3.572
3.494
3.420
3.349
3.283
3.219
3.160
3.103
3.050
3.000
2.954
2.910
2.868
2.829
2.792
2.757
2.724
2.586
2.479
2.396
2.330
2.276
2.232
2.195
2.165
2.139
2.116
2.097
2.080
1.989
1.955

k=18
dL
----------------------------0.048
0.070
0.094
0.120
0.149
0.178
0.208
0.238
0.269
0.299
0.329
0.359
0.388
0.417
0.445
0.472
0.499
0.525
0.644
0.747
0.836
0.913
0.980
1.038
1.090
1.136
1.177
1.213
1.247
1.277
1.474
1.576

dU
----------------------------3.753
3.678
3.604
3.531
3.460
3.392
3.327
3.266
3.208
3.153
3.100
3.051
3.005
2.961
2.920
2.880
2.843
2.808
2.659
2.544
2.454
2.382
2.323
2.275
2.235
2.201
2.172
2.148
2.126
2.108
2.006
1.967

k=19
dL
--------------------------------0.044
0.065
0.087
0.112
0.138
0.166
0.195
0.224
0.253
0.283
0.312
0.340
0.369
0.397
0.424
0.451
0.477
0.598
0.703
0.795
0.874
0.944
1.005
1.058
1.106
1.149
1.187
1.222
1.253
1.458
1.565

dU
--------------------------------3.773
3.702
3.632
3.563
3.495
3.431
3.368
3.309
3.252
3.198
3.147
3.099
3.053
3.009
2.968
2.929
2.829
2.733
2.610
2.512
2.434
2.371
2.318
2.275
2.238
2.206
2.179
2.156
2.135
2.023
1.979

k=20
dL
------------------------------------0.041
0.060
0.081
0.104
0.129
0.156
0.183
0.211
0.239
0.267
0.295
0.323
0.351
0.378
0.404
0.430
0.553
0.660
0.754
0.836
0.908
0.971
1.027
1.076
1.121
1.160
1.197
1.229
1.443
1.554

dU
------------------------------------3.790
3.724
3.658
3.592
3.528
3.465
3.406
3.348
3.293
3.240
3.190
3.142
3.097
3.054
3.013
2.974
2.807
2.675
2.571
2.487
2.419
2.362
2.315
2.275
2.241
2.211
2.186
2.164
2.040
1.991

8
Appendix A

Table A-3
Models with no intercept (from Farebrother): Positive serial correlation
Durbin-Watson One Per Cent Minimal Bound
N

K=0

K=1

K=2

K=3

K=4

K=5

K=6

K=7

K=8

K=9

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

0.001
0.034
0.127
0.233
0.322
0.398
0.469
0.534
0.591
0.643
0.691
0.733
0.773
0.809
0.842
0.873
0.901
0.928
0.952
0.976
0.997
1.018
1.037
1.056
1.073
1.089
1.105
1.120
1.134
1.147
1.160
1.173
1.185
1.196
1.207
1.217
1.228
1.237
1.247
1.289
1.325
1.356
1.383
1.408
1.429
1.448
1.466
1.482
1.497
1.510
1.523
1.611
1.664

----0.000
0.022
0.089
0.175
0.253
0.324
0.394
0.457
0.515
0.568
0.617
0.662
0.703
0.741
0.776
0.808
0.839
0.867
0.893
0.918
0.942
0.964
0.984
1.004
1.023
1.040
1.057
1.073
1.088
1.103
1.117
1.130
1.143
1.155
1.167
1.178
1.189
1.200
1.247
1.287
1.321
1.351
1.378
1.401
1.423
1.442
1.459
1.475
1.490
1.503
1.598
1.654

--------0.000
0.014
0.065
0.135
0.202
0.268
0.333
0.394
0.451
0.503
0.552
0.598
0.640
0.679
0.715
0.749
0.780
0.810
0.838
0.864
0.889
0.912
0.934
0.955
0.974
0.993
1.011
1.028
1.044
1.060
1.075
1.089
1.102
1.116
1.128
1.140
1.152
1.204
1.248
1.286
1.319
1.348
1.373
1.396
1.417
1.436
1.453
1.469
1.483
1.585
1.644

------------0.000
0.010
0.049
0.106
0.164
0.223
0.284
0.341
0.396
0.448
0.496
0.541
0.583
0.623
0.660
0.694
0.727
0.757
0.786
0.813
0.839
0.863
0.886
0.908
0.929
0.948
0.967
0.985
1.002
1.018
1.034
1.049
1.063
1.077
1.090
1.103
1.160
1.208
1.250
1.285
1.317
1.345
1.369
1.392
1.412
1.431
1.448
1.463
1.571
1.634

----------------0.000
0.008
0.038
0.086
0.136
0.189
0.244
0.298
0.350
0.400
0.447
0.491
0.533
0.572
0.609
0.644
0.677
0.709
0.738
0.766
0.792
0.817
0.841
0.864
0.885
0.905
0.925
0.944
0.961
0.978
0.995
1.010
1.026
1.040
1.054
1.116
1.168
1.213
1.252
1.286
1.316
1.342
1.367
1.388
1.408
1.426
1.443
1.558
1.624

--------------------0.000
0.006
0.031
0.070
0.114
0.161
0.212
0.262
0.311
0.358
0.404
0.447
0.488
0.527
0.564
0.599
0.632
0.664
0.693
0.722
0.749
0.774
0.798
0.822
0.844
0.865
0.885
0.904
0.923
0.940
0.957
0.974
0.989
1.004
1.071
1.128
1.176
1.218
1.254
1.286
1.315
1.341
1.364
1.385
1.405
1.422
1.544
1.613

------------------------0.000
0.005
0.025
0.059
0.097
0.139
0.185
0.232
0.278
0.323
0.366
0.408
0.448
0.486
0.523
0.558
0.591
0.622
0.652
0.681
0.708
0.734
0.759
0.782
0.805
0.826
0.847
0.867
0.886
0.904
0.921
0.938
0.954
1.026
1.087
1.139
1.183
1.222
1.257
1.287
1.315
1.340
1.362
1.383
1.402
1.530
1.603

----------------------------0.000
0.004
0.021
0.050
0.083
0.121
0.163
0.206
0.249
0.292
0.333
0.374
0.413
0.450
0.486
0.520
0.553
0.584
0.614
0.643
0.670
0.696
0.721
0.745
0.768
0.790
0.811
0.831
0.850
0.869
0.887
0.904
0.981
1.046
1.101
1.149
1.190
1.227
1.260
1.289
1.315
1.339
1.361
1.381
1.516
1.593

--------------------------------0.000
0.003
0.018
0.043
0.072
0.107
0.145
0.184
0.225
0.265
0.304
0.343
0.381
0.417
0.452
0.486
0.518
0.549
0.579
0.607
0.635
0.661
0.686
0.710
0.733
0.755
0.777
0.797
0.817
0.836
0.854
0.936
1.004
1.063
1.114
1.158
1.197
1.231
1.262
1.290
1.315
1.338
1.359
1.502
1.582

------------------------------------0.000
0.003
0.015
0.037
0.063
0.094
0.129
0.166
0.204
0.241
0.279
0.316
0.352
0.387
0.421
0.454
0.486
0.517
0.546
0.574
0.602
0.628
0.653
0.677
0.700
0.723
0.744
0.765
0.785
0.804
0.890
0.963
1.025
1.078
1.125
1.166
1.203
1.236
1.265
1.292
1.316
1.338
1.488
1.572

K=10 K=11 K=12 K=13 K=14 K=15 K=16 K=17 K=18 K=19 K=20 K=21
----------------------------------------0.000
0.002
0.013
0.032
0.056
0.084
0.116
0.150
0.185
0.221
0.257
0.292
0.327
0.361
0.394
0.426
0.457
0.487
0.516
0.544
0.571
0.597
0.622
0.646
0.669
0.692
0.713
0.734
0.754
0.845
0.921
0.987
1.043
1.092
1.136
1.174
1.209
1.240
1.268
1.293
1.317
1.474
1.561

--------------------------------------------0.000
0.002
0.011
0.028
0.050
0.075
0.105
0.136
0.169
0.203
0.237
0.270
0.304
0.336
0.368
0.400
0.430
0.460
0.488
0.516
0.542
0.568
0.593
0.617
0.640
0.663
0.684
0.705
0.800
0.880
0.948
1.008
1.059
1.105
1.146
1.182
1.214
1.244
1.271
1.295
1.460
1.551

------------------------------------------------0.000
0.002
0.010
0.025
0.044
0.068
0.095
0.124
0.155
0.187
0.219
0.251
0.283
0.314
0.345
0.376
0.405
0.434
0.462
0.489
0.516
0.541
0.566
0.590
0.613
0.635
0.657
0.755
0.838
0.910
0.972
1.026
1.074
1.117
1.155
1.189
1.220
1.248
1.273
1.445
1.540

----------------------------------------------------0.000
0.002
0.009
0.023
0.040
0.062
0.087
0.114
0.143
0.172
0.203
0.233
0.264
0.294
0.324
0.354
0.383
0.411
0.438
0.465
0.491
0.516
0.540
0.564
0.587
0.609
0.710
0.797
0.872
0.936
0.993
1.043
1.088
1.127
1.163
1.195
1.225
1.251
1.431
1.529

--------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.008
0.020
0.036
0.056
0.079
0.104
0.131
0.160
0.189
0.218
0.247
0.276
0.305
0.334
0.362
0.389
0.416
0.442
0.467
0.492
0.516
0.540
0.562
0.666
0.756
0.833
0.901
0.960
1.012
1.058
1.100
1.137
1.171
1.201
1.229
1.416
1.519

------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.007
0.018
0.033
0.051
0.073
0.096
0.122
0.148
0.176
0.204
0.232
0.260
0.288
0.315
0.342
0.369
0.395
0.421
0.446
0.470
0.494
0.517
0.623
0.715
0.796
0.865
0.927
0.981
1.029
1.072
1.111
1.146
1.178
1.207
1.402
1.508

----------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.006
0.017
0.030
0.047
0.067
0.089
0.113
0.138
0.164
0.191
0.217
0.244
0.271
0.298
0.324
0.350
0.376
0.401
0.425
0.449
0.473
0.581
0.675
0.758
0.830
0.894
0.950
1.000
1.045
1.085
1.121
1.155
1.185
1.387
1.497

--------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.006
0.015
0.027
0.043
0.062
0.083
0.105
0.129
0.154
0.179
0.205
0.230
0.256
0.282
0.308
0.333
0.358
0.382
0.406
0.430
0.539
0.636
0.721
0.795
0.861
0.919
0.971
1.017
1.059
1.097
1.131
1.162
1.372
1.486

------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.005
0.014
0.025
0.040
0.057
0.077
0.098
0.120
0.144
0.168
0.193
0.218
0.243
0.268
0.292
0.317
0.341
0.365
0.388
0.499
0.597
0.684
0.760
0.828
0.888
0.941
0.989
1.033
1.072
1.108
1.140
1.357
1.475

----------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.005
0.013
0.023
0.037
0.053
0.071
0.091
0.113
0.135
0.158
0.182
0.206
0.230
0.254
0.278
0.302
0.325
0.349
0.459
0.559
0.647
0.725
0.795
0.857
0.912
0.962
1.006
1.047
1.084
1.118
1.342
1.434

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.004
0.012
0.022
0.034
0.050
0.067
0.086
0.106
0.127
0.149
0.172
0.195
0.218
0.241
0.265
0.288
0.311
0.421
0.521
0.611
0.691
0.762
0.826
0.883
0.934
0.980
1.022
1.060
1.095
1.327
1.453

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.001
0.004
0.011
0.020
0.032
0.046
0.062
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.141
0.163
0.185
0.207
0.230
0.252
0.275
0.384
0.485
0.576
0.657
0.730
0.795
0.854
0.907
0.954
0.997
1.037
1.072
1.312
1.442

9
Durbin-Watson Significance Tables

Table A-4
Models with no intercept (from Farebrother): Positive serial correlation
Durbin-Watson Five Per Cent Minimal Bound
N
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60

K=0
0.012
0.168
0.355
0.478
0.584
0.677
0.754
0.820
0.877
0.927
0.972
1.012
1.047
1.079
1.109
1.136
1.160
1.183
1.204
1.224
1.242
1.259
1.275
1.290
1.304
1.318
1.330
1.342
1.354
1.365
1.375
1.385
1.394
1.403
1.412
1.420
1.428
1.436
1.443
1.476
1.504
1.528
1.549

K=1
----0.006
0.105
0.248
0.358
0.462
0.556
0.635
0.706
0.768
0.823
0.872
0.916
0.955
0.992
1.024
1.055
1.082
1.108
1.132
1.154
1.175
1.194
1.212
1.229
1.245
1.260
1.275
1.288
1.301
1.313
1.325
1.336
1.347
1.357
1.367
1.376
1.385
1.394
1.432
1.464
1.492
1.516

K=2
--------0.004
0.070
0.180
0.275
0.371
0.460
0.539
0.610
0.674
0.731
0.783
0.829
0.872
0.911
0.946
0.979
1.010
1.038
1.064
1.088
1.111
1.132
1.152
1.171
1.188
1.205
1.221
1.236
1.250
1.264
1.277
1.289
1.301
1.312
1.323
1.333
1.343
1.387
1.424
1.455
1.482

K=3
------------0.002
0.050
0.136
0.217
0.303
0.385
0.460
0.530
0.593
0.651
0.704
0.752
0.797
0.837
0.875
0.910
0.942
0.972
1.000
1.026
1.050
1.073
1.094
1.115
1.134
1.152
1.169
1.185
1.201
1.216
1.230
1.243
1.256
1.268
1.280
1.291
1.341
1.382
1.417
1.447

K=4
----------------0.002
0.037
0.106
0.175
0.251
0.326
0.397
0.464
0.525
0.583
0.635
0.684
0.729
0.771
0.810
0.846
0.879
0.911
0.940
0.967
0.993
1.017
1.040
1.062
1.082
1.101
1.120
1.137
1.153
1.169
1.184
1.199
1.212
1.225
1.238
1.294
1.340
1.379
1.412

K=5
--------------------0.001
0.029
0.085
0.143
0.211
0.279
0.345
0.408
0.467
0.523
0.575
0.624
0.669
0.711
0.751
0.787
0.822
0.854
0.884
0.913
0.940
0.965
0.989
1.011
1.033
1.053
1.072
1.091
1.108
1.125
1.141
1.156
1.170
1.184
1.246
1.297
1.340
1.376

K=6
------------------------0.001
0.023
0.069
0.120
0.180
0.241
0.302
0.361
0.418
0.472
0.523
0.570
0.615
0.657
0.697
0.734
0.769
0.802
0.833
0.862
0.889
0.916
0.940
0.964
0.986
1.007
1.027
1.046
1.064
1.082
1.099
1.114
1.130
1.197
1.253
1.300
1.340

K=7
----------------------------0.001
0.019
0.058
0.101
0.154
0.210
0.266
0.322
0.376
0.427
0.476
0.523
0.567
0.609
0.648
0.685
0.720
0.753
0.785
0.815
0.843
0.869
0.895
0.919
0.942
0.963
0.984
1.004
1.023
1.041
1.058
1.075
1.148
1.209
1.260
1.303

K=8
--------------------------------0.001
0.016
0.049
0.087
0.134
0.185
0.237
0.288
0.339
0.388
0.436
0.481
0.524
0.565
0.604
0.641
0.676
0.709
0.741
0.770
0.799
0.826
0.852
0.876
0.900
0.922
0.943
0.964
0.983
1.002
1.020
1.099
1.164
1.219
1.266

K=9
------------------------------------0.001
0.013
0.042
0.075
0.118
0.164
0.211
0.260
0.307
0.354
0.400
0.443
0.485
0.525
0.563
0.600
0.635
0.668
0.699
0.729
0.758
0.785
0.811
0.836
0.860
0.883
0.905
0.925
0.945
0.965
1.049
1.120
1.179
1.229

K=10
----------------------------------------0.001
0.011
0.036
0.066
0.104
0.146
0.190
0.235
0.280
0.324
0.368
0.410
0.450
0.489
0.527
0.563
0.597
0.630
0.661
0.691
0.720
0.747
0.774
0.799
0.823
0.846
0.868
0.889
0.909
1.000
1.075
1.138
1.191

K=11
--------------------------------------------0.001
0.010
0.031
0.058
0.093
0.131
0.171
0.213
0.256
0.298
0.339
0.380
0.419
0.457
0.493
0.529
0.562
0.595
0.626
0.653
0.684
0.712
0.738
0.763
0.787
0.811
0.833
0.854
0.950
1.029
1.096
1.153

K=12
------------------------------------------------0.001
0.008
0.028
0.052
0.083
0.118
0.156
0.195
0.235
0.274
0.314
0.353
0.390
0.427
0.463
0.497
0.530
0.562
0.593
0.623
0.651
0.678
0.705
0.730
0.754
0.778
0.800
0.900
0.984
1.055
1.115

K=13
----------------------------------------------------0.001
0.007
0.025
0.046
0.075
0.107
0.142
0.178
0.216
0.254
0.291
0.328
0.365
0.400
0.435
0.468
0.501
0.532
0.563
0.592
0.620
0.647
0.673
0.698
0.723
0.746
0.851
0.939
1.013
1.077

K=14
--------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.007
0.022
0.041
0.067
0.097
0.130
0.164
0.199
0.235
0.271
0.306
0.341
0.376
0.409
0.442
0.474
0.504
0.534
0.563
0.591
0.618
0.644
0.669
0.693
0.802
0.894
0.972
1.038

K=15
------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.006
0.020
0.037
0.061
0.089
0.119
0.151
0.184
0.218
0.252
0.286
0.320
0.353
0.386
0.418
0.449
0.479
0.508
0.536
0.564
0.590
0.616
0.641
0.753
0.849
0.930
1.000

K=16
----------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.005
0.018
0.034
0.056
0.081
0.110
0.140
0.171
0.203
0.236
0.268
0.301
0.333
0.364
0.395
0.425
0.455
0.483
0.511
0.538
0.564
0.590
0.706
0.804
0.889
0.962

K=17
--------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.005
0.016
0.031
0.051
0.075
0.101
0.130
0.159
0.190
0.221
0.252
0.283
0.314
0.344
0.374
0.404
0.432
0.460
0.488
0.514
0.540
0.658
0.760
0.848
0.923

K=18
------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.004
0.015
0.028
0.047
0.069
0.094
0.120
0.148
0.177
0.207
0.237
0.267
0.297
0.326
0.355
0.384
0.412
0.439
0.466
0.492
0.612
0.717
0.807
0.885

K=19
----------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.004
0.014
0.026
0.044
0.064
0.087
0.112
0.139
0.166
0.195
0.223
0.252
0.280
0.309
0.337
0.365
0.392
0.419
0.445
0.567
0.674
0.766
0.847

K=20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.004
0.012
0.024
0.040
0.060
0.081
0.105
0.130
0.156
0.183
0.211
0.238
0.266
0.293
0.321
0.347
0.374
0.400
0.523
0.631
0.726
0.810

K=21
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.000
0.003
0.011
0.022
0.037
0.055
0.076
0.098
0.122
0.147
0.173
0.199
0.225
0.252
0.279
0.305
0.331
0.357
0.480
0.590
0.687
0.772

65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

1.568
1.584
1.599
1.612
1.624
1.635
1.645
1.654
1.720
1.759

1.537
1.555
1.572
1.587
1.600
1.613
1.624
1.634
1.706
1.748

1.505
1.526
1.545
1.561
1.576
1.590
1.603
1.614
1.693
1.738

1.474
1.497
1.517
1.536
1.552
1.567
1.581
1.593
1.679
1.728

1.441
1.467
1.489
1.509
1.527
1.544
1.559
1.573
1.666
1.718

1.408
1.436
1.461
1.483
1.502
1.520
1.537
1.551
1.652
1.708

1.375
1.405
1.432
1.456
1.477
1.497
1.514
1.530
1.638
1.697

1.341
1.374
1.403
1.429
1.452
1.472
1.491
1.508
1.624
1.687

1.307
1.342
1.373
1.401
1.426
1.448
1.468
1.487
1.609
1.676

1.272
1.310
1.344
1.373
1.400
1.423
1.445
1.465
1.595
1.666

1.238
1.278
1.313
1.345
1.373
1.399
1.422
1.442
1.580
1.655

1.202
1.245
1.283
1.317
1.347
1.373
1.398
1.420
1.566
1.644

1.167
1.213
1.253
1.288
1.320
1.348
1.374
1.397
1.551
1.633

1.132
1.180
1.222
1.259
1.293
1.323
1.350
1.374
1.536
1.622

1.096
1.147
1.191
1.230
1.266
1.297
1.326
1.352
1.521
1.611

1.061
1.113
1.160
1.201
1.238
1.271
1.301
1.328
1.506
1.600

1.025
1.080
1.129
1.172
1.211
1.245
1.277
1.305
1.491
1.589

0.989
1.047
1.098
1.143
1.183
1.219
1.252
1.282
1.476
1.578

0.953
1.013
1.066
1.113
1.155
1.193
1.227
1.258
1.461
1.567

0.918
0.980
1.035
1.084
1.128
1.167
1.202
1.235
1.445
1.556

0.882
0.947
1.004
1.054
1.100
1.141
1.177
1.211
1.430
1.544

0.847
0.914
0.972
1.025
1.072
1.114
1.152
1.187
1.414
1.533

10
Appendix A

Table A-5
Models with no intercept (from Farebrother): Negative serial correlation
Durbin-Watson Ninety Five Per Cent Minimal Bound
N
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60

K=0
1.988
2.761
2.871
2.857
2.844
2.828
2.805
2.783
2.762
2.742
2.723
2.705
2.688
2.672
2.657
2.644
2.631
2.618
2.607
2.596
2.585
2.575
2.566
2.557
1.073
1.089
1.105
1.120
1.134
1.147
1.160
1.173
1.185
1.196
1.207
1.217
1.228
1.237
1.247
1.289
1.325
1.356
1.383

K=1
----0.994
1.836
2.178
2.320
2.398
2.453
2.483
2.501
2.511
2.516
2.518
2.517
2.515
2.512
2.508
2.504
2.499
2.494
2.489
2.484
2.479
2.474
2.470
1.004
1.023
1.040
1.057
1.073
1.088
1.103
1.117
1.130
1.143
1.155
1.167
1.178
1.189
1.200
1.247
1.287
1.321
1.351

K=2
--------0.582
1.267
1.655
1.871
2.008
2.110
2.181
2.231
2.268
2.296
2.316
2.332
2.344
2.353
2.359
2.364
2.368
2.370
2.372
2.373
2.373
2.373
0.934
0.955
0.974
0.993
1.011
1.028
1.044
1.060
1.075
1.089
1.102
1.116
1.128
1.140
1.152
1.204
1.248
1.286
1.319

K=3
------------0.380
0.917
1.283
1.521
1.687
1.816
1.913
1.987
2.044
2.090
2.126
2.155
2.179
2.199
2.215
2.228
2.239
2.249
2.257
2.263
2.269
0.863
0.886
0.908
0.929
0.948
0.967
0.985
1.002
1.018
1.034
1.049
1.063
1.077
1.090
1.103
1.160
1.208
1.250
1.285

K=4
----------------0.266
0.690
1.017
1.251
1.427
1.569
1.682
1.771
1.843
1.902
1.950
1.990
2.024
2.053
2.077
2.098
2.116
2.131
2.145
2.156
0.792
0.817
0.841
0.864
0.885
0.905
0.925
0.944
0.961
0.978
0.995
1.010
1.026
1.040
1.054
1.116
1.168
1.213
1.252

K=5
--------------------0.197
0.537
0.823
1.044
1.218
1.364
1.484
1.582
1.664
1.732
1.789
1.838
1.880
1.916
1.947
1.974
1.998
2.019
2.037
0.722
0.749
0.774
0.798
0.822
0.844
0.865
0.885
0.904
0.923
0.940
0.957
0.974
0.989
1.004
1.071
1.128
1.176
1.218

K=6
------------------------0.151
0.429
0.678
0.881
1.049
1.193
1.316
1.419
1.506
1.580
1.644
1.699
1.747
1.789
1.825
1.858
1.886
1.912
0.652
0.681
0.708
0.734
0.759
0.782
0.805
0.826
0.847
0.867
0.886
0.904
0.921
0.938
0.954
1.026
1.087
1.139
1.183

K=7
----------------------------0.120
0.350
0.567
0.752
0.911
1.051
1.172
1.276
1.367
1.445
1.513
1.573
1.625
1.671
1.712
1.749
1.782
0.584
0.614
0.643
0.670
0.696
0.721
0.745
0.768
0.790
0.811
0.831
0.850
0.869
0.887
0.904
0.981
1.046
1.101
1.149

K=8
--------------------------------0.097
0.291
0.481
0.649
0.797
0.931
1.049
1.153
1.244
1.324
1.395
1.457
1.513
1.563
1.607
1.647
0.518
0.549
0.579
0.607
0.635
0.661
0.686
0.710
0.733
0.755
0.777
0.797
0.817
0.836
0.854
0.936
1.004
1.063
1.114

K=9
------------------------------------0.080
0.245
0.413
0.565
0.703
0.829
0.944
1.045
1.136
1.216
1.289
1.353
1.411
1.463
1.510
0.454
0.486
0.517
0.546
0.574
0.602
0.628
0.653
0.677
0.700
0.723
0.744
0.765
0.785
0.804
0.890
0.963
1.025
1.078

K=10
----------------------------------------0.068
0.210
0.358
0.497
0.624
0.743
0.852
0.951
1.040
1.120
1.193
1.258
1.318
1.371
0.394
0.426
0.457
0.487
0.516
0.544
0.571
0.597
0.622
0.646
0.669
0.692
0.713
0.734
0.754
0.845
0.921
0.987
1.043

K=11
--------------------------------------------0.058
0.181
0.314
0.439
0.557
0.669
0.773
0.868
0.955
1.034
1.107
1.172
1.232
0.336
0.368
0.400
0.430
0.460
0.488
0.516
0.542
0.568
0.593
0.617
0.640
0.663
0.684
0.705
0.800
0.880
0.948
1.008

K=12
------------------------------------------------0.050
0.158
0.277
0.391
0.501
0.605
0.704
0.796
0.880
0.957
1.029
1.094
0.283
0.314
0.345
0.376
0.405
0.434
0.462
0.489
0.516
0.541
0.566
0.590
0.613
0.635
0.657
0.755
0.838
0.910
0.972

K=13
----------------------------------------------------0.043
0.139
0.246
0.351
0.452
0.550
0.644
0.731
0.813
0.888
0.958
0.233
0.264
0.294
0.324
0.354
0.383
0.411
0.438
0.465
0.491
0.516
0.540
0.564
0.587
0.609
0.710
0.797
0.872
0.936

K=14
--------------------------------------------------------0.038
0.124
0.220
0.316
0.410
0.502
0.591
0.674
0.753
0.826
0.189
0.218
0.247
0.276
0.305
0.334
0.362
0.389
0.416
0.442
0.467
0.492
0.516
0.540
0.562
0.666
0.756
0.833
0.901

K=15
------------------------------------------------------------0.034
0.110
0.198
0.286
0.373
0.460
0.544
0.623
0.699
0.148
0.176
0.204
0.232
0.260
0.288
0.315
0.342
0.369
0.395
0.421
0.446
0.470
0.494
0.517
0.623
0.715
0.796
0.865

K=16
----------------------------------------------------------------0.030
0.099
0.179
0.260
0.341
0.422
0.502
0.578
0.113
0.138
0.164
0.191
0.217
0.244
0.271
0.298
0.324
0.350
0.376
0.401
0.425
0.449
0.473
0.581
0.675
0.758
0.830

K=17
--------------------------------------------------------------------0.027
0.090
0.162
0.238
0.313
0.389
0.465
0.083
0.105
0.129
0.154
0.179
0.205
0.230
0.256
0.282
0.308
0.333
0.358
0.382
0.406
0.430
0.539
0.636
0.721
0.795

K=18
------------------------------------------------------------------------0.025
0.081
0.148
0.218
0.289
0.360
0.057
0.077
0.098
0.120
0.144
0.168
0.193
0.218
0.243
0.268
0.292
0.317
0.341
0.365
0.388
0.499
0.597
0.684
0.760

K=19
----------------------------------------------------------------------------0.022
0.074
0.136
0.201
0.267
0.037
0.053
0.071
0.091
0.113
0.135
0.158
0.182
0.206
0.230
0.254
0.278
0.302
0.325
0.349
0.459
0.559
0.647
0.725

K=20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.020
0.068
0.125
0.185
0.022
0.034
0.050
0.067
0.086
0.106
0.127
0.149
0.172
0.195
0.218
0.241
0.265
0.288
0.311
0.421
0.521
0.611
0.691

K=21
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.019
0.062
0.115
0.011
0.020
0.032
0.046
0.062
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.141
0.163
0.185
0.207
0.230
0.252
0.275
0.384
0.485
0.576
0.657

65 1.408
70 1.429
75 1.448
80 1.466
85 1.482
90 1.497
95 1.510
100 1.523
150 1.611
200 1.664

1.378
1.401
1.423
1.442
1.459
1.475
1.490
1.503
1.598
1.654

1.348
1.373
1.396
1.417
1.436
1.453
1.469
1.483
1.585
1.644

1.317
1.345
1.369
1.392
1.412
1.431
1.448
1.463
1.571
1.634

1.286
1.316
1.342
1.367
1.388
1.408
1.426
1.443
1.558
1.624

1.254
1.286
1.315
1.341
1.364
1.385
1.405
1.422
1.544
1.613

1.222
1.257
1.287
1.315
1.340
1.362
1.383
1.402
1.530
1.603

1.190
1.227
1.260
1.289
1.315
1.339
1.361
1.381
1.516
1.593

1.158
1.197
1.231
1.262
1.290
1.315
1.338
1.359
1.502
1.582

1.125
1.166
1.203
1.236
1.265
1.292
1.316
1.338
1.488
1.572

1.092
1.136
1.174
1.209
1.240
1.268
1.293
1.317
1.474
1.561

1.059
1.105
1.146
1.182
1.214
1.244
1.271
1.295
1.460
1.551

1.026
1.074
1.117
1.155
1.189
1.220
1.248
1.273
1.445
1.540

0.993
1.043
1.088
1.127
1.163
1.195
1.225
1.251
1.431
1.529

0.960
1.012
1.058
1.100
1.137
1.171
1.201
1.229
1.416
1.519

0.927
0.981
1.029
1.072
1.111
1.146
1.178
1.207
1.402
1.508

0.894
0.950
1.000
1.045
1.085
1.121
1.155
1.185
1.387
1.497

0.861
0.919
0.971
1.017
1.059
1.097
1.131
1.162
1.372
1.486

0.828
0.888
0.941
0.989
1.033
1.072
1.108
1.140
1.357
1.475

0.795
0.857
0.912
0.962
1.006
1.047
1.084
1.118
1.342
1.464

0.762
0.826
0.883
0.934
0.980
1.022
1.060
1.095
1.327
1.453

0.730
0.795
0.854
0.907
0.954
0.997
1.037
1.072
1.312
1.442

11
Durbin-Watson Significance Tables

Table A-6
Models with no intercept (from Farebrother): Negative serial correlation
Durbin-Watson Ninety Nine Per Cent Minimal Bound
N
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
45
50
55
60

K=0
1.999
2.951
3.221
3.261
3.235
3.198
3.166
3.133
3.101
3.071
3.043
3.017
2.992
2.969
2.948
2.927
2.908
2.890
2.874
2.858
2.842
2.828
2.814
2.801
2.789
2.777
2.766
2.755
2.745
2.735
2.725
2.716
2.707
2.699
2.690
2.683
2.675
2.667
2.660
2.628
2.600
2.575
2.553

K=1
----0.999
1.967
2.462
2.682
2.776
2.817
2.837
2.847
2.847
2.843
2.836
2.828
2.818
2.808
2.797
2.787
2.776
2.766
2.756
2.746
2.736
2.727
2.717
2.709
2.700
2.692
2.684
2.676
2.668
2.661
2.654
2.647
2.640
2.634
2.627
2.621
2.615
2.609
2.583
2.559
2.538
2.519

K=2
--------0.586
1.359
1.878
2.177
2.347
2.448
2.514
2.560
2.592
2.612
2.626
2.635
2.640
2.643
2.644
2.643
2.641
2.638
2.635
2.631
2.627
2.623
2.618
2.614
2.609
2.604
2.600
2.595
2.590
2.586
2.581
2.576
2.572
2.567
2.563
2.559
2.555
2.535
2.516
2.500
2.484

K=3
------------0.382
0.983
1.459
1.776
1.983
2.121
2.220
2.294
2.349
2.391
2.423
2.447
2.466
2.480
2.492
2.500
2.506
2.511
2.515
2.517
2.518
2.519
2.519
2.519
2.518
2.517
2.515
2.514
2.512
2.510
2.508
2.506
2.503
2.501
2.499
2.496
2.484
2.471
2.459
2.448

K=4
----------------0.268
0.740
1.158
1.465
1.684
1.842
1.961
2.054
2.127
2.185
2.231
2.269
2.299
2.324
2.344
2.361
2.375
2.387
2.396
2.404
2.411
2.416
2.421
2.425
2.428
2.430
2.432
2.433
2.434
2.435
2.435
2.435
2.435
2.435
2.434
2.430
2.424
2.417
2.409

K=5
--------------------0.198
0.576
0.937
1.224
1.441
1.607
1.737
1.842
1.928
1.997
2.055
2.102
2.142
2.176
2.204
2.228
2.249
2.267
2.282
2.295
2.306
2.316
2.325
2.332
2.339
2.344
2.349
2.353
2.357
2.360
2.363
2.365
2.367
2.369
2.374
2.374
2.373
2.370

K=6
------------------------0.153
0.460
0.773
1.035
1.244
1.410
1.544
1.656
1.749
1.827
1.893
1.948
1.996
2.036
2.071
2.102
2.128
2.151
2.171
2.189
2.205
2.219
2.231
2.242
2.252
2.260
2.268
2.275
2.281
2.287
2.292
2.296
2.300
2.315
2.323
2.327
2.329

K=7
----------------------------0.121
0.375
0.647
0.885
1.082
1.244
1.379
1.494
1.591
1.675
1.746
1.807
1.861
1.907
1.947
1.983
2.014
2.042
2.066
2.088
2.107
2.125
2.140
2.155
2.167
2.179
2.189
2.199
2.207
2.215
2.222
2.229
2.253
2.269
2.280
2.286

K=8
--------------------------------0.098
0.312
0.549
0.764
0.948
1.104
1.237
1.351
1.451
1.538
1.613
1.678
1.736
1.786
1.831
1.871
1.906
1.938
1.966
1.991
2.014
2.035
2.053
2.070
2.086
2.100
2.113
2.124
2.135
2.145
2.154
2.190
2.214
2.231
2.242

K=9
------------------------------------0.081
0.263
0.471
0.666
0.837
0.985
1.114
1.227
1.327
1.415
1.492
1.561
1.621
1.675
1.723
1.766
1.805
1.839
1.871
1.899
1.925
1.948
1.970
1.989
2.007
2.023
2.038
2.052
2.065
2.077
2.124
2.157
2.180
2.197

K=10
----------------------------------------0.069
0.225
0.409
0.585
0.743
0.883
1.007
1.118
1.217
1.305
1.384
1.454
1.516
1.572
1.623
1.669
1.710
1.747
1.781
1.812
1.840
1.866
1.889
1.911
1.931
1.950
1.967
1.982
1.997
2.056
2.098
2.128
2.151

K=11
--------------------------------------------0.059
0.195
0.358
0.517
0.664
0.796
0.915
1.022
1.119
1.207
1.285
1.356
1.420
1.478
1.530
1.577
1.621
1.660
1.696
1.729
1.759
1.787
1.813
1.837
1.859
1.879
1.898
1.915
1.986
2.037
2.075
2.103

K=12
------------------------------------------------0.051
0.170
0.316
0.461
0.597
0.721
0.834
0.937
1.032
1.118
1.196
1.267
1.331
1.390
1.444
1.493
1.537
1.579
1.616
1.651
1.683
1.713
1.740
1.765
1.789
1.811
1.831
1.914
1.975
2.020
2.054

K=13
----------------------------------------------------0.044
0.150
0.281
0.413
0.539
0.656
0.763
0.862
0.954
1.038
1.115
1.186
1.250
1.309
1.364
1.414
1.460
1.502
1.541
1.577
1.611
1.642
1.670
1.697
1.722
1.746
1.841
1.911
1.964
2.004

K=14
--------------------------------------------------------0.039
0.133
0.251
0.372
0.489
0.598
0.700
0.796
0.884
0.966
1.042
1.111
1.176
1.235
1.290
1.340
1.387
1.430
1.470
1.507
1.542
1.574
1.604
1.632
1.659
1.767
1.847
1.907
1.954

K=15
------------------------------------------------------------0.035
0.119
0.226
0.337
0.446
0.548
0.645
0.736
0.821
0.901
0.975
1.043
1.107
1.166
1.221
1.272
1.319
1.363
1.404
1.442
1.477
1.510
1.541
1.570
1.691
1.781
1.849
1.902

K=16
----------------------------------------------------------------0.031
0.107
0.204
0.307
0.408
0.504
0.596
0.683
0.765
0.842
0.914
0.981
1.044
1.102
1.157
1.208
1.255
1.299
1.341
1.379
1.416
1.450
1.482
1.614
1.714
1.790
1.849

K=17
--------------------------------------------------------------------0.028
0.096
0.185
0.280
0.374
0.465
0.552
0.635
0.714
0.788
0.858
0.924
0.986
1.043
1.097
1.148
1.196
1.240
1.282
1.321
1.358
1.392
1.537
1.646
1.730
1.796

K=18
------------------------------------------------------------------------0.025
0.087
0.169
0.257
0.345
0.430
0.512
0.592
0.667
0.739
0.807
0.872
0.932
0.989
1.042
1.093
1.140
1.184
1.226
1.266
1.303
1.459
1.578
1.669
1.742

K=19
----------------------------------------------------------------------------0.023
0.080
0.155
0.237
0.319
0.399
0.477
0.553
0.625
0.695
0.761
0.823
0.882
0.938
0.991
1.041
1.088
1.132
1.174
1.213
1.381
1.509
1.608
1.687

K=20
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.021
0.073
0.143
0.218
0.295
0.371
0.445
0.517
0.587
0.654
0.718
0.779
0.836
0.891
0.943
0.992
1.039
1.083
1.124
1.302
1.439
1.546
1.631

K=21
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.019
0.067
0.132
0.202
0.274
0.346
0.416
0.485
0.552
0.617
0.678
0.737
0.794
0.847
0.898
0.947
0.993
1.036
1.224
1.370
1.484
1.576

65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
150
200

2.534
2.516
2.500
2.486
2.473
2.460
2.449
2.438
2.363
2.317

2.503
2.487
2.473
2.461
2.449
2.438
2.428
2.418
2.349
2.307

2.470
2.458
2.446
2.436
2.425
2.415
2.406
2.398
2.336
2.296

2.437
2.427
2.417
2.408
2.399
2.391
2.384
2.377
2.322
2.286

2.402
2.395
2.387
2.380
2.374
2.367
2.361
2.355
2.308
2.276

2.366
2.361
2.357
2.352
2.347
2.342
2.338
2.333
2.294
2.265

2.329
2.327
2.325
2.323
2.320
2.317
2.314
2.310
2.279
2.255

2.290
2.292
2.293
2.293
2.292
2.291
2.289
2.287
2.265
2.244

2.250
2.256
2.260
2.262
2.263
2.264
2.264
2.264
2.250
2.233

2.210
2.219
2.226
2.231
2.234
2.237
2.239
2.240
2.235
2.222

2.168
2.181
2.191
2.198
2.204
2.209
2.212
2.215
2.220
2.211

2.125
2.142
2.155
2.165
2.174
2.181
2.186
2.190
2.204
2.200

2.081
2.102
2.118
2.132
2.143
2.152
2.159
2.165
2.188
2.189

2.036
2.061
2.081
2.098
2.111
2.122
2.131
2.139
2.173
2.177

1.990
2.020
2.043
2.063
2.079
2.092
2.103
2.113
2.156
2.166

1.944
1.977
2.005
2.027
2.046
2.061
2.075
2.086
2.140
2.154

1.896
1.934
1.965
1.991
2.012
2.030
2.046
2.059
2.124
2.142

1.848
1.891
1.926
1.954
1.979
1.999
2.016
2.031
2.107
2.131

1.799
1.846
1.885
1.917
1.944
1.967
1.986
2.003
2.090
2.119

1.750
1.802
1.844
1.879
1.909
1.935
1.956
1.975
2.073
2.106

1.700
1.756
1.802
1.841
1.874
1.902
1.926
1.946
2.056
2.094

1.650
1.710
1.760
1.803
1.838
1.869
1.895
1.917
2.039
2.082