SKD MPTK

t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
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t&S i f p u d E o nf &ck d i f v l r sKd ; &[ef ; awmf w pf y g;jzpf y gonf / 1936

ckESpfwGif tb OD;xGef;atmif&SD? trd a':csif;r,fwkdYrS arG;zGm;oefYpifcJhygonf/
1955 ckESpfrSp pmaye,fxJokdY 0ifa&mufcJhygonf/
t&SifpudEtrnftjyif OD;ygu#toQifBuD;? ewfjrpfpef;atmif ewfjrpf
armifausmf&SD? trnfcGJrsm;jzihfvnf; &ckdifkd;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&;om;avh&Sdyg
onf/
t&SifpudEa&;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rSm
1/ &ckdifobm0aw;uAsmrsm;
(1961)
2/ &ckdifvufa&G;pifykHjyifrsm;
(1966)
3/ &ckdifykHjyifqef;rsm;
(1967)
4/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;(1)
(1969)
5/ ipifkdif;acsmif;orkdif;ESihf ax&marmfuGef;
(1975)
6/ &ckdifjynfwcGifykHjyifrsm;
(1990)
7/ jynfwGif;rukd#f"mwfOD;&mZforkdif;
(1993)
8/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;(2)
(1993)
9/ &ckdifykHao0wKrsm; yxrwGJ
(1994)
10/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm; trSwf(3)
(1994)
11/ vuf0JovkH;awmf"mwforkdifESihf ppfawGNrdKUtaMumif;
(1994)
12/ &ckdifbmompum;vrf;Tef
(1994)
13/ &ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm;trSwf(4)
(1995) ESihf
14/ ,ckrif;jym;wpfcGifusdef;awmf&SifwkdYjzpfNyD; tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;
vnf;xkwfa0&ef pDpOfxm;&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/
,cktcg t&SifpudEonf touf(60)ESpf&SdNyDjzpf&m &ckdifjynfe,f armif
awmNrdKUe,f NrdKUOD;ausmif;ukd xlaxmif omoemhwm0efrsm;ukd aqmif&Gufae
qJjzpfygonf/
toQif 0go0onf &ckdifvlrsKd;&[ef;awmfwpfyg;jzpfygonf/ 1292 ckESpf

wGif ewfjrpfurf;ajcNcHausmif;aus;&GmwGif tzv,form;BuD; OD;armifvSckdif?
trda':tkH;MumZHwkdYrS rD;I;oefYpifzGm;jrifygonf/ i,frnfrSm armifEk[kac:wGif
ygonf/
1962 ckEpS rf pS pmaye,fxo
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rmvm? ewfjrpfarmif0P trnfrsm;jzihf pmayrsm;a&;om;vmcJhygonf/
t&SifpudEESihfyl;wGJ (1)ig;pifkdif;acsmif;orkdif; (2) ax&marmfuGef;
(3)jynfwGif;rukd#f "mwfOD;&pforkdif; (4) &ckdifa0g[m& tbd"mef (5)OyrmpkH
&ckdifpum;ykH paom pmtkyfrsm;ukd yg0ifa&;om;cJhNyD; rif;jym;wpfcGif usdef;awmf
&Sif pmtkyfukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/
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,cktcg toQif0go0onf &ckdifjynfe,f? ppfawGNrdKUe,f? &GmBuD;ajrmuf?
aeylcH&yfuGuf? od'dumkHausmif;wGif oDwif;okH;vsuf omoemhwm0efukd
xrf;aqmifvQuf &SdaeqJyifjzpfygonf/
C:\MIN PYAW TA KHIN YIINE TAW SHIN FINAL.P65.
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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a&mif? usdef;jrifhawmifonf? jrihfacgif yAwu? MunfhacsMuwkHaomcg? MoZme&GJ?
yifydEJESihf? csKdat;o&ufomwnf;? rmvumikyfaumif;? carmif;axmufMum?
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rif;odrf;xGPf;? rif;jym;rif;odef;ZHESihf armifausmfZH(rif;jym;)wkdYu a&Tusdef;awmf
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,if;ukdvnf; ajrmufOD;NrdKU&Sd q&mBuD; OD;omxGef; (&ckdifjrefrm y@dwf)xH
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rif;onfvnf;aumif;? 'o&mZmrif;onfvnf;aumif;? avmif;MuufacwfwGif
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ouFef;uyfvSLjcif;rsm; jyKEkdifcJhay&monf/ &ifjyiftaemufbuf&Sd ysufpD;ae
aom apwDrSm xkdacwfu wnfaqmufavh&Sdaom apwDykHpHjzpfonf/ rkcf0ukd
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arGUaysmfrI&SdcJhonf/ aumZm 1229 ckESpfwGif rif;jym;NrdKUtjzpf owfrSwfvmNyD;
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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usdef;awmf&Sif
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O,smOfrSL;? aps;acgif;BuD;? NrdKUrolBuD;? ajrwkdif;tifpyawmf OD;vSazmfOD;? ykvdyf
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om'f paom taqmuftOD;rsm; rsm;pGm ysufpD;cJh&onf/ *syefacwfwGif;vnf;
rNidrfroufrIaMumihf awm&Gmrsm;okdY wdrf;a&SmifaecJhMu&mum; jyKjyifEkdifrItm;
enf;cJhMuavonf/ xkdaemuf 1306 ckESpfrSp rGrf;rHjyKjyifvmEkdifcJhonf/ ukod
emkH? tmkHcHodrfwefaqmif;wkdYukd wpfpwpfp jyKjyifvmEkdifcJhMuonf/
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onf/ tapmqkH;toif;jzpfNyD; &ckdifjynfwGifvnf; tapmqkH;zGJYpnf;cJhMuaom
bk&m;toif;wkdYwGif wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,fykdif 0efaxmuf
ODF;vSazmfpH? NrdKUykdif OD;omyef;? OD;csif;atmif (O,smOfrSL;) OD;xGD;atmif (aps;acgif;
BuD;) OD;ykvJatmif (NrdKUrolBuD;) OD;zoaxmf (ajrwkdif;tifpyufawmf) OD;Ek&m
ac: OD;vSazmfOD;wkdY acgif;aqmifvsuf tzGJY0ifaygif; (69)OD;yg0ifcJhMuonf/
yxrtBudrf a&Tcs oHxD;wifyGJukdvnf; jyKjyifEkdifcJhMuavonf/
*syefacwf 3-ESpftwGif; vkyfukdifaqmif&GufEkdifrI rjyKEkdifcJhacs/ xkdaemuf
toif;xyfrH zGJYpnf;cJhMuavonf/ Ou| OD;armifjrom? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;apm
omwkdYyg0ifNyD; tzGJY0if 84 OD;&SdcJhonf/ xkdtzGJYonf bk&m;"mwfawmfESihf awmif
awmftaqmufttkHrsm;ukd aqmif&GufvmcJhavonf/ if;wkdYESihf (1296)ckESpf
acwfNydKifay:aygufvmaom trIdufodrf;toif;(1294)? GefYaygif;toif;
(1308)ckESpfwkdYESihfvnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEkdifcJhavonf/ xkdaMumihf 1312
ckESpf oHxD;awmfjyKjyif&mvnf;aumif;? 1330 ckESpf topfwifaqmifcJhMu&m
vnf;aumif;? OD;armifjrom (Ou|) yg0ifcJhonf/
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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8/ OD;iâ,mif;
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tv,fykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU
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atmuf&Gmykdif;
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aumZm 1341 ckESpf(c&pf 1980)jymokdvwGif bk&m;toif; (ig;)zGJYaygif;
pkHukd zsufodrf;NyD;aemuf ygwD? aumifpDrS wpfaygif;wpfzGJYwnf; jzpfap&ef
aqmif&Guf ay;cJhMuonf/ xkdaMumihf 1341 ckESpf wefcl;vqkwf 2 &uf t*Fg
rif;jym;wcGif
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rif;jym;NrdKU
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
OD;i^rJBuD;
pufq&m 'kOuX tv,fykdif;
OD;yef;vSatmif
/
/
OD;xdefvif;
twGif;a&;rSL;
/
OD;pdefGefYatmif
/
OD;pkd;wifh
OD;armifomausmf wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;
aps;a[mif;ykdif;
OD;atmifZHjzL
/
tv,fykdif;
/
/
/
/
/
/
tzG0YJ if
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
OD;zavmif;jzL
OD;atmifbef;
OD;xGef;jratmif
OD;apmvSOD;
OD;armifat;om
OD;atmifjrpdef
OD;vkH;armif
OD;armifyk
OD;apmom
OD;armifjratmif
OD;armifausmfxif
OD;teDarmif
OD;pHatmifausmf
OD;ausmfjzL (i,f)
OD;ausmfxGef;
OD;OD;omZH
OD;armif<uif;
OD;atmifvSpdef
OD;pdefvSatmif
OD;xGD;omatmif
OD;zkd;apmvS
trIxrf;&yfuGuf
tv,fykdif;
/
/
/
/
/
aps;a[mif;ykdif;
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
*efYaumfNrdKif
jynfawmfat;
atmuf&Gmykdif;
vrf;rawmf
OD;pkd;wifh
rif;jym;NrdKU
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
22/ OD;pHatmifjzL
23/ OD;armifzkd;pdef
24/ OD;eDatmif
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
Ncdwfawmif
axmifhacsmifBuD;
yefZif;armf
/
/
/
pm&if;ppftzGYJ
1/
2/
OD;pHa&TOD;
OD;wkyfjzL
3/
4/
OD;vSazmf
OD;ausmfjzL
tv,fykdif;
bk&m;wumvrf;
aps;a[mif;ykdif;
/
/
rif;jym;NrdKU
rif;jym;NrdKU
/
/
aqmif&u
G cf suf
tzGJYonf "mwfawmfukd tBudrfBudrfrSefpDa&Tcsjcif;? taqmufttkH
a[mif;rsm;ukd jyKjyifjcif;? vrf;rsm;ukd jyKjyifjcif;? trIdufokdufESihf awmawmif
rsm;ukd &Si;f vif;ckwx
f iG jf cif;? vQypf pf"mwfr;D aumfyadk &;&Si;f wkEYd iS fh qufo,
G
f Ed idI ;f
rD;vkdif;rsm; wyfqifjcif;? tkXfa&uefjyKjyifjcif;? orHwvif;cif;jcif;? wHwkdif;
um&Hjcif;? oHZumum&Hjcif;? vlaygif; 493 OD;xHrS aiGaygif;av;aomif;ausmf
ukd xm0&aiGya'omyif pkdufvSLcJhjcif;? pwk'DomqGrf;csufkHaqmufvkyfjcif;?
rD;pufu
Hk dk jyKjyifaqmufvyk jf cif;rsm;ukd aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/ ESppf Ofb&k m;yGaJ wmf
usif;yjcif;? cgoBuFeftwGif; pwk'Dom(4)&ufauR;arG;jcif;? wefaqmifrkef;v
jynhfaeYqGrf;awmfBuD;avmif;? uxdefuyfyGJawmf usif;yjcif;? wm0wdefomyGJ?
0uFmbmyGJusif;yjcif; paom vkdtyfaom udpt00ukd wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJh
Muonf/
1981? 1982? 1984? 1987 ck E S p f w k d Y tk X f a &uef a [mif ; BuD ; uk d
jyKvkyfcJhonf/ a&S;wyfrSL;AkdvfrSL;BuD; ol&ausmfpGm (Ou| ppfukdif;wkdif;
jynfolYaumifpD)\ ulnDyHhykd;rIjzihf bdvyfajrtdwf 100 tukefcH bk&m;rsm;ukd
jyKjyifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ &SifOy*kw(ausmufovif;jzL)? &[Emkyfwkukdvnf;
wnfxm;cJhonf/ ppfawGNrdKU lyajrmufacsmif;em;pk&yfuGufrS a':ratmif om
OD;F aqmif avQmif;awmfrb
l &k m;wGif rsuEf mS MuufpeG ;f awmfudk uyfvLS Ekid cf o
hJ nf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
rD;pufkHukd azmifa';&Sif;topfjyKvkyfMuonf/ pufkHtvsm; 25 ayausmf? teH

20 ayausmf &SdNyD; oGyfrkd;EkdifcJhonff/
1984 ckESpf qkawmif;jynhfbk&m;? r[maAm"dbk&m;wkdYtm; rSefpDouFef;
uyfvLS 'gef;&mvnf;aumif;? qkawmif;jynfb
h &k m;wGif ueu'ef xD;jzLawmfBu;D
vSL'gef;jcif; ponfwYdk vnf;aumif;? Bu;D Muyfvyk af qmifay;cJMh uonf/ tvSL&Sif
rsm;rSm ppfawGNrdKU ly&yfrS a':ratmifomuyif OD;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ if;jyif
a*gyutzGJYrS bk&m;rsm;ukd vkHNcHKap&ef oHZumrsm; um&efjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
qkawmif;jynfhbk&m;wGif ppfwGif;u vuf0Jzufyg;wGif tajrmufqHxdcJh&mukd
rGrf;rHjyKjyifcJhonf/
1985 ckESpf {NyDvwGif avsmif;awmfrl odrfukd tkXfx&Hum&HcJhonf/ xkd
ckESpfwGif r[m&HwHwkdif;ukd axmufokH;ck jyKvkyfuefay;cJhMuonf/ 1986 ckESpf
wGif ta&SUtmkHcHodrfab;&Sd Z&yfukd OD;aqmifrGrf;rHjyKjyifcJhonf/ txuftkXf
a&uefukdvnf; rGrf;rHjyKvkyfcJhonf/
1980 rS 1991 ckxd (1341 rS 1353)xd azmfjyyg a*gyutzGJY\ 12
ESpfwkdif vkyfaqmifcsufjzpf&m xkdvkyfief;ukd atmifjrifcsuftjzpf rSwfwrf;wif
EkdifcJhonf/ 1991 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 10 &ufwGif xkda*gyutzGJYrS usdef;awmf&Sif
bk&m;orkdif;ESihf apwD? ykxkd;? taqmufttkHvkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;wif
orkdif;jyKpkcJhMuonf/
1991 ckESpfxd trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm; trnfpm&if;

em,utzGYJ
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
OD;bwl
OD;armifZH
OD;zkd;om
OD;a&TvS
OD;zavmif;jzL
OD;yef;omxGef;
aps;a[mif;ykdif;
/
NrdKUopf&yfuGuf
/
trIxrf;&yfuGuf
tv,fykdif;
rif;jym;NrdKU
/
/
/
/
/
11
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
Ou|tzGYJ
1/
2/
3/
OD;touf&Snf
OD;ausmharmif
OD;a&TomOD;
rif;jym;wcGif
Ou|
'k-Ou|
'k-Ou|
twGi;f a&;rSL;tzGYJ
1/
2/
3/
OD;atmifZHjzL
OD;armifomausmf
OD;pdefGefYatmif
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
twGif;a&;rSL;
twGif;a&;rSL;
b@mxde;f tzGYJ
1/
OD;vSxGef;pdef
pm&if;ppftzGYJ
1/
2/
OD;vSazmf
OD;armifjrom
ypn;f xde;f tzGYJ

1/
2/
OD;atmifjrpdef
OD;OD;pdef
aumfrwDrsm;
1/
2/
OD;OD;omxGef;
OD;teDarmif
usdef;awmf&Sif
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
OD;ausmfjrOD;
OD;ausmfom
OD;a*gif;aZmuf
OD;OD;pdef
OD;xGefeDarmif
OD;atmifausmfaZm
OD;atmifjrifpdef
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
NrdKUe,f a*gyutzGJYukd 1994 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif topfzGJYpnf;cJh

onf/ Mo0g'p&d,tzGJY? vlem,utzGJY? tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJYrsm;? owfrSwf&Sd
avonf/ tqihfqifhwifjydEIdif; Mo0g'cH,l usdef;awmf&Sif"mwfawmfukd
aqmif&GufvmcJhMuonf/
(u) Mo0g'gp&d,q&mawmf 9 yg;
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
em,utzGJY(vlyk*dKvfrsm;)
NrKd Ue,fa*gyutzG(YJ 1994-)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
12
OD;"rdumbd0Ho (t*r[my@dw) "rdumkHausmif;? rif;jym;

OD;okE&(Ou|-NrdKYe,foHCem,u)NrdKUrawmifausmif;? rif;jym;
OD;aCmodw&r('kOu| oHCem,u)NrdKUrajrmufausmif; rif;jym;NrdKU
OD;aombP (rif;uefajrmufausmif;) rif;jym;NrdKU
OD;OmP(Ou| jynfe,foHCem,u r[m'g&)Z,okcausmif;?
rif;jym;NrdKU
OD;0gpu (bk&m;BuD;ausmif;? rif;jym;NrdKU)
OD;ZedE(twGif;a&;rSL;? jynfe,foHCem,u) &wemAdrmefausmif;?
rif;jym;NrdKU
OD;aomr (&wemrGefausmif;) rif;jym;NrdKU
OD;aumov (od*kFw&ausmif;opfausmif;-rif;jym;NrdKU)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
wyf&if;rSL;
rif;jym;NrdKU
/
/
/
/
Ou|? (NrdKUe,fNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJY)
OD;pD;rSL;(omoema&;OD;pD;Xme)
NrdKUe,frSL;(jrefrm&JwyfzGJY)
OD;ouf&Snf(ukefonfBuD;) aps;a[mif;ykdif;?
OD;wkyfjzL (tNidrf;pm;pma&;BuD;)
OD;zkd;apmvS (aq;q&mBuD;)
OD;awmusm;Akdvf OD;pkd;wifh
OD;iâysmh(ukefonf) OD;pkd;wifh
OD;i^pdefaoQ(ukefonf) atmuf&Gmykdif;
OD;zkd;om(qkdifonf)aps;a[mif;ykdif;
OD;MumxGef;(ajrmif;bG,fvrf;)
OD;armifZH(qkdifonf) aps;a[mif;ykdif;
rif;jym;
rif;jym;NrdKU
rif;jym;
rif;jym;
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
tvkyt
f rIaqmifaumfrwDrsm;
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
OD;OD;armif Ou| (ukefoG,fv,f,m)

OD;pdefomatmif 'kOu|(ukefonf)
OD;ausmharmif (qkdifonf)
OD;jzLat; 'kOu| (v,form;)
NrdKUe,fudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; (usdef;wkdufe,frS)
OD;teDarmif? twGif;a&;rSL;(tNiddrfl;pm;opfawmOD;pD;)
OD;armifpdefat; wGJbuf(qkdifonf)
OD;armifjrpdef (em&Djyifqkdif)
OD;OD;a&Tom(qkdifonf)
NrdKUe,fudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;(usdef;wkdufe,f)
rif;jym;NrdKU
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
aqmif&u
G cf surf sm;
usdef;awmf&Sif
bk&m;&ifjyifukd wHrsufpnf;vSnf;oefY&Sif;jcif;? awmifwufqif;vrf;rsm;

jyKjyifjcif;? oefY&Sif;jcif;? vQyfppfrD;xGef;djcif;? ESpfpOf pOfvmrysuf yGJawmfukd
usif ; yjcif ; jyKcJ h M uonf / bk & m;wef a qmif ; twG i f ; Ak ' 0 if u m;csyf r sm;?
bk&morkdif; yef;csDum;csyfrsm;ukd a&;qGJvsuf csdwfqGJcJhMuonf/
(1)
ukd;e0if;apwDukd jyefvnfrGrf;rH wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/
ukefusaiG okH;odef;/
(2)
a*gyukH;ukd usdef;awmifay:wGif topfwnfaqmufcJhMuonf/
ukefusaiG wpfaomif;ig;axmifusyf/
(3)
ukodemkHwefapmif;wGif jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif;? kyfwkrsm;ukd jyefvnfrGrf;
rHjcif;? wefaqmif;/ eH&?H wHu?J acgifr;dk ? umjcif;ukd aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/
ukefusaiG ESpfodef;/
(4)
tkXfa&uefukd wkd;csJUrGrf;rHjcif;? jyKcJhMuonf/ tokH;jyKaiG wpfodef;ausmf
zkd;jzpfonf/]
(5)
"mwfawmfwiG f vQypf pfr;D xGe;f &m a&mifprHk ;D qwf? rD;oD;rsm;ukd tok;H jyK
cJMh uonf/ bk&m;y&0kPt
f wGi;f vnf; a&mifp?Hk rD;oD;? rD;acsmif;? xGe;f d
ay;cJhMuonf/ ukefusaiG wpfodef;cefYjzpfonf/
(6)
apwDESihf xD;awmfukd a&Tcsjcif;? &ifjyifukd a<ujym;cif;jcif;rsm; jyKcJhMu
onf/
(u) a&Tqkdif;
50000
(1994 ckESpf)
(c)
a&T&nf
30000
(1994 ckESpf)
(*)
&ifjyifcif;a<ujym; 10000
(1994 ckESpf)
(C) a&Tqkdif;
50000
(1995 ckESpf)
(i)
a&T&nf
40000
(1995 ckESpf)
(p)
&ifjyifcif;a<ujym; 10000
(1995 ckESpf)
(7)
tmkcH w
H efaqmif;trsm;ukd jyKjyifrrG ;f rHjcif;? aomufa& ok;H a&wnfxm;
jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ ukefusaiGwpfaomif;usyfjzpfonf/
(8)
a&avmif;tdrfom ESpfcef;wGJ wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ ukefusaiG
ESpfaomif;jzpfonf/
13
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
(9)
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
ou&mZfavSum; wpfavQmufwefaqmif;rsm;ukd jyefvnfrrG ;f rHjyKvyk cf hJ

Muonf/ okH;jyKNyD;aiGESpfaomif;usyfjzpfonf/ qufvuf aqmif&Guf
&efrsm;ukd cefYrSef;xm;onf/ ou&mZfavSum;wkd;csJUjcif;ESihf rlvbk&m;
wufvrf;rBuD;ukd jyKjyif&efpDpOfxm;&Sdonf/
xkdkjyif vQyfppfrD;puf topfwpfvkH;&&Sda&;twGufvnf; BudK;yrf;vsuf
&Sdaeonf/ bk&m;&HykHaiGtjzpf xm0&aiGya'omyifukd pkdufxl xm;&SdvmcJh
onf/ ,ckxd aiGya'om aiGpk&&Sdxm;onfrSm wpfodef;cefYjzpfacsNyD? NrdKUe,fa*g
yutzGJYonf 1991 ckESpfu OD;touf&Snf(Ou|)OD;pD; usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;
orkid ;f jyKpak &;aumfrwDzpYJG nf;cJMh uonf/ xkt
d zGw
YJ iG f yk*Kd vt
f vku
d f jyKpx
k w
k af 0a&;
aumfrwD a*gyutzGJYrS 'kOu| OD;pdefomatmif yg0ifcJhonf/ vkyfief;qyf
aumfrwD OD;atmifjrpdef(em&Dq&m) yg0ifcJhonf/ b@ma&;qyfaumfrwD
a*gyurS 'kOu| ODF;pdefomatmif? OD;teDarmif? OD;armifpdefat;? OD;atmifZHjzL
wkdY yg0ifcJhMuonf/
r[maAm"dtoif;(1276)
r[maAm"dtoif;ukd 1914 (aumZm 1276)wGif wnfxm;cJhonf/ &ckdif
r&rmBuD; trsKd;om;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;Ibd? trSL;jyK zGJYpnf;cJhonf/ OD;aumif;
vSjzL(a'gufwm) tdEd,EkdifiHrS r[maAm"dtoif;ESihf qufoG,fvsufaqmif&Guf
vmcJhonf/ rlvr[maAm"dyifrS rsKd;ukd,l aAm"dyifwpfyifudk usdef;awmif
pkdufysKd;cJhonf/ r[maAm"dtkXfwefaqmif;aqmuf aumZm 1308 ckESpf?bk&m;
wpfqyl al Zmfxm;cJo
h nf/ xkb
d &k m;rSm tck;d cHc&hJ ojzihf aemufxyf(aumZm1320)
ckESpfu rEav;rS yihfaqmif bk&m;wpfql ukd;uG,fxm;&SdcJhMuavonf/
aAm"dyifukd uqkefvjynhfaeYwkdif; anmifa&oGef;yGJukd pnfum;pGmusif;ycJh
onf/ ESpfqef;wpf&ufaeYwkdif; q&muefawmhyGJ? oufBuD;ylaZmfyGJrsm; usif;ycJh
onf/ oBueF t
f BuKd aeYa&mufwidk ;f bk&m;a&oym,fyu
JG dk twD;trIwf tutckef
wkdYjzihf qif,ifusif;ycJhonf/ bk&m;yGJawmf bk&m;zl;vmorQwkdYtm; tazsmf
,rumwkdYjzihf wkdufauR;cJhonf/ ow0gtaygif;at;csrf;apaMumif;iSm BudKwif
qkawmif;NyD; ab;rJhtvSLukd jyKcJhonf/ xkdtvSLwGif ZD0dw'getjzpf ckdiSufrsm;
ukd vTwfcJhMuonf/ 0guRwfokH;&ufwkdifwkdif &uf&SnfOykofapmihfjcif;? 0guRwfv?
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
wef;aqmifrkef;vwkdYwGif qdwfqkHbk&m; uxdefyGJusif;yjyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ usdef;

awmf&Sifbk&m;wGifvnf; tzGJYtoif;wkdYESifh yl;aygif;tppukd aqmif&GufcJhMu
onf/
usdef;awmfbk&m;&Sif\ trIdufodrf;toif; ( 1294)

trIdufodrf;toif;ukd aumZm 1294 ckESpfu uqkefvqef; 9 &ufaeYu
p q&mawmfoC
H mawmfrsm;\ Mo0g'ukcd ,
H v
l suf wnfaxmifMuonf/ toif;
jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf pwiftBuHay;wnfaxmifcJholrSm refatmifNrdKUe,frS
OD;armifusmjzpfonf/ toif;onf bk&m;zl;olrsm;twGuf ukd,fpdwfESpfjzm
usrf;rmcsrf;ompGmwufa&muf&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ xkdaMumifh ysufpD;,kd,Gif;
aom bk&m;awmifwufvrf;rsm;ESifh bk&m;&ifjyifuek ;f wGif a&wGi;f Bu;D wrQ Ak;H BuJ
csjcif;cH&aomacsmufrsm;ukd zd jYdk cif;jyKcMhJ uavonf/ "mwfawmfapwDEiS b
fh &k m;yk
xkd;rsm;ukdjyKjyifcJhMuonf/ bk&m;odrfwefaqmif;rsm;ukd aqmufvkyfcJhMuonf/
odrfwefaqmif;twGif;tjyifwkdY tkXft*Fawcif;jcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
t&dyf tm0go ckdvIH&ef? bk&m;zl;om;rsm;em;ae&ef tpOfaqmif&GufvmcJhonf/
&yf&Gmwdkif;ukd OyoumvSnhfvnf EId;aqmf tvSLcHum tppt&m&m jyKjyifcJh
onf/
toif;\ykHrSefvkyfief;tjzpf trIdufokdufvSnf;jcif;? awmckwf? vrf;wGif?
ajrd? ajrzkdYjcif;jyKcJhMuonf/ xkdjyif wpfywfwGif wpfBudrf tzdwfaeYwkdif; NrdKUukd
vSnhfvnf tvSLarwm&yfcHcJhMuonf/ xkdaiGjzifh taqmufttkHaqmufjcif;?
"mwfawmfukd ywfvnfoHx&Humjcif;? ysufpD;aeaom rD;xGef;dylaZmf&m *li,f
rsm;ukd jyKjyifaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ toif;rS OD;aqmif oBuFefwGif &ifjyif
ukef; tvSLtwef;ay; trQa0um om"kac:avh&SdMuonf? a&SU,cifu
awmifatmuf usif;yavh&SdcJhaom bk&m;yGJawmfukd 1318 ckESpfup oBuFef
vGefNyD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif; usif;ycJhonfrSm ,ckwkdif&SnfMumvmcJhNyD; jzpfyg
onf/ toif;rS bk&m;&ifjyifokdY wufa&mufoGm;vmaeMuaom tkXfavSum;
apmif;wef;ukd 1323 ckESpfrSp jyKjyifrGrf;rHcJh&m 1331 ckESpfxd wkdifcJhavonf/
tkXfavSum;rSm wpfaxmifhwpf&mcefY ay&Snfvsm;onf/ tm;vkH;xd apmif;wef;
rrkd;EkdifcJhaomfvnf; ukd;e0if;apwDawmftxd ayaygif; 387 ayukd rkd;EkdifcJhonf/
14
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
jymom'fwpfckukdvnf; aqmufvkyfEkdifcJhonf/ avsmif;awmfrlbk&m;ESifh

odrfukd 1330 jynhfESpf topfjyKjyifcJhonf/ if;wkdY\aqmif&GufNyD;pD;rIukd 1332
ckESpfu a&pufcstrQa0 om"kac:EkdifcJhonf/ ajcqifhxkdifawmfrlbk&m;ukdvnf;
aqmif&Gufay;cJhMuonf/ ukodemkHodrfwGif Ak'a0,sm0ptoif;ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmufvkyfvmcJhonf/ 1320 rSpwif aqmufvkyfcJh&m 1326 ckESpfwGifNyD;pD;
atmifjrifcJhavonf/ tmkHcHodrfwkdYukdvnf; 1309 ckESpfup aqmufvkyfvm
EkdifcJhonf/ r[m&HwHwkdif;? tkXfa&uef? aqmufvkyf&mvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh
onf/ tcsKyfwifjy&vQif toif;\aqmif&GufrIrSm trsm;tjym;jzpfav
onf/ toif;taejzihf raqmif&Gufbl;aom t&m[lum; r&Sdonfom
wnf;/
ukoed mkt
H rsK;d orD;toif;(1307)
xkdtoif;ukd 1307 ckESpfu NrdKUay:rS bk&m;wumr a':rJr? a':pdefkd?
a':vSapm? a':bm;kw
d u
Ydk zGpYJ nf;jcif;jzpfonf/ ppftwGi;f ysupf ;FD oGm;cJ&h aom
kyfvkH;rsm;ESifhodrfwefaqmif;ukd jyKjyifEkdif&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuavonf/ 1318 ckESpf
xdaqmif&Gufvkyfukdifay;cJhMuonf/ xkdaemuf tzGJYwm0efukd trIdufodrf;toif;
okdY0if xkdtoif;onf Ak'a0,sm0ptoif;ESihf ylaygif;vsuf wm0efrsm;ukd
cH,lcJh aqmif&Gufay;cJhMuavonf/
GeaYf ygif;'l&D,mtzG(YJ vQypf pfrD;xGe;f toif; 1308)

rD;xGef;toif;ukd 1947 ckESpf(aumZm 1308 ck)"mwfawmfESihf awmifay:
awmifatmufodrf? wef;awmif? Z&yf? wufvrf;/ qif;vrf;rsm;wpfavQmufwkdY
vQypf pfr;D ylaZmfEidk &f ed f BuKd ;pm;aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uavonf/ rD;pufu
Hk dk 1314 ckEpS u
f
aqmufvkyfEkdifcJhMuonf/ rD;pufukd 0,f,l&ef 3 BudrfpDrHudef;jzihf aiG&SmazGcJhMu
onf/ &&Sdaom aiGusyfckESpfaxmifhig;&mjzihf t*FvefjynfrS rSm,lcJhavonf/
&wntrwf OD;armifOD;ausmf? e,fykdif OD;ausmfZH? wkdufpma&; OD;vSxGef;ausmf
wku
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rD;ylaZmfvsuf &SdvmcJhonf/ puf\jrif;aumifa&rSm 12 aumiftm;&Sdonf/rD;
xGef;EkdifonfhuDvkdajcmufuDvkdjzpfonf/ puftrnfrSm &mpwefac:onf/pufkH
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
ESihfrD;pufukd xkdpOfu toif;Ou| tpkd;&vQyfppfpufq&mBuD; OD;apmvSatmif?

OD;armifomvS? OD;armifbBuKd i?f OD;xGe;f omZH? OD;armifaysm?h OD;pdex
f eG ;f OD;? OD;ausmf
xGef;OD;? OD;armifa&TausmfwkdYu OD;pD;aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ if;onf 1312
ckESpfu 'kwd,tBudrfxD;awmfukd a&TcsrGrf;rH&m BuD;rSL;yg0ifcJhavonf/
rD;xGef;toif;rSm 1980 ckESpfxd aqmif&GufvmcJhMuonf/ xkdaemufykdif;
wGif NrdKUe,fa*gyutzGJYokdY vTJtyfay;cJh&avonf/ xkdYaMumihf a*gyutzGJYu
NrKd Ue,fvQypf pf"mwftm;aumfyadk &;&Si;f ESifh Ed idI ;f Ny;D vQif rD;vkid ;f rsm;ukd qufo,
G f
wyfqifjcif;jyKcJhavonf/ 1982 ckESpfwGif rD;pufkHukd jyefvnfrGrf;rHcJhonf/
pufazmifa';&Si;f ukv
d nf; topfjyefvnfjyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ 1991 ckEpS w
f iG f rD;pufHk
ukdvnf; topfjyKvkyfvmcJhonf/ pufkHrSm tvsm; 25 ayausmf? teH 20
ayausmf oGyfrkd;jzpfonf/
r[m&HwHwkdif;toif;(1301)
xkt
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cJhonf/ 1313 ckESpfxd aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ toif;onf "mwfawmf&ifjyif
rNydKysufap&ef wHwkdif;ukd t"duxm; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ tvsm; 73
ay? 7vufr? 'kwpfay 3 vufr? tjrihf 13 ay 5 vufr? (&ifjyifxd tjrihfwH
wkdif; 3 ay 3vufrxd) aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/ aemufykdif;wGif tzGJY(5)zGJY yl;aygif;
axmufuefrsm;ukd qufvufjyKcJhMuavonf/
15
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
omoemESpfawmifig;&mtoif;(1318)
toif;onf 1956 ckESpf omoemESpfaxmifhig;&mjynhf (1318ckESpf)
zGJYpnf;cJhMuonf/ txdrf;trSwftjzpf r[maAm"dapwDo@mefapwDwpfqlukd
1956 ckESpf 'DZifbmv wwd,tywfu tkXfjrpfcscJhonf/ OD;aqmifcJholrsm;rSm
acsmif;EG,f&Gm ZmwdOD;pHxGD;atmifESihf rif;jym;wkdif;&if;aq;q&mBuD; ODFatmifom
vSwkdYjzpfMuonf/ tjrihf 18 awmif&Sd apwDwpfqlukd wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/
av;ajrmihfjzpf\ wpfrsufESmvQif bk&m;ckESpfqlyg&Sdonf/ 28ql[kvnf;ac:
onf/ ESpfaxmihfig;&mjynhfbk&m;[lvnf; trnfwGifonf/ xkdbk&m;teD;
awmifbufwiG f tvsm; 26 awmif? teH 12 awmif&n
S f "rmkBH u;D wpfaqmifudk
vnf; aqmufvkyfEkdifcJhonf/ oGyfrkd; orHwvif;cif;xm;onf/ tkXfavSum;
wufvrf;qif;csif; bk&m;ukd zl;&onf/ bk&m;ESihftkXfavSum;Mum;wGif xef;
yifpOf? anmifyifwef;rsm;jzihf oym,fom,mvSayonf/
ckepfaxmifjynhftoif;(1318)
ckepfawmifjynhfbk&m;ukd wnfxm;Ekdif&ef aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ bk&m;ukd
1318 ckESpfwnfxm;vmEkdifcJhonf/ bk&m;tzGJYrSm oufwrf;r&SnfcJhay? ,ck
bk&m;wum^rwkdYuyif jyKjyifay;cJhonf/ ,ck bk&m;wum^r trnfukd pGJ
rMunfrdbk&m;? rMunfrdbk&m;[l ac:wGif&SdaeMuNyD;jzpfonf/
ukd;e0if;apwDtoif; (1306)
xkdtoif;ukd 1954 (aumZm 1316)ckESpfu zGJYpnf;cJhonf/ bk&m;apwD
ukd xkdckESpf Ncdwfawmif&GmolBuD;u tjrihfOmPfawmf 11 ay? 10 vufr? wdk;csJU
onf/ apwDawmfajcwGif &Spfajrmifhazmfvsuf bk&m;wpfqluspD wnf&Sdonf/
apwDvkH;ywfrSm 36 ay? 8 vufr&Sdonf/ t&yf&SpfrsufESmtvkduf N*dK[feHkyf
rsm; xkvkyfxm;onf/ xkdapwDukdvnf; &Spfajrmifh oddrftaqmifjyKvkyfrkd;xm;
vsu&f o
dS nf/ tmkcH o
H rd v
f nf;&S&d m tvsm; 20 awmif? teH 12 awmifoyG rf ;dk jzpf
onf/1341 ckESpf acgif;rkd;ysufpD;cJh&onf/ 1347 ckESpf okdufq&mrsm; zsufqD;cJh
apwDESihfkyfvkH;rsm; ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ,ckykHpHtopfjzihf rGrf;rHjyKjyifxm;onf/
toif;um; ukd;e0if;apwDjzpfay:kHrQom aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/
Ak'a0,sm0ptoif; (1318)
aumZm 1318 ckEpS zf pYJG nf;cJMh uonf/ OD;qHe(D Ou|)tonf&mG ? OD;a&Tausmf

OD;('kOu|) OD;csrf;at; (twGif;a&;rSL;) xkdaemuf OD;eDxGef; paomyk*dKvfrsm;
OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhonf/ usdef;wkdufrS 32 &Gmukd tajccH zGJYpnf;vmjcif;jzpfonf/
aemufux
dk x
dk uf&yf&mG rsm;pGm yg0ifcMhJ uonf/ Ou| OD;a&TausmOf ;D ? twGi;f a&;rSL;
OD;eDxGef;? OD;qHeDwkdYu xkd&Gmrsm;rSaqmfMoaumufcHvsuf awmifay:jyKjyif
aqmufvyk v
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h nf/ 0guRwaf &Tcsjcif;? yGaJ wmfusi;f yjcif;? bk&m;yGaJ wmf usi;f y
a&; wufwuf<u<uaqmif&GufvmchJonf/ ukodemkHodrfawmfBuD;jzpf ajrmuf
a&;twGuf 1320 ckESpf 26 ckESpf trIdufodrf;toif;ESihf yll;aygif;NyD; yg0ifaqmif
&GufcJhonf/ tvsm;ay 315 ay? teH 226 ay 6vufr xd? taqmufttkHay:
vmcJo
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H rd f wefaqmif;
ukv
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hJ nf/ NyKd ysuaf eaom ausmif;awmfBu;D ukd vnf; 1976
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
*kPjf yK0rf;ajrmufvmT
&ckdifjynfe,f\ usufoa&aqmifjzpfaom usdef;awmf&Sifbk&m;onf
bk&m;&Sif\ vQmawmf&if;"mwfjzpfaMumif;ukd orkdif;&mZ0ifwkdYu wnDwnf;
jyqkdNyD;jzpfygonf/ Asm'dwfawmfESihfavQmfnDpGm omoemawmf(222)ckESpfu oD&d
"rm aomurif;BuD;\ a0iSykdYaqmifwnfxm;aprIaMumihf &ckdifbk&if "n0wD
jynfh&Sif ol&d,purif;BuD;u ae&m wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'\EkpOfum
vaus;rif;jzpfcJh&m Xmewnfxm;udef;atmif;cJhjcif;jzpf usddef; awmf&Sif[k
ac:rSwfvmcJh&jcif;jzpfavonf/
rQorkdif;usOf;ukdum; usdef;wkdif;om;rsm;omru &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdif;u
odMuonf/ xkaYd Mumihf xif&mS ;vSaom "mwfawmforkid ;f ukd a&S;ab;bk;d wkv
Yd uf
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BudK;pm; vma&muf&ef qEjzpfbkdY ta&mufvmzkdY vkdtyfayvdrfhrnf/ ukd,fwkdif
a&mufrdMurSomvQif "mwfawmf\a&SUarSmufwGif w0tm;&zl;jrifrdMu&vQif
pdwfqEjynhf0? wpfoufvkH;tmkH,l trSwf&EkdifMurnf jzpfayonf/
bk&m;orkdif;ukd odMuvQifum; bk&m;&Sif\ *kPfukdykd MunfkdEkdif&m\/
xkdYaMumihf a&S;tcguyif bk&m;orkdif;onf Ak'bmomtwGuf vkdtyfvmcJhav
onf/ orkdif;wGifvnf; bk&m;pwnfpuyif ,ckxdrnfokdY apmihfa&SmufvmcJh
onfukd taxmuftxm;rsm;t& awGUEkdifonf/ orkdif;a&pD;aMumif;onfum;
tNrJwef;ajzmifhrwfvSonfum; r[kwfacs/ ppfab;ppf&mab;''Pfrsm;aMumihf
qkH;IH;&jcif;rsm;ESihf ruif;vSojzifh xdef;odrf;vmcJhMu olrsm;ukdvnf; rsm;pGm
aus;Zl;wif&ayrnf/
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wpfavQmuf 0J,mvSnhfywfvQuf omoemjyefYyGm;rIukd ay;vmonfrSmvnf;
Mumanmif;cJhavNyD/ acwftqufqufvufqifhurf;vmcJh&aom usdef;awmif
&Sif\ yx0Dom;? ajr;? jrpfrsm;vnf; vufrvGwfEkdifp&m vufurf;&rnf jzpfay
onf/ ykdrkdBudK;yrf;vm&rI? uGif;qif;avhvmxm;&SdrI? NrdKUe,fwcGifESihf qufpyfrI
16
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
rsm;ukyd g wGaJ c:ay;xm;&m yk

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H ifjynh0f p&m&Sad csonf/ taxmuftxm;rsm;
om"ursm;ygEkdifvQifum; aumif;onfxuf aumif;rnfjzpf orkdif;aemufcH
vnf;jzpf\/
bk&m;orkid ;f tqufqufrw
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jref;csufrsm;? okawoejyKcsufrsm;? tawGUtBuHK&SdMuolrsm;ESihf vkyfaqmifavh
&Sdolrsm;\ enf;pepfTefMum;csuf? vkyfenf;vkyf[efukd erlem,l tcef;vkduf
a&;om;wifjyxm;onhftwGuf odcsifp&m zwfcsifp&mrsm; pkHvifvSayonf/
a&S;acwf &ckid o
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uGif;qufukd qufoG,fvrf;cif;ay;xm;&Sdojzihf orkdif;tpqkH;ukd cHpm;Mu&rnf
omwnf;/
xkdYaMumihf wm0efod? wm0ef&SdMuolrsm;u wm0ef,ljyKpkcJhaomaMumihf
orkdif;wpfck\ twdfrf;tapmif;ukd xdef;odrf;ay;EkdifMuNyDjzpf&mum; pmjyKolrsm;
ukd vnf; cs;D usL;0rf;ajrmufoifMh uonf/ jynfov
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*kPfjyKpum;urf;vifh BudKqkdvkduf&ayownf;/
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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usdef;awmf&Sif
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onfrSm ightwGuf tcGifhcgaumif;yifqkdcsif\/ rif;jym;NrdKU&Sd usddef;awmf&Sifukd
,cktBudrfygqkdvQif zl;jrif&rI renf;vSNyD/ zl;jrifEkdifav? ukokdvfrsm;av? &ckdif
omoemrlvblwukd atmufarh&? owd& tEkwdyGm;rsm;vmEkdifavyif
jzpfayonf/
rif;jym;NrKd UokYd yxrtBurd f a&mufc&hJ onfrmS vnf; tcGit
hf cgESifh BuKH jzpf
ygonf/ od*kFw&a&wHcGefausmif;opf q&mawmfBuD;oufawmf&Snf(96)ESpf
psmyeyGJawmftcg umvwnf;/ xkdpOfajrmufOD;NrdKUokdY avhvma&;c&D;a&mufae
onfjzpf&m tqifoifh yGJBuHKvkdufvm&onf/ av;NrdKUacsmif;rS eef;usm;q&m
awmf OD;aqmifaomoHCmrsm;psmyeyGJodkY avSBuD;jzihf <uMu&m uHaumif;vS
aom igvnf; tcefYoifhvkdufygvmcJh&av\/ xkdYaMumihf aumZm 1321(1959)
ckESpfwGif tpOD;a&muf&jcif;jzpf usdef;awmf&Sifukdvnf; zl;jrif&jcif;OD;pGmjzpf
av&onf/
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vnf; bk&m;&Sifukd 'kwd,rdzl;jrifcJh&onf/ tBudrfwGifqkdvQif r&nfrSef;bJ
&efukefrS tNyD;tykdif pGefYcGmcJh&jcif;vnf;jzpfcJhavonf/ vm&if;rSmqkdvQif Oy
Zm,fq&m&if;ysv
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xkpd Ofrif;jym;NrKd U Z,okcausmif;ukd rif;uefteD;wGif aqmufvyk Nf y;D pjzpfae\/
OD;&D;awmfoDwif;okH;aexkdif&m XmejzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? OD;0go0? OD;rked"Z
wku
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H ek ;f jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;?
0ifjzpfa&mufjzpfcJh&jcif;yifwnf;/
xkdpOfu usdef;awmf&Sifukdzl; Ncdwfawmifxd c&D;vSnhfcJhbl;onf/ a'oE
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p&mjzpfvmcJh&ay\/ xkdaemuf wwd,tBudrfqkdvQif rif;jym;om;ESihfrjcm;
awmhNyD/ 1327 (1965)rS 1332 (1971-ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 26-&uf)xd
(6-ESp?f 6-rk;d )aeaysmjf zpfc&hJ avonf/ xkaYd emuf armifawme,fa&mufomG ;Ny;D wGif
17
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
um; tcgtm;avsmfpGmom a&muf&awmh\/ a&mufwkdif; bk&m;&Sifukdawmhzl;jrif

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tusKd;jyKvkdaom apwemuHypfcsavjcif;jzpfonfyJxm;xm; wpfckckawmh trSD
tuyftNidpyf&SdvmcJhonfrSm rjiif;omNyD/
rif;jym;usdef;wkdif;om;onf uREkfyfwkdY\ aqG;rsKd;rsm; jzpfcJh&onfukdawmh
odcsifMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdY\ tZltZmrsm;onf ajrmufOD;xD;eef;aysmufqkH;
NyD;aemufr&nf&G,fbJ rif;jym;e,frS xGufcGmcJh&bl;onf/ a&Smifwdrf;&if; upOfh
u&Jjzpf&if; ,ckarmifawme,foYkd a&mufcMhJ u&onf/ armifawmNrKd Ut0if ESprf idk f
cefYu NrdKUolBuD;&Gm[l &Sdyg\/ xkdwGif tajccscJhaomfvnf; taerusbJ a&TU
ajymif;xGufcGmcJh&jyefavonf/ aemufqkH;wGif pdwfcs&aom wpfae&mukd a&G;
cs,f acgif;cstajcpkdufavhcJh&onf/
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csif;ysHaovQif(aumZm 1177)(c&pf 1815)wyfysufcJh&av\/ zcspf&Donf
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<uwf? aygufzmG ;jzpfa&muf onfxd tqufrjywf acgif;cs&yfwnfvmcJh &av\/
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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usdef;awmf&Sif
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[k t*FvdyfrSwfwrf; qkdonf/
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om;ioHaxGjzpf\/ ioHaxGom; ausmfatmif? oufESHa0? csif;ysHwkdYjzpfMu\/
ausmfatmifom;um; a';0ef;BuD;atmifausmf&TDjzpf\/ atmifausmf&TDwGif om;
jrOD;? 'kd;atmifausmf? owkd;a0? (ppfuJBuD;) armifausmfxGef;[l om;av;OD;?
orD;ESpf OD;&SdcJhMuonf/ NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHukd ausmfatmif rdoEmrS
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1222 ckESpfykHwl a&;qGJxm; cJhonf/ &ckdifr*Zif; trSwf(16)wGif xkdykHukd
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awmf v S e f a &;qif E G J c J h o jzih f zrf ; qD ; axmif o G i f ; jcif ; uk d cH v mcJ h & ao;\/
a';0ef;ESifhNrdKUolBuD;om;? orD;a,mufzusonf/ a'0ef;BuD; ESrESihf NrdKUolBuD;rSm
td r f a xmif z uf c J h M ujcif ; aMumih f jzpf a vonf / xk d o k d Y q k d v Qif csif ; ysH \
(tpfukdom;)om;onf a';0ef;BuD;om;jzpfacs\/ a,mufzum;r[kwf acs/
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tEG,fwkdYonf zcspf&D&GmrS jyefcJh&oltrsm;&SdcJhav igwkdYESihf&yfom;csif;? &Gmom;
csif;? aqGrsKd;csif;? ruif;Mujcif;ukd orkdif;u oufaocHaernfomwnf;/
usdef;NrdKUajrum; tHhzG,f&SdvSonf/ blrdeufoefajrrsKd;rSefonffqkd\/ udk,f
pm;"mwfvQif usdef;awmf&Sifonf wefckd;&Sdfay\/ usdef;awmfawmifqkdvQif "mwf
a&mifvQHNrdwfNrdwfESihf ylaZmfzG,faumif;vS\/ usdef;NrdKUa'oonf okcvGefyGm;
tusKH;0iforQ wkdYukdulnDcJhMujcif;jzihf NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifEkdifcJhMuonfhtwGuf
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18
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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vQKUd 0Su?f pDrcH sujf zih?f bke;f pufoC
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19
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20
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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awmif? rkcsmawmif? vufoef;acsawmif? yg;awmfawmif? iclawmif? used ;f awmif
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21
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
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ac:qkdEkdfifonf/ (rif;BuD;jrpf >yefwpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;>yefonf auovm>yefrS
pwifcGJxGufNyD;? ausmufiEGm;teD;wGif rif;aMumif;jrpfxJokdY jyefvnfpD;0ifvm
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onf/ av;NrdKUjrpfokdY vma&mufaygif;qkHMuaom acsmif;rsm;rSm ajrmif;bG,fteD;
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22
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
ajrrsuEf mS toGit
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av;NrdKUjrpfpD;qif;vsuf&Sdonf/ awmifbufwGif jrpfcGJrsm;&Sd&mum; jrpf0ajrEk
uRef;ay:rsm; ay:xGef;vsuf&Sdonf/ ajrrsufESmjyifonf qifukef;avQmjzpf&Sdae
onf/ ajrmufbufrSmjrifh awmifbufokdY wjznf;jznf;edrfhqif;oGm;onf/
awmifyidk ;f jrpf0wGif used ;f awmifwef;? Muyfpifawmifwef;? auovmawmifwef;
wkdY wnf&Sdonf/ auovmuRef;ta&SUbufrS rif;aMumif;jrpfokdY pD;qif;oGm;
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avonf/ MuyfpifuRef;taemufbufwGif o*Feufjrpf? &ufckef;wkdif;jrpfonf
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azmufxGif; iwefysif;? usm;&JjyifrSpD;vmaom av;NrdKUjrpfaMumif;ESihf qkHum
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&Jjrpf? zkHumjrpfwkdYokdY pD;0ifoGm;avonf/ aumZm 1210 u uif;q&monf
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a'gejyifu? vl&Siftkyfusuf? pkdif;wwfbufu? &ur@dKif? &ckdifkda&mif? awmif
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23
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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tpOD; vlaerIukdvnf; awG;qEkdifavonf/
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onf oDd&drme'Dac: o&Dacsmif;zsm;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ a0omvDausmufavS
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zsm;rS av;NrdKUacsmif;okdY qufoG,fonf/ &rf;acsmif;zsm;onf rD;acsmif;zsm;?
ul0acsmif;zsm;? ysOf0acsmif;zsm;wGif acgif;cHonf/ 0ufowkd;awmifxd ayguf
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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24
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
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apwD[k ac:wGif&Sdae\/ yef;ajrmif;aoQrSm a&S;uyef;ajrmif;BuD;t0xd av;NrdKU
jrpfoYkd vSnyfh wfp;D oGm;avonf/ xkaYd Mumihf ywfajrmif;[kac:&mrS ,ckyef;ajrmif;
aoQ[k ac:vmonfqkd\/ a&S;uxkdvrf;rS awmufavQmufoGm;EkdifcJhaomfvnf;
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onf/ wpfywfvQif t*Fg? paeESp&f ufrmS aps;&ufjzpfavonf/ xku
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urf;wGifjzpfNyD; taemufbufwGif NrdKUtrsm;wnfcJhonf/ NrdKUwnfrsm;onfukd
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awmifwpf0kdufukd trSDjyK vlaerIrsm;&mukd usdef;wkdif;? usdef;NrdKU[l owfrSwf
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wkH;kdrif; rwkdifrDuyif usdef;wkdif;trnfwGifNyD;jzpf\/ if;Akdvfrif;tjzpf aecJh
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4/ axmifhacsmif;acsteD;eef;&m
5/ okH;axmif&GmteD;eef;&m(bk&m;aygif;acsmif;awmifbuf)
6/ NrdKUolBuD;&Gm(ig;pifkdif;acsmif;uRef;? ukvm;wef;pm;? 'g;ykdifBuD; ioHawG
aecJh&m)
7/ wyifwkdifeef;&m
8/ ppfuAJ v
dk rf if;&JabmfaecJah om MuyfpifuRe;f ta&SUbuf? auovmuRe;f
wGif&Sdonf/
av;NrKd Ujrpftrnf&ykH
tOee'Djrpfonf av;NrdKUjrpfudkac:onf/ rsufpOf;kdtqif;ESihf wlaom
a&&Sad om jrpf[q
k v
kd o
dk nf/ xkaYd Mumihf kad oma&pD;qif;&mjrpfudk tOee'Djrpf[k
ac:onf/ xkdjrpfukdrSD NrdKUjyxD;eef; wnfcJh&mum;? tOee'Dacwfumv[k
wifpm;owfrSwfcJhMuonf/ wcsKdUu avmif;Muuf? yk&def? Ncdwf? pr0uf(yOm)
[laom NrdKUav;NrdKUrSm jrpf\taemufbufwGif wnf&Sd&mum; av;NrdKUjrpf[k
25
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
wGif\/ tqkdt& NcdwfNrdKUrSm a&wGuf&m rygcJhav&macs/ ae&O&mNrdKUwkdY

vnf;rygav/ xkdYaMumihf yOm? avmif;Muuf? yk&def? ae&O&m[laom NrdKUav;NrdKU
ukdom trSef,l&rnf/ xkdav;NrdKUukdompGJ av;NrdKUjrpf? av;NrdKUXme? av;NrdKU
a'o? av;NrdKUe,fajr? av;NrdKUacwf[laom trnfemr jzpfvmcJhonfqkd\/
tcsKdUu &Snfvsm;ao;oG,faom jrpfjzpfvnf; vnfacsmif;ESihfwlonf/ jrpf0
wGif ZD0Sm"mwfrSm vQm&if;jzpfonf/ jrpfzsm;wGif vufr"mwfrSm vQmzsm;jzpf
onf/ av;NrdKUjrpf0tqkH;aygufawmNrdKU*D0g"mwfrsm vnf&GJawmf(vnf&GJwef
qm)qifjref;onfh ae&mrS "mwfawmfjzpfonfukd axmufqajymqkdMuonf/
xkdYjyifav;jrdKUjrpftaemufbufurf;wGif aygifkd;awmf"mwf&Sdonf/ NydKif;
wkdifawmifwGif yg;kd;awmf"mwf&Sdonf/ armif;qGJawmifwGif vusfmarmif;awmf
"mwf? yg;awmfawmifwGif vuf0Jyg;kd;awmf"mwf? vufr"mwf? yk&def&Gm ta&SU
rsufESm? yg;&Gwfawmf (yg;ta&jym;)? vufoef;awmf? vufkH;awmf? rsufvkH;awmf?
ESmacgif;awmff? 0rf;awmf? wifawmf? ausmufkd;awmf? vufId;awmf? eHkd;awmf?
rsufcrf;awmf? yckH;awmf? ajckd;awmf? tmacgifawmf? vufzsHawmf? ausmuftkH
awmf? uefaumufawmf? z0g;awmf? aMumom;awmf? rsuaf rSmifawmf? rsu&f pfawmf?
rsufkd;awmf? ovkH;awmf? ukwfqufawmf? &ifawmf? tonf;awmf? ausmufukef;
awmf? ausmufilawmf? tp&Sdaom "mwfawmfrsm;vnf; ukd,fcEmrS qufpyf&m
o&D&tpdyftykdif;rsm;om jzpfMuav\/
av;NrdKUjrpfonf om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom awmawmif? acsmif;ajrmif;?
tif;tkdifwkdYukd yGm;pD;avcJhonfomru vlaerIjzpfyGm;rI NrdKUjyXmewnfcsrI?
tkyfcsKyfrIpaom vlaerIt00? ,Ofaus;rI? pD;yGm;a&; paom toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;rIjzpfcJh&onf/ ,ckqkdvQif a'oonf rif;jym;NrdKUe,f\ tcsuftcsm
jzpfaebd&mum; ( )ckEpS f vl0ifrEI iS fh jynfot
Yl iftm; OD;pD;Xme aumufccH supf m
&if;t& NrdKUe,fvlOD;a&pkpkaygif;( )&SdcJhavNyD/ xkdwGif aus;vufvlOD;a&
( )&ckdifEIef;? NrdKUe,fvlOD;a& ( )&mckdifEIef;&Sdonf/ bmomtrsKd;rsKd;ukd;uG,faom
vltrsKd;rsKd;&Sd&m &ckdifrSmtrsm;qkH;jzpfonf/
rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f
av;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;wGif jrpf0us&m taemufbufurf; usdef;awmifajc&if;?
,ckrif;jym;NrdKUwnfvsuf&Sdonf/ aumZmou&mZf(1229)ckESpf waygif;vjynhf
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
ausmf (1)&uf (1867)ckESpf wnfcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;awGU&onf/ rif;jym;NrdKUrS

NrdKUe,fkH;pkdufvsuf tkyfcsKyf&Sdaeonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUe,fonf {&d,m (169305)
{u us,f0ef;onf/ pwk&ef;rkdiftm;jzihf (264.63)pwk&ef;rkdif&Sdonf/ awmifrS
ajrmufoYkd (41.50)rkid cf efY &Snv
f sm;onf/ taemufbufwiG f aygufawmNrKd Ue,f
awmifbuf ajrykHNrdKUe,f? ajrmufbuf ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f? ta&SUbuf apwk
w&mNrdKUe,fwkdYESifh e,fedrdwfqufpyfvQuf&Sdonf/
rif;jym;NrdKUe,fonf ajrmufvwDwG'f 20H;5;30/ rS 20H; 55;10/ xd&Snf
vsm;NyD; ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f 93H;6;43 rS 93H;20 txd us,f0ef;ygonf/ NrdKU
wnf&mrS ajrmufvwDwG'f 20H;23;30 rsOf;ESihf ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f 93H;27;16
rsOf;wkdY jzwfoef;oGm;onfhae&mwGif wnf&Sdygonf/
26
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
aovm*D&dawmifxdyfAGDcsm...wefY&yfa&umvcgrSm ...t,ifb0
a[mif;uk&d m? atmufr;DG vGr;f qGwrf ad &cg...,if;twdwu
f ?dk atykifd zf iG [
hf Tejf y
yg...
nDawmftmeE...igbk&m;rSm0g....atpcef;awmifcsm...us;D rif;jzpfc
a&cg...oif;yif;azmf&TDtkyfeefY...bmombm0 usdef;aysmfygvD&m...
b*0g...&Siaf pmxG#rf [m...,if;ykid t
f wduadk qmifv.Ydk ..used ;f awmif
orkwfac:c&m...trnfwifhqef;awmifwef;om,m ...Ak'Asm'dwfaqmif
[dwf usdef;awmifom/
(jref r mh t oH &ck d i f w k d i f ; &if ; om; tpD t pOf r S toH v G i f h x k w f c J h b l ; \/)
tz&ckid af jrudk apmihx

f ed ;f avmh
av;NrdKUjrpf0Srf; vlaerIonf rif;jym;NrdKUe,f\ orkdif;(&ckdif)orkdif;ukd pwif
cJah om umvuyif tajcwnfvmcJNh y;D jzpf\/ rif;jym;NrKd Ue,forkid ;f ukd azmfxw
k f
&efrmS &ckid jf ynforkid ;f ESifh tusK;H 0ifvQu&f o
dS nf/ xkaYd Mumihf &ckid Nf rKd Uonf rif;rsm;
tqufqufjzpf&yfqufoG,frI? obm0yx0Dtaetxm;rsm;ukd qufpyfavh
vm azmfxkwf&ef vkdtyfrnfyifjzpf\/ "n0wDacwfrS ajrmufOD;acwfwpf
avQmuf vGefcJhaom bDpD (6000)aomumvukd rSef;arQmf&efrSm vG,fulonf
r[kwaf y/ okaYd omfav;NrKd Ujrpf\ yx0Dom;ajr;rsm;jzpfMuaom &ckid o
f m;? av;NrKd U
om;? acsmif ; om;? tnmom;? &Bud K if o m;? awmif p Of o m;? uRef ; om;?
oHaxmifom;tjyif rif;jym;om;? Muyfpifom;? jym;acsmif;om;? e&rf;om;?
aemfemom;? usdef;om;? armf&Gmom;? [lorQonf orkdif;ay;wm0eft&tz
&ckdifajrukd apmihfa&Smufxdef;odrf;Mu&onfomwnf;/
used ;f awmifom- umvay:omjcif;

tpdaE,sm....*kPfaygif;teE....jynhf0yga&? ZDoQifyifb*0g...
&[Emig;&mNcH&HAsm,f...wkdif;cxGif rZdrmu? "n0wD &TDjynfukd&m ...psmef
,mOfc&D;vrf; <ujref;vDa&cg...
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
tcef;(2)
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
umum*D&(d a&Tused ;f awmif)

umum*D&dac: a&Tusdef;awmifonf tOee'D(av;NrdKUjrpf)jrpf0taemuf
bufurf;wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ ,ckrif;jym;NrKd U\ taemufbufwiG f usa&mufonf/
awmifEiS afh jrmufo,
G w
f ef;aeum (2)rkid af usm&f n
S v
f sm;onf/ yifv,fa&rsuEf mS
jyifrS (414)ayjrifhonf/ usdef;awmif? NrdKUawmif? tvif;awmif? vGrf;awmif?
Ncw
d af wmif? bdwaf wmif? oydwaf wmif? pHum;awmif? zDvmawmif? ipnfawmif
ponfjzihf cifpidk ;f ? uke;f wef;? awmify?Ydk awmifxw
G pf onfwYdk awmiftvk;H aygif;
(99)vkH;qufoG,f&Sdonf[k tqkd&Sdonf/
awmifonf "n0wD(99)awmifrS oG,favQmufqufoG,fvmjcif; jzpf
avonf/ "n0wD(99)awmifrS ocsFyfawmfawmifwef;ukdavQmuf ajrmufOD;
okq
Yd ufonf/ xku
d abmif;'Gw?f armif;qGaJ wmif? r[mxD;awmifwef; wko
Yd q
Ydk uf
onf/ r[mxD;rSikyf txkyfonfrewfawmif? ,if;rSikyfvQKd; orufqif;
awmifwef;? nHuRef;? uku&m;axmihf? xkdrSyg;awmfawmif? ig;clawmif wkdYukd
qufonf/ ,if;rSikwfjyefNyD; awmif&if;uRef;? jym;uRef;? 0if;uRef;wpfavQmuf?
awmif0Srf;rsm;jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ yg;awmfawmifrSikyf rif;jym;usdef;awmifokdY
qufavonf/ usdef;awmifrSikwfNyD; Muyfpifawmifwef;okdY qufum yifv,fxJ
okdY a&mufoGm;avonf/
usdef;awmifonf tOee'Djrpf0Srf; ay:xGef;aeaom awmifvnf;jzpf
onf/ awmifwef;ukd tajccH ukef;ajrrsm; ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ jrpf
acsmif;rsm;vnf; awmifwef;ukd tajccHay:vm&jyefonf/ jrpfacsmif;wkdYrS
tenfxidk yf cYdk s awmawmifprd 0hf rS ;f jzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumihf tcsi;f csi;f
trSDo[Jruif;Muacs/ vGefcJhaom ESpfoef; (30)uyif yifv,fa&qkwfvmrI
aMumihf awmifwef;ukd rSDvQuf ukef;ajrjzpfvm&onf/ &ckdifjynfe,f\ ukef;ajr
oufwrf;rSm ESpfaygif;oef; (100)cefY &SdNyD[kqkdMuonf/
xkdokdYausmufwef;? vTmwGefYwef;wkdY qif;vmjcif;jzihf jrpfrsm;tenfykdYcs
rIaMumifh uRef;urf;rsm;qufum qufumjzpfvm&jcif;jzpfonfqkdayonf/
27
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
aemifuq
dk v
dk Qif a&vufMum;rsm; wdraf umaysmufum uRe;f urf;ajrrsm; wpfquf
wnf; jzpfayawmhrnf/
awmifwef;onf oufwrf;tm;jzihf ESpfumvoef;ukdcsD &SnfMumvm
cJhNyDjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumihf &ckdif&mZ0ifwkdY vlwkdYtESpfwpfaomif; oufwrf;&Snf
aom umvu uybk&m;&Sifonf awmifwGif acwusdef;atmif;cJhbl;
cJhaMumif; if;tjyif a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;vnf; EkpOfumvu aus;rif;
wpfZmpftjzpf awmifwGifyif usifvnfaexkdifcJhbl;onf[k azmfjycJhMuav
onf/
awmif\trnf
a&S;&ckdiforkdif;&mZ0if? vuFmwkdYwGif awmifukd umum*D&dawmif
umvm*D&dawmif [ljyqkdayonf/ aus;iSufow0gwkdYukd &ckdifwkdYu (usD;)
[l ac:Muonf/ aus; ac: Muufwal &G;? Muufawmukv
d nf; &ckid v
f (dk us;D )[l
yif ac:jyefonf/ wpfcsKUd u bk&m;avmif;aus;rif; (Muufwal &G;rif;jzpfco
hJ nfudk
axmuf ]]aus;awmif(ok0*D&d)omjzpfoihfonf/ umum*D&d ac: usD;awmif
(us;D uef)awmif rjzpfoihaf cs}} [k a0zefr&I cdS MhJ uonf/ q&mirnf &mZ0ifvnf;
uJhodkYyif a0zefcJhonf/ rif;jym;NrdKU usD;jzL&Gmom; ynm&SdBuD; wpfOD;uvnf;
xkdYtwl a[majymcJhbl;aMumif; tqkd&Sdavonf/(1)
umuo'gonf us;D uef;ukad [monf[o
k m odMuonf/ ou#wGif
iSuf[lorQukd (umumwk,m)[k 0daootxl;jyKum jyqkdxm;onf/ xkdYaMumihf
(umum) o'gonf tawmif&dS yso
H ef;Ekid af om iSut
f aygif;ukd ac:qk&d mjzpfav
onf/ iSuftaygif;aysmfarGU&m usufpm;&maMumifh ]]umumwk,m*D&d}}[k
qkEd idk o
f nf/ wk,mo'gaysmuf (umum*D&)d [k twkad c:a0:ok;H vmjcif;jzpfacs
&monf/ trSefrSmvnf; a&S;usaom trnfemrwkdYrSm ou#? rm*"paom
a0g[m&rsm;omjzpf&monf/
xkdYaMumihf usD;uef;awmif? aus;om;(Muufwla&G;) awmifomr[kwfrlbJ
aus;iSufom&umrsm;pGmESifh qkdifaom iSufwumwkdY\ aysmfpH&mawmif tjzpf
[k tod&iS ;f vif;oihMf uonf/ umuo'grS umvmo'godaYk jymif;Ny;D pdr;f kaYd wmif?
rIid ;f kaYd wmif? kad rSmifawmiftjzpf ajymEkid &f mum umvm*D&[
d v
k nf; a&GUajymif;
vmEkdifayonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
used ;f awmif
usdef;awmf&Sif
azmfjyyg umum*D&d? umvm*D&dukd tcktcg usdef;awmif [lom vlod

rsm;Muonf/ usdef;awmifac:&jcif;ukdvnf; t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonf/
vlwkdYoufwrf; tESpfwpfaomif;u uybk&m;&SifyGihfawmfrlpOf? xkdbk&m;
&Sifonf awmif acwusdef;pufem;aecJhbl;onfqkd\/ xkdYtjyif a*gwr
bk&m;tavmif; aus;rif;onf awmif ude;f atmif;cJb
h ;l onf/ xkt
d aMumif;
aMumihf usdef;awmif[laom tac:wGifrSwfcJh&avaMumif; jyqkdMuonf/
tavmif;awmfaus;rif;onf rpsdra'o EkpOfuaus;rif;wpfZmpfjzpfcJh
bl;onf/ aus;om;ig;&mNcH&Hvsuf aysmfyg;pGmaecJhNyD; [dr0EmrSonf vloleD;pyf
&Gm? NrdKU? &Gm? Zeyk'fwkdYokdYvnf; oGm;vmusufpm;avh&SdcJhbl;onf/ tcgwpfyg;
ta&SUawmft&yf &ckdif("n0wD)(2)odkY OD;wnfysHoef;a&muf&Sdvmonf/ xkdwGif
usufpm;aumif;&mukd &SmvQuf awmawmiftxyfxyfukd ausmfvGefjzwfoef;cJh
MuNyD; a&muf&mXmewkdY aysmfykdufarGUavsmf ESpfNcdKufjcif;&SdMuavonf/ tpm;t
pmtoD;tESHrsm;vnf; aygrsm;rcef;? okH;pm;rukef&SdcJhMuacsonf/ xkdYaMumihf
&ckdif("n0wD)wGif aysmfarGUcJhMuvsuf taeMumcJhonf/ wpfpwpfpESihf aeom;
wustjzpf awmifwef;wpfckukd rSDckdum aexkdifcJhMuavonf/
awmifwef;rSm tkHrIdif;a0qm? om,mrkdYarmufvS&mum;? aexkdifaysmfarGU
ESpfNcdKufp&mwkdYjzihf jynhfESufojzihf bk&m;avmif;aus;rif;ESihf iSuftaygif;wkdY
aomif;aomif;tkwaf tmf aysmaf rGpY mG aexkid cf MhJ uavonf/ t&yfxuf0ef;usirf S
vltrsm;vnf; jrifMu&vQif 0rf;ajrmuf&GTifvef;jcif; jzpfcJhMuavonf/ uJhokdY
iSuftaygif;wkdY aysmfarGUusdef;atmif;cJh&mukd taMumif;jyK awmifukd (usdef;
awmif)[k ac:vmcJh&jcif;jzpfavonf[k qkdMu\/
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifvnf; "n0wD&ckdifjynfokdY <ua&mufpOf Asm'dwf
pum;>rufMum;chJbl;ayonf/ xkdtaMumif;ukd &ckdifpmqkd&Sifrsm;uvnf; odkY
a&;pyfcJhMuayonf/
]]a&SUawmifcGifodkY? MunfhvQifIw? arQmfIUurl? w,lZem? &Sdav&mwGif?
umum*D&d? awmif0,f&Sd\/ ZmwdusD;om;? ig;&mtm;vQif? a&mufavusifaomf?
tkwftifcyif;? rSD;wif;aearGU? ozef;aywnf;? pm;onfrsm;pGm? ukefvwf&mvQif?
iwfonfyifwnf;? r&Tifaomtm;? wjcm;Xmae? a0;&yfajrodkY? ESpfvkd0rf;om?
28
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
0pGm&Smpm;? oGm;tHhavm[k? ajyma[mwkdifyif? aus;rif;&Sifu? pdwfawmf&Tiftm;?

roGm;rvkduf? awmifvQif? ESpfNcdKufaysmfydkuf? usefwkHvkdufu? aoav&\/
xkduwvIduf? aemifESpfem*gwf? ae&yf? usdef;vwfcJh&m? usdef;awmifomwGif}}
(O* g pH )
oG,w
f ef;awmiftrnf
usdef;awmifonf opfyifawmtkyfrsm;jzihf vTrf;umrIdif;kdYa0qmaeay
onf/ &moDtvkdufzl;yGifh? oD;rSnhfum yifvkH;&JrQ wifhw,fvSaeayonf/ awm
yef; awmifyef;tvSwkdYjzihfvnf; wefqmqifvQuf&Sdonf/ aus;iSufom&umwkdY
tdyfpm;em;ae aysmfjrL;zG,fum; tvGefaumif;ayonf/ ta&SUbuf&Sd EG,fcsKd
zkd;acgifkd;rawmifukd vSrf;arQmftmkHusufpm;Ekdifonf/ jrpfacsmif;tif;tkdifESihf
vnf; eD;onf/ prf;acsmif;pD;uso?H a&wHceG w
f u
Ydk vnf; tjzmjzmoG,q
f if;ae&m?
a&rkd; rylyef&acs/ v,f,mukdif;uRef;wpfavQmuf oD;ESHrsm;ukdvn;f vufvSrf;rD
aeonf/ awmifwef;wpfckvkH;onf aus;iSufoHwkdYESihf om,mrpJonf omru
awmawmifwkdYvnf; vlol rqdwfnHacs/
vlwkdYaexkdifcJhonfh NrdKU&m&Sdonfukd taMumif;jyK NrdKUawmif[kac:onf/
xkdrSajrmufbufukefjrifhwpf0kdufukd tvif;awmif[k ac:onf/ xkdrS taemuf
ajrmufukef;qif;wpfavQmufukd jrawmif[kac:jyefonf/ ]]usdef;awmifvusfm?
jrawmifvuf0J}}[l pmqkd&Sdonf/ xkdawmif\ ta&SUajrmufarmfwef;vsuf
qif;&mwGif vGrf;awmif&Sdavonf/ Ncdwfawmif&Gmt0if vusfmbufawmifukd
oydwaf wmif[ak c:onf/ xkad wmifrS ajrmufbufudk zDvmawmif[k ac:onf/
xkdawmif\ta&SUbufukd pHum;awmif[kac:onf/ ajrmufbufukd Ncdwfawmif
[kac:onf/ Ncw
d af wmifrS ta&SUbufwiG f bdwaf wmif&o
dS nf/ tk;d onf&mG ta&SU
bufwGif ta[mif;awmif&Sdonf/ awmifykwfBuD;&GmajrmufbufwGif ipnf
awmif&o
dS nf/ awGUrqkw&f mG (,ckwrYdk qdw&f mG [kac:Muonf/) ajrmufbufwiG f
awmifykwfBuD;awmifESihf 0efokdawmif&Sdonf/ tonf&GmwGif av;rsufESmawmif
&Sdonf/ xkdYjyif vufzefawmfawmif&Sdonf/ ESpfql&Sifyifawmif? ig;ql&Sifyif
awmif? NydKif;awmifawmf? r,fawmfawmif? qifBuD;jyifawmif? bl;yifawmif?
bm;blawmif? qdwfqkHawmif? &JwJawmif? olaX;ukef;awmif ? wif;r&Gmawmif
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
ponfjzihf awmifrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ awmif&Hawmifxyfrsm;jzihf oG,fqif;ae&um;

vlaeNrdKUjyXmersm;yif &SdcJhonf/ a&S;uawmifwpf0kdufwGif usdef;NrdKUwnfcJhav
onf/ ,ckawmifNrKd Uawmif[k ac:wGi&f adS e\/ NrKd Uapmihb
f &k m; [kvnf; xif&mS ;&Sd
aeao;\/
ajrmifESihf a&wHcGefrsm;
used ;f awmifwef;rSm &ckid jf ynf\ tv,fww
H idk ;f Bu;D vnf;jzpfonf/ jynf\
yufckH;(yckH;)ESihfvnf; wlonf[l\/ ,if;aMumihf? jynfwHwkdif;? jynfyckH;jzpfaom
usdef;awmifwef;um; a&S;uvGefpGmom,mcJhayonf/ ,ckyif tkHYrIdif;a0qm
pdrf;vef;jzmvsuf om,mzG,f twd&Sdonf/ opfyifBuD;i,f NcHKEG,fydwfaygif;wkdY
vnf; pnfyifvSonf/ ]]wef;wif}}ac: a&wHcGefwkdYrS tNrJpD;usaeaom ajrmif;
rsm;vnf;renf;ay/ awmifwef;vusfmwGifvnf;aumif;? vuf0JbufwGifvnf
;aumif;? a&wHcGefpD;us&majrmifrsm; tESHYtjym;&Sdonf/ ta&SUvufsmbufwGif
qkdvQif usdef;awmif&Sif ta&SUu a&wHcGef&Sdonf/ xkduajrmufbufvmvQif
Muaomif;(0g;ykd;) 0g;awm&dyfNrdKifBuD; &Sdayonf/ if;0g;awmawmifukef;avQmrS
pD;usvmaom rif;uefajrmifESihf qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf; awmifbufu wef;wif
ajrmifwYdk jzpfMuonf/ if;ausmv
f rf;ajrmufbufu bD;vl;rajrmif pD;usaeonf/
xkdajrmifuoGm;aomf ,ckqdwfausmif;ajrmif (qdwfacsajrmif)&Sdonf/ ta&SUukd
qufoGm;vQif &JwJbk&m;awmifcsKdifhESihf vGrf;awmifcsKdihftqufrS pD;usaomwef;
wif a&ausajrmifwpfc&k o
dS nf/ ajrmifrmS tvGex
f ;l qef;vSonf/ a&aMumrSm
Muyfpifawmifarmfjrpfa&aMumESihf qufpyfaeonf[kqkdMuonf/ xkdYaMumihf
xkjd rpfrS a&iHvmvQif ajrmif;a&vnf; iHawmhonfqMdk u\/ wefc;l ? uqkev
f wkYd
tnmjrpfa&iHonfh umvwGif xkdajrmifa&ukd jrnf;prf;ygu iHaMumif;ukd odom
vSonf[k ajymprSwfjyKMuonf/
awmifwef;taemufvuf0JbufwpfavQmufwGifqkdvQif usdef;awmf&Sif
bk&m;taemufbuf rD;ausmif;ajrmif&o
dS nf/ xku
d ajrmufbuf&dS ausmif;awmif
csKdifhMum;ajrmifukd ,ckyef;csif;ajrmifac:aeonf/ yef;csif;ajrmifrSm jrawmift
eD;wGif;yif &Sd&monf[k pmayorkdif;t& ,lqMuonf/ okdYaomf xkdajrmifukdum;
,ck&Smr&Ekdifyg/ opf0g;ckwfaomolrsm; xif&Sm;aomolrsm;onf yef;csif;yif
(aomfuav;)rsm; jynhv
f suf xkad jrmifudk tcgtm;avsmpf mG awGUMu&onf/ wrif
29
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
oGm;&Smolrsm;um; &Smr&Ekdifjzpf&onf[l\/ qifBuD;jyif&Gmtxufukd iawmuf

wlajrmif(tcsKUd vnf; yef;jcif;ajrmif[k ,lqMu\)ESifh if;vuf0b
J ufwiG &f adS om
ajrmifrmS wvif;Bu;D ajrmifjzpfonf/ wvif;Bu;D ajrmifteD; awmifajc&if;wGif
opAE0rax&f\ ajc&mcscJh&m ausmufvkH;BuD;&Sdonf/ Aa"gajc&m[k ,ckwkdif
ac:a0:vsuf&Sdaeao;onf/ xkdajrmifrSajrmufbufukd iNyDtif;ajrmif&Sdonf/
ajrmifwkdYum; &moDra&G;pD;usae aomufcsKd;jcif;rsm;jzihf tokH;jyKMuonf/
carmif;a&Munf
carmif;yif(ysOf;r)rsm;rSm tESHYtjym;aygrsm;onf/ uRef;ESihfysOf;uwkd;yif
rsm;ukd tpkd;&u BudK;0kdif;jyKvkyfNyD; pkdufysKd;xm;&Sdonf/ ay(20)rS (50)cefYtjrihf&Sd
aeMuavNyD/ txl;ojzihf carmif;yif&Sdjcif;aMumihf a&Munfat;jr woGifoGif
pD;usavoavm[k cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/ carmif;yifrsm;rSm tat;ukd BudKufonf/
a&ukdqGJiif"mwftm;&Sdonf/ tat;"mwfrsm;&mwGif carmif;yifwkdYaygufa&muf
rIrsm;onf/ tat;"mwf&&efvnf; carmif;yifudk pku
d yf sK;d avh&MdS uonf/ &ckid rf if;
rsm;vufxuf]]carmif;usD;jzL oQdoQm;ukvm;tum}}[l NrdKUe,fedrdwfwdkYwGif
carmif;,Mwm tumtuG,ftjzpfvnf; tokH;csavh&SdcJhonf/
tif;csjrKyfESHxm;aom ,Mwmtum ausmufcsyfjym;
m;wkdYukdvnf; ,ck&&Sd
xm;avonf/
tzl;? trsuf? tacgif;cHvsuf ESpfaygif;&SnfMumoefrm&ifhNyD;? carmif;yif
BuD;wkdYrSm aus;iSufomvdumwkdYtzkdY Adrmefeef;yifwnf;/ tokdufttkHzGJY aeMu
&ef rsm;pGmobm0usonf/ xkaYd Mumihf a&S;&cdik w
f u
Ydk ]]carmif;rsupf ?G urmvk;H rSm?
jcuf(jcifh)vkdYeD? rsufpGcarmif;? tyifoefau? vusfmbufrSm? usD;wpfacgif;}}
[lyif pmzGJYjcif;jyKcJhMuavonf/ opfcGpaom yef;rsm;\tkHzGJYayguf&efvnf;
tvGefaumif;onf/ ]]usdef;awmifausmfvrf;? carmif;yifrSm? oZifyef;}} [l
pmqk&d adS vonf/ opfo;D ? opfO? tzl;tyGiw
hf u
Ydk vnf; used ;f awmifwef;\ tvS
obm0qif,ifxm;&myifwnf;/ &moDtvku
d f zl;yGiBhf uKd iv
f idI v
f aS om yef;rmvm
rsm;um; usdef;awmifwef;\ cspfp&mtvSukd jc,forGrf;rHxm;ouJhodkYaywnf;/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
&moDtvku
d zf ;l yGiahf 0a0
usdef;awmf&Sif
used ;f awmifwef;wGif oZifyef;onf awmf0ifco

hJ nf/ ]]used ;f awmifausmf
vrf;? Muufkd;yifrSm oZifyef;}}[lpmzGJYcJhonf/ a[rEewfawmfvwkdY ajrmuf
av tjyefwGif a*:oZifyef;wkdY arT;&eHYBudKifvIdifavh&Sdonf/ oZifjzL? oZifeD?
a*:oZifwkdYum; ewfawmfvrS wykdYwGJvtxd zl;yGifh&m tcsdefaywnf;/
xkdYaMumifh]]oZifwGifay:p? ewfawmfv? oZifvnf;yGJ? wykdYwGJ}}[kvnf; &moDukd
yef;u ajymjycJah yonf/ used ;f awmifwef;rS oZifyef;wkrYd mS opfyifwumwkYd pkpH mG
yGifhonfxif\/ carmif;yifwGif oZifyef;omrubJ]]usdef;awmifaemufu? ukef
ykwfauausmfvrf;? Muufkd;yifrSm oZifyef;}}[l pmqkd&Sdavonf/ pifppfoZif
yef;onf used ;f awmifwef;wpf0u
dk f tvStyrsm;om r[kwb
f J &ckid w
f jynfv;Hk \
usufoa&aqmif awmf0ifyef;vnf; rnfay\/ ]]oZifyef;ckdif/ wNrdKifNrdKif?
&ckid b
f &k m;aygif;}}[k jrwfe;dk &m txG#w
f ifcMJh uonf/ ]]awmifyw
k af u? usm;ajc&m
vnf; ausmfvrf;? ausmif;yg;awmifrSm oZifyef;ukd vlerf;vm;Asm,f(,m)[k
&ckid yf sKad rwku
Yd yif cspo
f al rmifudk oZifyef;ESio
fh m EIid ;f um Zrf;pum;zGcYJ MhJ uonf/
oZifyef;rsKd;pkHNyD;? a&Twl? aiGwl? vufwHwkd? vufwH&Snf? mpdrf;? Z&uf
Ekwfcrf;? (quf&ufEkwfcrf;)? rkd;Z&Dyef;ponfh opfcGyef;wkdYvnf; vGrf;qGwfcsif
p&myif jrihfabGrSm vef;pGifha0um zl;yGifhaeMuayonf/ vjymokdrSm cGmkdyef;
yGifhMuonf/ at;pdrhfNyD; ckdufckdufwkefonfh jymokdvwGif cGmkdu oif;ysHUvsuf&Sd
onf/ &moDajymif; aqmif;tukefaEGtul;wGifrl qdwfzvl; (kd;vSoEm)yef;/
o&zD? ZvyfeD? Zvyf0g? rkd;wdrfjympaom yef;wumwkdY a0qmvsuf yGifhMujyef
awmhonf/
aEG&moDa&mufjyefvQiu
f m;? used ;f awmifwef;wpfavQmuf 0ga&Ta&mifoef;
Ny;D ? &eHx
Y v
Hk rT ;f aeonh?f ika&T0g? ydawmuf? a&T&ifcwf? uHaumfwrYdk mS &ckid o
f BueF u
f dk
vSrf;vifhBudKum owd&apbdawmhonf/
'kwd,urmppftwGif; *syefppfpcef;tjyif? ppfNyD;aemufykdif;wGifvnf;
usefd ;f awmifwef;onf ppf'Pfcwfjcif;cH&onf/ ppfaMumifh awme,ft&yf&yf
rS ckd0ifvmolrsm;\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf awm&Sif;atmif xif;rD;opf
0g;tokH;csjcif;? ,mvkyfukdifjcif;? c&rf;? ocGm;? ajymif;? yJpaom oDESHpkdufysKd;jcif;
rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/ xkdYaMumihf opfyifBuD;rsm; wrlajymif;vsuf vGifwD;acgifeD;
30
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
Munhaf vwkid ;f jymESr;f aoGUajcmufc&hJ onf/ ,ckum; oufqidk &f mu wm;qD;xm;

ojzihf jyefvnfpdrf;vef;pkdajyp jyKvmcJhayonf/
awmifajc&if;csKid 0fh rS ;f ? uke;f wef;? cifpikd ;f ? qifajcavsmwkw
Yd iG f oD;ESOH ,smOf
cif;rsm;? pD;yGm;jzpf uGrf;&Gufcif;rsm; tpDt&DpkdufysKd;&SdaeMuonf/ xGufjyKp
carmif;? uRef;? ysOf;uwkd; paom opfrmrsm;vnf; NydKif;&kdif;&Sdvmonf/ emrnf
ausmMf um; vlBuKd urf sm;aom used ;f tnif;("nif;)oD;yifrsm;vnf; awmifv;Hk tESYH
jynhfaebdonf/ a&S;uusm;&Jwd&dpmefrsm; rif;rlcJh&m awmNrdKifBuD;ozG,f jzpfcJh
aomfvnf;? ,ckum; ae&mwum vlolrjywf aysmfp&mjzpfaeonf/ EGm;ausmif;
om;wk\
Yd ykavGo?H uREJ mG ;wk\
Yd cavmufow
H w
Ydk iG f avcwfoH w&S&J u
JS aygif;pyf
ay;vku
d af omtcg? oHpw
Hk &l ,
d muJo
h Ykd ESv;Hk pdw0f rf;MunfE;l at;jrom,memaysmpf
&m aumif;vSayawmhonf/
aq;aygif;pkv
H aS om awmifwef;
usdef;awmifwef;um; aq;0g;rsm;vnf; pkHvSayonf/ arGawmfpufwnf&Sd
&mvnf;jzpfojzihf &mZ0iforkid ;f wku
Yd ewfaq;yifrsm;&Sad Mumif; azmfjycJMh uonf/
&ckdifrif;orD; aq;0dZmusrf;ayrlt& aq;yifpkHvif&mawmifrsm;rSm
usdef;awmif? iclawmif? ocsFyfawmifwkdYjzpfonf/
usdef;awmifwef;&Sd jrawmifESihf yef;csif;ajrmifwkdYwGifqkdvQif ZvyfeDESihf
aq;eD? aq;jzL? aq;0g? aq;rnf? wdrfyef;ajcpaom ewfaq;tjyif? a*gv*D&d
[laom aq;yifvnf; &Sdonfqkd\/
xif&Sm;aptHh/ / jrawmif0ifavvQif yef;csif;ajrmif[l &Sd\/ xkdyef;csif;
ajrmifvusfmbufu awmifarmfwGif ZvyfeDokH;kH&Sd\/ ZvyfeDo@mefum;?tkd;
t&GuftyGifhwkdYonf [oFmjy'g;uJhodkYeD\/ xkdZvyfeDukd vufjzihfukdifvQif udk,f
aysmuf\/ aoG;rsufaphwGif uGif;vQif ewfrsKd;wkdYukdjrif\/ ewfaq;wkdYukdvnf;
jrif\/ aeukdvnf;jrif\/ t*d,wfvnf;jzpf\/}}
]]aq;eD? aq;jzL? aq;0g? aq;rnf; aq;(4)yg;um;? yef;csif;ajrmifwGif
&Sd\/ aq;eD[lonfum; j*efYpmyifuJhodkY a&muf\/ tyGifh? toD;? t0ga&mif&Sd\/
tO y,if;a&mifuJhodkY &Sd\/ t&omcsKd\/ aq;jzLtyifum; wpfyifvkH;jzL\/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
tkd;? t&Guf? tyGifh? tO? tjrpfwkdY tukefr<uif;jzL\/ aq;0gtyifum;=

tkd;? t&Guf? tjrpf a&Ta&mifuJhokdY&Sd\/ aq;rnf;[lonfum; =a>rpdrf;uJhodkY
&S\
d / EG,v
f t
dk yifwnf;/ t&Gujf zL\/ tjrpftoD; tap; tk;d uJo
h Ykd &S\
d / tyifjr
uJhokdY&Sd\/}}
a&TwHwkdif;? a&Twrm? aq;ynm&Sd? wdrfyef;ajc? aq;jzL ponhfaq;wkdYum;
jrawmifwGif&Sd\/ wddrfyefajcaq;um; rkd;cgaysmuf\/ aEGcgaygufa&muf\/
usD;tmoD;uJhodkY&Sd\/ a*gvm*D&daq;yifrnfaom aq;yif&Sd&mt&yfum; ZvyfeD
yifESihf rsm;pGmruGmwGif&Sdf\/ tkwfwHwkdif;ausmufwHwkdif;wkdYwGifom ayguf\/
tqif;um; tyifeDvmtqif;ESihfwl\/ tap;a&uJhodkY xGuf\/ aq;yifukd
ewfwkdY0Sufxm;Muonf/ wef;ckd;BuD;aom aZmf*sD? 0dZmwkdYom pm;&wwfonf/
xkdYaMumihf if;wkdYonf rjywfvmvsuf pm;avh&SdMuonf[l\/ oDwma& ewf
ausmufcGufausmufysOfwGif Budwfcg pm;Muonf[l\/
obm0ausmufvuf&mqef;rsm;
used ;f awmifwef; ausmufw;Hk Bu;D rsm;? ausmufaqmifausmufapmif;wkYd
rSm ausmufjzpfobm0vuf&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ awmifwef;wpfckvkH;onf
ausmufpyfrsm; rdk;&GmoGef;vkdufvQifvnf;aumif;? qD;ESif;usvQifvnf;aumif;?
jrLckdf;? jrLaiGUrsm; rIdfif;rIHqifum? avupm;aebdtvm; Munhfaumif;p&m wpfrsKd;
yifjzpf\/ jrawmif awmifuGif;jyifwGif armif;o@mef? aevo@mef? vdyf?
EGm;? ckaH vmufo@mef ponfwaYdk wGU&\/ aevo@mef&o
dS nfudk aepuf? vpuf
[k ac:a0:Muonf/
NrdKUpm;ae&meef;&mukd tdrfa&SUrif;eef;&m[k ac:aeMuonf/ wHcg;0armf
zsm;wGifvnf; ausmufwkH;BuD; orifajc&mrsm; jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ ppfuJrif;
apwDtxufwGif ausmufqifkyfwpfckvnf; &Sdonf/ wvif;ajrmif;teD;wGif
opmAEd&[Emajc&mcscJh&m ausmufwkH;wpfck&Sdonf/ ,if;ukd Aa'gajc&m
ausmuf[k ac:aeMu\/ obm0 ausmufvuf&mwku
Yd dk jrifawG&Y vQif tHrh cef;
bG,v
f rl sm; tqef;wMu,fxv
k yk x
f m;bdoYdk xif&wwfonf/ trSeu
f m; obm0
tavQmufjzpfay:aeMujcif;rQomwnf;/
used ;f awmifwef;wpfciG rf S ausmufrsm;ukd xkc,
JG v
l suf vrf;pcef;? wku
d w
f m?
ausmif;uef? tdrf&mwkdY tokH;jyKaomfvnf;? ukefcrf;ekdifzG,f&m r&Sday/
31
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
awmawmif? acsmuf? ajrmifwYdk Bu;D av;vSaom ausmufw;Hk Bu;D rsm; jyefBY uv

J su&f dS
onf/ vltrsm; o,f,lcsxm;bdtvm; awmifajc&if;? v,fuGif;jyif? awmif
uke;f ponftESYH wk;H vk;H ? apmif;axmif? zDvm? uefv
Y eft
Y cefo
Y m; ae&mwumwkid ;f
jrifawGUEkdifayonf/
awmifNrKd U
usdef;awmifwef;um &Snfvsm;oavmuf? csKdihf0Srf;rsm;vnf; aygrsm;onf/
nDnmajzmihfjzL;vSaom awmifukef;? cifwef;wkdYvnf; rsm;pGm&Sdayonf/ csKdifh0Srf;
us,frsm; Muaomif;(0g;ykd;)0g;awmBuD;rsm;? oD;ESHO,smOfcif;BuD;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;
&Sdavonf/ vGrf;awmiftaemufbufcsKdifhukd ajrmifacsmif;[k ac:a0:Muonf/
xkcd sKid 0f rS ;f acsmifxufBu;D onf (*&ifcsKid )f &So
d nf/ xkad jrmifacsmif;u awmifbuf
okdY oGm;NyD; awmifcifpkdif;ukd ausmfjzwfoGm;&onf/ awmifBuD;tv,fwGif if;
*&ifcsKid &f &dS mv,fajr(12){uausmaf usmf us,0f ef;rI&o
dS nf[k qkMd u\/ iSuaf ysmf
*&if (oD;arT;)yifrsm;ukd pkdufysKd;cJhbl;ojzihf *&if*sKdif[k ac:wGifonf/ pyg;rsm;
vnf; pkdufysKd;cJhMuonfqkd\/usdef;awmiftaemufbufESihf awmifbufwGif csKdifh
0Srf;rsm;? awmifjywfrsm;? trsm;yif&Sdonf/ yJ? ESrf;paom [if;cif;rsm; jyKvkyfpm;
aomufvsu&f MdS uonf/ awmifuek ;f k;d vnf; ajzmifjh zL;vsu&f &dS m? used ;f awmif&iS f
bk&m;rS jrawmifwkdifatmif vrf;avQmufoGm;Ekdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&S;&ckdifrif;
rsm; vufxufuyif? ,ckNrdKUawmifac: ae&m ukef;jrifhus,fwGif NrdKU&Gmwnfcs
aecJhMuonf[k ,lqMuonf/ xkdae&mwkdYwGif tkd;cGufuGJrsm; tESHYtjym;&&SdMu
onf/ qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;ajrmufbuf t&yfum; awmifNrdKUwnfcJh&m
NrdKUawmif[l ,ckac:vsuf&Sdao;\/ bk&m;tavmif;aus;rif;jzpfpOf aus;NrdKU
awmf csucf smjzpfcNhJ y;D aemuf? bk&ifrif;wkv
Yd ufxufwiG f aetdrw
f jYdk zihf wnfaxmif
cscJhay&monf/
rif;apmrGeb
f YJG vnf;? used ;f awmifvusmf ? jrawmifvuf0w
J iG f tdrBf u;D wpf
aqmif aqmufvkyfay;cJhMujcif;ESihf tdrf\BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIukdyg xkdbGJYwGif
txift&Sm;pyfqkdxm;csuf awGU&ayonf/ xkdtdrfBuD; aqmufvkyfay;cJhojzihf
xkdae&mukd NrdKUawmif? awmifNrdKU[l ac:avoavm[k atmufarh&onf/
tcsKdUu ysOfaxmifNrdKU[lvnf; ac:wGifaMumif;jzihf ajymqkdMuonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
awmifNrdKU rif;apmrGefonf ESrjzpfoltm; aysmfyg;ap&ef eef;tdrfaqmuf

vkyfay;cJhykHukd xif&Sm;ap&ef rif;apmrGefbGJYrS xkwfEIwfazmfjyvkdonf/
vSjim;Muifwef? aysmfyg;pH
]]---av----vGrf;wnfholonf? vGrf;oluaqG;? &ifEGJYMuifwef? rif;apmrGef
um;? usdef;awmifvufsm? jrawmifvuf0J? EG,fkd;oefYpif? tdrfa&SU&Sifu?
vGr;f wnfyh q
l m? aysmyf gESr? ok;H aqmifajymifonf? awmifa,mifjywif;? jrqGv
J if;
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32
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33
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34
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35
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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usdef;awmf&Sif
ae&m[l TefjycJhaomaMumifh rif;jy[lvnf; ac:Mujcif;jzpfonfqkd\/

avmif;Muuf? yk&def? ajrmufOD;acwfwkdYwGifum; xkdrif;jyrif;ay:[laom trnf
onf rxif&Sm;cJhacs/ usdef;awmifwef;ukd trSDjyK usdef;uRef;wkdif; usdef;wkdif;NrdKU
[laom trnfjzihfom orkdif;wifvmonf/
xkdusdef;uRef;wkdif;NrdKUum; usdef;awmifwpf0kdufvlaerI wnfcif;rsm;jyK&m
&yf&Gmrsm;ukdyif pkaygif; ac:qkdjcif;jzpfrnf[k ,lqrdonf/ trSeftm;jzihf
NrdKU[l oD;jcm;wnf&Sdjcif;um; rjzpfEdkifacs/ NrdKUpm; e,fpm; uRef;pm;wkdY cefYtyf
xm;jcif;ukd tpGJjyK ac:qkdvmjcif; jzpfrnfxifonf/
&mZ0ifwiG f xif&mS ;aom Muufoa&&GmrSm ipnfawmif&mG teD;wGif wnf&dS
zl;onf/ ,ckNydKysufoGm;cJhavNyD/ Ncdwfawmif&GmteD; a&TZif;cgESihf uyfvsuf
eef;&m&Gm (,cktrd af &SUrif;&Gm) usm;&JjyifteD; eef;&m/ axmifah cs&mG teD; eef;&m/
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rSL;rwfwt
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twdtusrajymqkdacs/ t*FvdyfokawoDwpfOD; c&pf (1887)ckESpf a&muf&Sdavh
vmrSwfwrf;t& wifjy&vQif yk&defacwf aum,rif; rwkdifrDuyif NrdKUvlrsKd;rsm;
aexkdifjcif;jzpfcJh&m\[k qkdavonf/ if;okawoD\ rSwfwrf;wGif usdef;awmif
\ ajrmufbufxyd w
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rsKd;? t&G,ftpm;tkd;i,f trsm;tjym; awGY&Sd&m tcsKdUtkd;i,frsm;rSm &SpfvufrS
wpfaycGJtxd tjrifh&SdNyD;? vkH;ywft0ef;rSm wpfaycGJrS okH;aycefY&Sdonf/
xkdocsKif;&mukd rnfonfhacwfuyif jyKvkyfcJhonfukd twdtus rajymEkdif
aomfvnf; NrdKvlrsKd;wkdYrSm wpfcsdefu &ckdifrif;wkdY\ e,fjynfawmfrsm;tm; rsm;pGm
taESmuft,Sufwkdufckdufzl;ayonf/ Oyrmyk&defNrdKUacwfu ou&mZf (495511) c&pfat'D (1133-1153)aumvd,rif;onf NrdKUawmfukd aESmuf,Sufvm
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aemufwGif NrdKUawmif? okdYr[kwf a*gwr&Sif\ yg;arG;awmf"mwfukd Xmyem
apwDwnfxm;cJah omaMumihf wku
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vJvsuf ac:vmMuayonf/ if;aemuf if;awmifwef;\ awmifbufpGef;xdyf
wGif usef;awmf&Sifbk&m;apwDukd trSDjyK usdef;awmif[k ,cktcg ac:Muav
awmhonf[k rSwfwrf;a&;xm;cJhavonf/
&ckid &f mZ0ifEiS fh bk&m;orkid ;f tjyif tpOf,q
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ukd umvm*D&dawmif? okdYr[kwf umu *D&dawmif[k ac:aMumif; Ak'onf
usD;rif;(aus;rif;)wpfZmpfjzpfcJhzl;onfhtwGuf vQm&if;awmf(ZD0Smawmf)"mwfukd
apwDwnfxm; ZD0Sm"mwfapwDom wnf&Sdavonf/
&ckdifwkdYt,lt& aeEkpm& okdYr[kwf a&ekom&awmifrSm usdef;awmif\
ajrmufbuf (rif;uefjrpfwbufjcm;)wGif wnf&Sdaom yg;awmfawmifyifjzpf
onf/ xkdawmif Ak'\ yg;kd;awmf"mwfwnf&SdXmyem apwDwnfxm;ojzihf
yg;arG;&SifapwD? yg;kd;arG;&SifapwD[k xif&Sm;onf/ if;okawoDu a&ekom&
awmifEiS fh umvm*D&ad wmifudk aygif;vQuf a&Ekpm&awmif[k wpfcw
k nf;trnf
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if;okawoD\rSwfwrf;wGif pr0ufNrdKUukd usdef;awmifteD;wGif wnfcJh
aMumif;jzihf xl;jcm;pGmazmfjyxm;csufwpfckukdawGY&&m xl;qef;aom tcsufjzpf
acsonf/ if;rSmazmfjyonfum; ]]ou&mZf (538)c&pfat'D 1176 ESpfeef;
wufaomNcw
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usdef;awmifwef;\ ta&SUajrmufbuf awmifajc&if;wGif wnfaxmifcJhonf/
xkdNrdKY "elaygrif;rSp if;"elaygrif;\om;awmf rOLoifonf wkdif;cspfrif;
trnfcH c&pfat'D 1178 rS 1182 wkdifatmif qufcHzl;onf/ if;wkdif;cspf
vufxufro
S mvQif c&pfat'D 1182 ck? aumZmou&mZf (542)wGif NrKd Ua[mif;
awmifilokdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;avonf/ pr0ufNrdKYonf &ckdif&mZ0ifwGif ta&;BuD;
aomfvnf; rnfonfh tptersm;ukdrQ rawGY&Sd&awmhay[l\/
tcsufukd pOf;pm;avhvmoihfonf xif\/ okawoejyKoifhonf
xif\/ &ckdif&mZ0ifwGifum; pr0ufNrdKUwnfae&mukd azmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg/ okdYaomf
36
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
&ckdifokawoDrsm;u tOee'Dac: av;NrdKUjrpfurf;yg;t&yf (,ckajrmufOD;NrdKU

ac: NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUrS ta&SUajrmufaxmifh oHk;rkdifausmf&Sd acsmif;opfajrmufbuf
jyif) rk;d Bu;D jyifwiG f wnfco
hJ nf[k ,lqMuonf/ yOmNrKd UESifh pr0ufNrKd UrSm teD;pyf
xufatmufrQom jzpfoihfonf[l\/ if;okawoDu rif;jym;NrdKU\acsmif;0
(prv,facsmif;) trnfukdvnf;aumif;? prv,faomifuRef;ukdvnf;aumif;?
awGY&Sdojzihf ,lqjcif;jzpfrnf[k xif&onf/
pr0ufNrdKUtjyif ]]if;awmifwef; (usdef;awmifwef;)\ taemufajrmuf
buf awmifwef;tqkH;wGif aumZmou&mZf (689)c&pfat'D 1328) ckESpf
avmif;Muufrif;quf ukd;qufajrmufjzpfaom bk&ifrif;xD;wnfaxmifcJhaom
NrKd U&ma[mif; &Sad yonf/ xkNd rKd UwnfNy;D rMumrDtwGi;f &ckid jf ynfudk &Sr;f rsm;zsuq
f ;D
avojzih f ysuf p D ; oG m ;avawmh o nf / if ; ae&mwG i f jref r m(c&pf 1 788)
rif;vufxuf NrdKUpm;wnfaqmufaecJhao;onf/}}[l a&;om;cJhavonf/
usdef;awmiftaemufbuf tdrfa&SUrif;&GmteD; eef;&mESihf eef;OD;apwD? OD;awmf
aq;uefpaom &mZ0ifjzpf&yfXmersm;um; &Sad eao;onf/ tdraf &SUrif;eef;&m[k
ac:onf/ awmifajrmuftvsm;ay (770)&Snfaom ausmufwHwkdif;jzihf awmif
eHyg;ajrdvsuf jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wHwkdif;0ifxGuf&ef rkcfaygufckESpfck
vnf; &Sdonf/ wHwkdif;rSm tjrihfqkH;ig;ay&Sdonf/ teHus,feef;&mjyifum; ay
(40)ausmf&Sdonf/
pE0dZ,\om;awmf tdrfa&SUrif;om; &Jabmfonf NrdKUpm;tjzpf pHaecJhzl;
onf[k ,lqMuonf/ pE0dZ,rif;\ aqGrsKd;rsm;xJrSvnf; usdef;wkdif;u rif;t
jzpfqufcEH idk cf jhJ cif; ponfrsm;? used ;f wkid ;f ukd tkycf sKycf MhJ uolrsm; qufvuf&adS ecJh
ao;onf/
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rif;odrf;ykdufpOf usdef;t&yf tapmihfcsxm;aom jrefrmppfwyfukd wkdufav&m
zrf;qD;jcif;cH&ojzihf usdef;t&yfwGifyif towfcHoGm;&&Smavonf/
eef;&mum; t*Fvyd o
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rwlacs/ if;rSwfwrf;um; xkdNrdKU&ma[mif;rSm tkXfaqmufttkHwkdYom ysufpD;
vsuf &Sdaejcif;ukd awGY&onfqkd\/
xkjYd yif if;ae&m a&S;a[mif;orkid ;f taejzihv
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
axmufqEkdifavonf/ orkdif;qkdif&mXme? okawoeXme? &mZ0ifokawoDrsm;

wkdYu ,ckeef;&mukd avhvmNyD; xdrf;odrf;jyKjyifxm;&ef aumif;vSayonf/
oJNrdKUtrnfukd rif;e,fjynfawmfNrdKU trnfrsm; rawGY&Sd&ay/ vuf0J
vuf,m (99)NrdKUpD NrdKUtrnfwkdYwGifum; rvmacs/ okdYaomf rif;jym;prv,f
acsmif;rSqufvsuf azmufxu
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rif;uefjrpfodkY pD;0ifoGm;onf/ oJwef;acsmif;em;wGif wnf&Sdaom oJwef;&Gm[l
onfh taejzihfum; &Gmwpf&Gm ,ckxd wnf&Sdacsao;onf/
rif;jym;NrKd UrS ajrmufbufEpS rf idk o
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ajrmuf cyf,Gef;,Gef;omusonf/ oJNrdKUtjyif bdwfNrdKU? e*&mompnfNrdKU[l
av;NrdKUjrpfurf;yg; rif;xD;vufxufwnfcJhaMumif;jzihf yg;pyf&mZ0ifwGif
ajymqkd&SdaeMuonf/ xkd&ckdifwkdYtajymukd rSD a&;jcif;avavm[lvnf; ,lq
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acsmif ; uk d wk d u f z suf v monf / ysuf p D ; avNyD ; aom awmif i l N rd K Uuk d v nf ;
rif;xD;bk&if wnfawmfrlonf[lom jyqkdxm;csufvmonf/
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ajr;awmfjzpfaom rif;zkef;pm;vufxufwpfBudrf &Srf;wkdYppfjyKvmzl;onf/ xkd
tBudrfukd vkdufvHwkdufckduf &&SdcJhaom okHYyef;&Srf;rsmukd usdef;uRef;wkdif;t0if
jzpfaom odrf;uyguRef;? rif;ruRef;wkdY &Gmwnfcsay;cJhaMumif; &ckdif&mZ0if
jyqkdxm;onf/
xkduRef;rsm;rSm ,ckusdef;taemufzufydkif; (a&ylodrfawmifESihf yefZif;armf
teD;)wkdYwGif &SdMuacsonf/rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf yJcl;rS,lvmaom rGefwkdYudk
vnf; wnfcsay;cJh&m wvkdif;uGif;[l trnfxif&Sm;&Sdaeao;onf/
usdef;wkdif;um; awmifzufukd wrefYqnfjrpf? pGef&Jjrpfjzifhvnf;aumif;?
ta&SUbufukd av;NrdKUjrpf? &marmifjrpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? ykdif;jcm;xm;aom y&d
ap'twGif; jzpfonf/
pGef;&JuRef;? odrf;uyguRef;? rif;ruRef;? AsKdif;uRef;? zuf&HuRef;? prv,f
uRef;? xddef; wkdif;uRef;rsm;onfvnf; usdef;wkdif;\t&HuRef;rsm;tjzpf yg0ifMu
onf/ &ckdifbk&ifacwfwGif avmif;Muuf? yk&def? ajrmufOD;NrdKUaejynfawmf\
ta&;BuD;aom awmifbuftykdif;tjcm; y&dap'wGifvnf; usa&mufavonf/
37
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
]]&marmifewfBuD;? jyifuqD;onf? &efrD;wpfcg rjyKvm}} qkdonfhtwkdif; &marmif

ewfBuD;\tykdkif;tjcm;e,fajr0ifvnf; jzpfonf/
aumZm (768 rS 788)xd avmif;MuufacwfwGif wvkdif;ESihf jrefrmwkdY
(19)ESpfwkdifwkdif ppfcif;cJh&me,fajrwGif usa&mufojzihf wvkdif;trwf vm0rf
<u,f a ecJ h & m]]uif y d w f u s,f } }[l a om t&yf ? wvk d i f ; ppf w yf w nf a ecJ h & m
usdef;awmifcsKdifh0Srf;&Sd ]]*&if*sKdif}} t&yfwkdYum; orkdif;oufaocHyifwnf;/
rif;jym;NrdKUteD; uif;pcef;csxm;cJh&m uif;qdyf? tonfom;? awmifom;wkdYtm;
csxm;cJ&h m tonf&mG csr;f omolrsm;aecJ&h m]] ola|;uke;f -Am;Alawmif}} oD&o
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vnf; vlaerIudk oufaocHvsuf &Sad eonf/ used ;f awmifta&SUtaemuf rif;uef
jrifESihf av;NrdKUjrpfukd t"dujyK tapmihfcstyfcJhonfh twGif;&Jwkduf? tjyif&J
wkduf? ajymif;wpfvkH;armf*lvDarmfwdkYonf if;wyfukd BuD;Muyf&aom ppfuJ\
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vnf; tkycf sKyrf jI yae&olrsm;\ ukov
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ae&vQif us,f0ef;ay&m\/ usdef;awmif0J,majc&if;wkdY rsm;pGmaom a&uef?
wHwkdif;&mrsm;? apwDysufrsm;? taqmufttkHysuf&mrsm; bk&m;kyfxkrsm;vnf;
jzefYBuJvsuf &Sdygao;onf/
rnfokdYqkdap usdef;wkdif;? usdef;uRef;wGif usdef;NrdKU[lom t*Fvdyfydif pxd
a&;pyf o k H ; EI e f ; vmcJ h a Mumif ; uk d xif & S m ;awG Y & ayonf / Oyrm-aomf w vD
atmifausmf &TD (a';0efBu;D )uk,
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aMumuf? wyfBuD;aqmuf\}}[lvnf;aumif;? ]]emrwGifac: usdef;NrdKYawmf
uHhaumfopfwyf? aomif;ckH&yfwGif wnftyfaerI pyfvsOf; a&;pyfcJhzl;onfukd
vnf; axmufIEkdifonf/
xkdYaMumifh upye'D0J,m(99)NrdKUpD pm&if;0ifrif;jym;rStp rif;jy? rif;ay:?
oJNrKd U? prv,fNrKd Ursm;xd rnforYdk sm;jym;aom trnfpOfvm&Sad pumrl? used ;f uRe;f ?
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
usdef;wkdif;NrdKYom txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;-usdef;awmif\trnfukd

trSDjyK xifvmaom usdef;NrdKUom &ckdif&mZ0ifwGif touft&SnfqkH; trnf
tckdiftrmqkH;jzpfrnf[k qkdkEkdifav&monf/
usdef;uRef;wkdif; usdefwkdif;NrdKUum; &ckdifjynfukd jrefrmrif;odrf;ykdufNyD;aemuf
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rif;jym;NrdKYtrnfjzihf qdyfurf;NrdKUtjzpf xGef;vmcJh&onf/ t*Fvdyfrif;onf
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urf;arQmifeHa,mifcyfwpfavQmufukdom vTJz,f jycJhMuavonf/ xkdtcg
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NrdKU? usdef;NrdKU ponfhtrnftrsKd;rsKd;ukd wifjycJhMuaomfvnf;? t*FvdyfwkdYoabm
t& rif;ay:NrdKU[lonfukd eHESdyfvsuf rif;ray:bJ jym;0yfaeapvkdonfh edrdwfukd
aqmifvsuf rif;jym;NrdKU[laom trnfukdyif rSnhfac:&ef owfrSwfapcJhonf[l
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ppfawGNrdKUokdY ajymif;oGm;&um? yxrqkH; t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;tkyfvkyf pmjy
cJh&onf/ if;aovGefvQif ppfawGNrdKU yg'vdyfcsdyf (,cif &J0if;)wGif ocsKif;
ausmufwkdifpkdufxm;jcif; jyKcJhavonf/ rif;jym;wGif uRef;tkyfrsm;jzihf tkyfcsKyf
38
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
pOfu iwmpaom ykefuefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; ay:aygufcJhojzihf uRef;tkyf

rsm;rSm aMumuf&GHYjcif;aMumihf ppfawGokdY wdrf;a&SmifcJh&avonf/
xkdtcg if;olykefukd t*FvdyfwkdYrS ESdrfeif;NyD;NyD;rS NrdKUtkyfrsm; cefYtyfvsuf
kH;pkdufcs&m ]]aumZm 1229 ck? waygif;vjynfhausmfwpf&ufaeY rif;jym;NrdKUwnf
onf[laom NrdKUwnfaeY&uf owfrSwfjyKvsuf ,ckxd tpOfwnfvmcJhjcif;
jzpfavonf/
aumZm 1229 ckESpf? waygif;vjynfhausmf wpf&ufaeYukd rif;jym;NrdKUwnf
onf[k uif;yGef;urnf;rxkd;rD? rif;jym;NrdKU[l omrntrnfjzihf tawmfMum;
uRef;tkyfjzifh tpm;xkd;tkyfcsKyfapcJhonf[l\/ NrdKUwGif Xmeqkdif&m tkyfcsKyfrI
Xme[lum; xkdpOfu r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf/ tcGeftaumuf wkdufpma&;
ajrwkid ;f ykvyd pf onfrsm;vnf; tcgtm;avsmpf mG ppfawGrw
S qifv
h m vkyif ef;pD
&ifoGm;MurI &Sdavonf/ xkdYaMumihf rif;jym;NrdKUESihfqkdif&m a&;rSwfxm;aom
rSwfwrf;pmaywkdYwGif ou&mZf 1214 ck wykdYwGJvwGif (trSD;oufqif) a&muf
onf[k tapmqkH;awGY&onf/ trSD;oufqifqkdonfrSm v,f,majrESihfqkdif&m
ajrwkdif;pma&; ukd,fpma&; v,fcGefajrcGef aumufcHolrsm;ukdyif qkdvkdonf/
xkdaemuf rif;jym;NrdKUukdjzwfvsuf aMu;eef;qufoG,frIjyKvkyfaMumif;
rSwfom;csufawGY&onfrSm 1225 ck waygif;vwGif oHBudK;oG,fonf[l\/ xkd
oHBuKd ;oG,Nf y;D onfaemufwiG rf S 4 ESpt
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wpf&uf) rS rif;jym;NrdKYukd wnfonf[k rSwfwrf;jyqkdaomaMumihf xkd 1229
ckESpfrS NrdKUtkyfNrdKUykdifkH;u em;&JXmeponfrsm;jzihf NrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfrI pepfwus
pwifvmcJh&rnfjzpfavonf/
xkdaemuf 1232 ckESpf? ewfawmfvup tpkd;& Zif;cgBuD;(vrf;r)
(vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;)qnfzkdYvsuf 1233 ckESpf wHwm;cif;onf/ 1236 ckESpf
aps;qkid af qmufvyk jf cif; 1243 ckEpS f Zif;cgxyfrw
H nfjcif; 1244 ckEpS f rif;jym;rS
ajrmif;oG,fqufoG,fa&;oGm;vm&aom aemfemausmif;(rif;jym;rS 5 rkdifuGm)ukd
wHwm;oHBuKd ;ESifh jcifjcif;(wHwm;xk;d cif;&ef oHBuKd ;wpfyifxyf oG,jf cif;paom
vkyif ef;wku
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f rf;
wGifyif (1250)ckESpfu Akdvfausmf0onfvnf;aumif;? (1251)ckESpf armifazmf
atmifonfvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfukd awmfvSefjcif;jyKcJhonfukdyif azmfjyxm;
onf/ xkdjyiftaemuf ppfwaumif; b*Fvm;paom e,fjcm;qkdif&m owif;xl;
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
rsm; ? twdwfedrdwfxl;rsm;? rif;jym;teD;w0kduf bmoma&;yGJvrf; usif;ycJhjcif;

rsm;? pyg;qefa& aps;Bu;D vmjcif;? toD;tES&H mS ;yg;vmjcif;? owif;rsm;yg wkpd w
D pdk
rSww
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vjynhfausmfwpf&ufaeYu wnfcsvmaom rif;jym;NrdKUonf (1329)ckESpf
waygif;vjynfhausmfwpf&ufaeYwGif NrdKUoufwpf&mESpfjynhfcJhNyD; jzpf&monf/
rnfokdYqkdap usdef;uRef;wkdif;NrdKUrS qufvsuf &ckdifrif;vufxufuyif
xif&Sm;vmaom rif;jym;NrdKY&yftygt0if usdef;uRef;um; &mZ0ifwacwfwGif
orkdif;0ifxif&Sm;rIjzpf&yfrsm; &SdcJhojzihf tao;pdwf avhvmokawoejyKvsuf
rSwfwrf;wifrS jynfhpkHEdkifayrnf/ aumZm (1229)ckESpfrwkdifrD (vGefcJhaom
tESpfwpf&m\ a&SUykdif;umv) jzpf&yfrsm;ukd ed*kH;csKyfvsuf t*FvdyfvufxufrS
(1229 ckESpfrSp) owfrSwfwnfcsvmaom rif;jym;NrdKU orkdif;ukdom odoifhay
&m wifjy&ef &nf&G,fayonf/
t*Fvdyfvufxufrif;jym;NrdKUukd aumZm(1229)ckESpfNrdKUwnfcsvsuf e,f
ykdif kH;pkduf&m NrdKUtjzpf ,ckxdwkdifvmcJhonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUwGif t*Fvdyfacwfu
trsm;qkH;tdrfajcig;&mxdom &SdcJhonf/tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m ykvdyf&JXmepcef;rSm
,ckrD;owfwnfaomae&mwGif jzpfonf/ aumZm(1270)ckESpfNrdKUtkyfom
yef;vufxufavmufrS &JXmeukd ,ck;Hk Bu;D teD;&Sd ]*g&mwef;} wnf&&dS mokYd ajymif;
a&TUvsuf rlvae&ma[mif;(yD? 'AvsLtufpf)(zT--q)taqmufttkH;kH;udk
aqmufvkyfavonf/
xkdESpfwGifrS e,fykdifkH;ukdvnf; ,ckae&mwGif tkwfwkdufjzihf aqmufvkyfcJh
avonf/ rif;jym;NrdKUtkyfwkdYwGif csif;ysHjrpf (rpwma*smhaumfzf)\ ajr;awmfol
OD;yef;vSonfvnf; aumZm(1249)ckEpS ?f c&pf(1887)ckEpS af vmufudk NrKd Utkyjf zpf
cJhavonf/ if;t*FvdyfNrdKUtkyf vufxufrif;xuftkXfavSum;ukd jyKcJhonf/
NrKd Utkyo
f myefaumZm (1270)vufxuf used ;f awmf&iS u
f dk a&Tcsx;D wifcMhJ uonf/
*syefppfajy;Ny;D aemuf t*Fvyd jf yefvnftyk cf sKypf Of (1306)ck OD;xGe;f atmifausmf
qkdolrSm NrdKUtkyfjzpfavonf/
rif;jym;NrdKU bkef;BuD;ausmif;[l rif;uefta&SUbuf uyfvsuf,ck
kH;BuD;0if;wGif wpfausmif;wnf;om&SdcJhonf/ xkdausmif;&mESihf wpfqufwnf;
apwDysurf sm;vnf; &Scd o
hJ nf/ use&f pfaom apwDysuw
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dk m; (6-4-1967)
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39
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
NzdKzsuf rif;jym;NrdKUe,f ESpfwpf&mjynhf (1229 rS 1329)txdrf;trSwftjzpf

ESpfw&mapwDtrnfjzihf (1329)ckESpf wykdYwGJvuG,faeY (27-2-1968)aeYrSp
abmvkH;uGif;taemufawmifaxmifh vQyfppfrD;pufkHa&SU xyfrHwnfvkyfvsuf?
&mjynhftxdrf;trSwf yGJawmfukdvnf; xkdESpfwaygif;vjynfhaeYwGif usif;ycJhMu
avonf/ ,ckbek ;f Bu;D ausmif; ok;H q,fcefY &Sv
d mNy;D vlO;D a&rSmvnf; ok;H aomif;
cefYESifh tdrfajcokH;axmifausmfxd rsm;jym;vmcJhavonf/
rif;jym;NrdKUe,f edrdwfrSm a&SU,cif ,ckumawmuefrS taemufbufukd
usdef;awmifajc&if;xd awmtxd jzpfaecJhonf/ ,ckoabFmqdyfykdif;usaom
jrpf0ESihf acsmif;0wpfavQmuf BudK;MumrQom vlaerI&Sdonf/ ppfNyD;aemufykdif;rS
p ,ckxdqkdvQif OumysH? oHawmif? bmcH? uif;qdyf? oJwef;xdvnf;aumif;
awmifbufukd Murf;r&Gmac: urf;r&Gm? awmifarmf? bl;yif&Gmponfxdwkdif
vnf;aumif;? taemufukd usdef;awmifajc&if;xd us,fjyefYvsuf ysHUESHY&SdaeavNyD/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufykdif;wGif usD;jzL&Gm (NrdKUopf&yfuGuf) wkdif;rif;BuD;
OD;pkd;wifhvufxuf (1953-1956)ckESpf wnfcscJhaom OD;pkkd;wifh&yfuGuf?
1329(1967)ckEpS w
f nfcsaom &Gmopfau&yfuu
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vsuf oabFmqdyaf emufyidk ;f aumfumeDprk S qufpyfum jynfawmfom? jynfawmf
vS? jynfawmfat;? jynfawmfeG pYf aom &yfuu
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,ck j rif a wG Y & aom Nrd K UtajctaerS m 1954-ck E S p f wpf N rd K Uvk H ; uJ h o d k Y
avmifuRe;f cJ&h aom tBu;D tus,rf ;D avmifNy;D aemufyidk ;f rS jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
um emvefxlvsuf wpwpBuD;yGm;vmjcif;yifjzpfonf/
,ckqkdvQif rif;jym;NrdKU um; tOee'Djrpfurf;rS usdef;awmifajc&if;xd
wkd;csJUvmcJhNyDjzpfavonf/ pD;yGm; ukefoG,frItcsuftcsmwkdYaMumifhvnf;
qd y f u rf ; Nrd K Ujzpf v mojzih f ta&mif ; t0,f uk e f o G , f u l ; oef ; ol r sm;
trsm;qk H ; aexk d i f a om Nrd K Utjzpf pnf y if v mcJ h & jcif ; vnf ; jzpf a yonf /
&yfuGuf[lvnf;aumif;? vrf;tvkdufvnf;aumif;? &yfuGuf? tpk? tykdif;?
vrf;ponfjzifh ac:a0:aom vlaeXme(30)cefY&Sdonf/ atmuf&Gmykdif;? tv,f
ykdif;? aps;a[mif;ykdif;[lvnf;aumif;? a'otpktykdif;vrf;ukd wzeftykdif;BuD;
(3)ykdif;cGJvsuf wpfykdif;vQif ,cktcg &yfuGufNidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;
tzGJYzGJYpnf;&Sdonf/ tajccHq,ftdrfpktzGJY vlrIa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;
cefYcGJvsuf pDpOfxm;&Sdonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
,ckjrifawGY&aom tpkd;&kH;? uem;rsm;ESihf jynfolYtkd;tdrfrsm;um;

ppftwGif; aumZm 1303 ckESpf wykdwGJvqef; (8)&ufaeY eHeuf (10)em&Dtcsdef
u Ak;H 'PfaMumihf ysupf ;D cJNh y;D aemuf jyefvnfwnfaqmufvsuf jyKvyk x
f m;jcif;wkYd
aMumifhomjzpfMuonf/
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(1324)ckEpS u
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f yf)aqmufvyk &f m (1325)ckEpS w
f iG rf S Ny;D pD;onf/ aq;kH
BuD;ukdvnf; 1965 (aumZm 1326)ckESpfrS ,ckae&mokdY ajymif;a&TUaqmufvkyf
cJhonf/ c&pf 1955 ckESpfrS pwif vQyfppfrD;xGef;cJh&aom vQyfppfpufkHBuD;
ukv
d nf; rif;uefteD;okaYd jymif;a&TUwnfaqmufvsuf (15-1-1963)ckEpS f rD;vif;
apcJhavonf/
t*Fvdyfvufxufum; rif;jym;wGif vQyfppfrD;xGef;dEdkifcJhjcif; r&SdcJhay/
t*Fvyd v
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onf/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu aq;kHBuD;rSm ,ckaq;kHa[mif;taemufbuf
abmvk;H uGi;f wGif wnfaqmufco
hJ nf/ ppfNy;D aemuf t*Fvyd t
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,ckukefoG,fa&; *kda'gifae&mwGif (3)ESpfcefYzGifhvSpfNyD;rS aq;kHa[mif;ae&m
teD;okdY a&TUajymif;vsuf xkdrS,ckaq;kHopfukd wzefaqmufvkyfEkdifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
t*Fvdyfvufxuf ynma&;rSm ckESpfwef;ausmif;yif vIyfvIyfvSJvSJom
zGifhEkdifcJhonf/ c&pf,mefomoemjyKrsm;u zGifhvSpfaom aq;ay;XmeESihf pmoif
XmewkdYwGif pmoifMum;jcif;jyKcJhaomfvnf; &ckdifuav;vli,frsm;rSm if;wkdY
ausmif; oifMum;jcif;vkH;0r&Sdoavmuf enf;yg;avonf/ vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;
aemufum; txufwef;ausmif;rsm;? upm;ckefpm;qkdif&m tm;upm;rIrsm;? A[k
okwESihf ,Ofaus;rI ponhftusKd;jyK&ef pmzwftoif;rsm;? &ckdifkd;&m ,Ofaus;rI
tzGJYrsm; ponfjzihf tbufbufu wkd;wufvmcJhavonf/ vQyfppfrD;vnf;
ppfawGckdifwGif ppfawGNrdKU atmuftrsm;qkH; tokH;jyKavonf/ xkdYaMumihf ,ck
tcg aeYvkH;ayguf xGef;dEkdif&ef BudK;pm;aeMuonf[k od&onf/
vrf;yef;qufo,
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d nf/ rif;jym;okYd
rD;oabFmonf aumZm 1250 ausmf 1260 cefYwGifrS ckwfarmif;oGm;vmrI
pwifEkdifcJhonf/ ukef;vrf;qkd rif;jym;rS (5)rkdifxd? xkdrS ajrmif;bG,fxd (5)rkdif?
40
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
xkdu (NrdKUa[mif;)ajrmufOD;NrdKU? ausmufawmfxd ajrvrf;&Sdonf/ awmifykdif;ukd

rif;jym;rS pGef&Jtxd &Sdonf/ if;ajrvrf;ukd t*Fvdyfvufxuf armfawmfum;
vkH;0raygufcJh/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf rif;jym;rS aemfaemftxd vnf;aumif;?
aemfaemfrSwqifh ajrmif;bG,ftxdvnf;aumif;? um;toGm;tvmjyKvkyfEkdifcJh
avonf/ ppfawGrS rif;jym;? ajrmif;bG,f yef;ajrmifxd we*FaEG? Ak'[
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rif;jym;rS Ncdwfawmif (3)rkdifausmfokdY ajrvrf;rBuD;wpfck xyfrHjyKvkyfvsuf
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aomae&mjzpfonf/ xkaYd emuf acsmif;0ykid ;f (,ck bDtpdk aD e&m) xkad emufjrpfurf;
ab;ae&m (qdyfurf;abmjzihf)okdY wpwpqkdufuyf&yfem;rIjyKcJhonf/ t*Fvdyf
vufxufu rif;jym;acsmif;rSm Muyfpifawmifarmfykdif; uRef;urf;eHab;u
pwift0cH prv,fuRef;ukd jzwfvsufvnf;aumif;? oJwef;Ncdwfawmif
rif;uefjrpfwkdifvnf;aumif;? aygufa&mufoGm;vmcJhonf/ oabFmrSm rif;jym;
acsmif;(uif;acsmif;vnf;ac:\/ pracsmif;vnf; [l\/)rS prv,fuRef;ukd
jzwf v suf av;Nrd K Ujrpf t wk d i f ; ck w f a rmif ; oG m ;vm jyKcJ h & onf / ,ck u m;
acsmif;rsm;? uRef;rsm;? wdrfaumNyD; aomifwef;tjzpf ykdYvmojzihf jrpfaMumif;
twkdif;yif oGm;vmae&avonf/
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aumifpDrSvnf;aumif;? NrdKUvlxktm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifvkyfaqmifcJhav
onf/ ,cktcg tnma&pm;jcif;'PfaMumihf rif;jym;jrpfurf;em;ykdif;rSm wpfp
wpfpykdYvmojzihf &Gmopfaupaom &yfuGufopfrsm;cs a&TYajymif;aevmcJh&
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wykdYwGJvwGif &GmopfauteD;uefBuD;ukdvnf;aumif;? wkd;csJUjyKvkyfay;vmcJh&
onf/ xkdYjyif rif;jym;teD; *&if*sKdifukd prf;oyf 6-1-68 aeY)1329-ckESpf
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
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usdef;awmf&Sif
jymokdvqef;(7)&uf paeaeYwGif qnfzkdYcJhMuavonf/ xkd*sKdifonf a&wifrI

atmifjrifEkdifygu NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;twGuf a&oG,fykdufjzihf a&oG,ftokH;jyK&ef
tm;cJ&nf&G,fvsuf &SdaeMuonf/
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aMumifhvnf; ukefoG,ful;oef;oGm;vmrIrSm t*FvdyfvufxufrSmyif ,ckwkdif
pnfyifvsuf&Sdonf/ &ckdifwkdif;awmifykdif;ESifhvnf;aumif;? tnmykdif;ESihfvnf;
aumif;? tquftoG,fajzmifhjzL;vG,fonf/ xkdYaMumifh &rf;NAJuRef;rS c&D;onf
vnf;jzpf &ckid om;csi;f pmqkv
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vrf;aMumif;oihf&m? vkdufavygau? om,mESpfvkdY? kH;*g&mESihf aMumfjimjcif;au?
rif;jym;NrdKUokdY a&mufaomtcg? ar;prf;umESifh armif&mMuma&m? 'kuefrnfau?
psD;onfrESihf? ygonfh0efukd? rSefwwfwwfau? cRwfzkdYajymvkdY? oabmrus? 'kuef
onfukd? axGEGJYaESmif;rSm? ca&mif;cvkdY? xkduwzef? xkd;0g;uefau?vm;jyefwkH
ajrmuf? rif;jym;qkH;au? xkdacsmif;aygufukd wufaumufcsDum? avSmfvkdYygau?
nDnmajymMu? av;NrdKUqkdau? xkdacsmif;0u? armifvSvdrm? jzm;wufjyefau?
urf;,Huyfv?Ydk [yfvyfygu? NrKd U&GmozG,?f rsm;qkid o
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41
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42
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tyifhtzdwfvufcHcJhMuavonf/ okdYaomf yOif;omraPjyKcGifhukdum; r&cJhMu
acs/ t&n0goD yk*dKvfwkdYxHwGifyif jyKMu&avonf/
tn&0goDwkdYrSm pdwfNidrf&m wdpD-&dwf"kwif aqmufwnfvsuf qGrf;cH
om pm;ok;H Mu&onf/ *gr0goDwu
Ydk m; csujf yKwpf m;aomufEidk af vonf/ jynfol
wkdYu ypnf;av;yg;vSL'gef;Mu&onf/ yGJausmif;&[ef;wkdYum; &GmolwkdYESihf
a&maESmrI&Sdavonf/ t&n0goDwkdYrSm ra&maESm&acs/ ,if;okdY oHCm*kdPf;ESpf
*kP
d ;f ukd pepfwusxm;&Sv
d mcJMh uonf/ t&n0goDy*k Kd vrf sm;ukd {upmq&mjrwf
wk[
Yd
l vnf;aumif;/ *gr0goDrsm;ukd yGaJ usmif;(A[kpm&&[ef;[lvnf;aumif;
owfrSwfcJh&avonf/)
rif;jym;NrdKUe,fwGif qkdvQif a&S;u {upm&? A[kpm& 2 *kdPf;om&SdcJhaomf
vnf; t*FvdyfacwfOD;wGif *kdPf;toD;oD;jzpfvmcJhMuonf/
(1)
iwef;ysif;*kdPf;qkdvQif *kdPf;csKyfrSm OD;aomrjzpfonf/ iwefysif;
ausmif;wGif aecJhonfh *kdPf;0ifausmif;aygif; 90 ausmf&Sdonf/
(2)
e&rf;*kdPf;wGif *kdPf;csKyfq&mawmf OD;awZdEjzpfonf/ *kdPf;0ifausmif;
aygif; 60 ausmf&Sdonf/
(3)
vSefaysmuf*kdPf;ukd tkyfcsKyfaom *kdPf;csKyfrSm OD;0ddrvAk'djzpfonf/
*kdPf;0ifausmif;aygif; 60 ausmf&Sdonf/
(4)
OD;ukovrSm uef;eD*kdPf;csKyfq&mawmfjzpfonf/ ausmif;aygif; 60
ausmfukd tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ iwefysif;Zmwdjzpfonf/
(5) OD;F OmPq&mawmfrmS rlv'Gg&*kP
d ;f tBu;D tuJjzpfonf/ a&wHceG f od*w
Fk
&ausmif;opfwGif oDwif;okH;aecJhonf/
azmfjyyg q&mawmfwkdYxuf a&S;usaom >yef&Snf&Gmrac: auomvm
acsmif;zsm;ausmif; q&mawmf OD;0&vuFmqkdvQif &ckdifrif;acwfrS quf cHvmcJh
jcif;jzpfavonf/
bk&m;tvkdfawmfukd &[Emrsm;rSaomfvnf; rodEkdif&mqkd\/ xkdYaMumifh
oD[kdVf0#*grPdrif;vufxuf o*Fg,emrl yd#duwfvmtwkdif;om &[Emxd
vufcH&onf/ xkdrltwkdif;om &[ef;cHMu&onf/ ykxkpOfwkdYukd usrf;pmopf
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
rjyKvkyfap&/ ykwkpOfwkdYjyKaomusrf;ukdvnf; roifravhvm&? ,if;okdYckdifrmpGm

owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;&SdcJhavonf/
&ckdifESifh oD[kdVfonf ax&0g'wljzpfMuonf/ "n0wDacwf ol&d,oD&d
(at'D 202-222)vufxufvnf;aumif;? yk&ed af cwf 'o&mZmrif;vufxuf
vnf ; aumif ; ? ae&O & awmif i l a cwf i &ref r if ; vuf x uf vnf ; aumif ; ?
bapmjzLrif;? rif;ygBuD; ? rif;zavmif;? rif;&mZmBuD;? rmkrd,rif;vufxuf
vnf;aumif; oD[kdVfodkY omoemjyK&ef q&mawmfrsm;ukd ykdYvTwfcJhavonf/
oD&pd E&m;rif;vufxuf qXo*Fg,emwifpOfu oD[Vdk rf S oHCmrsm;ukd yihzf w
d cf hJ
avonf/ oD[kdVfrSvnf; yd#uwfpmayrsm;ukd &ckdifodkY ykdYay;cJhbl;onf/ pE&m;
rif;acwfwGifvnf; yd#uwfpmayrsm;ukd a&;ul;jzefYcsDjcif;? pwlyg(apwDi,f)
rsm;wnfxm;jcif;jzihf &ckdifwGifvnf; "rapwDrsm; wnfxm;ylaZmfcJhMuayao;
onf/
o*Fgemwifjcif;rsm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf av;q,fig;0g? oufawmf&Spfq,f? (bDpD 529)wgif
y&dedAmefjyKonf/ bk&m;&Sif y&dedAmefjyKNyD;aemuf wpfq,fajcmufjynfwif;
tcsif;wpfuif;cefYaom "mwfawmfESihf yfkd;awmfESpfck? ezl;oif;uspfawmfwpf
ql? pG,fawmfav;acsmif; <uif;usefcJhonf/ xkd"mwfawmfwkdYukd a'geykPm;onf
&Spjf ynfaxmifrif;wkt
Yd m; cGaJ 0 uk;d uG,yf al ZmfapcJo
h nf/ xk"d mwfawmfa0aom
aeY t&Sifr[muyonf o*Fg,emwif&ef &[Emig;&mwkdYukd a&G;aumuf
awmfro
l nf/ 0gqked ;D vwfaomf &mZN*Kd [jf ynfoYdk o*Fg,emwifoC
H mwkt
Yd pkt
H nD
a&muf&SdMupOf tZmwowfrif;tm; taMumif;Mum;onf/ xkdYaMumihf r[m
ou&mZf 148 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynhfausmf ig;&ufaeY &mZN*dK[fjynf\ ta&SU
awmifzuf a0bm&awmif ckESpfvywfvkH; yxroH*Fg,emwifonf/ "mwf
awmfwkdYukdvnf; tE&m,frS vGwfapjcif;iSm xkdxkdt&yfrS yifhaqmif &mZN*dK[f
jynf ta&SUawmifaxmifh vufawmif&Spfq,fjzpfaomwGif;ukd wl; tpDtrH
48
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
jzihf jrKyfESHxm;cJhavonf/
bk&m;y&dedAmefpH0ifonfrS ESpfwpf&mtMumwGif umvaomrif;onf
a0omvDjynf 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifavonf/ &SpfvwkdifwkdifMumavonf/
xkdo*Fg,emESifh pifNydKif0Zdmwkdif;om; &[ef;wpfaomif;wkdYvnf; cGJxGuf *kdPf
opfjyKMuonf/ r[moHCdu *kdPf;[kac:wGif aemiftcg r[m,et,l0g'
wkdY\ rsKd;aphysKd;cs&m jzpfav&onf/
xkd*kdPf;rESpfckrSonf *kdPf;cGJ(18)*kdPf;xd aygrsm;cJhav&m? ax&0g'*kdPf;
(12)*kdPf;? r[moHCdu *kdPf;yGm; 6 *kdPf;wkdYjzpfcJh&av\/
xkdaemuf eErif;quftukef ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfumvwGif 18 *kdPf;rS
24 *kdPf;? 35 *kdPf;txd uGJjym;vmonf/ okdYaomf tcsKdU*kdPf;wkdYrSm rwnfwHhbJ
(4*kdPf;) tenf;i,faom*kdPf;om xGef;um;wnf&pfonf/
arm&d,eef;qufjzpfaom taomurif;onf Ak'bmom0ifrif;jzpfvm
onf/ if;onf omoemawmfukd xGef;um;pnfyifapcJhonf/ "mwfawmfwGif;ukd
zGihfvSpf t&yf&yfokdY a0iSjzefYcsdapcJhonf/ arm*vdykwwdrax&fESihf E
*kw&[Emt&SifwkdY\ tpDtrHjzihf Asm'dwfay;cJhaom Xmewkdif;wkdYokdY qufoG,fcJh
avonf/ wwd,o*Fg,emwnf; wifcahJ vonf/ Ekid if &H yfjcm;wko
Yd v
Ydk nf; omo
emjyKvsuf jzefYcsdapcJhavonf/
NrKd Ue,fomoemjyefyY mG ;jcif;

usdef;wkdif;uRef;? rif;jym;NrdKUe,fonfvnf; "n0wDacwfrS omoemjyefY
ESHYvmcJh&rnfomjzpf\/ taMumif;aomfum; r[mrkedrS qufoG,fvmaom kyf
yGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;? ajc&mawmf? qHawmf? zaemifah wmf? pwlygapwDrsm;? &[Em
wkdY oDwif;okH;cJhaomae&mrsm;? (Aa'g*lbdwfacgif;) xkdYjyif ewfwkdYyihfaqmif
ylaZmfcMhJ uaom arGawmf? qHawmf? vufonf;awmf? ajconf;awmf? oGm;awmfrsm;
vnf; &SdEkdif&monf/ &[ef;? oHCm? ausmif;uef? kyfyGm;? apwD? ukd;uG,frIrsm;rS
vnf; vlaerI&Sd&m XmewkdY ukd;uG,frI&SdcJhMurnfomwnf;/ Amukvrax&fESihf
uRwfwrf;0if t&d,t&SifwkdYrS qufqif;oufcJhMuaom &[Em&Spf&mxdum;
NrdKUajrmufOD;? pr0uf? yOmacwfwGif ay:xGef;cJhMuonfqkd\/ xif&Sm;aom
&[Emrsm;rS qkdvQif opAE0? aum@n? eEd,? y'kr OwroD&d? t&[H?
b'd, paom t&SifjrwfwkdYjzpfMuonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
plVpE&m; (teEpE&m;)onf yOro*Fg,emwifcJh\/ oD&dpE&m;onf

omoem 1169 ckESpf qXro*Fg,emwifcJh\/ yOmacwfwGif rif;&ifjzLvuf
xuf wpfq,fhwpfBudrfajrmuf o*Fg,emwifavNyD;jzpf\/ 0#*grPDrif;wifcJh
aom pwkwo
*Fg,emrludk vufcv
H mcJMh u\/ &ckid w
f iG f t&d,oHCmwpfoed ;f xd
ude;f cJo
h nfq\
dk / opmA'0rax&fonf vufr*l? bdwaf wmif*?kl Ncw
d af wmifteD;?
(bdwfawmif)*lwkdY udef;atmif;cJhonf/ wvif;BuD;ajrmif0xdyf ausmufvkH;BuD;
ajcawmf&mcscJhonf/ ,ckAa'gajc&mawmf[l ac:wGifaeMuonf/
pE&m;rif;vufxufwkdY pwkygrsm; awGU&onf/ ,ckptif;wGif &Sdao;
onf/ usdef;awmifajc&if;rS a,"rma[wkyba0g*gxm ygaom em*&dausmuf
pmukd awGY&onf/ at'Dig;&mpku[k ODF;pHomatmifu cefYrSef;cJhonf/ 0d&pjE
&m;rif ; '*F g ;pmvnf ; &&S d o nf / av;Nrd K Uacwf a usmuf p mrsm; pr c H r sm;?
,ckppfawGacgif;avmif;ausmif;&Sd bk&m;prcH? ajrmufOD;acwfrif;wkdY\ '*Fg;pm?
yg&SHpmxkd;'*Fg;pmrsm;vnf; &&Sdaeonf/ ou&mZf 900 ausmfcefY[k rxifr&Sm;
a&;xkd;pmyg&Sdonfh ckacGqHawmfykH vuf&mbk&m;wpfqludkvnf; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;
awGU&onf/
avmif;Muufacwf rPdawmfpv
k pfwYdk a&mifvQjH zmaom qif;wkawmfrsm;?
psmefuokdPf; pnf;xm;aom bk&m;rsm;? psmef0ifpm;aeykH rkj'rsm;? ajrBuD;ukd
oufaoTef;aeykH? atmifawmfrlcefYbk&m;? tjcm;tjcm; vufajcxkdifaeykHrkj'
rsm;? pE0dZ,rif;oGef;vkyfaom ausmufqif;wkawmfrsm;vnf; jyefYESHY&Sdaeonf/
txl;ojzihf "n0wDacwf "mwkapwDtjyif? a0omvDacwf apwDykxkd;rsm;?
av;NrdKUacwfESihf ajrmufOD;acwfbk&m;apwD trsm;tjym; &SdaeMuavonf/
rormolrsm;vufcsufaMumihfvnf;aumif;? tapmifhta&Smufuif;rJhrI
aMumifhvnf;aumif;? jyKjyifrI pepfrus em;rvnfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? rlv
vuf&mysupf ;D csKUd ,Gi;f jcif;okYd a&mufc&hJ avonf/ xkjd yif ppfab; ppf'PfaMumihf
vnf;aumif;? zsuq
f ;D cH&ojzihv
f nf;aumif;? pD;yGm;&Sm oku
d w
f ;l a&S;a[mif;ypn;f
&SmazGrIwkdYaMumihfvnf;aumif;? epfemrIrsm;pGm &SdcJhMuonf/
"mwkomoejyefyY mG ;jcif;
taomurif;ESifh &ckdifjynf&Sif ol&d,purif;wkdYonf xD;NydKif? eef;NydKif?
49
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
acwfNyKd icf MhJ uonf/f xkaYd Mumihf bk&m;&Siu

f ,
dk w
f idk f &ckid o
f <Ydk uvmpOfu Asm'dwrf ed Yf
Mum;cJhaom "mwfawmf 248 qlukd &SifE*kw? t&Sifarm*vdykwwkdY\ cGJcefYay;
rI? pDpOfay;rIaMumihf &ckdifodkY a0pk&&SdcJhonf/ ol&d,purif;onf a&TayvTmukd
csufcsif;0rf;omtm;&jzihf t&Sifr[mwd? t&SifAmukvwkdYukd yifhaqmifapcJh
onf/ xkt
d &Siw
f Ydk "mwfawmfyifah qmif &yfwefaY ecJ&h mae&mukd Am[kvawmif
[l ac:wGifcJhonf/ ,ckajrmufOD; Am;Alawmif[k ac:aeonf/ MuyfpifuRef;
&ufckef;0wkdifatmif[l&Sd\/ xkdae&mokdYvnf; xkdt&SifwkdY a&mufcJhonf[k
tpOfajymqkdaeMu\/
rax&fwkdY yifhvmcJhMuaom "mwfawmfwkdYonf omoemou&mZf 222ckESpf(bDpD 307)tcgaumif;aom wef;aqmifrkef;vjynhfaeYwGif <ua&mufcJhav
onf/ xkdvjynhfausmfwpf&ufuyif wef;cl;vjynhfaeYxd Asm'dwf0ifXmewkdY
(bk&m;EkpOfumv usifvnfcJh&mXme) Asm'dwft&yfwkdY apwDwnfxm; ylaZmf
cJah vonf/ tcsKUd uku
d m; a&Tuvyfwif a&Ttyk t
f wGi;f ude;f 0yfvsuf eef;OD;a0
,H ylaZmfxm;cJo
h nf/ 0guRw
f rk;d &moDuif;aom wef;aqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf
wpf&ufaeYuyifp usefAsm'dwf0ifXmewkdYokdY wnfxm;apcJhavonf/
xkdaemuf bkef;BuD;aom rif;wkdYvufxufvnf; ukd;uG,fvkdu ewfwkdYonf
ulnDyifhaqmifay;cJhMuonfqkd\/ xkdaMumihf rif;AmBuD;? rif;&mZm? pE0dZ,rif;
vufxufwkdY vla,mifaqmifaom omoemawmfapmihf ewfwkdYu "mwfawmf
wkdYukd yifhaqmifa0iS ay;vmcJhMuavonf/ xkdYjyif r[maAm"d paomt&yf?
oufjynf? NrHKjynfwkdYrS rif;rsm;qufojcif;jzihfvnf; "mwfawmfrsm;ukd &&SdylaZmf
EkdifcJhMuavonf/
&ckdifjynfodkY "mwkomoemonf bk&m;&Sif<ua&muf &ifaiGUawmfxnfhf
oGif;ay;jcif;? ajriluRef; e*g;&SpfOD;tm; ajc&mawmfcsay;jcif;? qHawmf"mwfESpf
qlukd ukd;uG,f&ef ay;cJhjcif;wkdYu pwifvmonf/ xkdaemuf taomurif;u
jzefYa0apcJh jyefYESHYa&muf&Sd&jcif;jzihfvnf;aumif;? Ak'Asm'dwf"dXmefcsuftwkdif;
ewfwkdYu yifhaqmifay;vmvnf;aumif;? bkef;&Sdaom rif;wkdYvufxuf "mwf
awmfapwDwnfvkdaom pdwfraem"dXmefjzihfvnf;aumif;? awmif;wvQif omo
emawmfapmifhewfwkdYu yifh,laqmifMunfay;cJh&onfjzpfvnf;aumif;? Ak'Asm
'dwfay;cJhaom EkpOfb0usifvnfcJh&m 248 XmewkdY MunfkdzG,f&m arGoD&d&
"mwkapwDrsm; wnfxm;jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmcJh&avonf/
xk"d mwfawmfrsm;ukd &ckid jf ynftESt
YH jym;wGif zl;jrifEidk jf cif;um;? tvGeaf us;
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
Zl;rsm;jym;? ukokdvfaumif;rIvnf; jzpfyGm;apcJh&onf/ "mwkomoemxGef;um;cJh

aMumif;? xGe;f um;&Sad eaMumif;? xif&mS ;aom taxmuftxm;yif jzpfavonf/
wkdif;jynfESihfvlrsKd;twGuf bmomomoem\ Muufoa&aqmif *kPfa&mifukd
xGef;ajymifapcJhonfom jzpfayownf;/
"mwfawmfonf ruG,fraysmufao; y&dedAmefrjyKao;orQ aemufxyf
bk&m;&Sif yGix
hf eG ;f rvmEkid yf g/ bk&m;&Sirf yGix
hf eG ;f orQ "mwfaf wmfonf bk&m;uk,
d f
pm;yifjzpfacsonf/ "mwfawmfwnf&Sdoa&GU bk&m;&Sif&Sdaernfom/ xkdYaMumihf
]]"mwko[
k d XdwmokA'k g yd Xdwm0a[mEK}} [l ("mwfawmfwnforQ bk&m;wnf
&Sdonf)[l tXuxmusrf;wkdY jyqkdxm;cJhayownf;/
used ;f awmf&iS f
]]aAGcsufjrifhbD? *D&dyAwm? xkdawmifrSm/
a&T0gwEk? aus;ol0rif? r,Gif;wZmpf?
jzpfavaomcg/ aoav&m0,f? aemifvmusdef;0yf?
vQm&if;"mwfvQif? wnfvwfusifu? a&mifxifvif;vif;?
ajymifajymif0if;? cyif;rsm;zQif? usdef;awmif&Sif[k?
ac:wGifemr? bGJYrnf&? xkdupOfvm? ckwkdifomvQif?
wGifvmjzpfvdrfh/}}
([l; &m;wuf-O*gpH)
used ;f awmf&iS f (ZD0gS "mwkapwD)

usdef;awmif awmifwef;ac: umvm*D&dawmif wnf&Sdonf/ awmif\
awmifbufqkH; ukef;jrifhomwGif jzpfavonf/ Ak'EkpOfb0u usifvnfcJh&m
Xme/ Asm'dwf0iftjzpf rdefY>rufcJh&mXmevnf; jzpf\/
us;D rif;(aus;rif;)wZmpftjzpf used ;f atmifc&hJ m Xme wnf&adS omaMumifh
used ;f awmif&iS f "mwfapwD[k ac:wGiv
f mcJo
h nf/ bk&m;&Si\
f vQm&if;awmfu
f ed ;f
atmif;&m wnfxm;Xmyem&m apwDjzpfojzihf ZD0Sm"mwkapwD[k "mwfawmfpOf
orkdif; vm&Sdonf/ arm&yAwaovm*D&d (ausmufawmfawmif)vnf;
Asm'dwfrdefY>rufcJhNyD;&mum;? Asm'dwft& rnfwGifvm&jcif; jzpfavonf/
50
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
xkdaMumif; orkdif;&mZ0ifvuFm odkYpyfqkdcJhMuonfukd awGU&\/

]]jrwfzsm;a&S;cg? ok0gusD;rif;? aysmfcif;pH&m? umum*D&d? rnf[dawmifrSm
ZD0SmapwD? ac:nDrnfwGif}}
(a&S ; xk H ; vuF m )
]]omrSm? umvm*D&?d awmifBu;D xdyzf sm;? aus;om;jzpf\/ vSQm&if;"mwf
awmf? ynwfZD0Sm? aemifwGif&mvdrfh....}}
(OD ; pH w if h ? Nrd K Uwnf v uF m )
"mwfawmfrSm omoemou&mZf (222)ckESpf (bDpD 307-529)wGif
udef;0yfvmcJhav\/ rlvu "n0wDbk&if? ol&d,purif;\ (bDpD 316-272)
eef;OD;a0,Hawmif? a&Tuvyfjzihf ylaZmfxm;jcif;cHcJh&\/ xkdaemufrS tpDtrH
t& bk&ifrif;jrwfonf ukd,fawmfwdkif OD;xdyfwif eef;&a0rS yifhaqmifcJhav
\/ a&eef;qdyfokdYa&mufaomf a&Tazmifawmfjzihf yifhaqmif&ef rSL;BuD;rwfrGefwkdY
tm; vTt
J yfcahJ v\/ t&SiAf mukv? t&Sirf [mwd? t&Si
f E*w
k r ax&fw\
Ydk
cefYcGJay;rIaMumihf Asm'dwf0ifXmeodkY cef;em;BuD;us,fpGm yihfaqmifrIjyK&av\/
Munf;a&ESpfzufSyf "mwfawmfukd a&Tazmifawmfjzihf yihfaqmifcJhMuav\/
awmifay:a&mufvQif uGefYjrL;&jcif;jzpfav&mum;? zl;Muolrsm; 0rf;omydwdBuD;
pGmjzpfMu&av\/
tpDtpOft& awmawmifukd okwfoifvsuf ajrukdajymif&Sif;ap\/ &m
armifuefrnfaom NrKd UvQm&if;a&uefuv
dk nf; wl;ap\/ &marmifMumk;d rI;d ap
&ef Mumukdvnf; pkdufysKd;av\/ xkduefa&wGif r[mrkedkyf&SifawmfrS qHa&awmf
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ausmuftkwfwkdYjzihf wnfxm;jcif;jzpfNyD; yvifckHawmfrSm 6 aycefYjrihfonf/
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jcif;jzpf\/ rkd;av0oumqD;jcif;vnf;aumif;? bkef;wefckd;BuD;jcif;vnf;

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a&Tyef;wdrfq&m OD;vSausmfOD; ZeD; a':tddrfpkd;jzLwkdYu aumZm 1347 ckESpf
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uef;r&GmapwDEiS b
fh &k m; (jrbke;f kad pwD)
rif;jym;NrdKUrS awmifbufokdYxGufvQif uef;r&GmokdY a&mufonf/uef;r&Gm
(vrf;jy&Gm)rSm rif;jym;NrdKU\awmifbuftpwGif wnf&Sdonf/ xkduef;r&Gm\
trnf&if;rSm (Murf;r&Gm)[k od&onf/ pE0dZ,&mZm (wkH;kd)rif;\orD;awmf
(jrbke;f k)d jzpfonf/ tajymta[mtoGm;tvmutp Murf;wrf;pGm &SEd iS o
fh nfh
twGuf (Murf;ykaH r)[k trnf&onf/ Murf;ykaH r tykid pf m;&aom &Gmjzpfacsojzihf
(Murf;r&Gm) rS (*ef;r&Gm)[k aemifwGif wGifvmcJhonf/
&GmESifhuyfvsuf taemufbufwGif awmifylpmi,fwpfckwnf&Sdonf/
,if;awmifypl mi,fwpfcx
k yd f rl bk&ifwpfyg;ESifh apwDwpfqw
l nf&o
dS nf/ ,if;
\aumif;rIawmfrSm Murf;ykHar(jrbkef;kd)\ aumif;rIawmfjzpfcJhaMumif; od&
onf/ odrfedrdwfwkdifwkdYrSm vlwpfa,mufzufcefYrQ BuD;rm;\/ ,ckusKd;ysufae
acsNyD/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
Al;yifawmifarmf&mG ESihf Al;yif"mwf
usdef;awmf&Sif
uef;r&GmawmifbufodkY oGm;vQif Al;yifawmifarmf&GmokdY a&muf&Sd\/ ,if;

&GmrSm usdef;awmfOD;pGef;armfzsm;wGif &Sdonf/
&Gm\ &GmOD;awmif urkcfapwDwpfqlwnf&Sdonf/ apwDi,frSm ,ck
acwfvuf&mjzpfonf/ xkdtxuf awmifxdyfwGifum; Al;yif"mwfapwD wnf&Sd
onf/ apwDukd ajrmufOD;acwf aESmif;ykdif;u bk&m;wpfyg;wnfcJhonf[k
,lq&onf/ apwDrSm anmifrsKdxm; ysufpD;avNyD/
aexGub
f &k m; (eef;OD;bk&m;)
68
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
All;yif&Gm (Am&Jb)ESifh ipnftu
usdef;awmf&Sif
Al;yif&Gm rSm Am&Jb\ arG;&yfajr aexGufbk&m;\ taemufbuf&Gmyif

jzpfacsonf/ &ckdif&mZ0if ]]usdef;awmifvusfm? Al;yif&Gmu Am&Jb}}[l orkdif;
xif&Sm;ol (iaomajz)ae&mwnf;/ &ckdifipG,fig;(ig;&Snfh)&Sm[efZmwfvrf;ukd
ujyEkdifcJhzl; rif;[m&Du eef;awmfokdY ac:,lum ujyapcJhonf/ Zmwfvrf;
ukd tcGiahf umif;,l iukovtrwfBu;D u bk&ifudk ,Mwmvkyaf vonf/ xku
d
p eef;wGif;tIyfawmfykHay:cJh&onf/ Am&JbrSm ipG,f&Sm(ipG,ftu) tu
aumif;oltjzpf xif&Sm;cJhavonf/
r,fawmfawmifEiS fh r,fawmfb&k m;
Al;yifawmifarmf&Gm\ taemufbufawmifOD;wGif aexGufbk&m;[l

wnf&Sdonf/ ,ckAl;yif&Gm\ ta&SUbuf&GmODF;wGif usa&mufonf/ bk&m;rSm
ausmufqif;wkwpfqljzpfNyD; ausmufwHwkdif;jzihf oD;oefYylaZmf&Sdvmonf/
ESpaf wmifausmt
f jrif&h o
dS nf/ aexGu&f m ta&SUbufwiG f wnf&o
dS nf/ xkaYd Mumihf
aexGub
f &k m;[kac:onf/ eef;OD;u wnfcMhJ uaomaMumihv
f nf; eef;OD;bk&m;[k
vnf; wGifac:cJh\/ bk&m;rSm ae0ifbk&m; a&SUwlIokdY rsufESmqkdif wnf&Sdae
\/ ,ck (1995)ckESpfu vrf;azmufvkyfcJhojzihf teD;&Sdajrmufbufawmifay:
okdY a&TUajymif;wnfxm;vsuf &Sdae\/
usdef;awmf&Sif awmifbufukef;wpf0kdufukd ac:onf/ pE0dZ,rif;\ r,f

awmfok0P uvsmaecJh&m a'ovnf;jzpfonf/
pE0Zd ,rif;eef;wufonfEh pS w
f iG f r,fawmfo0k Puvsm uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf/
ae&m bk&ifukd,fwkdif oN*K[fyGJusif;ycJhavonf/ xkdYtjyif r,fawmftm;
&nfTef; bk&m;ESifhodrfukd wnfaqmufcJhonf/ r,fawmfawmif? r,fawmf
bk&m;odrf[k ac:onf/ ,cifu odrfxJ bk&m;okH;qlwnfxm;cJh&m ,ckESpfql
om&Sdawmhonf/
used ;f qdyu
f rf;ESiafh ps;BuD;
tdraf &SUrif;&GmESihf orifajc&m
used ;f awmf\ awmifbufwpfavQmufonf eef;&Gmtdraf &SU rif;&Gmwnf&o

dS
jzihf pnfum;cJh&mXmejzpfonf/ xkdYjyifqdyfurf;us&mXmejzpfvnf; a&mif;0,f
pcef;usavonf/ xkaYd Mumihf a&S;uyif Ekid if jH cm;oabFmrsm; Al;yifawmifarmfwiG f
qkdufuyfcJh&onf/ tdEd, **Fgjrpf bkupqdyfurf;ESifhvnf; a&mif;0,fjcif;jyKcJh
&jcif;ukpd
JG oabFmqdycf sc&hJ m[k tpOfajymprSwf &Sad eMuav\/vufawGUyx0D
taetxm;t&vnf;aumif;? awmifarmfuefxrJ aS ESmif;acwfuefw;l pOfausmuf
ql;BuKd ;tysurf sm; &&Scd o
hJ nht
f axmuftxm; oufaot&vnf;aumif;?cefrY eS ;f
p&mjzpfcJhavonf/ xkdae&m a&uefrSmwjznf;jznf;ajrykdY vmacsavNyD/
r,fawmfawmif\taemufbufwiG f tdraf &SUrif;&GmESifh orifajc&mwnf&dS

onf/ pE0dZ,rif;\ om;awmf&Jabmfonf NrdKUpm;aecJh&mESifhpyf tdrfa&SUrif;
&Gm[kac:onf/ xk&d mG rSm (&Jabmf)onf eef;pku
d cf &hJ meef;&m teD;wGif wnf&o
dS nf/
xk&d mG teD; ausmufw;Hk Bu;D wpfw;Hk vnf; &Sad o;onf/ ausmufw;Hk Bu;D wpfw;Hk wGif
orifow0gajy;oGm;aom ajc&mwpfcktjzpf ay:aeonf/ ,if;ukd orifajc&m
[k ac:a0:NyD; ,cktcg wl;NzdKjcif;'PfukdcH& ryDrjyifawGU&Sd&onf/ tdrfa&SU
rif;&Gm\ taemufbuf reD;ra0;wGif a&jzL&GmwnfcscJhaom ae&m&Sdayonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
tdraf &SUrif;eef&m
usdef;awmf&Sif
orifajc&mteD;wGif awmifukef;i,fwpfavQmufukd awGU&onf/ awmif

ESifhajrmuf (770)ayESifh ta&SUESifhtaemuf (40)ayus,f0ef;onf/ tjrifhfrSm
(5)ay&Sdonf/ xkdae&mwGif(&Jabmf)onf tdrfa&SUrif;om;b0jzihf NrdKUpm;tjzpf
aexkdifcJhonf/ eef;&mokdY 0ifvrf;ESpfckonf awmifpG,fukd ausmuftkwfwkdYjzifh
wHwkdif;um&H xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
&wemykaH pwD(eef;OD;apwD)
tdrfa&SUrif;eef;&m &ifjyiftxuf awmifay:wGif wnf&Sdonf/ bk&m;kyf
wkawmfvnf; wpfql&Sdonf/ wHwkdif;um&Hvsuf&SdNyD; ausmufqpfvuf&mjzifh
rGr;f rHxm;onf/ apwDudk tdraf &SUrif;u wnfxm;cJNh y;D tNr0J wfjyKco
hJ nfq\
dk /
apwDteD;wGif r,fawmf\tkd;*lvnf; &SdcJhonf/ ta&SUzufcsKdifh0Srf;ukdum;
OD;awmfaq;uef[l &Sdavonf/
ae0ifb&k m;(vxGub
f &k m;)
ae0ifbk&m;&Sd&m Al;yif&GmrS taemufbuf e*g;pufuefteD;wGif wnf&Sd
\/ xkdbk&m;ukd vxGufbk&m;[kvnf; ac:onf/ ae0ifvsuf vxGufonf
zl;ajrmf&aomaMumihfwnf;/
aexGufbk&m;xuf OmPfawmftenf;i,fBuD;NyD; rsufESmawmfrSm ta&SU
zufoYkd rsuEf mS rl wnf&o
dS nf/ aexGub
f &k m;ESifh rsuEf mS csi;f qkid f wnf&adS ejcif;
jzpfonf/
Am;ylawmifapwD
ae0ifbk&m;rS awmifbufiwefysif;&GmrS taemufbufusonf/ ,ckAl;
yif&Gm\ taemufbufAm;ylawmifteD;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ Am;yl&Sd,ifhqef&Sd,ifh?
'kdif;usD&SD,ifh-&D&Sd,ifh}}[l pum;ykH&Sdonf/ Am;ylqkdonfrSm vlcsrf;om pyg;qef
a&aygrsm;oludk qko
d nf/ used ;f awmifawmifbuf vlcsr;f omrsm; aecJ&h mXmejzpf
onf/ usdef;uRef;wkdufrS awmifolaX;aecJh&m &Gm[kvnf; ajymqkdMuonf/
69
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
xkdYaMumihf Am;ylawmif&Gm[kac:onf/ xkdae&m a&S;uwnfcJhaom apwDESpfql

ukdvnf; Am;ylawmifapwD[l wGifac:cJhonf/ csrf;omaom Am;ylrsm;wnfcJh
jcif;aywnf;/
rsucf ;Hk awmf"mwf

used ;f awmiftaemufawmifbuf ,ckaxmifah csmif;Bu;D (ia0&Gm)taemuf
bufuyfvsuf zkdYawmifukef;wGif wkH;kdonf (pE0dZ,rif;)tjzpf pkd;pHcJhpOfu
wnfxm;cJo
h nfh rsucf ;Hk awmf"mwfwpfqu
l dk awGU&onf/ tkwaf pwDjzpfNy;D ,ckjyK
jyifvsuf&Sdonf/ trf;om;&GmrS aq;q&marmifpdwfauu jyKjyifrGrf;rHcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
bk&m;aygif;ESib
fh &k m;uef
axmifhacsmif;BuD;&Gmtaemufbufrkdif0ufcefYtuGmwGif pE0dZ,rif;\
aumif;rIawmfrmS bk&m;aygif; bk&m;ESifh a&uefjzpfacsonf/ t&yfwiG f arG;zGm;
cJo
h nfut
dk aMumif;jyK wnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ ,if;ESiyfh wfouf ]]Zmwdcsuf
a<u? &Gmia0wGi?f b*0gow? vSL'geESifh Munfvifat;jr? a&uefvu
S ?dk yknv,f
ajr? xyfavmif;av}}[k axmifah csmif;Bu;D &Gm avSNyKd it
f oif;u oDqcdk zhJ ;l onf/
bk&m;rSm used ;f awmifawmifarmfrS taemufbufEpS rf idk af usmrf QumG vSr;f
avonf/
,cifausmufqif;wk ckESpfql&SdcJhay&m ESpfqlukd tdrfa&SUrif;&GmokdY yifhxm;
jcif;jyKavojzihf ig;qlomusefawmhonf/ ausmufwHwkdif;jzihf 0kdif;&H oddrftxJ
wGif udef;0yfvsuf&Sdonf/
wpfzefoD[kdVf(oD&dvuFmEkdifiH)rS yifh,lpkdufysKd;cJhonfqkdaom aAm"dyif
wpfckvnf; &Sdao;onf/ a&uefrSm bk&m;teD;ajrmufbuf uyfvsufwnf&Sd
onf/ a&uefBuD;rsm;rSm ,cktcg ysufpD;aeacsNyD/ bk&m;aygif; acsmif;wpfbuf
jcm;wGif okH;axmifhacsmif;teD; okH;axmifhuefBuD;vnf;&Sdonf/ usm;&JjyifESifheD;
avonf/ pE0dZ,rif; ajrmufOD;ukd odrf;ykdufcJhpOfu i,farsmufom;ukd ia0&Gm
rStac:vTwfcJh&m ig;oJhvsuf&SdaepOf rSL;rwfwkdYESihf awGUqkHcJh& trSwfw&
,if;ae&m bk&m;wnfcJjhcif;jzpfonf/ aygif;qkHonfukd taMumif;jyK(bkk&m;
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
aygif;)[k wGifcJhonfqkd\/
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
qH&pfawmf"mwf
usdef;awmifawmifbuf oufykef;acsmif;&Snfa'o acsmif;&Snf&Gm\
taemufwiG w
f nf&adS om apwDwpfqu
l v
dk nf; qH&pfawmf"mwf[k trnf&onf/
bDtD;(1139-1144)rif;jzpfaom pEiwd&mP? ("r&mZfatmifpkH)u wnfcJh
onf/
t*Fvyd v
f ufxufNyKd ysuaf ejcif;ukd r[m*D&rd nfaom ewfuawmfwpfO;D u
jyefvnfxm;cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf wpfzefNydKusojzihf a*gpm 1304 ckESpfu "mwf
awmfukd wl;NzdK topfwnfcJhMuonf/
uRe;f OD;apwD(acgif;rif;apwD)
apwDrS usdef;uRef;awmifbuf e,fajrtqkH; pGef&JuRef;OD; wnfxm;
ojzih uRef;OD;apwD[kac:wGifonf/ pGef&JuRef;aMumif &Snfacsmif;&GmteD; jrpf
urf;yg;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ vkH;ywfvufawmif 60 ESifh tjrihfapmufvufawmif
30 ausmf&Sd usdef;awmf&SifapwDxuf BuD;avonf/ &ckdifrif;vufxufuyif
tkwfwHwkdif;um&Hvsuf wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xkdaemuf NydKysufjcif;cHcJh&ojzihf &ckdifrif;\ wyfrSL;acgif;rif;Akdvfu jyKjyif
cJhavojzihf ,ckacgifrif;apwD[k ac:wGifvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckaMumif&Snf
acsmif;q&mawmfEiS fh uRe;f vk;H omwku
Yd apmifah &SmufjyKjyifvsuf orHwvif;cif;
aumifpGm udk;uG,fylaZmfvsuf&SdaeMuonf/
qifBu;D jyif&mG
tdraf &SUrif;&Gm(tdraf &SUrif;eef;&m)rS ajrmufzufwiG f jzpfonf/ used ;f awmif
taemufzuf qifBuD;jyifausmfvrf;0wGif wnf&Sdonf/ a&S;ubk&ifrsm;onf
qifrsm;ukd Ipm;&mjzpf ]]qifMunhfjyif}}[k wGifac:cJhonf/ xkd&Gmajrmufzuf
ajrmif;urf;yg;wpfavQmufwGif qifcsnfaomwkdifikwfrsm; &Sdaeonf/ qifMunfh
jyifrS qifBuD;jyifjzpfvm&onfqkd\/
70
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
crnf;awmfwu
dk Ef iS fh ig;ql&iS yf if
usdef;awmf&Sif
qifBu;D jyif&mG qifBu;D jyifausmv

f rf;0 bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;a[mif;wnf&dS
&m awmifp,
G w
f iG f bk&m;ig;ql&o
dS nf/ b'urmwGif yGiahf wmfrv
l waYH om bk&m;
ig;qludk &nf&,
G w
f nfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmufqpfvuf&myviw
f iG f ude;f 0yfchJ
&m ,ckNydKysufoGm;ojzihf yviftopfjyKvkyfwnfxm;&Sd\/ pE0dZ,rif;onf
crnf;awmftm; &nfrSef;jyKaom aumif;rIawmf[k od&onf/ xkdbk&m;wnf&Sd&m
wpf0u
dk u
f v
dk nf; crnf;awmftm; &nfreS ;f Ny;D crnf;awmfwu
dk [
f o
k wfrw
S cf o
hJ nf/
NyKd ifawmf"mwf
ig;ql&SifyifrS awmifzufawmifxdyfjrifhwGif wnf&Sd\/ ,ckNydKysufoGm;
onfukd aumZm 1356 ckESpfwGif cr& (380)rS wyf&if;rSL;ESihf t&m&Sdt&mcH
tMuyfwyfom;rsm; EId;aqmfrIjyKNyD; apwDopfwpfqlwnfcJhMuonf/ wyfOD;apwD
[kvnf;wGifvsuf&Sd\/ xkdapwD\ awmifzufteD;wpf0kdufvnf; apwD 3ql&Sd
ao;onf/
ESpq
f &l iS yf if
qifBuD;jyif&Gm ta&SUajrmufaxmifh aomufa&uefteD; jrawmifESmarmif;
zsm;wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ b'urmwGif yGiahf wmfral om bk&ifEpS q
f u
l dk &nfreS ;f cJo
h nf
qkd\/ ausmufyvifwGif opmEG,fyef;wkdYukd xkvkyfxm;&Sd\/ a0omvDacwf
od*FpE&m;rif;\ tEG,fjzpfaom rE0DjA[PESihf Muif&mawmf twlruGJruGm
usifvnf&vkd&vkd\[k qkawmif;vsufwnfxm;cJhjcif;[kvnf; twlruGmusif
vnf&vkd\[k qkawmif;vsuf wnfxm;cJhjcif;[kvnf; qkdMuonf/}}
]]usdef;awmifausmfvrf; Muufkd;ay:rSm oZifyef;? ESrerf;wkH armiferf;wkH}}
[laom uAsmonf bk&m;ukd &nf&G,fpyfqkdjcif;jzpfvm&onf[l\/ tcsKdUu
a*gwrbk&m;ESihf t&darw,sbk&m;ESpfqlukd &nf wnfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[kqkd
Mu\/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
wvif;BuD;&GmESifh r*Fvmyl&wku
d f
usdef;awmf&Sif
qifBuD;jyif&GmrS ajrmufzufokdY oGm;awmfusdef;awmif awmifwef;pOfwpf

avQmufwGif&Sdonf/ xkdawmifajc&if;teD; opfyiftkdrsm;? rusnf;yiftkdrsm;ukd
awGU&onf/ uefysufrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdae&mwpf0kdufukd a&S;uvlaweXme
jyKcMhJ uonf/ wvif;Bu;D &Gm[l ac:wGio
f nf/ ,cifused ;f NrKd Uawmfom,mcJph Ofu
wnf&SdEkdifcJh&monf/ ,ckwdwfqdwfokefzsif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ pE0dZ,rif;\
tkycf sKyaf &;e,fy,f owfrw
S &f mwGif wku
d ef ,fwpfcjk zpfc&hJ onhf ]]r*Fvmyl&wku
d f
e,f}}[l ac:onf/
0ZD&"mwf(r*FvmOD;apwD)
r*Fvmyl&wkduf? wvif;BuD;ajrmif &DrsufBuD;0wGif wnf&Sdonf/ 0ZD&rif;
tjzpf pkd;pHckdufwGif tOD;tpwnfcJhaom apwDjzpfonfqkd\/ tcsKdfUu pE0DZ,
rif;jzpfNyD;aemuf aumZm 1073 wGif oufjynfukd wkdufckdufpOfum oufrif;wkdY
\ eef;pOfukd;uG,fxm;aom "mwfawmfrsm;ukd yifhaqmif ppfatmifr*Fvmt
jzpf wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfonfqkd\/ ausmuftkwfjzihf wnfxm;Ny?D; ESpfpOfrjywf
xk;H ouFe;f qufuyfvmcJMh u\/ pE0Zd ,rif;\ xif&mS ;aom aumif;rIawmfwpfck
jzpfonf/
iNyDtif;ESifh BuKd ;Mumtif;teD psmefuokP

d b
f &k m;
0ZD&"mwfu ajrmufzufokdYoGm;vQif iNyDtif;&Gmukd a&mufonf/ iNyDtif;
&Gmta&SUzufwGif BudK;Mumtif;&Sdonf/ iNyDtif;ausmif;awmifzufwGifuyfvsuf
tkwaf pwDBu;D wpfq&l o
dS nf/ if;teD;tkwaf pwDysurf sm; ausmufqif;wk tusK;d
tyJhrsm;&Sdaeonf/ iNyD;tif;ESihf BudK;Mumtif;teD;awmifzufwGif orkwfodrf&Sd
onf/ xko
d rd x
f J &ifpnf;vsuf psmefuokP
d ;f zG[
YJ ef ausmufqif;wkwpfq&l o
dS nf/
qkHo@mefausmufyvifwGif udef;0yfwnf&Sdonf/ iNyDtif;&Gm taemufzuf
acsmif;em;wGif EGm;ukefykdYbk&m;[l &Sdonf/ bk&m;qif;wkawmfawmifzufteD;
uyfvsuf ausmufEGm;kyfwpfck &Sdavonf/
71
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
tonf&mG av;rsuEf mS odrf
usdef;awmf&Sif
iNyt
D if;&GmrS ajrmufzufwiG f tonf&mG &So
d nf/ tonf&mG bke;f Bu;D ausmif;
awmifukef;ay:wGif wnf&Sdonf/ odrfukdav;zufrkwf0if0jzihf jyKvkyfxm;onf/
odref rd w
d w
f idk Bf u;D rsm;vnf; taumif;yuwd&adS eonf/ xko
d rd u
f fdk taMumif;jy
awmifukdav;rsufESmawmif? ausmif;ukdav;rsufESmausmif;[k ac:wGif&Sdae
onf/ a&S;uwkdif;&if;cH (tonfom;) rsm;wnf&SdcJh&m &Gmjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumihf
odrfrSm a&S;usNyD; pE0dZ,rif;rwkdifcifrif;wkdY vufxufukokdvfawmfjzpf
&monf/
r[museb
f &k m;(tonf&mG )
tonf&mG ausmif;ac:av; rsuEf mS ausmif;wGif q&mawmftqufqufu;dk
uG,cf ahJ om bk&m;jzpfonf/ OmPfawmfwpfayausm&f o
dS nf/ &wemjzihf oGe;f vkyf
xm;ojzihf ta&mifajymifvuf oym,fvSonf/ r[mrkedoQifyif oGef;pOfu
<uif;usefaom &wemjzihf oGef;vkyfaom bk&m;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf,lqae
Muonf/
vufzefawmf"mwf
av;rsufESmodrf taemufawmifzufteD awmifxdyf wnf&Sdonf/ pE0d
Z,rif; tp yxroufjynfhrS yifh,l&&Sdaom vufzefawmf"mwfukd wnfxm;
jcif; jzpfonfqkd\/ "mwfawmfapwDrSm rsm;pGmrBuD;vSacs/ "mwfawmfawmif
zuftqkH;awmif,mcif;xJ tkwfapwDa[mif; wpfqlvnf; &Sdavonf/
vuf;dI apwD
tonf&mG ajrmufzufoo
Ykd mG ;aomf ausmufarmifErS &So
d nf/ armifausmuf
ESrausmuf[k ac:aeMuonf/ xkdausmufvkH;&*Sdaom awmifurltxufwGif
vufId;awmf"mwfapwDwpfql&Sdonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
wGrD qkw(f wkrYd qdw)f apwD
usdef;awmf&Sif
tonf&mG ajrmufzufwiG f wGrD qkw&f mG &So

d nf/ ok;d rqdw&f mG [kvnf; ac:qkd
onf/ ppfol&Jrsm; aexkdifcJh&m&Gmjzpfonf/
xkdol&JwkdYonf wpfzuf&efolESihf &ifqkdif&vQif aemufrqkwfwef;&Gwf&Gwf
cRefcRefwkdufckdufcJhMuonfqkd\/ &efolESifhawGUvQif aemufrqkwfaomol&Jrsm;
ae&m&Gm[kqkdvkd\/ xkd&Gm\ajrmufzuftxufawmif,HwGif apwDESpfqlESifh
awmifeHab;uefteDwGif apwDESpfql&Sdonf/ pkpkaygif; apwDav;qlwnfxm;&Sd
avonf/ 0ZD&rif;cwf wnfxm;cJh[ef&Sdonf/
<ujD yif
wGDYrqkwf&GmrS ajrmufzufawGif v,fuGif;jyifwpfck&Sdonf/ if;jyifukd
<ujD yif[ak c:onf/ a&S;ua<uxnfjyKvyk cf &hJ m XmejzpfEikd &f monf/ a<uxnfajr
xnf tvkyform;rsm,; aexkdifcJh&m a'o[k ,lq&onf/ ,ckoHawmif&Gm
if;teD;tkd;xdef;&GmwkdYvnf; ajrxnfvkyfudkifcJh&m Xmersm;jzpfacs\/
0efo*dk al pwD
wkdYrqdwf&Gmu ajrmufzufukd oGm;aomf awmifydkYBuD;&GmodkYa&mufobnf/
xkd&GmrS ta&SUzuf teD;cifpkdif;BuD;ausmfvrf;&Sdfonf/ xkdvrf;uausmfvQif usdef;
awmifta&SUzuf wif;r&GmrS xGufusonf/ cifpkdif;BuD;ausmfvrf;t0wGif *lBuD;
wpfck&Sdonf/ ausmufjzihfjyKvkyfxm;onf/ wHwkdif;vnf; ausmufjzihf um&Hxm;
onf/ twGif;wGif ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpfql&Sdonf/ vusfm&Hvuf0H&H bk&m;
av;yg;ESifh *lBu;D ywfvnfwiG f OmPfawmftBu;D ti,f ausmufqif;bk&m;rsm;rSm
eH&w
H pfavQmufwiG f wnfxm;&So
d nf/ *lrmS ysuNf yKd omG ;Ny;D jzpfae&m tkwaf usmuf
rsm;u upifhu&Jjzpf&Sdaeonf/ bk&m;ESihf *lrSm 0efokdtrwf\aumif;rIawmf
jzpf 0efokdY*l? 0efokdapwD[k ac:wGifaeonf/ awmifykdYBuD;bk&m;[kvnf;
ac:onf/ if;teD;wGif ykxkd;okH;qlvnf; &Sdavonf/
72
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
0efot
dk rd f
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
0efokd*l\ ajrmufzuf awmifzufausmfvrf;tpwGif &Sdonf/ 0efokdodrf[k

vnf;aumif;? awmifyBdk u;D odr[
f v
k nf;aumif;/ ac:onf/ odru
f adk usmuftw
k w
f Ydk
jzihf um&Hxm;onf/ odrx
f w
J iG f ausmufqif;wkwpfq&l o
dS nf/ yviw
f iG f jcL;yef;
jcL;EG,frsm; xkqpfxm;&m vuf&majymifajrmufvSonf/ ajrmufOD;acwfyef;qpf
vuf&mjzpfrnf[k ,lq&onf/
0efou
dk ef
0efodkodrfESihf 0efokd*l\taemufzufwGif &Sdonf/ a&ueftwGif;tjyifESifh
awmifwkdYukd tkwfjzihf tckdiftrm pDcif;jyKvkyfxm;onf/ tvsm;teH pwk&ef;ykH
jzpfonf/ tem;wpfzufvQif vufawmif 120 ausmcf ef&Y o
dS nf/ uefa&rSmvnf;
oef&Y iS ;f Munfvifvsu&f o
dS nf/ tkwaf usmufjzihf ueftwGi;f ESihf awmifywfvnf
pDcif;jyKvkyfxm;aom uefrsKd;rSm wpfuefwnf;om &Sdonf/ xkd*l? odrf? uef?
tvSL&Sirf mS a&Twu
dk pf ;dk tqif&h o
dS [
l k od&onf/ bk&ift
h ok;H taqmifypn;f yp,
rsm;tm; okdavSmifodrf;qnf;rIukd wm0ef,laqmif&aom trwfjzpfonf/ 0ef
ypnf;ukd okdrSD&oljzpf 0efokdtrwf[kac:wGifonf/
ppfurJ if;odrf
awmifykwfBuD;rS ajrmufbuf*kdufwpf&mcefYtuGmwGif awmifukef;xuf
wHwkdif;um&H *lapwD&Sdonf/ if;ukd ppfuJodrf (ppfuJrif;odrf)[k ac:onf/
od r f \ ausmuf e H & H r sm;wG i f vuf & majymif a jrmuf a om yef ; yk y ef ; qpf r sm;
xGif;xkvsuf&Sdonf/ odrfwpfckvkH;ukd apwDuJhodkY ausmuftkXfwkdYjzihf 0ef;&Hrkd;um
vsuf&Sdonf/ trkd;tumt&HwkdYwGfi yef;ajymuf yef;EG,f? uEkyef;rsm;/ jcL;yef;?
jcL;EG,frsm;jzihf rGrf;rHjc,fvS,fxm;onf/ odrfxJwGif ausmufqif;wk bk&m;wpf
ql&Sdonf/ odrfeH&HtwGif;tjyif 'k&ifwkdYwGifvnf; ausmufqpfkyfrsm; yef;qpf
rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ,cktcg tay:ykdif;ysufpD;aeNyD;jzpf\/ ckdysHckdeef;
rkcf 'k&if txGwfwkdYjzifh wnfxm;cJhaom apwDjzpf vuf&majymifajrmuf
qef;Mu,fvSayonf/ uawmfodrf jcifukdufyd#uwfwkduf ykHpHrsKd;jzpfonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
odrfa&SUbufawmifajc&if;wGif a&uefrsm; wl;azmfxm;&Sdonf/ uefrSm

ESpfuefjhzpfNyD; awmifatmufteD;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ apwDESihf twlwl;azmfxm;cJh
jcif;jzpf ppfuJ(ppfuJrif;)uef[k ac:wGifaeMuonf/ ,ckapwDukdcsKyf
wef;aqmif;aqmufvyk x
f m;onf/ ausmufyef;vuf&mwkjYd zihf wifw
h ,fv&S mum;?
yef;aygif;odrf[lvnf; trnfwGifaeMuonf/ 1993 ckESpfrSp yGJjyifusif;y
ay;vmvsuf&Sdonf/
ovl*sKid f
ppfuJuefESifh odrf 0efokd odrf\ta&SUbuf,Gef;,Gef;wGif usdef;awmifwef;
oG,f wef;vsuf&Sdonf/ if;awmifwef;ESifh uefBuD;rsm;tMum;wGif ajrjyefYuGif;
us,fjzpf&Sdaeonf/ ovl(pvl)awmrsm;jzihf zkH;tkyfae&mum; ovl*sKdif[k ac:
onf/ xk*d sKid t
f xufawmif urf;yg;,HwiG f ausmufe&H BH u;D &So
d nf/ xkw
d iG f ausmuf
pmrsm; a&;xkd;&SdcJhonf/ ,ckysufpD;oGm;avNyD/ awmBuD;xlxyf&mjzpf
vlrsm;ta&muftaygufenf;onf/ uRJEGm;ausmif;om;rsm; uRJ EGm;taysmuf&Sm
olrsm;om wpfcgwpfav a&mufzl;wwfMuonf/
*sKid rf S Ncw
d af wmif&mG okYd awmufavQmuf qufo,
G af ygufa&mufonfqdk
\/ ae&monf a&S;NrdKUa[mif;ysuf wpfae&mjzpfEkdifonf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/
azmfcsefrm\rSwfwrf;yg pr0ufNrdKUwnfcJh&m jzpfoifhaMumif; OD;atmifrif;\
a&Tusdef;awmifpmwrf; ,lqxm;onf/ ae&mwpf0kdufwGif tkXfkd;tkXfysuf
rsm;? tkd;tkd;rsm; vlokH;ypnf;rsm; &&Sdonfqkd\/
rif;w&m;uefb&k m;
ppfuJodrfESihf uef\ta&SUajrmufaxmifhwGif wnf&Sdonf/ a&uefukd
rif;w&m;uef[lac:wGifonf/ a&uefteD;wGif kyfyGm;awmfwpfql&Sdonf/
om;jrwfplvsuf &Sdae&mum; EkdYplbk&m;[kac:aeMu\/ awmifykdYBuD; awm&
ausmif;onf pE0dZ,rif;\ omoemykdif oDwif;okH;cJh&mjzpfonf[k qkd\/
xkdq&mawmfqkdvQif xkdrif;vufxuf &ckdifjynf\ omoemykdifvnf;jzpfNyD;vQif
used ;f wpf0u
dk w
f iG f ax&f0gtBu;D tuJq;Hk vnf;jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh q&mawmfudk
Munfdkav;pm;jcif; rsm;cJhMuavonfqkd\/
73
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
ipnfawmifb&k m;
usdef;awmf&Sif
awmifyw
k Bf u;D rS ajrmufbufwiG f ipnfawmif&mG &So
d nf/ xk&d mG ta&SUbuf
wpf0*lbk&m;teD;wGifvnf &Gma[mif;ae&mrsm; &SdMuavonf/ ipnfawmif\
rlvtrnfrSm a&S;tcgu awmifay:wGif yef;wsm; pnfobifonfwkdYtm;
xm;&Sdjcif; &Gmwnfcsay;cJhjcif;/ pnfawmf,Gef;jcif;jyKcJhMuonfqkd\/ rif;w&m;
uefrSm &GmteD;wGif jzpfacs\/ ipnfawmif *ljzihfudef;0yf bk&m;wpfql&Sd
avonf/ ppfuJodrftaemufbufwGif usa&muf\/
wpf0*lac: a&T*al wmif

(ta[mif;awmifvnf;[l\)
Ncw
d af wmifausmv
f rf;0ukd jzwfomG ;vQif tk;d onf&mG okYd a&mufonf/ xk&d mG
ta&SUbufawmifukef;wGif *ljzihfudef;0yfvsuf&Sdonf/ jrawmifq&mawmfbk&m;
u aqmfMo jyKjyifxm;cJhonf[k od&\/ bk&m;awmif atmufwGif a&uefBuD;
ESpfuef&Sd\/ a&S;uMuufoa&&Gm&SdcJh&m xkd&Gmom;wkdY tokH;jyKcJhaomuefjzpf\/
&GmajrmufbufwGif av;0*lapwDwnf&Sd\/
rsupf ad wmfapwD (used ;f apwD)

tk;d onf&mG ueftjyifbuf wpfae&mwGif ausmufBu;D ok;H vk;H &So
d nf/ ,ckt
cg rormaom okdufq&ma,mifwkdYu zsufqD;xm;cJhMuavNyD/ ,if;ausmuf
awmifxdyfwGif rsufpdapwDac: usdef;rsufpdapwD[l wnfxm;cJhonf/
tk;d onf&mG rS ta&SUbufoYdk ausmv
f mvQif Ncw
d af wmifoaYdk &mufonf/ Ncw
d f
awmifausmfvrf;[k ac:wGifonf/ xkdausmfvrf; vuf0JbufawmifurlwGif
apwDwpfql&Sdonf/ av;axmifhpwk&ef;ykHjzpfNyD; rkcfav;0yg&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumihf
av;0*lapwD[kwGifonf/ ajrtkXfjzihf wnfvkyfxm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf/
atmufajcav;axmihfay:wGif jcaoFhav;aumifxkdifaeykHxkvkyfxm;onf/ *lt
jrifh 6-ay tus,f 5-ay&Sdonf/ *ltxufrsufESmwGif oZifyef;wpfq,fhESpf
cufjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ *lapwDtjrifh 18 aycefY&Sdonf/ apwDoydwfarSmuf
ywfvnfwGif oZifyef;wpfq,fhajcmufcufukd rGrf;rHjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/ ,if;
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
txufwGif oZifyef;cufokH;q,fESpfcufwkdYjzihf ywfvnfjyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/

ta&SUbufrkcf0xJwGif OmPfawmfESpfay&Sd ausmufqif;wkbk&m; wpfql&Sd
onf/ apwDrSm usdef;wpf0kdufapwDykHrsm;ESifh rwlxl;jcm;onf/ rkcfav;0
wyfqifxm;onhftjyif rkcftxufESihf apwDywfvnfwGif oZifyef;cufrsm;yg&Sd
aeonf/ tjcm;yef;&Guf? yef;cufrsm;vnf; ywfywfvnf jyKvkyfxm;&Sdonf/
apwD'g,umukd &ckdifpmqkdynm&Sif arSmufawmfpmcsif;zGJYukd pyfqkdol &cdkifrif;\
orD;awmf {csif;q&m ]]twkrif;kd}}jzpfonf[l\/ a&Tusdef;awmifpmwrf;
q&mOD;atmifrif;u okdY tpOftvmajymqkdorIjyKvmcJhaMumif; a&;om;xm;
&Sdonf/ apwDrSm ,cktcg iSufaysmzl;u p usKd;usvsuf&SdacsNyD/ rormolrsm;
aMumihf bk&m;OD;awmfrsm;vnf; ysufpD;cHvsuf&Sdae&onf/ *lapwDqkdvqif
Muufoa&&Gm (tkd;onf&Gm) om;wkdY\ ukd;uG,fcJh&mrsm;jzpfacs\/
74
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
ajrmufausmif;onf q&mawmf OD;udwd\ oDwif;okH;aecJh&mausmif; jzpfav

onf/ Ncdwfawmif awmifausmif;txuf awmifukd apwDawmif[k ac:onf/
awmifausmif;ESihf pyfvsuf&Sdonf/ awmifukef;wpfckvkH; a&S;a[mif;apwDrsm;
wnf&Sdaeonf/ apwDaygif; 33 ql&Sdonf[k od&onf/ rormolwkdY vufcsuf
aMumihf NyKd ysucf aH ecJ&h avNy;D tkXu
f sK;d tkXyf surf sm;vnf; upifu
h vsm; jzpf&adS e\/
bdwaf wmif
&aoh&[ef;rsm; aZmf*sDrsm; *latmif;cJhonfukd ]]bdwfatmif;}}onf [k
ac:qkdonf/ *latmif;wGif;&Sdaom awmifjzpf ]]bdwfwmif}}trnf&onf/
eef;wufbk&m;ESihf uyfvsuf xkdawmifwnf&Sdonf/
vdyaf wmif
Ncw
d af wmif
Ncdwf(csdyf)wGif;&Sdonfjzpf ]]Ncdwfawmif}}[k ac:wGifMuonfqkd\/ tcsKdU
url t&nfygaom a&TNcw
d w
f pfrsK;d &So
d nfq\
dk / Ncw
d &f &dS mukd tpGjJ yK Ncw
d af wmif
[k ac:cJh&if;jzpfonf/ xkdawmifwGif&Sdaom &Gmukdfvnf; Ncdwfawmif&Gm[k trnf
wGifavonf/
ausmif;awmf&m odraf wmf&mrsm;

av;0*lbk&m;ajc&if;rS vSnhfvmvQif Ncdwfawmif&Gm oGm;vrf;ukd a&muf
onf/ xkdvrf;twkdif; ta&SUbufokdYa&mufoGm;aomf NcdwfawmifokdY a&mufav
onf/ NcdwfawmifrSm usdef;awmif\ ajrmufbuftqkH;wGif jzpfavonf/ Ncdwf
awmif&Gmausmif;okdY ra&mufrD vuf0JbufwGif awmifurlrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdwGif
ausmif;awmf&m odraf wmf&mrsm;&So
d nf/ apwDyx
k ;dk rsm;vnf; toD;oD;&SMd uonf/
apwDawmif
Ncw
d af wmifwiG f rlvausmif;a[mif;ukd awmifausmif;[k ac:onf/ aemuf
rS ajrmufbufwGif ay:vmaomausmif;ukd ajrmufausmif;[k ac:onf/
bdwfawmifESihf wqufwnf;aomawmifukd vdyfawmif[k ac:onf/

OD;udwq
d &mawmf oDwif;ok;H &mausmif;&So
d nf / oydwaf wmifay:wGif apwDwpf
ql&Sdonf/ ,if;apwDESihfuyfvsuf OD;udwdq&mawmf\ tkd;wkduf*l&Sdonf/
taomuausmufpmwkdif ykHpHi,f*lukd wnfaqmufxm;onf/
oydww
f mifapwD
Ncdwfawmif&GmajrmufbufwGif wnf&Sdonf/ xkdawmif\ta&SUbufwGif
OD;udwdq&mawmf oDwif;okH;&mausmif;&Sdonf/ oydwfawmifay:wGif apwD
wpfql&Sdonf/ ,if;apwDESihfuyfvsuf Od;udwdq&mawmf\ tkd;wkduf*l&Sdonf/
taomuausmufpmwkdif ykpHi,f*lukd wnfaqmufxm;onf/
&ifaoG;awmfapwD
OD;udwdq&mawmf ausmif;NcH0if;? Ncdwfawmif&Gmajrmufbuf awmifukef;
vGwfwGif wnf&Sdonf/ aumZm 1073 ckESpf pE0dZ,rif;onf oufjynfrS
&&Scd ahJ om &ifaoG;awmf"mwfudk Xmyem apwDwnfxm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ OD;udwd
(tdEd,omoemjyK) q&mawmfOD;pD; jyKjyifxm;cJhavonf/ OD;udwd(aumZm
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
1250-1311)rSm ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f rif;uef&GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/ tdEd,wGif;

14 ESpfwkdif omoemjyKcJhonf/ xif&Sm;aom NEd,aMu;rkHusrf; tygt0ifusrf;
*efwkdYukd a&;om;cJhonf/ ae&m Ncdwfawmifausmif; (omoemygv
odyHajrmufausmif;) opfukd 1296 ckESpf aqmufvkyf oDwif;okH;aecJhonf/
usdef;awmf&Sif ausmufikHawmf? yg;awmf? vnfkd;awmf orkdif;rsm;ukd a&; &ckdif
jynf"mwkomoemukd xGef;ajymifapcJhonf/
ausmufiaHk wmf"mwf (ausmufuek ;f awmf"mwf)

ausmufikHawmf"mwfonf usdef;awmifwef; ajrmufbuftqkH;wGif wnf&Sd
onf/ oydwfawmifapwD\ taemufbuf usa&mufavonf/ usdef;wkdif;
aumZm q,f&mpkrS 1072 wkdif; oD&d0ZD&bGJY trnfjzifh usdef;wkH;kdonf rif;jzpf
pOfu OD;pGmwnfxm;cJo
h nf/ bk&m;&Si\
f ausmufuek ;f ilrjS zpfaom "mwfawmfudk
Xmyemwnf&Sdonf/ ,ckausmufikHawmf"mwf[k ac:wGif&Sd\/ usdef;wkH;kd ac:
pE0Zd ,rif;\ yxrqk;H topf oD;jcm;wnfxm;cJah om t"du&"mwfawmfapwD
vnf; jzpfavonf/
if;aemufaumZm 1293 ckEpS ?f wykw
d v
JG qkwf 6 &ufaeYwiG f pwifNy;D vQif
Ncdwfawmif&yfrS bk&m;wum OD;oma0onf "mwfawmfukdcsKyf odrftrkd;tum
aqmufvkyfjcif;? r[m&HwHwkdif;jyKvkyf orHwvif;cif;jcif; a&Tcsjcif;rsm;ukdyg
jyKvkyfcJhavonf/
if;aemuf aumZm 1330 ckESpf? avrkefwkdif;aMumihf apwDawmfrSm xdckduf
cH&NyD; odrftaqmuftOD; trkd;tumwkdYrSm vkH;0ysufpD;cJh&avonf/ bk&m;yGJukd
vnf; ESpfpOf waygif;vESihf wef;cl;vtwGif;wkdY usif;yNrJjyKvkyfvmcJhojzihf
xif&Sm;ausmfapmvSayonf/
tjyif&w
J J bk&m;ESiu
fh ef
usdef;uRef;taemufausmufikHawmfbk&m; taemufbuf ESpfrkdifeD;yg;uGm
(&JwJ)wGif wnfxm;cJhonf/ bk&m;apwDrSm ysufNydKaeavNyD;aom bk&m;ukd,ck
ausmufikHawmf"mwfokdY a&TUajymif;xm;&Sdonf/ bk&m;teD; a&uefBuD;wnf&Sd&m
usdef;wkdif; xif&Sm;aom uefBuD;rsm;teuf wpfuefjzpfonf/ &ckdifrif;vuf
75
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
xuf &Jwyfpcef;csxm;&m ae&mteD;wGif wnfxm;jcif;jzpf &JwJbk&m; &JwJ

uef[k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfonf/ xkduefonf r[mrked\ qHa&awmfukd csxm;jcif;
cHcJh&onf/ ,MwmtpDtrH xif&Sm;aom uefjzpfav\/
rif;rbk&m;
tjyif&JwJbk&m;taemufbuf rif;r&Gm&Sd\/ xkd&GmteD;wGif wnf&Sdojzihf
rif;rbk&m;[k wGifavonf/ xkd&GmrSm rif;zkef;pm; (c&pf 1142-1149)u cs
xm;rpay;cJhaom &Gmjzpfonf/ xkdacwfuyif bk&m;wnf&SdvmEkdifayonf/
tcsKdUuwkH;kdukd wEAkdvfrif;tjzpf cefYtyfolaumif;jyK tcGefawmfay;tyfaom
ae&mwGif wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpf rif;rbk&m;[k ac:wGifaMumif; ajymqkdvm&SdMu
\/ apmrGefrif;&mZmBuD; pEm0dZ,&mZmrif;wkdYvnf; usdef;uRef; &yf&Gmwnfcs
ay;xm;cJhMuao;\/
eef;wufb&k m; eef;wufuef
Ncd w f a csmif ; &G m taemuf b uf a&T Z if ; cgvrf ; teD ; wG i f wnf & S d o nf /
bdwfawmifi,fESihf uyfvsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;a[mif;eef;&mteD;wGif wnf&Sd
enf;wufb&k m;? eef;wufuef[k ac:qkad eMuonf/ rlvu ausmufqif;wkawmf
onf tenf;tyg;ysufpD;cJh ,ckrGrf;rHxm;ojzihf vuf&mysufaeonf/ a0om
vDacwf bk&m;ykHpHrsKd;ESihf qifwlonf/ xkdaMumihf a0omvDacwfu rif;wpfyg;
uaomfvnf;aumif;? NrdKUpm; e,fpm;rsm;uaomfvnf;aumif;? eef;wuftxdrf;
trSwftjzpf wnfxm;jcif;[k ,lq&onf/ bk&m;ajrmufbuf tenf;i,ft
uGmwGif ausmufqif;wkawmf wpfql&Sdavonf/ eef;wufbk&m;ykHpHuJhodkY xkvkyf
xm;onf/ eef;wufbk&m;ESihf acwfNydKif okdYr[kwf aESmif;acwftwk,l xkvkyf
wnfxm;rIjzpfEkdif&monf/
&Gmapmihfbk&m; (jynfapmihfbk&m;)
eef;wufbk&ifu awmifbufukd vmaomfwif;r&GmokdYa&mufonf/ ,ck
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
xkd&GmrSm qdwfokOf;oGm;NyD; &yf&GmvkH;0r&Sdawmhacs/ &Gma[mif;tjzpfom &Sdae\/

xkd&GmtaemufbufteD; ,ckNcdwfawmif rif;jym;oGm;vrf;reHab;wGif xkdbk&m;
wnf&Sdonf/ oufawmf&Snf;bk&m; &GmOD;bk&m;[kvnf; ac:wGifMuonf/ ukef;
jrifhuav;wGif wHwkdif;i,fum&Hvsuf yvifckHay: udef;0yf&Sdonf/ xkdbk&m;
awmifbufwiG f psmefuokP
d ;f jzihf ausmufzmcsKyf yviw
f iG f ude;f 0yfvsuf us;D jzL
&Gmbk&m;&So
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d &k m;awmifbufwiG f qdwaf usmif;ukeyf b
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76
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
xm;cJh&m ola|;wkdYaecJh&mXmejzpfonf[k owfrSwf,lq&SdaeMuonf/ xkdola|;

ukef;ta&SUbuf Ncdwfawmif rif;jym;vrf;rteD;uyfwGif apwDwpfql&Sdonf/
ola|;apwD[k ac:qkdaeMuonf/ xkdapwDESihf reD;ra0;wGif ajrmufOD;acwfokH;
'*Fg;rsm; wl;azmf&&SMd uonf/ xk&d mG um; NrKd Uawmfy&dap't0ifjzpfvnf;aumif;?
om,mpnfyifcJhay&m\/
vGr;f apwD
cifpidk ;f Bu;D ausmv
f rf;0apwD
usdef;awmiftaemufbuf awmifykwfBuD;rS ausmfvmvQif wif;r&Gmukd
a&mufonf/ used ;f awmif taemufbufausmv
f rf;wpfcjk zpfonf/ ausmv
f rf;
ukd cifpkdif;BuD;ausmfvrf;[k ac:onf/ wif;r&Gm-&Gmapmihf bk&m;taemufbuf
wGif txGufrsufESm0awmifajcwGif wnf&Sdonf/ 0efokdtrwfBuD; wnfxm;cJh
onfqkd\/ xkdapwDteD;wGif a&uefBuD;wpfuef &Sdavonf/ "mwfawmfapwD
jzpfonfqkd\/ if;wif;r&Gmom;jrazmfqkdolu aumZm 1280 ckESpfavmufu
topfwpfzef rGrf;rHjyKjyif wnfxm;cJhjcif;jzpfavonf/
wvkid ;f uGi;f -wvkid ;f &Gm

cifpkdif;BuD;ausmfvrf;0apwD (0efokdapwD)ta&SUbufwGif jzpfonf/ xkdap
wD\ ta&SUbufacsmif;i,fteD;wGif wif;r&GmESihf pyfvsuf &Gma[mif;wpfck&Sd&m
wvkdif;&Gm[k ac:onf/ xkdwpf0kdufuGif;jyifukdvnf; wvkdif;uGif;[k ac:onf/
rif;&mZmBuD;ESihf vkdufygvmMuaom yJcl;rS rGefrsm;ukd ae&mcsxm;ay;cJh&m Xme
jzpfacs&monf/
olaX;uke;f apwD
wif;r&GmrS awmifbufwpfzmvkHcefYtuGmwGif olaX;ukef;&Gm&Sdonf/ a&S;
u usdef;uRef;NrdKU\ ajrmufola|;aecJh&mjzpfonfqkd\/ ,ck Ak'bmom csif;
trsK;d om;rsm; aexkid v
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ola|;uke;f &Gmawmifbuf&mG OD; awmifurlwiG f wnf&o

dS nf/ awmifp,
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f dk
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a&muf wufvrf;wpfavQmuf t&HapwDBuD;i,frsm;vnf; tpDt&D&Sdayao;\/
rif;jym;NrdKUrS ESpfrkdifuGmonf/ xkdapwD\ ta&SUbufjyifuGif;ukd wvkdif;uGif;[k
ac:onf/ rif;&mZmBu;D ESifh vku
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jynfawmfukd vGrf;wojzihf wnfxm;cJh&m apwDjzpf vGrf;apwD[k trnfwGif
owwf/ cifraESmif;onf yJcl;rif;eEm\ orD;awmfjzpfavonf/ jynfbk&if
rif;acgif&Sifo&uf\ ESrawmfvnf;jzpfavonf/
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roem;? tm;a0;ajra&muf&av\/ iSufa&TazmfESihfuGJ\okdY}}--uAsmonf
vGrf;wzGJYjzpfavonf/ vGrf;apwDwnf&ef taMumif;cHavoavmh[k ,lq&\/
vGrf;apwDwnf&Sd vGrf;awmif[k ac:wGifonf/ aemifwGif ODF;Owrrnf
aom &[ef;wpfyg;aecJh Owrawmif[l ac:avhjyKcJhMuavonf/
twGif;&JwJ bk&m;rsm;ESihf a&uef

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awmif\ awmifpG,fwpfckxuf wnfxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ &ckdifrif;wkdY &JwyfzGJY
wyfapmihw
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r[m&Hww
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buf v,fuGif;jyif &Sdaeao;\/ ,Mwmusrf; &JwJuefonf yg;awmfuefrS
wpfqifh r[mrkedqHa&ukd tajzmihf(tajymifh)a&ay:iif csxm;cHcJh&\/ xkdrS
&marmifuefokdY wpfcgajymif; csxm;cJh&avonf/ xkdaMumihf ,MwmtpDtrHjyK
cJh&aom uefrsm;jzpfMu\/
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dS nf/ jrawmif
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aumZm 1313 ckESpf pwifawm&yfaqmufwnfvmcJhonf/ q&mawmfonf
w&m;bm0emrsm;jzihf "lwifaqmufwnfjcif;wkdYjzihf usihfBuHtm;xkwfvmcJh&m
tvGefpnfum;vmcJhonf/ rlvu rif;ueftaemufausmif;wGif oDwif;okH;cJh
onf/ xkdausmif;ukd q&mawmf "r0Hotm; pGefYvSLcJhonfqkd\/ jrawmifq&m
awmfonf used ;f wpf0u
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wynhf OD;*EmrSm tvif;awmifwGif oDwif;okH;cJhonf/
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onf/ &JwrJ mS um; ,ckqufcv
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usdef;awmf&Sif
tdrfa&SUrif;jyifwpf0kdufuefrsm;rSm qkdvQif--usD;jzL&Gmtaemufbuf ykPm;uef/

if;uefajrmufbufoNyDyif&if;uef/
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usD;jzL&Gmajrmufbuf&Gmacsmif;uef/
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usa&mufaom tk;d xded ;f &Gm? oHawmif&mG ? uif;qdy&f mG ? yku
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ajrmif0 eHyg;teD;xdyfwGif awm&aqmufwnfcJhonf/ a0VK0efawm&ausmif;[k
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wef;ausmif;? paeaxmihf)wGif wpfESpfausmf aecJhonf/ xkdrSNrdKUrausmif;okdY
a&TUajymif; aecJhonf/ rlvu a0VK0efawm&wGif awmxlxyf opfusm;
wd&pmefrsm;yif &Scfd ahJ vonf/ q&mawmf\ arwm"mwfaMumihf xkt
d &yfrS ajymif;
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78
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
awmausmif;rsm;
usdef;awmf&Sif
bDvl;rajrmifESihf awmifbuf rif;uefwpfavQmufwGifvnf; awm&

ausmif;rsm; ,ckwdkif qufcH&SdaeMuay\/ axmifhacsmif;BuD;ausmif; q&mawmf
onf atmifajrukef;awm&ausmif;okdY xlaxmifaevmcJhonf/ xef;wpfyif
ausmif;? awm&ausmif;ukd q&mawmf OD;o'rxlaxmif&Sdaeao;\/ xkdteD;
atmifajr&wemawm&ausmif;&Sd xkdae&mwpf0kdufonf a&S;uokomefocsKif;
jzpfc&hJ mum; vloo
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f
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atmifajrukef;awm&ajrmufzufteD;wGif atmifawmfrlawm&ausmif;
&Sdonf/
rif;uef (used ;f &marmifuef)

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ta&SUbuf Mumkdtif;wGifjzpf rif;jym;NrdKUESihf pyfvsufwnf&Sdonf/ a&cef;
ajcmufonf[lr&Sd/ usdef;a&rsufoprf;&Sdonf[k qkdMuonf/ a&S;rif;wkdY
vufxufuyif tqufqufwl;azmfcJhMuaom uefjzpf rif;uef[kac:onf/
vQm&if;awmf"mwf&Sif(ZD0Smawmf)"mwfukd wnfxm;cJhpOfuyif zGm;zufawmfuef
jzpfayonf/ xkdaMumihf vQm&if;uef[lvnf; ac:wGifchJ&monf/ usdef;uRef;&m
armifjrpfudk tpGjJ yK used ;f &marmifuef[k uefBu;D t0ifwiG f wpfuefyg0ifonf/
awmifbufuquf jynfawmfomacwfwiG f wpfuefw;l azmfco
hJ nf/ ,ckEpS u
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jrKd Uapmihb
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rif;uefBuD;taemufajrmufawmifajc&if;ESihf ESif;jzL,mwGif wnf&Sdonf/
ausmufqif;wkawmfjzpfNyD; NrdKUapmihfbk&m;[k qkdMuonf/ a&S;uusD;jzL&Gmom;
rsm; aumif;rIjyKcJhjcif;[k tqkd&Sdonf/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
NrKd Urrif;uefb&k m;
usdef;awmf&Sif
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apwDwpfq&l o
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dS nf/ r[m&Hww
H idk ;f vnf;
um&Hxm;&Sdonf/ rif;uefteD; wnf&Sd rif;uefbk&m;[k ac:wGifaeonf/
pE0dZ,rif;\ aumif;rIawmfjzpfEkdif&monf/
wefc;dk oQiyf ifb&k m;

NrdKUrrif;uefbk&m; ta&SUbuf jynfawmfomuefawmifbufteD;wGif
orkwfodrfwpfvkH;&Sdonf/ xkdodrfwGif aumZm 1327-ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynhf
paeaeYu OD;jr'gatmif wnfxm;cJo
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at;u xkvyk cf o
hJ nf/ OmPfawmf 5 awmif wpfrw
k af vsm&h o
dS nf/ ykPm ;uRe;f NrKd U
e,f wefckd;awmifwef;rS &&Sdaom ausmufjzifh xkvkyfxm;jcif;jzpf wef;ckd;oQif
yif bk&m;[k trnfwGifavonf/
rif;jym;NrKd Uwnfb&k m; (&mjynhaf pwD)

rif;uefBuD; ta&SUbufkH;BuD;0if;wGif NrdKUwnfcspOfu bkef;BuD;ausmif;&Sd
cJh&m apwDrsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ ,ckapwDysufrsm;ukd 1967-ckESpfu NzdKzsuf
rif;jym;NrdKUwnfESpfwpf&mjynhfapwDtjzpf 1968-ckESpfu NzdKzsuf rif;jym;NrdKU
wnfESpfwpf&mjynfhapwDtjzpf 1968-ckESpfwGif a&TUajymif;wnfxm;cJhMuav
onf/
vrf;opfwufvrf;teD;apwDawm&ausmif;
vrf;opfwufvrf;twkdif;oGm;aomf usdef;awmf&Sifukd zl;jrifEkdifonf/ xkd
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vnf; wnfxm;cJMh uonf[k qkx
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aomawmifxdyfwGif wnf&Sdonfjzpfojzihf jyKjyifolr&SdbJ &SnfMumvm&um;
ysufpD;rIjzpfcJh&avonf/
xkad emuf &ufcek ;f wkid jf rpfurf;wpfzufrS aeMuolrsm;u "mwfawmfueG jYf rL;
aMumif; zl;awGU&ojzihf oMupf 1296 ckEpS w
f iG f tkid 0f ef;&GmrS OD;csw;dk u OD;aqmif
vsuf opfykwfawmif&Gmom;rsm;yg topfwpfzefjyKvkyfwnfxm;cJhMuavonf/
okdYaomf jyKvkyfykHraocsmojzihf r&SnfMumcJhacs/ NzdKzsufjcif;cH&jyefav&mum;
tiftm;rjynhfpkHrIaMumihf tm;avQmhum ,aeYwkdif tysufyuwdyif ylaZmfrI&Sd
aeMu\/
ig;&HrY if;"mwf(ptif;awmf)
ptif;&GmteD;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ MuyfpifuRef; tv,fA[kdwGif tvsm;
wpfrkdif? teHwpfzmvkHcefYus,fjyefYaom tif;vsm;uefBuD;wpfcxk tpGJjyK
ptif;[kac:wGiaf vonf/ xkt
d if;teDawmifp,
G f awmifxw
G f apwDwnf&dS
aeavonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf EkpOfb0u aMumifhjzpfNyD;vQif tif; usufpm;cJh
onf/ tcsKdUu tif; pm;aomuf tkd;rsm;ukd ypfcscJhavonf/ xkdodkY
bk&m;avmif; ig;&HUrif;usifvnfcJh&mXmejzpfaomaMumi9hf aemifwGif rif;z
avmif;\rdz&k m; pk;d rJusu
D "mwfawmfapwDwnfxm;cJo
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t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
91
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
[kac:wGifrIjzpfvmcJh&avonf/ rysufrpD;ap&ef &ckdiftrsKd;om;? csif;trsKd;om;

wkdYu bk&m;yGJjzihf ESpfpOfvnf; yGJawmfusif;yjcif;? apmifha&SmufjyKpkjcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfvsuf ukd;uG,fxm;cJhMuojzihf xif&Sm;vSayonf/ xkdwGif a0omvDpjEm;
acwf pwlygapwDi,frsm;ukd awGU&onf/
(u) usdef;awmif"mwfawmif
bk&m;xD;wif&eftwGuf tbde0r*Fvm
EId;aqmfwkdufwGef;pmwrf;
ausmufcf w
k "f mwf(apwD)
trsm;jynfoltaygif;wkdYtm; EId;aqmfwkdufwGef;tyfygonf/
"mwkok? Xdwmok? Ak'gXdwm0---usrf;0pe? rdefYxkH;t&? "mwfawmfarGawmf
rsm; wnf&SdorQ umvywfvkH; bk&m;&SifwkdY wnf&Sdawmfrlonfom jzpfygaom
aMumihf uREkfyfwkdYESihfwuG trsm;jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvkH;wkdYtwGuf txl;ojzihf
uHaumif;csuw
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Ydk nf
vnf; jrwfEkd;aumfa&mfylaZmfyorIr&Sdaom t&yfXmewkdYrSonf ylaZmfoum&&Sd
aom t&yfXmewkdYokdY <uoGm;awmfrlaMumif;ukd xkH;a[mif;om"u tm*r,kwd
&Sv
d monfjzpfyg rif;qufrsm;pGm wnfxm;jyKpv
k mcJah om used ;f awmf&iS f bk&m;
apwDawmf umv&Snfvsm;ojzihf a[mif;jrifhaom xD;awmfukd topfwpfzef
rGrf;rHwifzkdY&efta&;ESihf uRefawmfwkdY"mwfawmftoif;aygif;pkHESihf ppfawGNrdKUe,f
vlxkwpf&yfvkH;wkdY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;um rnfaom tbde0r*FvmEId;aqmf
wkdufwGef;pmukd trsm;aomvkyfom;jynfolwkdYtm; ukokdvfyGm;&ef &nfrSef;vsuf
urf;vSrf;a0iSvkduf&onfjzpfygaMumif;/
yk*vaoaom ZmedwaAmt& xl;jrwfaom yk*dKvfwkdY\ taMumif;ukd
rnfolrqkdodoifh odxkdufonhftavQmuf? usdef;awmf&Sif bk&m;\orkdif;ukd
vnf; odMuolwkdYenf;vSrnf r[kwfay/ okdYtwGuf trsm;aomvkyfom;jynfol
wkdY\ todOmPfyGm; tMunfkdrsm;NyD; av;pm;ESpfodrfhMuygap&ef tvkdYiSm usdef;
awmf&Sif bk&m;orkdif;tusOf;csKyfESihfwuG tqufqufjyKpkudk;uG,fMuaom
aumif;rI&Siftaygif;wkdYukdyg tusOf;csKH; wifjytpD&ifcHvkduf&ygonf/
ausmufckwf&Gma[mif; tv,fbkef;BuD;ausmif;0kdif;twGif; wnf&Sdonf?

t&HapwDrsm;pGmjzihf tpOfrjywf udk;uG,fvmcJhMu\/ yGJawmfrsm;ukdvnf; ESpfpOf
ESpfwkdif; usif;yay;vmcJhojzihf vlodausmfMum;vSaom &DrsKdawmf"mwfawmfwpf
qljzpfc&hJ \/ wnfxm;aomtvSL&Siu
f u
dk m; rod&acs/ "mwfawmfonf bk&m;
&S i f \ zm;rif ; wZmpf j zpf c J h & m XmewG i f wnf c J h o nf q k d \ / xk d a Mumih f
]]ptif;ausmufckwf? aMumifzm;kyf}}[l pyfqkdcsuf&Sdaeao;\/
ay:awmfrI (bk&m;aygif;) bk&m;

rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fajrmufyidk ;f uHay;(uHaz)wku
d w
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dS nf/ Muufraus
(i&r)&Gm? 'kH;acsmif;&Gmwkdy\ tv,fwGif usa&mufonf/
avmif;MuufacwfukefqkH;NyD;aemuf ajrmufOD;a&TNrdKUawmfukd OD;pGm yxr
zefqif;wnfaxmifawmfrlaom rif;apmrGefrSp rif;qufaygif; 35 quf
ajrmufwGif ajrmufOD;a&Teef;odrf;jref;pkd;tkyf rif;vkyfawmfrlaom pE0dZ,rif;
(ou&mZf 1072)u wnfxm;cJo
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fh wl ol&aJ umif;rsm;\ vkt
d ifqE
jynfh0atmifjrifMu atmifjrifjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf wnfaobk&m;jzpf
atmifawmfrlbk&m;aygif;bk&m;[k ac:Muonf/ bk&m;a*gyutzGJYzGJYpnf;vsuf
ESppf Of&ckid f ;dk &musiyf ?JG ZmwfyrJG sm;jzihf yGaJ wmfudk pnfum;pGm usi;f yvmcJMh uonf/
(c) &ckid jf ynfrif;jym;NrKd U

used ;f awmf&iS b
f &k m;taMumif; a[majymcsuf
usdef;awmfbk&m;a& &ckdifjynfrSm xif&Sm;a& txdu& bk&m;"mwfwpfql
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
jzpfyga&/ bk&m;&SifvQm&if;"mwfrGDawmf\ udef;0yf&mvnf; jzpfyga& ,if;"mwf

rGDawmfrSm Ak'\Asm'dwfawmf&? ZD0Sm"mwkapwDtjzpf wnfxm;ukd;uG,fvmcpGm
jzpfyga&/
,if;awmifawmfjrwfkdUrSm bk&m;&Sif\twdwfb0EkpOfu tjzpftrsKd;rsKd;
eefYusifvnf usufpm;cpGm Xmekd;jzpfawtwkdif; aemufaemiftpOftquf
wnfvwfuwfaw "mwfrGDawmfkdUukd &ckdifjynfe,ft&yf&yfrSm t*kxdtxift
&Sm; zl;wGDYEkdifyga&/
t*kajymca& Asm'dwf&"mwfawmftygt0ifjzpfaw atZD0Sm"mwk(ac:)
vQm&if;"mwfawmfrsm t*krif;jym;NrKd U used ;f awmifrmS wnfxm;a& "mwfpmwDyif
jzpfyga&/ bk&m;orkdif;kdUrSm umvm*D&dawmif? *D&dyAwawmifvkdY tac:wGd&yg
&Sdkd;pOfquf&ckdifkdU tac:u umu*D&dawmifvkdY qkdyga&/ aemufaemifcg usD;
awmif? ,if;uwpfcg usdef;awmifvkdYtrnftrsKd;rsKd;ac:vma&vkdYvnf; &ckdify
nm&SifkdU rSwfwrf;pma[mif; ed'gef;kdUrSm tqkdjyKxm;yga&/bk&m;orkdif;vm
Asm'd w f c ef ; uk d zG J Y q k d x m;a& &ck d i f & S d x k H ; &mZm0if v uF m rS m ]]jrwf o Qif v l b ?
>ruf[rdefYrSm? Asm'dwf[mum;? umvm*D&dwGif bdomacgif? xkdonfawmifrSm?
igtavmif;awmf? pHaysmfr,Gif;? azmfcyif;ESihf usD;rif;wZmpf &Sdujzpf?
wnfvpfrSefpGm? ZD0SmpmwD? ac:nDwGifom;}}vkdYpyfqkdxm;yga&/
,if;ykdif bk&m;&Sifa& usD;rif;wpfZmpfjzpfawtcg usD;om;tazmfig;&meefY
vSnhfvnfvkdYvmyga&/ ,if;tcg atusdef;awmifukd a&mufvwfvkdY toD;tESYH
jynhfpkH? ab;&efvkHNcHKa&;twGuf? ,if;awmifrSmyif pm;okH;eDxkdif uwfvDyga&/
vlwumkdUuvnf; usD;taygif;aysmfpHeDaMumif;ukd jrifuwf&vkdY &Tifvef;0rf;
ajrmufvDuyfyga&/ a,ZkeefY,if;ykdif usD;iSufom&umkdU aysmfjrL;uwfca&t
wGuf &Sd&ckdifkdUa& umum*D&dawmifvkdY ac:vmcuwfyga&/ umuo'gonf
us;D iSuo
f mru yJys0H aJ ysmyf g; oGm;vmuwfaw iSut
f aygif;ukd a[ma&vkv
Yd nf;
odMupDcsifyga&/
wpfcsKUd kUd uvnf; umum*D&u
d dk &ckid b
f momeefY us;D uef;awmifvYdk ac:vm
uwfpGmukd aemuftcg pum;&TDajymif;NyD;au usdef;awmifjzpfvmyga&vkdY ,lq
uwfyga&/ tcsKdUkdUuvnf; bk&m;oQifa& usD;rif;wpfZmpfeefYtawmifrSm aysmf
usdef;eDca&twGuf usdef;awmifvkdY ac:vm;&pGm jzpfw,fvkdY qkdyga&/ ,if;ykdif
emrnf trsKd;rsKd;eefY jzpfvm&auavh t*kvlkdUu usdef;awmifvkdY&m ac:vmol
92
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
rsm;yga&/
usdef;awmfbk&m; "mwfawmfukd &mZ0ift& &ckdif&Sdrif;tqufqufwnf
vmcuwfawvkdY qkdyga&/ rif;zavmif;"mwfwnfcef;rSm taomurif;? ZrL
'dyfuRef;vkH;ukd "mwfawmfpmwDwnfpDa& tcguyif wnfvma&vkdY qkdyga&/
trSefrSm taomurif;xHrS a0pk&onfhtjzpfukd taMumif;Mum;vma&twGuf
&ckdif"n0wDbk&if ol&d,purif;(bDpD 315-271)txd? &SifAmukv? &Sifr[m
wdkdUu yihfaqmifykdYqufvD&jcif;yifjzpfyga&/
omoemou&mZf 222 ckESpf bDpD 307 rSm <ua&mufvmvkdY ,if;ESpfwef;
cl;vrSm wnfvm;vD&pGm jzpfyga&? ,if;ykdif taomurif; wnfvmcpGmu
tp? ol&d,purif;? r[mpE&m;rif; (c&pf-328)? oD&dpE&m;rif;(c&pf 638)
av;NrdKUacwfwGif rif;&ifjzL (c&pf 847)? aumvd,rif; (c&pf 1123)?
'o&mzmrif;c&pf(1139)? rif;xD;(c&pf 1213)? xkdaemuf rif;apmrGef (c&pf
1431)u pE0dZ,rif; c&pf (1700)xd? &ckdifrif;kdUzkd;zD;zpOfquf? qufum
wnfca&vkdY od&yga&/
,if;u qif;oufvkdY tpOfrjywf? ukd;uG,fvmNyD;au (c&pf 1868)ckESpf
rSm rif;jym;NrdKUukd t*FvdyfkdUu NrdKUtjzpfwnfcsvma&tcg e,fykdifNrdKUykdifkdUvnf;
jyKpck uwfyga&/ awmifxyd u
f awmifatmufta&muf wufvrf;teuf vSu
D m;
&Snfwpfckqkdygau ay(930)[dyga&/ txpfaygif; (650)xpfyg&Sda&/ vkyfcwef
bkd;rSm wpfaomif;ESpfaxmif ukefusa&vkdY a'gufwmzkdcsrm (Forchammer. E.
Arakan 1891)u rSwfwrf;rSm azmfjyxm;yga&/
aemufukd rif;jym;NrdKUykdif omyef;vufxuf bk&m;toif;wpfckzGJYvkdY c&pf
(1908)rSm pmwDukd xD;wif? txufatmufa&TcsNyD;um rGrf;rHvDa&vkdY? xd;awmf
wifzGJYrSm rSwfwrf;pyfqkdxm;yga&/ ,if;aemufNrdKUykdifrif; OD;vSxGef;OD; (c&pf
1910)tjyif? NrdKUvlBuD;rsm;? wkdufe,fvlrsm;wkdYu apmif;wef;tkwfavSum;
vrf;rsm;ukdyg jyKjyifvmuwfawtwGuf? rysufrpD;bJ t*kxd xif&Sm;pGm wnf
vm&yga&/ t*kqkdau apwDawmfrSm tjrifh (48)ay? 3 vufr? ywfvnf
(80)ay 4 vufr? xD;u (10)ay 10 vufr[dedyga&/
usdef;awmifbk&m;ukd 414 ayjrihfa&? usdef;awmifxdyfzsm;rSm wnf&Sda&
twGuf wifw
h ,fyPm&vSyga&? zl;jrif&oltzkv
Yd nf; ukov
dk x
f ;l yga&? awmifrmS
vnf; (3)rkdifxd &Snfvsm;oG,fwef;NyD; auobm0awmNrdKifopfyifyef;rmvfkdU
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
eef;okdufNrdKufvSyga&/ &yf&Gmrsm;vnf; 0J,mNcH&Hvsuf jynhfESufeDyga&/

obm0IarQmfom,mvSyykHrSmvnf; pHwifavmufyga&/
usD;iSufom&umwkdY\ oHomrpJ woJoJeefYaysmfrGDp&mvnf; aumif;vSyg
a&/ awmifxdyfueDvkdY Munhfvkdufygau tOee'Djrpf (&marmifjrpf)eefY,if;jrpf
urf;ezl;rSmwnf&adS & rif;jym;NrKd Uukd rsupf ad tmufrmS ydik t
f xift&Sm;wkjYd rif&yga&/
rif;jym;NrdKUqkdygau ppfawGNrdKUrS ta&SUzufrkdif 30 uGmyga&/ usdef;awmif
ajc&if;rSm wnfcsxm;a&NrdKUjzpfvkdY usdef;NrdKUvnf;jzpfyga&/ usdef;awmifukd pGJvkdY
&St
d cguyif eD;em;ywf0u
dk ef ,fNraD 'okUd ukd used ;f wku
d ef ,f? used ;f uRe;f wkid ;f ? used ;f
wkdif;NrdKUvkdY t*kxd orkwfac:a0:eDuwfyga&/
used ;f awmif;bk&m;a& &St
d cguyif tpOfrjywf qif;oufu;dk uG,v
f muwf
awtwGufvnf; xif&Sm;yga&/ ESpfpOfrjywf bk&m;yGJobifukd qif,if;usif;y
vmuwfyga&/ 0guRwf? oBuFefeDkdUrSm &ckdif&Sdkd;xkH;pOftwkdif; &ckdifpnfBuD;wD;
oHrpJyJ usdef;wkdufe,fu bk&m;ylaZmfvm uwfolkdUukd wGd&yga&/ ,if;eefY
&ckid pf mqkd Udk u ]]rsm;Akv
d v
f l ?Dk MunfjzLtHch s;D ? MobmwD;vk?Yd pnfBu;D wD;nH? yJw
h ifoH
vnf;? ed,HrpJ? ESpfpOfyGJjzihf tNrJzl;jrif usdef;awmf&Sifwnf;}}vkdY pyfqkdcyga&/
t*ktcg vQyfppf"mwfrD;a&mif xdefnD;edefYatmif dxGef;ylaZmfxm;vkdY bk&m;zl;
om;kdU nrpJwoJoJpnfum;okdufNrdKufvSyga&/
atused ;f awmifb&k m;orkid ;f ukd &SmzGMD unhaf &tcg rif;jym;NrKd U toQi0f go0
yg;u bk&m;orkdif;pmtkyfacswpftkyfukd &&Sdyga&/ 1309 ckESpf (c&pf 1947)ESpf
u t&Sif OD;udwd(tdEd,jynf Ak'omoemjyK)rif;jym;NrdKU NcdwfawmifpsD;t&yf)
q&mawmf&o
DT m; xkw0f cD a&vkw
Yd &DG yga&/ ,if;q&awmf\ orkid ;f rSm &ckid jf ynfoYkd
taomurif; (bDpD 268-323)vufxuf (Ak'omoem 222ckESpf)uyif "mwk
omoem pwif0ifa&mufca&vkdY qkdxm;yga&/
tkykdif "mwfawmfrGDawmfkdU wnf[dvmpGmukd Munhfygau? &ckdifjynfa&
Ak'omoemeefY? Ak'bmom? Ak'vuf&m? Ak',Ofaus;rI trGDtESpfukd xif&Sm;pD
Edkifyga&/ &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdif; toif;tyif;wkdif;u tpOfrjywfykdrkdwkd;wuf&SnfMum
atmif xdef;odrf;aqmif&GufuwfygpDvkdY qkawmif;vkduf&yga&/
aomwoQifkdU ukd,fpdwfESpfjzmusef;rmcsrf;omuwfygpD?
&efukefNrdKU-&ckdif&Sda[mif;&mZ0ifESihf
pmaytoif;\ jrefrmhtoH &ckdifwkdif;&if;om; tpDtpOfrS 28-5-62
aeY toHvTifhcJhcsufjzpfonf/
93
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
tpOftqufapmihaf &SmufvmMuykH
oD&d"rmaomurif;BuD; wnfxm;cJhNyD;aemuf? a[mif;jrif;,kd,Gif;jcif;okdY

a&mufonfhtcg 'kwd,tBudrf r[mpE&m;rif;BuD;u xyfrHjyKpkchJavonf/
wwd,tBudrfukd y&defNrdKUawmf tmEkabmf0if;? aumvd,rif;BuD;u xyfrHjyKpkcJh
avonf/ pwkwtBudrfukd avmif;MuufNrdKUawmfESHYausmf *kPf[D;rif;xD;bk&ifu
xyfrjH yKpck ahJ vonf/ yOrtBurd t
f jzpf ou&mZf (947)ckEpS w
f iG f o'gajymifn;D
rif;zavmif;BuD;u xyfrHjyKpkcJhavonf/ qXrtBudrfajrmuf? usihfaxmufou
&mZf(966)ckESpfwGif topfwzef bkef;uHjrifh [D;rif;&mZmBuD;u xyfrHjyKpkcJh
avonf/ owrtBudrfajrmuf ou&mZf (1074)ckESpfokdY ta&mufwGif
bk&ifpE0dZ,rif;u xyfrHjyKpkcJhavonf/ tXrtBudrfajrmuf ou&mZf
(1270)ckESpfokdYta&mufwGif xGef;awmufpm*D *kPf&nfjynhf0rdr,fvSu? oHxD;
'g,d u mrjyKcJ h Ou | *k P f r G e f e ,f y k d i f vS a zmf Z H ? Nrd K Uyk d i f O D ; ombef ; ?
ykvdyftifpyawmfOD;xGef;vSOD;? pma&;BuD; OD;awmvl? ajrwkdif;tifpyufawmf
OD;zaxmfOD;? OD;a&TrIH? OD;xGef;OD;? OD;cspfatmif? OD;xGef;jzL? OD;aumif;pHOD; trSL;&Sd
aom bk&m;'g,dumtaygif; olawmfaumif;wkdYu toif;wpfckzGJY apwDawmf
ukd xufatmufa&TcsrGrf;rHcJhMuonf/
e0rtBudrfajrmuf ou&mZf (1312)ckESpfokdY ta&mufwGif 0if;awmuf
o'g? bmomav;pm; OD;a&ToJ? OD;armifaAsmh? OD;atmifZHjzL? armifa0vl trSL;
&Sdaom bk&m;'g,dumrsm;wkdYu xyfrHjyKpkcJhavonf/ 'ortBudrfajrmuf ou
&mZf(1330)ckESpfokdY ta&mufwGif xGef;awmufpm*D? *kPf&nfysHUvIdif? &ckdif"n?
rif;jym;NrdKUe,f e*& omoemtusKd;o,fykd;xufpGm? o'goDv? okwqifh
avmif;? Ou| OD;atmifomvS? 'kOu| OD;armifjrom? OD;qHeD? y-tusKd;aqmif
OD;apmom? 'k-tusKd;aqmif OD;a&Tykd;acs? OD;OD;omausmf? OD;zkd;pdef (b@mxdrf;)?
OD;aomMumOD;(pm&if;ppf)? OD;xGe;f omZH? OD;xGe;f jratmif? OD;jrom? OD;armifomvS?
trSL;&Sdaom bk&m;'g,dumtaygif; olawmfaumif;wkdYonf &ufaumif;cgBudrf
(1330)ck E S p f waygif ; vqef ; (14)&uf (1-3-69) paeaeY
eHeuf(9)em&DtcsdefwGif xD;awmfopfwifyGJukd om"koHnHrpJ qifETJjyKpkcJhMuonf
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TA KHIN YIINE TAW SHIN
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KYINN-TAUNG PAGADA OF MINBYA
One of the holiest sites in the whole of Rakhine State, Kyinntoung Pagoda is the one in which root of the tongue relic of Lord
Buddha has been enshrined. The Pagoda has been built and worshipped according to fthe preordainment of the Blessed One during
His sojourn in Dynayawady Rakhineland.
Tradition hs it that the hill range on which the relic has beem
enshrined in a pagoda is a sacred place where the Great Teacher in
one of His former existences had lived. In historical annals, the hill
range was known as ''Karlargiri" or ''Giripabhata" Traditional Rakhine
name for the range is ''Karkagiri" Arterwards, it is changed into'Kyiitaung" or "Kyinn-Taung"
Here is an extract of a Rakhine-traditional verse on its religious
history describing the preordainment of the Lord during His stop over
at Silagiri Hill.
''...The Blessed One, Great Teacher of Men
Preordained oncef that Karlargiri,
The sacred Hill, where lived
The Master as King of Parrots
Together with fellow birds.
The said site be the location
Whereupon the tongue root relic
Of the Lord be enshrined
In the Pagoda, Zihwar Ceti"
During one of the Lord's fromer existences King of Parrots, he
flew towards the present hill range together wiht five hendred fellow
parrots. Being a place where security was assured and there were
abundant of fruits and foods the flock of birds settled along the range.
The people living around the area were also enjoyed to see them
dwelling together harmoniously. So did the hill range become known
as Karkargiri hill, meaning the hill where the holy parrots had lived.
"Karka", in Pali, means not only parrots but birds of different feathers.
Some believe that"Karkargin" which is translated into RaKhine
as "Kyeekann-taung" (the hill where holy crows had lived) has
changed into "Kyin-taung". Others ponder that as the holy King of
Parrots had dwelled and slept there its name naturatly has been known
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as kyinn-taung. "Kyinn", in native language, means "to sleep". The

present name of the range is "Kyinn-taung"
According to our historical annals, many ancient Rakhine kings
have renovated and restored the famous pagoda time and again. In
the treatise on ''King Mong Phalaung's Religious Deeds Concerning
Holy Relics of Lord Buddha" the "Kyinn-taung Pagoda" is one of the
meritorious deeds of King Asoka of Pataliputta in India. As a matter of
fact, King Asoka shared the sacred relics to King Suriya Sakka (315271 B.C) of Rakhine Dynyawady kimgdom sending a formal message. The relics were brought to Rakhing land by Bhikkhu Vakula and
Bhikkhu Maha Tissa personally. In the Year 307 B.C. (Buddhist sasana
era 222), The reverend Bhikkhus arrived at Dynyawady and the relics
were duly enshrined including tongue root relics of the Great Teacher.
Since its inception, Rakhine kings such as Suriya Sakka, Maha Taing
Candra (A.D 328), Thiri Candra (A.D. 638), King Mong Runpru (A.D.
847), King Kawliya(A.D. 1123), King Dasaraja(A.D. 1139) and King
Mong Htee had renovated and reconstructed the sacred edifice now
again. King Saw Mwan(A.D 1431)and King Sanda Wizaya (A.D. 1710)
of Mrauk-U period had also a hand in its upkeep.
When Minbya town was founded in 1868, the township authorities restored and repaired the pagoda on many occasions. A brick
flight of stairs 930 feet in length leading to the pagoda platform which
has 650 stairs was added to it. It had cost ten thousand kyats, recorded in Dr. Forchammer's book entitle "Arakan, 1891."
During his tenure as Township Administrative Officer, U Tha Pan
set up a pagoda trustee board in 1908 gilded the edifice from top to
bottom and a new "hti" (umbrella) was hoisted. It was mentioned in a
poem for memorial of the event. In 1910, Township Adminsitrative
Officer U Hla Tun Oo in collaboration with town elders and local populace built the covered stairway, a flight of stairs made of brick and
roads to and around the religiouns monument. They all are still in
use.
The presetn measurements of the Pagoda is forty-eight feet
and three inches in height, eighty feet and four inches in circumference at the basement and the height of the " hti"(umbrella), ten feet
and ten inches. Being situated on a hillock four hundred and fourteen
feet high, the Kyinn-taung Pagoda is definitely befitting to be observed.
For those who happen to obsesrve it may gain merit. The hill range
running for about three miles covered with natural forests and dotted
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with flowering trees appeal many a sight-seer. Villages all round the
area go well with the pagoda and the fantastic range.
Natural beauty surrounding the sacred pagoda is something like
a painting of a great artist. Birds of various kinds and colours flying to
and fro and resting here and there in groups or pairs, singing their
lovely songs match the scenic beauty of the sacred place. To observe to the east from the hill top in clear weather, one may be over
whelmed with admiration at the creation of Injananadi (Lemro River)
and Minbya town situated on the left bank of it.
Minbya locates about 30 miles to the north-east of Sittwe as the
crow-flies. Sprawling at the easterm foothill of the Kyinn-taung range,
the town should be befittingly christened Kyinn-myo. Since ancient
times places such as village-tract, administive area and the town
inself had been named after the exotic mountain range.
Kyimm-taung Pagoda has been the famous religious edifice
since it has been built and worshipped long, long ago. The religious
festival, Buddha Pujaniya, has been held at the site annually in memory
of the Great Teacher. Especially on Warkywat (End of Buddhist Lent)
and Thong-kran (New Year) celebrations, the local populace, in groups,
can be seen coming in processing to worship the sacred zedi dancing and beating traditional Rakhine drums in tune with the religious
occasions. One noted Rakhine author penned the following piece of
verse on such occasion:
''...As many a man observe the shrine,
Definitely be overwhelmed with with religious fervour,
All applaud on such religious occasions,
Compounded with beating of drums.
Echoed reaching far and wide
So is held the festival annually
At the sacred site of pagoda Kyinn-taw-shin"
At present, the religious monument is illuminated with electric
lights at night so that it looks more marvellous. The history of the
pagoda has been recorded in a book written by Bikkhu U Kitti, a native of Minbya, who was a Buddhist missionary in India. The book
was published in 1947 (1309 Rakhine Era). In that book, it is mentioned that the sacred relics of the Blessed One were conveyed to
Rakhine King from King Asoka of India. A large number of ancient
religious monuments throughout the length and breadth of Rakhineland
in different ages prove that the Buddhistic culture has taken root in
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Rakhine State since long, long ago and without interruption. We,
Rakhies, shoud, individually and in gruoups, preserve and develop
every aspect of our culture handed down by our ancestors with our
utmost efforts.
(Written by Ashun Sakkinda and translated by U Ah Lonn Maung)
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(3) OD;ausmfrif;
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(6) OD;armifomjr
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(10) OD;oef;jrifh
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(2)
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usr;f uk;d pm&if;

- &ckdifjynfAsm'dwf0if"mwfawmfbk&m;orkdif;
puLrl? ayrl/
- 0ifokH;q,fusrf; 0if 60 usrf;(ayrl)
(trsKd;om; OD;pHa&Tbk)
98
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
- r[mrkedbk&m;orkdif;vuFma[mif;
- NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHqkd&wk? (aumZm 1200 cefY)(ayrl)
- r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;BuD;orkdif;ESihf OD;&mZfawmfbk&m;BuD;orkdif;vuFm?
(wefckd;q&mxGef;) 1293 ckESpf? r[m0dZmykHESdyfwkduf? &efukefNrdKU/
- ajrmufOD;NrdKUbk&m;orkdif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dwf) 1940 ckESpf
jynfawmfom pmykHESdyfwkduf &efukef
- OD;&mZfawmfbk&m;BuD;orkdif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dwf) 1948 ckESpf?
&ckdifjynfe,f pmykHESdyfwkduf? ppfawGNrdKU/
- OD;&mZfoQifcspf"mwfawmforkdif; (OD;armifabmf)vrf;rSefpmykHESdyfwkduf?
ppfawGNrdKU? 1323 ckESpf/
- qHawmf&SifapwDawmforkdif;? OD;OD;omxGef; (y@dwf)
- ig;pifkdif;acsmif;uRef;orkdif;ESihf ax&marmfuGef; (toQifpudE) 1973
ckESpf &efukef? 1982 ckESpf &efukef/
- jynfwGif;rukd#f"mwfOD;&mZforkdif;(toQifpudE)
1993 ckESpf od'dNrdKifykHESdyfwkduf? &efukefNrdKU/
- &ckdifr[mrkedbk&m;orkdif;/ (xGef;a&Tckdif? r[m0dZm)
1991 ckESpf &efukefNrdKU/
- vuf0JovkH;awmf"mwforkdif;ESihf ppfawGNrdKUtaMumif; (toQifpudE)
1994 ckESpf atmif0if;odef;ykHESdyfwkduf? &efukefNrdKU/
- usdef;bk&m;orkdif;? (OD;udwd? Ncdwfawmfrif;jym;NrdKU 1309 ck orpmykHESdyf
wkduf? &efukefNrdKY/
- r[mrked&mZ0iftusOf; (a&TapwDq&mawmf? ppfawGNrdKU)
- a&TqHawmfapwDorkdif; (t&Sifaumov) 1988 ck &efukef/
- Ak'a*gwrESihf pEol&d,bk&if (OD;vSxGef;jzL)
- at'Dwpfaxmif rwkdifrDu &ckdifjynf\ Ak'bmom (OD;pHomatmif)
&ckdifjynfe,fpmapmiftwGJ(9)
- &ckdifjynfe,f Ak'omoem (a*g,majrapm0if;) 1994 ck &efukef/
- "mwkeD'ge'Dyuusrf;(ref;eDvmq&mawmf) 1303 ckESpf &efukef/
- &ckdifESihfqkdif&m r*Zif;rsm;? pmapmifrsm;? *sme,frsm;/
- OD;pudE? rif;odef;xGef;? rif;odef;ZHwkdY\ rSwfpkrsm;/
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
rif;jym;wcGif
usdef;awmf&Sif
- usdef;awmf"mwfawmfbk&m;&Sif\ a*gyutzGJY rSwfwrf;rSwf&m 1991 ck/

- a*gyutoif;tzGJY0if vlBuD;a[mif;rsm;ESihf NrdKUay:rS awGU&Sdar;jref;&&Sd
csufrsm;(1996 ckESpf)/
- San Tha Aung The Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan
- Forchammer, E, Arakan (1891)
- Smart R.B, Akyab District Gagetteer Vol. A)
99
t&SifpudE t&Sif0go0
-
rif;jym;wcGif
&ckdifwkdif; yx0DtusOf; (OD;pdefa&Tatmif)

&uyl&Ak'omoema&mifjcnf(pmapmif)&efukef/
&uyl&Ak'omoemtvif;a&mif(pmapmif)&efukef/
&ckdif,Ofaus;rIrsm; (1? 2? 3? 4)(OD;pudE)/
a&Tusdef;awmif (q&mOD;atmifrif;)/
- &ckdifrif;\ orD;awmf{csif;(trwfBuD;twkrif;kd)
- "n0wDta&;awmfykHusrf; (u0dom&q&mawmf? oHwGJ)
- &ckdifr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD; (OD;omxGef;atmif)
1288 ckESpf &ckdifjynfowif;pmykHESdyfwkdufBuDF;? ppfawGNrdKU
- "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; (OD;y@dwvuFm&? yJcl;rif;ausmif;) 1910
ckESpf/
- &ckdif&mZ0ifopf(y)('k) OD;pErmvmvuFm&q&mawmf 1293 ckESpf
[Hom0wD yd#uwfykHESdyfwkduf? rEav;NrdKU/
- "n0wD&mZ0ifopfusrf; y-'k(OD;OmP? txufawmifausmif;)
[Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef/
- &ckdif&mZ0if (OD;atmifomOD;) jr&wemykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef/
- &ckdifa&S;a[mif;NrdKUawmfrsm; (xGef;a&TckdifppfawGaumvdyf)
1985 ckESpf od'dNrdKif pmykHESdyfwkduf? &efukefNrdKU/
- &ckdifrif;quf (vufa&;rl)t&SifpudE)/
- &ckdifjynfe,fjzpfpOf(&ckdifjynfe,fjynfolYaumifpD)rdwL/
- rif;jym;NrdKUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf; (1968 ckESpf evu)(rdwL)
- rif;jym;NrdKUe,forkdif;rSwfwrf; (1980 ckESpf evu)ygwD? aumifpD?
(rdwL) NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD/ rif;jym;NrdKU/
- a&Tusdef;awmifbk&m;? rif;jym;NrdKU/
orkdif;rdwfquf rif;odPf;xGPf;ESihf (3)OD; (rdwL)1988 ckESpf/
- rif;&mZmBuD;pmwrf;? (trsKd;om;pmMunhfwkduf)/
- &mZykHusrf; (
/
)
- &mZ0ifvuFmrsm;/ (0g;ausmif;irnf; OD;pHwif? a&S;xkH;ivufkH;)/
usdef;awmf&Sif

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