Assignment No.

2 Submitted by:

2008-ENV-43 , 33 , 35 , 04 ,38

Process Flow Diagram of Awan Textile Mills

Raw cotton Carding Combing Drawing Spinning Sizing Weaving

Desizing

Scouring

Bleaching Mercerizing Dying

Finishing

Finished Cloth

Cotton processing consists of dry and wet processes to transform cotton fibers into fabrics. Dry processes include spinning, weaving, knitting, bonding. The major wet processes from which effluent disposal problem arises include scouring, desizing, mercerizing, bleaching, dyeing and finishing. Prior to weaving, the yarn is sized using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose, various sizing gums, softeners and hygroscopic agents. The purpose of sizing is to give yarn sufficient strength and resistance to withstand the stresses and strains in the process of weaving. The weaving process produces fixed cloth or grey cloth containing 8 to 15 percent sizing compounds. A polluted waste stream results when the sizing agents applied before weaving and removed by desizing. Desizing is followed by Scouring in which ho alkaline solution or detergents are used to remove cotton wax and other non-cellulosic components.

Assignment No. 2 Submitted by:

2008-ENV-43 , 33 , 35 , 04 ,38

Bleaching of fabric is done to remove the natural yellowish color to the cotton fabric and to render it white. Mercerizing of fabric is the application of 20-25 percent caustic solution to cotton fabric, this process improves the strength, elasticity, luster and dye affinity. Dyeing is necessary to improve the aesthetic and fundamental values of the fabric, the dye used include vat dyes, sulphur dyes, direct dyes etc. Finishing is done to apply chemicals to the fabrics in order to alter properties affecting the care, comfort, durability, environmental resistance, aesthetic values and human safety associated with the fabric.