BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

CHAPTER 2

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS

The human blood circulatory system consists of the heart, a network of blood vessels and blood The functions :

1. 2. 3.

To transport nutrients, oxygen and water To transport carbon dioxide and waste product To bring hormones to the whole body

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system

Each

complete circuit, the blood must flow through the heart twice The pulmonary circulation transports blood between the heart and the lungs. The systemic circulation transports blood between the heart and other parts of the body

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

The Heart
Organ

that pumps blood throughout the body by its alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

Wall of the heart

Cardiac muscles Oxygen and nutrients are supplied to the cardiac muscles by coronary arteries

Can be divided to four chambers

auricles/ atrium (upper chambers) ventricles (lower chambers)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

Septum

Divides the heart into the right and left halves

Walls of atrium is thinner than the ventricles Tricuspid valve

Between right atrium and right ventricles

Mitral/ Bicuspid valve

Between left atrium and left ventricles

Beginning of aorta and pulmonary artery

Semilunar valves

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

Blood vessels
Artery Vein Capillary

Charateristics

Function

Carries blood away from heart

Carry blood to the heart

Connects artery to vein

Wall

Thick muscular wall

Thin muscular wall

Very thin wall, only one cell thick

Very Narrow

Lumen

Narrow

Fairly wide

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

Charateristics

Blood vessels
Artery Vein Capillary

Valves Rate of blood flow Oxygen content

Absent (except in pulmonary artery) Quick rate, high pressure Oxygenated blood (except in pulmonary artery)

Present Slow rate, low pressure

Absent High rate, high pressure

Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood to (except in the tisse pulmonary veins) Deoxygented blood from the tissue

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

1.
2. 3.

Path of blood flow

Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs by the pulmonary vein to the heart. Oxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the aorta and arteries to the whole body. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the whole body by the vein and vena cava to the heart. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart by the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

4.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS (CONTD)

Blood transport substances in our body

Example Oxygen Transport from Lungs Tissues Liver Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine and liver Transport to Tissues Lungs Kidneys Liver and tissues Liver and tissues Bones and teeth Bone marrow

Substances

Respiratory gases Carbon dioxide Excretory products End products of digestion Urea Glucose Amino acids Calcium Mineral salts Iron

HUMAN BLOOD
Blood A mixture of liquid blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, blood platelets, and dissolved substances. 55% is plasma and 45% is blood cells

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Plasma :
Liquid

pale yellow colour Functions

1.

2.

3. 4.

Transport digested food, mineral salts and vitamins to the body cells Transport waste substances like carbon dioxides, water, urea Maintain the pH of the blood Maintain body temp at 37C

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood Cells
Made

up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Produced in bone marrow Old red blood cells and platelet is destroyed in the liver or spleen.

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Round, biconcave No nucleus Life span 120 days Transport oxygen

Irregular shape Big nucleus Life span 2 to 4 days Protect body against diseases

Irregular shape, fragments of cells No nucleus Life span 4 days Blood clotting

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood group
Based

on ABO system There are four main groups called A, B, AB, and O.

Blood transfusion
Donors

blood must be compatible with the recipient's blood. If incompatible, agglutination will occur can cause fatal blockages in the recipients blood vessels.

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Donors blood

AB

O
Recipients blood

A B AB
Compatible Incompatible

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood O can safely donate blood to anyone. Universal donors

Blood AB can safely receive blood from anyone Universal recipents

Blood type
O A B AB

Population percentage (approx.)

40.77% 31.79% 21.98% 5.51%

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Blood donation:
Treatment

for accident cases, canser victims, haemophiliacs, gastrointestinal bleeding, surgery, childbirth.

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Storage and handling of donated blood:

Collected

in sterilised container contained anticoagulant solution Tested for ABO group Screening for HIV, hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases Date of expiration should be added

HUMAN BLOOD (CONTD)

Storage and handling of donated blood:

Blood

can be stored for 10 days at 5C longer if glucose is added Blood can be stored for 42 days under refrigeration, or up to 10 years of frozen Frozen plasma can be kept for up to one year If frozen, plasma and red blood cells should be thawed in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 38C

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Wilting
Occurs

in non-woody plants Rate of loss of water is greater than the intake of water Cells lose their turgidity (stiffness) and the plant droops

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Transpiration
Evaporation

of water from the aerial parts of the plants

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Stomata
Pores

in the epidermis of the leaves and

stems

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Stomata
A

pair of bean- shaped guard cells bound each stoma. Most stomata open during the day and close at night.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Function of stomata :
Allow

gases to diffuse in and out of the

leaf.
During

photosynthesis, carbon dioxide diffuse into the leaf and oxygen diffuse out to the atmosphere. During transpiration, water vapour will diffuse out when the stomata opens.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Factors affecting transpiration rate:

Light Temperature Humidity Wind Water availability Altitude Light stimulates the opening of stomata increase transpiration. Water molecules move faster in hot air when temperature increase, transpiration rate increase High relative humidity reduce rate if transpiration. Wind increase the rate of transpiration. Short supply of water will cause the stomata to close reduce water loss Increasing altitude cause pressure decrease, rate of transpiration increase.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Roles of transpiration
Produce

pulling force which enables to transport water and minerals from roots to all parts of the plant To cool the plant

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Vascular tissues of a plant

Two

types of vascular tissues ; xylem and phloem.

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Xylem
Transport

water and minerals from roots to the stem and leaves Provides supports for the plants Consists mainly of vessels elongated tubes with thick walls, strengthened by lignin

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

Phloem
Transport synthesized food Consist mainly of sieve tubes. Sieve tubes living cells without nucleus. Transverse walls are perforated by pores sieve plates. Each sieve tubes has a companion cell

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)

THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS (CONTD)