hnai-\m-I ]T\kwLw

CRITICAL THINKING INITIATIVE

Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady
email : ssuscrtical@gmail.com, blog : ssuscritical.blogspot.com

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kplrt
hnai-\m-I
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`mKambn 2012 amv 3 (i\n) cmhnse 10 \v {io. sI. hn. iin Cugh-in-h : Ncn{Xk-mc- F {]_w Ah-Xc
- nnpw. kh-Ie
- m-ime-bnse skan-\m lmfn-emWv {]_mh-Xc
- Ww \S-p-I. Xm IrXyk-ab
- pXs FntcWw F`yn-p-p.
Imcy-]c
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2012 amv 3 (i\n) cmhnse 10 aWn
skan-\m lm

A[y-
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(50-- 60 an\nv)

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tUm. sI. app-evan

{io. sI. hn. iin

hnjbw

Cugh-in-h : Ncn{Xk-m-c-

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(10- an\nv hoXw)

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tUm. Fkv. kptcjvIpam

{io. Pnt\jv Fw. sI
{io. bmtm_v tXmakv

adp-]Sn

{io. sI. hn. iin

ImeSn
220212

tUm. ]n.-hn. \mcm-b-W

tImUnt\

Cug-h-in-h:

sI.-hn.-iinkvssimpa@gmail.com

Ncn-{X-k
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Hv
tIc-fo-b-\-thm-m-\-ns aq-cq-]-I--fn-sem-mWv 1888se Acp-hn-pdw{]XnjvT. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, Ipw`-amknse inh-cm-{Xn-\m-fn s\m-dn\n-s-Sp Imp-Iv
inh-ew-K-ambn knv {]Xn-jvTn-p. Bcm-[-\mYw Hcp sIm-ehpw m]n-p. Cu
{]hrn ]nm-ev tIc-fob\thm-m-\-ns tI{-{]-ta-b--fns {]Y--amib-ambn-op. PmXn, aXw, ssZhw Fn-h-bn-eqnbpbp-\n PmXn--P-n--\m-Sp-hmgn-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-d As\ BZy-ambn ASn-]n-f-cm XpS-n. Acp-hn-pdw inh-{]XnjvT Cug-h-in-h- Fv ]noSv hntijnn--s-p-Xp-S-n-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw Av AXv
PmXninh-\m-bn-cp-n-. atX-X-chpw hntam-N-I-hp-amb kmaq-ly-{]-tbm-K-n-s cq]-I-am-bncpp. ]pXp-tem-I-\nam-W-ns Cu Drw-J-e-hrn PmXym`n-am-\-kq-N-I-ambn {ItaW
Cug-ht- \-Xm-f
- m hnh-cn-s
- -p-Xp-Sn. PmXn-hn-cp-k
- q-NI
- a
- m-bn-cn-s-s Ch cpw
Hsc-k-abw kam--c-am-bn--Pm-Xym--Ihpw PmtXy-X-c-hp-am-bntIcfNcn-{X-n B[p-\nI-Xm-hn-ai-\-n-sbpw \thm-m-\-hn-ai-\-n-sbpw k`-n-emWv Cu {]XnjvT
PmXn-Cu-gh
- \
- mbn Iogm-fZ- f
- nXv hntam-N\
- {- ]-m-\
- f
- m hnain-s
- -p-Xp-S
- p-X
- v. PmXnhm-Z-ns cq]-I-ambn AXp hf-cm A[nIw Xma-k-ap-m-bn-. (\thm-m-\-ns
Xs B`y--c-ssh-cp-[y-fpw hyh-lm-c-fpw CXn\v hgn-sbm-cp-n-bn-p-s-Xv hmkvXhw.) Cu k`-n \thm-m-\-ns kqvam-[n-Im-c-_-e-X-{-ta-Je Cu inhs\
Fs\ BZyw PmXn-hn-cp--t]m-cm--w, P\m-b--h-c-Ww, atX-X-c-{]-{In-b-Ifp-sSbpw
]noSv PmXn-hm-Z-n-sbpw sFPmXnCug-h-Bn `n-ambn \nan-p-sIm-n-cnp-p-sh At\z-j-W-amWv Cu {]_-w. AYhm Acp-hn-pdwinh-{]-XnjvT `n-N-cn{X-k
- `-fn F-s\-sbmw ]p\nan-s
- psImn-cn-pp-sht\zjn-p-p. AMA-Ms\ hntam-N-\-ns `n-N-cn-{X-]m-T--fmbn Acp-hn-p-dw-{]-XnjvT {]hn-p-Xns coXn-im-{Xm-t\z-jWw tIc-fo-b-s]m-Xp-a--em-t\z-j-W-ns cm{o-b-\n-ln-XmYw
shfn-s-Sp-pw.
\thmm\w1 GI-in-em-cq-]n-bmb {]tbm-K-a-. _lp-hn[-_-eX{ Htc-k-abv Hbvpw Iqmbpw s\Sp-sIbpw Ipdp-sIbpw k-cnv {]hnv {]Xn-{]-hnp- A[n-Im-c-bp-n-I-fpsS ImnI-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. PmXn--P-n--\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S-\-bn \nv
B[p-\n-I-P-\m-b--L-S-\-bn-tev tIc-fo-b-Po-hnXw kw{I-an-p Ncn-{X-k-`-am-W-Xv.
tImf-\o-I-c-W-ns kqvam-[n-Im-c-_-eX{ {]hn-p Cu hyh-lm-c-a-es tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-IX F kqvamY-nepw \thm-m-\-sap kmam-t\y-\bpw
Cu {]_w hnfn-p-p. Cu k`-n, Acp-hn-pdw {]XnjvT tIc-fo-b-hy-h-lm-c-fn \nh-ln kmwkvIm-cn-I,cm{o-b-[a- A]-{KYnpXv \thm-m-\-hn-ai-\n-s Xsbpw `mK-am-Wv. tIc-fo-b-k-aq-lw cm{o-bw, kmaq-ly-_--- Fo taJe-I-fp-sS-sbmw P\m-b--h-c-W-n Cu cq]Iw \nh-ln-,-\nh-ln-p [aw
hne- b n- c p- p- p. tIc- f - \ - t hm- m- \ - n- s bpw A\- - c - X - b p- s Sbpw Ncn- { X- n,
kmaqly,kmw-kvIm-cnIP\m-b--h-c-W-ns aq-{]-tbm-Khpw cq]-I-hp-amWv Acphn-pdw{]XnjvT F-XmWv Cu {]-_--ns \ne.

tImf\nB[p-\n-I-X
sam-sfbpw hneyw _{Snpw tNv cq]sSpn-bXpw ]smXmw iX-ItmsS hn]peo-I-cn--s--Xp-amb sImtfm-Wn-bhnZym-`ym-k-{Iaw khn-ti-jkmwkvImc-ns hnNm-c-am-Xr-I-I \nanp. A[n-\n-th-i-]qh]mc--cy--fn \nv LS-\-bnepw
D-S--nepw Ch XnIpw hyXy-kvX-hp-am-bn-cp-p. Nn-bnepw m\-]--Xn-I-fnepw
Cu hn`n-X Bg--fn A\p-`-h-s-p. tatmbva m]n-m-\n-cn-p- kmwkvImcnIa-e-ns \nan-Xn-bv-\p-]q-c-I-amb hnZym-`ym-k-amWv tImf-\o-I-cWw aptm-ph-bvp-Xv (sI.-F.]Wn-,1995:127). Cy-m-sc-p-dnp ]Tn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-n; A]cn-jvIr-Xcpw A-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-amb Cy-mv icn-bmb Adnhp ]IpsImSp-p-Ibm-bn-cpp tImf\n AP-.2 B[p-\n-I\-mb Hcp tImf\n{]Psb \nh-Nn-p-I-bm-bncpp km{am-Py-z-ns eyw. sam-sfbpw _{Snpw cq]-s-Sp-nb hnZym-`ym-k\bw Cu kwkvIm-c-`q-an-bn-emWv \ne-bp-d-n-Xv. Cy-mpw- Cwo-jp-Impan-S-bn
kwkvIm-c-Z-m-fmbn hn-p, CwojvA`n-cp-Nnbp Cy{]P-Isf \nan-s-Sp-pI-bm-bn-cpp CwojvhnZym-`ym-k-w. bP-am-\s Bh-iy- Adnp t\mn-\-Sm
CwojvkwkvIm-chpw Cyc--amw-k--fp-ap hniz-kvX-Imcy--m-cm-bn-cpp Bhiyw. sam-sf-bpsS hnZym-`ym-k-tcJ Cmcyw shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v.3
A[n-\n-th-i-ns Cu {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv `nkwkvIm-c-cq-]--fmbn `mcXobhyh-lm-c--fn DS]q-Xv. kmln-Xyw, Nn{X-I-e, hkv{Xw, `-Ww, aqey-
Fn-s\ ka-kvX-a--e-fpw tImf\namXr-I-I-fn \nv apIq Xm sN-s-p.
]pXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw Cysb tImf\nkm{am-Py-nse Hcp {]tZ-i-ambpw (Cultural province)
Cy-bnse ]pXp-km--cs\ kwkvIm-c-Z-m-fmbpw (Cultural comprador) ]pXpn \nhNn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-shv sI.-F.]Wn--(1995:128).
ASnam[y-a--fpsS hnIm-kw- tImf\nkwkvIm-c-ta-J-e-bpsS hym]\w h[n-np. akvXn-jvI-sf tImf-\n-h-cn-p--Xn kmln-Xy-aps-sS-bp hyh-lm-c-fpsS km[yX Xncn--dn-p-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-hm XpS-n. ]pXnb kmwkv-Im-cn-Im-`n-cp-NnIfpw `mhp-I-Xzhpw AXp-hgn \h-kmw-kvIm-cnIXbpw Dbp-h-p. A[n-\n-th-i-kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX {]mtZ-inIhmb-\-m-cn \nv Xmc-X-tay\ hen-sbmcp kZn-tev hym]n-n-p-hm\pw ASn klm-b-I-am-bn.
{InkvXy anj-\-dn-am, kmm]-\-, k--kw-L-S-\-I, kzIm-cy-hyn-I Fn-s\ `n-m-]-\- Cy`mj-I-fn, tImf\nkwkvIm-c-kar-n-bn
\nan ]mT-]p-kvX-I-fpw CX-c-hm-b-\m-hn-`-h-fpw sNm-bnte ]nSn-Iq-SpI F coXnimkv{Xw IWn-i-ambn \S-n-emn. tImf\nBi-bm-h-en-IsImp Dunhf-s-]pXp-km-cXe-apd hfphp. CXp ]s kwkvIm-c-nse {]mtZ-in-I-ap-{Z-I {]Xy-n Xnc-kvI-cnpsImm-bn-cp-n; ]mm-Xy-kw-kvIm-c-am-Xr-I-bn-tev DZv{KYnpsImm-bn-cp-p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-fn, D-S--n am{X-am-bn-cp-n, Nn{Xo-I-c-W-fntmepw ]mm-Xy-tI-{nXhoWw kzm`m-hn-I-saan ISp\nd-p(sI.F.]Wn-,1995:129). A-Sn hmv B[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn-op. {]mtZ-inIkmln-Xy-
]mm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-n\p apn \nm-c-h-cn--s-p. A-Sn Bi-b- As\
hmb-\-m-cs kzIm-cy-X-I-fn-tev CSn-pI-b-dn,hnIm-c-sf Cfn adnv kwkvIm-cs
DS-p-hmp (-tdmP Nmn-b,1987:233). shSn-h---fpsS A[n-\n-th-i-]qh-kw-kvImcw
]pkvX-I--fpsS kzIm-cy-tem-I--fn-tev ]cn-`mj sNsp. ]mm-Xy-kw-kvImcw tIcfo-bm-h-t_m-[s Agn-p-]-Wn-bpIXs sNbvXp-shp Npcpw. ]sm]Xmw \qmnse ae-bm-f-PohnXw Cu tImf\n A-`n-ap-Jy-ns ^-e-{ipXnbm-Wv.
Ch ]t tImf\n\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS tIh-em-\pI-c-W-ambn \np-I-bm-bn-cp-n-.
]pXp-Xmbn Dbp h a[y-hKkwkvIr-Xn-bpsS emh-Wy-t_m-[-n-sbpw ss[jWn-I-Xr-jvW-I-fp-sSbpw Bg--fn thcp-]n-Snp hf-h-X-s-bm-bn-cpp. tImf\n
2

kwkvIm-chpw ]mc--cy-kw-kvIm-chpw a[y-hK-P-\-X-bn krn sshcp-[y--fp-sSbpw

DZzn--X-I-fp-sSbpw kt-l--fp-sSbpw kwLj--fn \nv ]sm-Xmw iX-I-nse
kmln-Xy-`m-hp-IXzw Dbp-h-p. Ch-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnIhoWw tImf\nB[n-]-Xyn\p ]qW-hn-t[-b-Xz-ap-tXm Xopw ]c--cm-K-Xtam Bbn-cp-n; Ch-bpsS
kwhmZa-e-am-bn-cp-p.4
Cu {]hm-l--fpsS Dun Dcp-h-s Bi-b-{]-{In-b-bmWv \thm-m-\-ns
Po\n-b-kv. As\ Cy-sb tZihpw tIc-f-sa {]tZ-ihpw `mh-\m-k-aq-l--fmbn
cq]-s-p. AXns PmXn,-a-X,-ssZ-h-tI-{n-X-ambn Iosgm-Xp--s-n-cp P\X ASn-aPo-hn-X-L-S-\-I-fn\nv Bm-`n-am-\-n Dun ]uc-k-aq-l-ambn ]cn-hn-p-hm\pw
XpS-n. Cs\ DW Iogm-f-m-t\m-Z-b-ns {]Y-a-aq-{]-tbm-K-amWv Acp-hnpdw {]Xn-jvT. CXv H-s {]h-\-am-sWp hnh--bn-. a-e-_m-dn Np-ta-t\m
1889 t\mh F ]pkmln-Xy-cq]w Ah-X-cn-n-p. ae-bm-f-n-\v, Cy-bvp-Xsbpw A]qh-am-bn-cpp Cu kmln-Xy-cq-]w. As\ ]pXnb ]uc-k-hpw _pnPo-hn-Xhpw cq]-s-p. AXm-bXv CpteJbpw kc-kz-Xo-hn-P-b-hp-aps-Sp t\mh-ep-I,
hoW-]qhv apXep Imhy-temIw Fn-h-sbmw tImf-\n-B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kmwkvImcnbpnI-fmsWp kmcw.
Kpcp- F Ncn{Xaplqw
PmXn, aXw,-]u-tcm-ln-Xyw. \mSp-hm-gnns kmwkvIm-cnI ASn--d. ]smXmw \qm-nse tIcfw Dbp-\n-Xv CXn-em-Wv. tImf-\o-I-cWw Cysb Bgn ]cn-jvI-cn-p ka-bw. 1835 sam-sf-bpsS Co-jv hn-`ym-k-an-\pSvkv {]tbm-Kn\v Xm-dm-bn. {]Pm-h-c-W-ns hyh-lm-c-ambn Cwojv Aiz-ta[w AtXmsS
Bcw-`n-p-. sam-sf-bpsS an\nSvkn\v Ccp-]-smmp-I Ignv,1855 \mcm-b-WKpcp P\n-p. {]Pm-h-c-W-hyh-lm-c- k{In-b-_-e-ambn kwkvIm-c-ta-J-e-bn Bgn {]hn-p-Xp-S-n-bn-cp- k`-n CXv CyPo-hn-Xs B[p-\n-I-XbpsS ]uc-bp-n-IsImv ]p\--Wn-Xpw- Xp-S-n-. `q\nIp-Xnbpw ssIh-im-h-Im-ihpw
kw_-n 1793 se Cwojv Cun-ym-I--\n- \nb-a--fm-Wv (Land settlement 1793) Cybnse Iogmf hntam-N\{iav ASn-m\Imc-W-am-bn-oXv. Cu k`-n
ASn-a-i-co-c- hyn-i-co-c--fmbn ]cn-W-an-pXpSn. tImf\oI-c-W-sam-cp-nb Cu
kmwkvIm-cn-I-ta-J-e-bmWv {io\m-cm-b-Ws\ \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hmno-Xv. hni-Z-am-mw.
Kpcp,- i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ]mc--cy-nsSp Zmi-\n-It\m BNm-cyt\m A.
PmXn-ta-[m-hnw kmaq-ln-I-bm-YmYy-ambn \ne-\n ^yqU Ncn-{X-k-`-ns \nanXnbpw AXns Xs sskm-n-I-kw-c--I-\p-amWv i-c. PmXn-i-co-c- hyn-ico-c--fm-bn-o _qjzm-bp-n-I-fpsS kw{I-a-W-ap-lq-amWv Kpcp. _qjzm-\-thmm-\-\m-b-I-s\v C.-Fw.-F-kv. tImf-\o-I-c-W-ns {]]m-X-n PmXn-hy-h-bvv
amc-I-{]-l-c--tf-p-Xp-S-nb k`amWv Kpcp-hntXv. Kpcp P\nv (1855)cp hjw -XnI-bp-tm Cy-bn Hmw kzmX-{y-k-acw (1857) \Sp Ign-n-cp-p. Kpcp P\npXn\v \mep hjw apv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns sXp-`m-K-p Xncp-s-q-cnse kman-tmn, sshIp-WvT-kzm-an-bpsS(1801-1851) kam-[n-bn ImSn {]Xn-jvTn-n-cp-p(1851). AXn\pw
apt At-l-ns A\p-bm-bn-I tIc-f-nse BZy-km-aq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-{]-m\wka-Xz-k-amPw(1828) Bcw`nn-cp-p. sshIp-WvT-cpsS injy ssXmv Am-hp-Kp-cptfmsSmw ]noSv hj-p-tijw (1891) \mcm-b-W-Kpcp kman-tmv kin-pp-ap-v. Kpcp P\n-p--Xn\v ]{phjw apv, tImgn-tmSv Pnm-P-UvPn-bm-bn-cp
C._n.tXm-a-kns dntm-\p-k-cn-v, 1843 ae-_m-dn ASn-a-hy-h ]qW-am-bn- \n-tcm[n-p-sImv {_no-jvkm \nbaw ]mkm-n--gn-n-cp-p. Kpcp P\nv \mep-hjw
Ign-bp-tm,1859 Pqembn Xs, Nmmkv{XoIv Pmpw taappw [cn-m
A\p-h-Zn-p D-chv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq km ]pd-s-Sp-hn-n-cp-p. anj-\-dn-am- XpS3

n-h hnZym-`ym-k-{]-h-\- Xpey-X-sb-p-dn-p B[p-\n-I-tem-I-t_m[w {]Ncn-n-p. 1834 Xncp-h\

-
- ]
- p-cv Kh-s v Cwojv kvIqfpw 1866 alm-cm-Pmkv tImfPpw
m]np. 1869 se a{Zmkv ssltm-SXn hn[n \mbk-ap-Zm-b-nse kw_w \nb-a-hncp--ambn {]Jym-]n-p. kn.-tI-i-hs (1999:119) hmp-IIqSn tIpI: atdm-bpsS
Imew Gg-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS kphW-Im-e-ns kam-cw-`-am-bn-cp-pshp--Xn\v kwi-b-an.
hnZym-`ymkw Cu cmPyp {]N-cn-n-p--Xn-\p BZys hnfw-_cw 992 ]mh-Xo-`mbn-bmWv {]kn--s-Sp-p--Xv. Cu hnZym-`ym-k-N-cn{Xw Cug-hcpw apw kqva-ambn {Klnn-cn-t--Xp-v. tdm_n P{^nbn\nv asmcp k`w ImWpI: Ccp-]Xmw \qmns ]qhm[-n Ghpw PmXn-_--amb taJe F-Xn \npw Ghpw Acm-PIhpw Iayq-Wnpw Bb taJ-e-bmbn tIcfw amdn. ... Fp-X-s-bm-bmepw 1847 Cu
IrXn Bcw-`n-p ka-bv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn icn-bmb AY-n-ep s]mXp-PohnXwXs Cm-bn-cp-p...1850 I apX cm{ob,kmap-Zm-bn-I-hy-h-n-Xn-bpsS kp-enXm-h-bvv h[-am-\-amb tXmXn Cf-w-X-n. At\Iw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw XmWPmXn lnp--fp-sSbpw hmWn-Py-]-c-tam A]-Ir-tam Bb sXmgn-ep-Ifpw bqtdm-]y anj\-dn-am-cp-am-bp Ah-cpsS kwkKhpw Cu a-c-n Ahp {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-ambn
(tdm_n P{^n 2003, apJ-hpc). Cs\ tImf-\o-I-cWw tIcf-ns Ncn-{X-,kw-kvIm-c,km--nIa--e--fn B{Im-a-I-ambn CS-s]v ^yqUPohnX-L-S-\-sb tSm]ntUm
sNbvXv ]uc-k-aql bpn-I {]kcn-n-p Ncn-{X-ap-lq-amWv \mWp-hns\ \mcmb-W-Kp-cp-hm-n-b-Xv. Kpcp tImf-\o-I-c-W-ns D]--am-sWp kmcw. tImf-\o-I-c-Wns Cu hyh-lm-c- i-cm-Nm-cy-cn\nv {io\m-cm-b-Ws\ `n-\mn. Cu Kpcphn\v am{Xta Acp-hn-pdv inhs\ {]Xn-jvTn-m-\m-hq.
cv
1888 Ipw`amk-in-h-cm{Xn. Av A-cm{Xn, \mcm-b-W-Kpcp \Zn-bn apnsbSp inh-enw-Km-Ir-Xn-bp Hcp inem-Jw \ZoXoc-s Hcp ]md ]oT-ambn k]nv
AXn {]Xn-jvTn-p. Acp-hn-pdw inh-{]-Xn-jvT. Cu Iv cq]-Im--I-ambn B[p-\nItIcf-ns ASn--m-bnop. PmXn, aXw, ]utcm-ln-Xyw, ssZhw Fns\ \mSp-hmgn-L-S-\-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Im-Sn-d kryp-p-J-C-m-i-n-sImv ASn-]n-fn. a\p-jytI-{n-X-B-[p-\n-ItIcf-n\v \ne-sam-cpn ASn--d-bn-p. AhnsS AXphgn, -tI-cfsa
]pXnb ]uc-k-aqlw `mh-\-bn Dbn-cmp-bp. i-tLm-j--fn-msX, In-t
IphpW Cu DuP-{]-hm-l-w IogvPm-Xn-bn tI{o-I-cn-p-sImpXs, tIc-f-P-\X-bpsS B-t_m-[s Xpd-p-hnp. As\, Iogm-f-Po-hnXw B[m-c-am-n Bm-`n-am\-]q-cn-X]uc-k-aqlambn ]pXp-tI-cfw hn`m-h\w sNbvX -\nam-Wm-Ia\p-tjy-bpsS
{]tbmK-amWv Acp-hn-pdw-{]-Xn-jvT. Cu In-\p-]pdmWv tIc-f-n ]nme hntamN-\-{]-tbm-K--sfmw cq]-s--Xv. Npcp--n, PmXn-i-co-c--fpsS Iq- am{X-am-bncpp ]sm-Xmw \qm-ns Ay]Ip-Xn-Ihsc tIc-fw. Xn sImp-Xnp Ignp-Iq-Snb Cu Pp-q-sf kmaq-ly-_---fpsS kwLm-X-amn ]p\anan Ncn{X-{]-{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv. hmkvX-h-n a\p-jy kmaq-ly-_---fpsS kap--b-a-msX asmp-a-. AXpsImv a\pjyscbpw Ah-cpsS Be-b-ambn ]pXnbtIc-fhpw \nan-s-Spp
inh-{]-Xn-jvTsbp ]dbmw.
Iogm-f-Po-hn-X-tI{n-X-sa-nepw Cu {]hrn tIhew Iogm-f-a-. a\pjy\v a\pjy Aip--h-kvXp-hm-bn-cp PmXn-tI-c-fns AeIpw ]nSnbpw amn, KmV-ambn Agnp-]-WnXv, a\p-jy ]mp CS-am-m ey-an kmaqly-hn--ham-Wv. As\, Hcp
P\-X-bpsS B-t_m[w Dd-sm-gp-Inb cq]-Iambn Acp-hn-p-dw-in-h-{]-Xn-jvT amdn. Iogmf-Po-hnXw ap\nn Hcp P\-X-bpsS B-t_m[w sI-gn-p-hn kqva-N-cn-{X-_-e-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI{]tbm-K-am-bn-cp-p AXv. Ncn-{Xhpw Kpcphpw ]c-kv]cw Iepcp-h4

s-Sp--Ibm-bn-cp-p. Kpcp Hcp hyn-b-, kaq-lhpw kqva-N-cn-{X-hp-am-sWp Npcp-w.

AXmbXv Kpcp tIhew Cug-ht\m ssl-ht\m aX-]-cn-jvImthm A-. PmXn-kw-LS-\-bpsS Nn-hp-a-. PmXy[n-Imcw aen\-h-kvXp-hm-n Iosgm-Xp--n-h a\p-jys\ ]uc\mbpw PmXn-tm--bm-bn-cp tIc-fs ]uc-k-aq-l-ambpw amnb, BZys tIc-fo-bNnI\pw {]tbm-mhp-am-Wv. adp-p hmZ- a\p-tjy--bpsS \nam-tWmPs
\nho-cy-am-p-p.-Kp-cp-hns\ tIhew PmXn-t\-Xmhpw aX-]-cn-jvIm-hp-amn jo-Icn-p-p- .- AXp-sImpXs \mcm-bW
- K
- p-cp-hns inh GXm-bmepw Xl-koZm kmys-Sp-p Cug-h-\. hmkvX-h-n Acw Xl-koZmam-sc-bmWv Kpcp dm-n-bXv. As-n-s, PmXn-i-co-c--fpsS {`mm-e-b-am-bn-cp tIc-f-s ]uc-k-aq-l-amn-am-nb B inebvv Fp PmXn? Fp aXw? ]ns FmWv hkvXpX? AXv ]ns
Cug-h-in-h-\-mIp-sX-s\? ]ns, Ftm FhnsS F-s\ BcpsS \mhnemWv B
Iv Cug-h-\m-bn-Ah-X-cnXv? AYhm Cug-h-in-h P\nv hfXv? BtcmSv Fs-mamWv kwkm-cn-Xv? FhnsS Fs-m-amWv sNbvXXv? Ctm sNp-Xpw ]d-bp-Xpw?
Iogm-f]
-
- k
- a
- o-]\ns Hcp amXrI {in-pI: \mcm-bW
- K
- p-cp-{]-m\w {_mWsc A\p-I-cn-p--Xns Xew kqn-n-cp-p. thZm--Zi-\-sfsbmWv Bibm-Sn--d-bmbn Kpcp kzoI-cn--Xv. kwkvIr-X-h-c-W-sav Fw.-F.-{io-\n-hmkv (1960)
kqNn-n {]{Inb PmXn-hy-hsb sskm-n-I-ambn \ymbo-I-cn-p-p-v. ({]Zo-]
]mncnIpv 2007:64). F-kv.-F.-Un.-]n- XpS-w-ap-Xte Kpcp-hn-s\bpw inh-{]-Xn-jvT-sbbpw
PmXn-Cu-g-h-\m-m {ian-p-sIm-n-cpp. tbmK-ns \ne-\n]ns {]iv\-hp-am-bn-cpp
AXv. Cu \ne-bpsS XpS-bn-emWv \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Zfn-Xvhn-cp--\pw -PmXn-hm-Znbpam-sWv
ZfnXv {]m-\- hmZn-p-Xv. Atm FmWv Cug-h-in-hs Ncn{Xw? AXn-cns, Cug-h-in-h-s\ cq]-I-n\p-X-sbpw Fn-\mWv ]XnXXzw? AXv A{X-ta
PmXo-b-amtWm? Kpcp-hns am\-k-k-m-\hpw Nn-kzm-an-bp-am-bn-cp Ipam-c-\m-im-\n
\np-Xs XpS-mw.
cmas agphpw \mcm-b-Ws Ipw
Kpcp Pohn-n-cns B Poh-N-cn{Xsagp-Xnb Htc-sbm-cm Bim\m-Wv. Atlw
]t, Cu In\v PmXn In-n-cp-pan-. B-im (2002:31) B \namW{]-XnjvT Cs\
kwt-]n-pp: ]oT-ambn k-n-n-cp ]md-bpsS aosX Hcp sNdnb ] sIn-bncp-p. A[-cm-{Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn kzman kv\m\w-sN-bvXp-hv AXn-\-Ip ISv {]Xn-jvTnm-\p inesb ssIbn--FSpp [ym\n-p-sImp cm{Xn aqp-a-Wn-hsc Htc \nebn \n-p. ...aqp aWnv inesb kzman ]oT-n {]Xn-jvTnv A`n-tjIw sNbvXp.
...C-s\-bmWv kzman-bpsS aX-kw-_--amb m]-\--fn BZy-t-Xmb Acp-hn-pdw
t{Xw Bcw-`n--Xv. Bim\v CXv, \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns B[ym-nI-{]-h-\--fpsS
Bcw-`-hrn am{Xw. kzman-bpsS tXtPm-a-b-amb apJv B kabw A{ip-[m-c-I {]hln-p-sIm-n-cpp. ImWn-I `n-]-c-h-i-m-cmbn ]m--c-a{w D-n P]nv GIa-\-tkmsS Nppw \np. Fpw {]XnjvT \nh-ln ka-bv Nne Ap-X- In-p-Xmbn ]ecpw ]d-bp-p Fpw Bim(Sn.]pdw 31) `mh-\- sNp-p-v. B {]hrn
aXm--Ihpw \mS-Io-b-hp-am-m\p BJym-\-X{w. hmkvX-h-n {]Xn-jvT Ignv
aqp hjn\p tij-amWv (1891) Bim BZy-ambn Kpcp-hns\ ImWp--Xp-X-s. AXpsImv Bim-tXv kmn-sam-gn-b-. `mh-\m-I`qX-Im-e-]p-\\nan-Xn-bm-Wv. AXns
BJym-\-h-gn-bpw. Atmgpw Cug-h-in-h-s\v B {]Xn-jvTbvv Bim t]cn-n-. {]XnjvT-bpsS hni-Zmw-i- Kpcp-hn-t\mSv t\cnv tNmZn--dn-bm-am-bn-cp-npw Bim AXn\p
apXnpan-. CXns HcYw, Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xp--Xp-hsc, Av AsXmcp kwhm-Ztam
hnhm-Z-tam Bbn-cp-n-s-p-X-s5. ]nm-ev Atbm-[y-bnse cma-hn-{K-lw-t]m-sebpw
`K-h-ZvKo-X-t]m-sebpw Hcp Kpcp {_mWkwhmZw Cug-h-in-h-\mbn Is-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. Poh-N-cn-{X-\nam-W-am-bn-cpp Hcp hgn. Kpcp-hn-s -{]-hr-n-I Xsbpw Am5

ev Acp-hn-p-d-n-\-pdw Adn-b-s-n-cp-n- Fv Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n m]-Imw-K--fn

{]ap-J F.-Ip-am-c Fgp-Xn-bn-p-6. AXm-bXv \mcm-b-W Av Hcp {]mtZ-in-I-k\ymkn am{X-am-bn-cp-p-sh-Yw. Fnepw B Iv Cug-h-in-h-\mbn hf-cm-\p Hcp `mh\m-_oPw Bims\gp-Xnb kphn-ti-j-n- eo\-amWv.
Fs\? Kpcp-hns {]hrn ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]m-Sns {]t-]-am-sWp kqNn-np \nKq-V-{]-`m-h-am Be-m-cn-I-`m-j-bn-e-mWv Nn-kzman Cu kw`hw hnh-cnp-Xv. cq]-I- {in-pI: kzman-I-fpsS tXtPm-a-b-apJw, A{ip-[m-c-I {]h-ln-p
apJw, `n-]-c-h-i-cmb ImWn-I(-C-s tPW-en-p-Ip amXr-I-bm-hpw-hn[w `cpsS Dn-Sp\npIv hnh-cn-p hnZy. CXv \mSp-hm-gn-L-S-\-bnse shfn--mSns [aw Xs. shfn--mSv X\n-p-th-n-b-tm kwkm-cn-p--Xv. shfn--m-Sp-t]mep-a kwkm-cn-p--Xv. AXoXZnhy-temIw shfn--m-Sn-eqsS kzbw Agnv shfn-sSp {]{In-b-bm-W-Xv.)F-n-s\ t]mIpp B BJym\-I-e. Hcp-Xcw ]c-Im-b-{]-th-iw.
Cu ]c-Im-b-{]-th-iw-Xs Nn-kzm-an-bpsS A-cm-thie-y- shfn-s-Sp-p-pv;
Ihn-a-cym-Z-bm aqSn-h-n-cn-p-tm t]mepw. hmkvX-h-n Nn-kzm-an-bpsS Bw `mh\-sN-p Kpcp-hm-Wn-sXpw ]d-bmw. Fm-bmepw B Kpcp s\m-nI-c-bnse Cm-in-bn Pzen-p-\n a\p-jy\.
ap Nne hkvXp-X-I IqSn {in-t--Xp-v. Cu kw`-h-n ZrIvkm-n-Ifmcpw Nn-kzm-an-bpsS hnh-c-W-n {]Xy--c-. Ihnt]mepw AXp In-n-. ]t
hnh-cWw kzbw ZrIvkm-n-sbpd-n-p-sIm-p-Xs. (Ncn{Xw hkvXpX-Itfm Ah-bpsS
BJym-\,-hym-Jym-\-tfm F tNmZyw AhnsS \n-s.) GXm-bmepw Cu BJym\w
]pXn-b\
- n-ba
- ]
- p-kvXI
-
- nse kphn-ti-j
- Hmas-Sp-p-p. Hcp Ihn-sI-p-apd. Atm
Ipam-c-Ihn \nan Poh-N-cn-{Xm-Jym-\-ns eyw AXn-e-eo-\-am-Ip-p-v. D-Sw
Dudn-qSnbpcp-h-s-Sp--Xm-Wtm cq]w. C-s\-sbm-s-bm-bn-cp-npw Nn-kzman \nan
Poh-N-cn-{X-n Acp-hn-pdw {]XnjvT Cug-h-in-h-\m-bn Ftman-p-I. {Im-Zin
Ihn Fp--tm. AXp Xs kam-[m-\w. ]s, Cu hnh-c-W-I-e-bn Hcp Cug-h-inh\s-nepw Hcp Znhy Ak-n-ln-X-tl-Xp-hm-bp-v. Cu At_m[Ncn{Xw ]nmev, cm{o-b-bp-n-bmbn PmXn-t_m[w hnI-kn-p-I-gn k`-n, Kpcp-hns ImpI-ns\ Cug-h-in-h-\m-m t]m kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[-\ambn {]hn-pp. Pbnwks {]tbm-Kw-sIm-n-W-n-bm, Ncn{Xw aqe-[-\cq-]n (History in Capital). ass-m-am-bmepw inh-{]-XnjvT Ihnv euIn-I-{]-h-\-a-s-p kqN\. CsX-p-sImv?
cphni-Zo-I-cWw km[yw. Hv Poh-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnse Hcp-p-io. cv tbmK-n\v
t\Xr-m-\v Ah-[q-X A\n-hm-cysa imTyw. alm-m-v am{X-am-Wtm \mSphm-gn-
- n Pohn-Xhpw Ncn-{X-hp-ap-X
- v. Ah-cm-Is a\p-jy-\X
- o-Xc
- m-bn-cn-p-Ibpw thWw.
Ah-[q-X-cm-Ip-tm Imcy- B]m-Z-NqUw amdn--gn-p. am{X-a Ah-[q-X-cpsS Ncn{Xw
sFXn-lym--I-hp-am-bn-cn-p-p. PmX-I-I-Y-Ifpw \mep kphn-ti-j-fpw Hman-p-I. a\pjy-kv]im Agp-m-hp--h-cmWv AhnsS Ah-[q-X. AXp-sImv Ah P\n-pXp t]mepw an-stbm kv{Xobp-sStbm kv]i-an-m-sX-bm-hp-I-Xs sNpp. {]hmN-I-anan-Xn-bpsS Hcp-p-io. GXm-bmepw Bim-s\mw Kpcp Znhy-]p-cp-j-\mbn Im
an\nv hnn-te-p]dn-p-\-p. ]nm-se- h Kpcp-N-cn-X-7 Cu Iaw hnI-kn-np. Fn\v ?
Acp-hn-pdw{]XnjvT (1888)bvv ]Xn-\-m-p-ti-j-amWv tbmK-cq-]o-I-c-Ww(1903).
tbmK-am-Is Cug-h-cpsS kmaq-tlym--a\n\p PmXnkwL-S-\-bpw. Cug-hs almkw-L-S-\-sbv kn.-tI-i-h (1999:303). tbmK-n\v sskm-n-I-A-Sn--dbpw s]mXpt_m-[-n kzoIm-cy-Xbpw PmXy-Xo-X-kw-L-sa am\y-Xbpw m]n-s-Sp-p-hm Kpcphns Bi- b - t emIw A\n- h m- c y- a m- b n- c p- p. PmXn- t I- { n- X - a mbn Bm- ` n- a m\w
m]nsSpph-m Acp-hn-pdw inh{]XnjvT Cug-h-in-h\pw Kpcp Cug-h-Kp-cp-hp-am-tIn-bn-cp-p. \thm-m\w \nan-p-hn atX-X-c-t_m-[s A\m-bmkw AXn-{I-an-p-hm
6

CXp]-I-cn-p-sav tbmK-t\-XrXzw Ip. As\ PmXn-tI-{n-X-B-m-`n-am-\ns km-[q-I-cWbpn-bmbn AXp {]hnp.

GXm-bmepw Kpcp As\ ]d-p-sh--Xn\v ap Kpcp-hm-Iy-t]mse CXphsc tcJ-I-fn-s-Xv hmkvX-hw. Cn[w Ipm-t\z-jWa-{]_--e-yw-. AYhm C\n
Kpcp inhs\ Cug-h-\m-n-sbpXsbn-cn-s, AXv ]t Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n-bpsS Cugh-\--tm. Ipnp-gbpw tbmKhpw D]-tbm-KnpXv Htc cq]Iw; hnh hn`nw; hncpw
Cug-h-iw Bm-`n-am-\-ns cq]-I-am-n-b-h, Kpcp-hns \a-t_m-[-ns amXr-Ibn Na--XmIm FmWv XSw? AYhm C\n KpcphnaiI8 Btcm-]n-p-tmse
A[x-n-X-in-h, Iogm-f-in-h XpS-nb \thm-m-\m-\--c-cq-]- At D]-tbm-Knn F-XmtWm {]iv\w? AYhm As\ D]-tbm-Kn-m ]cn-l-cn---Sp--XmtWm
B {]iv\
- ? hmp-I Ncn-{X-]c
- hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih
- p-amb {]hr-n-cq-]
- f
- m-Wv. AXn\v
apIqn Ah-X-cn-m-\m-hn-. Ncn{Xw {]h-N-\--fpsS ]pkvX-I-a-.
icn, Fm-bn-cpp B Imp-Iv tIc-f-n Dm-nb {]]m-X-^ew? Fhn-sSbmWv AXv `qI-- krn-phnXv? AXns kqva-cq]w Acp-hn-p-dw-t-{X-n
Kpcp Fgp-Xn-t A\p-p-n km{o-`hnp\npp. PmXn-tI-c-f-ns ASn-dsb
Zln-n Cu tSm]ntUm t\mpI:
PmXn-t`Zw aX-tZzjw
GXp-an-msX khcpw
tkmZ-c-tXz\ hmgp
amXr-Im-m-\-am-WnXv.
Kpcp ZoL`mh-\w -sNbvX, PmXy-Xo-Xhpw atX-X-c-hpambn a\p-jy kl-`m-h-tamsS
Pohn-p Cu amXr-Im-m-\w, kqvamY-n Bk-tIc-fobs]mXp-a-ewXsbmWv. B[p-\n-I-]u-c-k-aqlns ASn-d AhnsS Dcp-h-s-p. Chn-tSv tIc-f-P-\Xsb B[ymn-Ihpw aqe-[-\m-I-hp-ambn ]cp-h-s-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Kpcp. B {]I-S\ns cq]-I-ambn Cu {]XnjvT
Kpcp CXn [z\n-n PmXn-i-co-c--fpsS ]w ]sm--Xmw-\q-m-nse tIcfamWv.- X-n ImWmt]mepw A\p-hm-Zanm, Fn-bmocm PmXn-I; Ch-bvpn AkwJyw D]-Pm-Xn-I. Cs\ ]c-kv]cw sXmp-Xo-m-\m-Im Ad-I- tNZpKtaJebmbn- Hcp tIcfw 9. CXm- b n- c pp {_m- W v ]c- i p- c m- a Zm\w
\InbsXv tIc-tfm-ssXy-Xn-ly- hnh-cn-p tIc-fw. hWm-[n-Im-c-ns
B thZ-agp hfnb PmXn-q---fpsS hnip--{`m-ns\ AtX h{Pm-bp[wsImv ]pXnb
\mcm-b-W AS-n. ]g-b- \m-cm-b-Ws agp-hn\paosX ]pXnb \mcm-b-W-, s\m-dn
\ns-Sp Imp-I-v kwlm-cm-bp-[-am-n- {]tbm-Knp. app-sImv aps-Sp-p \mphnZy. Imp-I-p-sImv ]pXnb P\-Xsb sa\-s-Sp a\p-tjy.
tIc-fs cp coXn-bn \nan Bbp-[--fmWv cmas agphpw \mcm-b-Ws
Ipw. Hv tIc-fs {_m-W-t-{X-amn-apsh-n cm-a-tXv Cu {_m-Wt-{Xs ]uc-k-aqlamn ]p\\nan-p. thZagp- P\-Xsb Bm-hn ]nfv IogS-n-b-tm Imp-Iv P\-XbpsS B-t_m[w IS-p-Wn a\p-jy-k-aq-l-am-n. AXpsImv tIc-f-sa ]uc-k-aq-ls \nan-s-Sp ]pXnb aY-\-amWv Acp-hn-pdw
inh{]XnjvT Fp ]d-bmw. PmXy-Xo-Xhpw atX-X-c-hp-amb a\p-jy-k-aqlw AXn\n-pcp-hmp. Cu a\p-jyalXz-k-w AXns Ghpw Bg-n B[p-\n-I-]m-m-Xy-am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Z-ntXn\nv `n-amb Hm-bn-cpp. aX-ns _mly-L-S-\-I-fn \nv
Bm-hns\pdn-p ]uc-kvXy-[m-c-Wsb tamNn-nv {io\m-cm-bWA-ssZzXw BhnjvI-cn B[p-\n-I-a-\p-jy-k--am-bn-cpp AsXv _n.-cm-Po-h(2011:295).
FmWv tamNn- n- - s , Bm- h ns\pdn- p Cu ]uc- k v X y- [ m- c W?
]uckvXyBmhv \nap--w \nXy-ap-w. kmaq-ly-_---f, kzbw-]qWhpw kzbwim-kn-Xhpw kzbw-`q-hp-amb B-am-W-Xv. CXm-Is -D-Zm-o-Ir-X-kzmY-Xbpw. CXns\
7

Fhn-tSbvv tamNn-np? kmaq-ln-IB

-
-
- n-te-v. tIh-eB
-
- mhns\ k
- m-aq-ly-B
- amn
Fv hnh-. CXv XnIpw ]uc-kvXy-Nn--bpsS ]pXp--em-sWpw cmPo-h hmZn-pp. Fm FmWv kqvaw? aX-ns _mly-L-S-\-sb-m-se-mWv? BNm-cm-Zn-tI{n-X-k-ap-Zm-bw Fv Kpcp. B`y--c-`mK-amWtm {][m\w. AXv A`n{]mbw- AYhm
BBhn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. As\ kzbw \nan-p, B-in]n-bmb Cu kmaqlya\pjy- mt\m-ZbNn-bpsS -a-\p-jy Xs-bm-Wv. \nXy-ap-hpw \nap--hp-amb
]uckvXyBm-h-. As-ns ]uc-kvXy-h-gn-bn Fhn-sS-bmWv B-in]nbmb kmaqlyBm-hns hmkw?
am{X-a-, \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Hcn-Spw ip-]u-c-kvXy-\--tm. cmPo-h Is-Sp-,
Cu ]uc-kvXy-B
- m-hns\p-dn-p k]w, Kpcp apt Xs dm-nbnpap-v. kvarXnI t\mn `cn-p lnp--f tImf-\o-I-c-W-amWv Iogmf\v k\ymkw \In-bsXv
Atlw kzbw kmy-s-Sp-n-b k`w Hmanmw.10 ]uc-kvXy-B-m-hn-s\-Xn-cmb
Cu cq-hn-aiw Ft kqva-hn-th-N-\-]-Sp-hmb cmPo-h\v AZr-iy-am-Ip-p? Kpcp ]t
Dt]-n-p-I-f Hns\ Kpcp-hns X t]cn Nmn-\nm-\p {iaambn ^en cmPo-hh
- ym-Jym\w ]cn-Wa
- n-p-p. Npcp-
- n cmas agp-h \mcm-bW
- s ImWv
tIc-f-ns ASn--d. As\ ]pXnb \mcm-b-W ]gb \mcm-b-Ws\ kKm-Iw
`kvao-I-cn kmaqly{]tbm-Kns t]cmWv Acp-hn-pdw inh. AXv, kqvam-tem-N\-bn Aenw-Kw, APm-Xn, AhWw.
PmXn-s-Xnsc B-t_m[w
Cu ]pXpaY-\-ns ^e-{ip-Xn-sbv? AXv PmXntIc-f-ns ASn-d HmsI
Cf-n-a-dn-p, s]mfn-p-\o-n, ]pXnb kmaq-ly-_-- \nan-p. _n.-cm-Po-h (2011:294)
Fgp-Xpp: a\p-jy FXpXs Hcp PmXn-bm-sWv kaYn-p-sImv `n-PmXnhn`-P\-n-\p ASn-m-\s {io\m-cm-bW XIp-I-f-p. tIc-f-n AXn-cq-ambn \ne-\n PmXn--D-]-Pm-Xn-hy-h--bpsS XmXzn-Im-Sn-m-\s Cs\ {io\m-cm-bW-Kpcp XIp-I-f kw`-h-n\n-mWv B[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-n kaqlw F Hcp
\qX-\-hy-h-lmcw Bhn`-hn-p--Xv. ChnsS XmXzn-Im-Sn-d am{X-, PmXn-hy-h--bpsS
{]tbm-K-cq-]--fpw m]-\-fpw ]pXnb a\p-jym-\p-`-h-sImv AmsSbmWv `kvaoI-cnXv. inh-{]-XnjvT, ipNn-Xz-t_m-[w, t{X-, hnZym-e-b-, kwL-S-\, hyh-kmbw
Fn-s\ km-n-I-L-S-\-bpsS ]p\-{I-ao-I-cWw hsc KmVhpw kpZoLZr-V-hp-amb
\mcm-bW{]tbm-K-fpsS AY-an-Xm-Wv. H-hm-n ]pXnb Ncn{Xw Fp ]d-bmw. Ncn{X-sa-m a\p-jycpsS kqvam-\p-`h- IqSn-bm-W-tm.
Cy-bn k\ym-k-ns ]c-a-eyw tam-am-Wv. CXmIs, auen-I-ambn hynbpsS am{Xw kZvK-Xn-bpw. Cu tamw, kqvamY-n DZmo-Ir-X-kzmY-X-b-msX
asm-p-a-. kzmY-X-bpsS Cu temI-t_m-[s Kpcp, a\p-jy-tI-{nXkmaq-ly-tam-amn km{o-I-cn-p. PmXn-_---Xo-Xamb, kmaq-ly-_---fpsS kwLmXambn
a\p-jy F kwhKw AXp-hgn Dbp-h-p. Cu a\p-jy-cpsS temI-amWv B[p-\n-I]u-c-k-aq-lw. CXmWv Kpcp hn`m-h-\w-sNbvX amXr-Im-m\w. P\-X-bpsS Bm-`n-am-\amWv hmkvX-h-n PmXn-hy-h Cm-Xm-n-b-Xv. B[p-\n-I-]u-cs B-ap-{Z-bmWo
Bw. Cs\ kzbw-{]-h-\--a-amb Bw D hyn-bmbn PmXn-i-cocs amnsb-Sp-p-I-bmbncpp Kpcp-hns eyw. AXp-X-s-bm-bn-cpp At-lw t\cn {]Xn-kn-bpw. (Cu {]Xn-kn ]nm-ev Kpcp-hn-s\-s Cm-Xm-pw-hn[w `bm-\-Iambnop-sh-Xv h-am-\-N-cn-{Xw.) CXns {]tbm-K-cq-]--fn Hm-a-t-Xm-bncpp \psS/Fs inh F t_m[w. AXp-hsc ap--h-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp inh AYhm
Cuiz-c Xt-Xm-IptXmsS Cu temIw Xt-Xm-sW t_m[-ap-Zn-p-p. Rm F
t_m[hpw AXns {]]--ku--cy-k-ar-n-bn DZn-p-h-cp-p. Cu {]]-tm-Z-b-n-
Iog-a-s P\X Xs CSw cq]-s-Sp-p-p. C{]-]w, BZyw an-Shpw ]noSv
8

at\m-C-Shpw FmWv Kpcp-hnse {Iaw. CXv cpw tN CS-\nan-XnbmWv Kpcp-hn\v

inh-{]-Xn-jvT. t{Xw, hnZym-e-bw, hyh-kmbw F apK-W-\m-{Iaw CXns hnIm-k-]Y-fn At_m-[-am-bpv. AXp-sImv Acp-hn-pdw {]XnjvTbneqsS, Iogmf-B-t_m[w DWs-gp-tp-pshv ]d-bmw.- Hcp hynv inh-\m-Im-sa-n temIamImw;
temI-tI-{-hp-am-Imw. As\ B[p-\n-I-]u-c-\n-tev Hcp t\hgn sXfn-bp-Xns {]Ya-{]-tbmKw CXn ImWmw.
Bmhp If-hp-t]mb P\X
Bmhp If-hp-t]mb P\-X-bm-bn-mWv Iogm-fsc Kpcp I-sXv ]nsI.-_m-e-IrjvW(2010:127). If-hp-t]mb Cu Bmhv Ah-cpsS Nnm-in Xs-bm-bn-cp-p-shpw
Kpcp Icp-Xn. tIpI: alm-k-ap-{Z-ns lrZ-b-n-tev ac-Ws sXpw IqkmsX
hn-bn-d-p [oc-\mb ao]n-Sp--m-c {_m-Ws Acn-sI-qSn hgn-\-S-p-tXmmIqSn ss[cy-s-Sm--sXv? ]c--cm-K-X-ambn Ibdn-q-Snb A]-Ij-Xm-t_m[w-sIm-p-Xs! B A]-Ij-Xm-t_m-[-n\v ]ndsI hp-Iq-Snb _pn-]-c-amb
kmm A]-IjX aqe-hpw. AXn-\p ]cn-lm-c-amK--fmWv kzman Pohn-X-Imew
apgp-h\pw tXSn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-thn t{X-fpw aXhpw kwL-S-\bpw hnZym-e-b-fpw
hyh-km-b-fpw D]-tbm-K-s-Spn. A a\p-jyp-thn Ah-cpsS \nXy-Po-hn-Xn Atlw sNbvX tkh-\-v aX-ns Ah-ew_w thW-sav \n_--anspw Atlw(Sn, ]p.128) ]dbp-p. aX-a Kpcp-hns Ia-ta-J-e-sbp kmcw.
B]mZ-NqUw PmXn-tI-{n-X-amb hyh-sb PmXn-sIm-p-Xs NnIn-n-p
sshZy-kw-kvImcw Cu {]tbm-K-ns At_m-[-amWv. apns\ app-sIm-s-Sp-p-p.
PmXn-tI-{n-X-hyh-bn ssZh- {_m-W-cmsX asm-m-hpI htm. \mSp-hmgn--ns ASn-dbmW-Xv. AXp-sImv Cu {_m-WssZh-s- XIp-sImt
]pXpkaq-l-\namWw km[n-q. As\ Cuiz-cs\ {]iv\-h-cn-p-p. Cuiz-cm-cm[\ ]uc-mh-Imi{]iv\-hpam-p-p. Pw-sImv Cug-h-\mb \mcm-b-WKpcp inh-s\ {]XnjvTn--tm Cu {_m-W-hy-h-lm-c--fpsS ASn--n-f-In. Cuiz-c-{]-XnjvT \S-p-hm
aqe-a-{- Adn-bWw. a{m-[n-Im-cn-bm-Is {_m-W am{Xhpw. inh{]XnjvT -hgn
\mcm-b-WKpcp Cu A[n-Im-c-hy-h-lm-c-sf Bg-n ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNbvXp. HmaXv, AXp-hsc s]mXp-t_m-[-nse ssZhw {_m-W-\m-bn-cp-p-shv sXfn-bnp. cma-Xv, ssZh-n\v {_m-W-\m-Im-sa-n Cug-h-\pam-Imw F _Ztem-I-t_m[w
DbnsImphp. CXv auen-I-am-bn, k\m-X-\n-I-sf PmXn-q-s(km-am-\y-t_m[-s) kzbw-hn-ai-\-n\v \n_-n-p. PmXn-hy-h--bpsS Xmbvth-cn-emWv inh-{]XnjvT agp-hmbn Bgvn-d-n-b-sX-Yw. ssZh-ns P\m-b--h-c-Ww. ssZhhpw
temIhpw X-fp-tS-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-sWv Iogm-f-P-\Xbpw (X ssIb-S-n-h--Xm-bn-cp-pshv k\m-X-\n-I-fpw) Xncn--dn B \nanjw, Cu P\-XbpsS Bt_m[w \qm-pI-fpsS sIp-I s]mnp IpXn-sm-gp-In. As\bmWv P\-X-bpsS Dd-sm-gp-Inb Bt_m[ns cq]-I-ambn Acp-hn-p-dw inh-{]-Xn-jvT amdpXv. Cu P\X Cug-h-\tm?
Atm ]ns Cug-h-in-h? CX-dn-bm Kpcphpw Cug-h\pw Xn-ep _-a-dn-b-Ww.
Kp-cp-hns aXhpw PmXn-bpw.
Pw-sIm-p-am{Xw Cug-hP
- m-Xn-bnsp-t]mb \mcm-bW
- K
- p-cp-hns\ lnphpw Cugh-aXm-Nm-cy-\p-am-m-\p {iaw At-l-ns Ime-p-Xs XpS-n-bn-cp-p. tbmKcq]oI-c-W-k-`w apX CXp {]I-Shp-am-Wv. Poh-N-cn-{X-n-em-I-s Kpcp-hns\ aX-{]-hm-N-I\mb Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-\mm Bim, \ncm-[mcw {ian-p-pv. hnZym-`ym-k-n Ap
Xosc ]ptcm-Kannn-m Cugh-k-ap-Zm-b-n P\-sf kwL-Sn-nv Hcp m]-\-apm-n Ah-cpsS Ah-iX
- m-]c
- n-lm-c
- n\v hnP-b]
- qhw \Snsmp-t]m-Ip-hm AXns\
aX-tmSp _n-n-p-Ibpw Hcp Kpcp-hns A[y--X-bn B m]\w {]hn-p9

Ibpw sNbvXm hnPbw \njv{]-bmkw km[y-am-sWv tUm.-]p a\-n-emn Fv

F.-Ip-am-c(2010:60) Hman-p-p. AXp-t]mse, Cu tbmKw AY-n tIhew ae-bmf-nse Cug-h-a-lm-P-\-tbm-K-am-Ip-p....-kz-Pm-Xn-bn C{X tbmKy-\mb Hcp aXm-Nmcys\(\mcm-b-W-Kp-cphns\ A[y--\mbn) e`n-Xv \psS kap-Zm-b-n\v Ctm Dmbn- p `mKy- - f n hv Ghpw {][m- \ - a m- b n- p Hm- s Wv Poh- N - c n- { X- n
Bim(2010:62-)Dp-f-I-tmsS Fgp-Xn-bn-p-ap-v. tbmKw Bcw-`wap-Xte Cug-h-PmXnbns hnZym-k--cpw {Zhy-cpw Xd-hm-Sn-I-fp-w kzw kap-Zm-b-n sImn\pw
sIme-bvp-a-s-nepw hnm\pw Xm-\p-a-[n-Im-c-ap {]amWnIfpw am{Xw tN IqpsI-m-bn-cp-p. \qdp cq]-bm-bn-cpp tbmK-n AwK-Xz-^o-kv. (Am-es Hcp Pnm
PUvPn-bpsS \mev amks i-fw!) ]mn-Xytam Ihn-Xztam A ]p,Kpcp-{]`r-Xn-IfpsS am\-k-]p-{XXzw Hp-am-{X-am-bn-cpp AwK-Xz-n\v Ipam-c-\m-ims t]mepw aqe-[\sav ]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW. Am--]w Bim tbmK-ns Xn- t]mepw ImWpam-bn-cp-n-. apf-bnte Adn-bm-atm apf--cp-v. tbmK-ns hK-kz-`mhw ]ns A\p-knw.11 As\ tbmKkmln-Xy-n(AXn -am-{Xw!) \mcm-b-W-Kpcp shdpw Cugh-t\Xm-hm-bn Npcpn. kmwkvIm-cn-I-_-emmcw Fp ]d-bmw.
atX-X-c-Nn-I
Fm hmkvX-h-sa-mWv? GsX-nepw PmXn-q--ns IpS-n HXp-p
`qX-am-bn-cp-pthm Kpcp? Atlw HcnSpw lnp-a-X-sp-dnv B\p-jw-Kn-I-am-b-msX
kwkm-cn-p-Im-Wp-n-. aX-kzo-Im-ctam aX-hn-tcm[tam At-lns hgn-b. aX-\n-tj[-a-, aX-t`-Z-\n-tj-[-ambncpp Kpcp-hns amKw (A-go-tmSv 1995:37). Ipn-pg (2002:283)
]dbpp: AssZz-X-kn-m--nse ]qhm-Nm-cy-m-sc-tmepw kzX-{-ambn hnain-m
{io\m-cm-b-W in-n-cp-n-. {_-kq-{X-nse A]-iq-{Zm-[n-I-c-W-ns im-c-`mjyw
bpnpw \oXnpw hncp-a
- m-Ib
- m kzoIm-cy-as
- v Atlw A`n-{]m-bs
- -n-p-v. AssZzX-XXzw hni-Zo-I-cn-p Nne eLp-Ir-Xn-I Kpcp-hns hI-bm-bn-p-s-nepw thZmw
]Tn-n-p-hm {]tXy-In-smcp m]-\hpw Atlw Gs-Sp-n-bn-...kwkvIrXw apJyhn-j-b-am-n-smv \ho-\-co-Xn-bn-ep Nne ]mT-im-e-I-fmWv Atlw m]n--Xv.
eyhpw AYhpw hy-am-W-tm. ]ns, Fm-bn-cpp Cug-h-Ip-Spw-_-n P\n
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns aXw? aX-]-cn-h-\-c-k-hm-Zm-Zn-I-fn CS-s]v ktlm-Z-c A-\p-ambn Kpcp \S-nb kw`m-jWw ap\nn Cmcyw hni-Zo-I-cn-mw.
aXw Fp shm A`n-{]mbw. AtX-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy\v Hcp-anv Ign-bmw. PmXnt`Zw hc-cp-Xv. AXmWv th-Xv...-aXw amd-W-sap tXmn-bm DSs\ amdWw. AXn\p
kzmX-{yw thWw. aXw Hmtcm-cp--cpsS Cw-t]m-se-bn-cn-pw. As aX-a-m-bn-cnmw
aI-\n-w. a\p-jy\v aX-kzm-X{yw th-Xm-Wv. AXmWv \psS A`n-{]m-bw. (Fw.-sI.km\p 2010: 231-32)
FmWv Kpcp ]d--Xn-\Yw? A`n-{]mbw Fm A`n {]h-Nn-p--Xv. {]hN\sam {]Itj-W-bp-- hmv. AXm-bXv t\sc khn-ti-j-e-y-tmsS ]d-bp-XmWv A`n-{]m-bw. Bm-hn-jvImcw Fpw ]d-bmw. hyn-bpsS B`y--cm-kvXn-Xz-s
\nW-bn-p B[m-c-bp-n-IfpsS Cu taJe \nXy-]-cn-Wm-an-bmWv. Adn-hv Gdp--X-\pk-cnv AXp kzbw ]cn-W-an-p-p. Cs\ hyn-bpsS B-ns AYhm B`y--cPo-hn-X-ns B[m-c-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-bp-n-bmWv kqvamY-n Kpcp-hn\v aXw.
kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-a hyn-bpsS B`y--c-Po-hn-X-amWv AXns CSw.
PmXn-\nW-b-n PmXn-- kw-_-n X- Atlw `kva-am-p-pv.
ImWpI:
a\p-jymWmw a\p-jyXzw
PmXn tKmXzw Khmw bYm
\ {_mWmZn-c-sskyhw
10

lm! XXzw thn tIm]n \.

]ip-v tKmXzw F PmXn-bp--Xp-t]mse, a\p-jyv a\p-jy-Pm-Xn-bp-v.
{_m-WmZn PmXn-bn-. Fm Iw, ]c-amY-Zin-I-fmbn Bcp-an- Fp ae-bm-fw.
a\p-jy-Xzw-sImv a\p-jyscmw Hcp PmXn. Bbn-c-m-p-I-fpsS \ninX{]tbmKfneqsS (thZw tIp--iq-{Zs sNhn-bn Cubw Dcp-n-s H-gn--W-sa imTyw
Hman-p-I.) kmam-\y-t_m-[-n kzm`m-hn-I-sap tXmn-npwav Ipdp-In-bp-d A[nIm-c-hy-h-lm-cs a\p-jyXzw F hyh-lm-cw-sImv ASn-]n-fp-p. 1916 Xncp-h\--]p-cs ap--d-bn ]pe-b-k-aq-l-n\pw12 asm-cn- ktlm-Z-c-kw-Ln\pw13
\Inb kt-ifn CX-tlw Dd-s--d-bp-p-v. \nXy-Po-hn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ns aqbm cq]-Ifm Cmcyw Atlw t_m[y-s-Sp-p-Xp ImWpI: PmXn Hm-sWp-X
- n\v hnti-jnv sXfn-shmpw Bh-iy-an-. Hcp ]n thsdmcp ]n-sb-
- m AXns
kzw PmXn-bm-sWp a\-n-empw. Fm arK-pw Cu hI-Xn-cn-hpv. Ah-sbmw
AX-\p-k-cnv Pohn-p-p-ap-v. a\p-jy\v am{Xw kzw PmXn-sb-p-dnv kwi-bw. kzw
PmXnsb Xncn--dn-bm-\p in-bn-.
Cu knmw Atlw Pohnv sXfn-bn-p. AXn\v Bep-hm-bnse B{i-a-n
hv 1091 CShw 15\v, s]mXp-P-\--fpsS Adn-hn-te-mbn ]ckyw-sNbvX A-dn-bn-n (sI.F.jm-Pn 2002:378) X\nv PmXn-bn-spw Atlw Dd-n-p]dp. tIq: \mw
PmXn-t`Zw hnnv Ctm GXm\pw kwh-c
-
- Ign-n-cn-p-p. Fnpw Nne {]tXyI
hK-m \s Ah-cpsS hK-ns-Xmbn hnNm-cnpw {]hnpw hcp--Xmbpw
AXp tlXp-hm ]epw \psS hmkvX-h-n\v hncp--amb [mc-Wbvv CS-h-n-pspw Adn-b-pp. \mw {]tXyI PmXn-bntem aX-ntem Ds-Sp-n-. hnti-jnpw
\psS injy-hK-n\npw ta{]-Im-c-ap--hsc am{Xta \psS ]nKm-an-bmbn hc--hn[w Bephm AssZz-Xm-{i-a-n injy-kw-L-n tNn-p-p-shpw taepw
tNp-Ib
- p-q-shpw hyh-s
- -Sp-n-bn-cn-p-X
- m-Ip-p. AXp-t]mse GI-aXw Fm
\ne-hn-ep aX--sfm-p-a-spw kn.-hn.-Ip-p-cm-a-\p-am-bp kw`m-j-W-n Atlw
hni-Zo-I-cnp: ka-_p-n-tbm-Sp-IqSn Fm aX-fpw Fm-hcpw ]Tn-Ww. Atm {][m\-X-Xz--fn Ah-bvv Xn kmc-amb hyXym-k-an-sv shfn-s-Sp--Xm-Wv. As\
shfn-s-p-In-p aX-amWv \mw D]-tZ-in-p GI-a-Xw (2010:174-). Fm aX--sfbpw
tNv am\-h-[a-satm a\p-jy-a-X-satm Fp-sImv t]cnv IqSm Fpw Atlw
tNmZn-p. CXv _np-a-X-a-. ]c--cm-K-XmY-n Ch cpw, PmXnbpw aXhpw XpS-n kqNn-n-t-- ]mse \mSp-hm-gn-L-S-\-bpsS ASn--d-bmWv. Cu ASn-d, k\m-X-\tam
kzbw-`qthm Aspw a\p-jy-\nan-Xn-bm-I-bm XIm-hp-Xpw XIt--Xp-a-msWpw Kpcp tIc-fs t_m[y-s-Sp-n. tIcfw amn--Wn-tb- -P-\-X-bm-sWv BZyw
t_m[y-s-Sp-n-bX
- v, AXp-sIm-v Kpcp-hm-sWp ]d-bmw. B[p-\n-I]
- uck-aq-l{- I-asbpw
P\-X-sbbpw Ipdn-p BZy-`m-h\, As\ Kpcp-hn\np ]nd--Xm-sWp kmcw.
sscy-hpw BP-hhpw \nd kpZoL-_pn-Po-hn-X-n-stbm B[ym-n-Ikm-aq-ly-P-hn-X-{]tbmK-fp-sStbm k`--fn-sempw PmXo-btam aXm--Itam Bb
cm{-n-\p-thn Atlw {]hnp-Itbm Btem-Nn-p-I-t]m-eptam sNbvXn-n-.
tatN Kpcp-km-lnXyw CXp sXfn-bn-p-p. Ipn-p-g-bpsS (2002:283) Hcp \nco-Ww
CtXmSp tNp-hm-bn-pI: AssZz-XXXzw hni-Zo-I-cn-p Nne eLpIrXn-I Kpcphns hI-bm-bn-psnepw thZmw ]Tn-n-p-hm {]tXyInsmcp m]-\hpw Atlw
Gs-Sp-n-bn. thZmw Cybvv Bhiyn-e-[nIw Dspw AXv Adn-bm--XpsImp Ipg--a Cu cmPys _m[n-ncnp--sXpw Atlw I-dn-ncpp.
kwkvIrXw apJy hnj-b-am-n-smv \ho\coXn-bn-ep Nne ]mT-im-e-I-fmWv Atlw
m]n- X v . hnZym- ` ym- k w, hyh- k m- b w, kwL- S - \ , Pohn- X - i pn CsXmsbmWv
A[xnXk-ap-Zm-b-v thsXv Kpcp IqsS-qsS ]dncpp. AXyw PmXobhpw aX-hm-Z-]-c-hp-am-Ip-am-bn-cp k`-t]mepw atX-X-c-am-p-I-bm-bn-cpp At11

l-ns hgn. inh-KncnXoYm-S\ns \nanXn kw_-n Hcp k`w DZm-l-cnmw. 1103 aIcw 6 \v(1928 P\p-hcn 21) tImbw \mK-Sw inh-t-{X-n hv es
`-P-\- ssd Sn.-sI.-In-, h-`-ti-cn tKmhn- sshZy Fn-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xzn Kpcp-hnt\mSv inh-Kn-cn-XoYm-S-\w Bcw-`n-p--Xns\-p-dnv kwkm-cn-p. ]n.-sI._m-e-Ir-jvW-\n\np(2010:148) tI-pI: ssd: inh-Kn-cn-XoYm-S\w (Fp hmbnp). kzman-I: XoYm-S-\tam? inh-Kn-cn-bntem? sImmw! \psS Ipgsh--n
Ipfnmw. imc-Zm-tZ-hnsb hn-p-Ibpw sNmw. \ Imcyw. hmbn-Ww. tI-s.
ssd: tIc-f-nse Cug-hv inh-Kncn ]pWy--e-ambn Xrm-Z- Inv A\p-hZn--W-sav A`yYn-p-p. A`yY\ Kpcp A\p-h-Zn-p. Fm CXnse PmXn-hm-Z_oPw Atlw ZoL-Zi-\w- sNbvXp. Ipgsh-hpw imc-Zm-tZ-hnbpw cpw khn-tij
cq]-I--fmWv. Kpcphns temI-t_m-[hpw coXn-]--Xnbpw D-S-p cq]-Iw. Ipgsh-n Ipfnmw, imc-Zm-tZ-hnsb hnmw FmWv Kpcp ]d-bp--Xv. ]mc--cys
]pXnb temI-n ]pXp-a\p-jy-\mbn DZv{K-Yn-t--Xns co-Xn-imkv{Xw Atlw Xpdn-Spp Cu cq]-I--fn-eq-sS. tImf-\o-I-c-W-tm-Sp \ne-]mSpw at\m-`m-hhpw CXv IqSpX shfn-s-Sp-p-p-v. _n.-cm-Po-hs ip-]u-c-kvXy-hmZw Zp_-e-am-Ip--Xn\pw ap
k--`- th. XoYm-S-\-{]-hr-np Kpcp \Ip apK-W\m{Iaw {][m-\-am-Wnhn-sS. BZyw Ipgsh--n Ipfn-p-I. cm-aXv am{Xw imc-Zm-h--\w. hrn {]Y-aw.
`n ZznXo-bw. hrn hm a\p-jy \m-hp-sav hnh-. tZh-X-t]mepw hrnv
]nnte thq-shpw [z\n. hrn-p D]m-[n-bmWv tZh-X-Ifpw A-e-hp-samw
Fv Atlw ]noSpw Bhn-p-p--tm. XoYm-S-\-eyw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-tm
Cmcyw Dd-n-p-Xv ImWmw. XpSv XoYm-S-\-n\v hnZym-`ymkw, ipNn-Xzw, Cuizc-`-n, kwL-S-\, Irjn, I-h-Sw,- ssIsm-gn, kt-XnI]cn-io-e-\- Fn-s\
Fv Dt-iyey- In-p(Sn, ]p.150). 1917 t{X--sf-p-dnv Kpcp ]pd-s-Sphn ktiw IqSn Cm-cy-n\v DZm-l-cn-mw. C\n t{X-\nam-Ws t{]mm-ln-n-cp-Xv. t{X-n P\-v hnizmkw Ipd-p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Aew sIp-hm ]Ww
sNe-hn-Xp Zphy-b-ambn Fv Ah ]m--]n-p-hm CS-bp-v. Ime-n\v A{Xam{Xw amw hn-cn-p-p. Fnepw Xmew t{Xw thsp ]d-m P\-
tIp-I-bn-. \n_--am-sW-n sNdnb t{Xw hp-sIm-s. {][m\ tZhm-ebw
hnZym-e-b-am-bn-cn--Ww. ]Ww ]ncnp ]n-q-S- sIp-hm-\mWpm-ln-t--Xv.
ipNnbpw apw Dm-Ip-hm t{Xw sImmw. PmXn-t`-Zw-Iq-SmsX Hcp s]mXpBcm-[-\m-e-s-nepw P\-sf Hn-p-tNp-hm t{X- hgn Ign-bp-sap tXmn-bncp-p. A\p-`hw t\sc adn-m-Wv. t{Xw PmXn-hy-Xym-ks A[n-I-am-p-p. C\n P\p hnZym-`ymkw sImSp-m{i-an-Ww. Ahv Adn-hp-m-I-s. AXp-X-s-bmWv
Ahsc \m-phm-\p acp-v. (Sn.-]p.75). PmXy-Xo-Xhpw atX-X-chpw `uXn-I-Po-hn-Xmkv]-Zn-I-fp-amWv Ch. Ch-bpsS A[y-b-\m-N-c-W--fn-eqsS Cug-hp-am-{X, Fm kapZm-b-pw A`n-hr-n-bp-m-I-Ww. PohnXw amXr-Im-]-c-hp-am-I-Ww. CXn-\p If-cn-bmIWw inh-Kn-cn. CXm-IWw inh-Kn-cn-XoYm-S-\-ns ey-sav Inp-.14 kqvamYn CXv Acp-hn-p-d
- ns XpS-bm-Wv. A-s\, Adnbm\pw Adn-bn-m-\p-ap hnm\-tI-{-amn inh-Kn-cnsb ]p\\nh-Nnp. inh-Kncn asmcp PmXn-tI{-am-m-\p {ias,
Kpcp AXphgn apf-bnse \pn-. aX-Pm-Xn-h-c-W--fpsS {]Xy-hpw {]--hp-amb
Fm {ia-fpw kqva-cq-]-n `kvao-I-cnv atX-X-c-]u-c-k-aq-l-n\v DuSpw ]mhpw
Na-p. aXhpw ]pWy-hp-sam-s-bmbn kmam-t\y\ \mw [cn-p- Imcy-fpw \mcm-b-W-Kpcphpw Xn-ep _w CXn icn-p- Im-Wmw. a\p-jy Ipfnp hr-nbmbn, \ hnNmc--tfmsS Hn-p-Iq-Sn, IqSp-X hn-m-cm-bn-o-cp--Xn-\-pdw as-nepwaX-nepw
]pWy-nepwAtlw hniz-kn-n-cp-n-s-mWv Cu kw`m-j-Ww-sImp ImWp--Xv
Fv ]n.-sI._me-Ir-jvW (]p.148). PmXy-`n-am\w h[n-p-hc
- p-X
- d
- n-v, tbmKs a\km15
hm-Nm-IaWm D-t]-n-pXmb-dn-bn-p I , Kmn-bp-ambpmb kw`m-jWw16,
12

\apv PmXn-bn F tat hnfw-_cw Ch Hman-p-I. AXp-t]mse, Xm BPw

sNbvX-sXmw PmXn-p-th-n-bmbntmbtmsbpw a\p-jy-\p-thn Hpw sNbvXntm Fpw Dd-sm-gp-Ip ZpxJw,17 kzw `mh-\-sImv Bm-hn apdn-th atX-cXca\p-jy\mWv \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-shv t_m[y-s-Sp-pp.
_n.-cm-Po-h(2011:294) kqvaoIcnp-tm-se, aXs hyn-bpsS hnizm-k-ns
B-\n-jvT-X-bn-tep amn {]Xn-jvTn-p-Ibpw PmXn-t`-Zs a\p-jy-Pm-Xn-i-cocw F
bmYmYyw-sImv Xn--f-bp-Ibpw sNbvX-tm a\p-jy-cpsS kwL-Sn-Xm-kvXn-Xz-ns
]gb _mly-cq-]-sf HmsI Xnc-kvI-cn-p-I-bmWv \mcm-b-W-Kpcp sNbvX-Xv. cpS-bn-e-, kwkvIm-c-L-S-\-bn-emWv Hcp P\-X-bpsS X F t_m[w Kpcp- As\
cq]-s-Spn Dd-np. PmXn, aXw Fo m]-\- \ntjw XIv kap-Zmbw F
[man-I-Po-hn-X-ta-Je ]I-cw-h-p. Cu ASn--d-bn B[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-k-aqlw Dbphp.
Kpcp AXp-sImv ae-bm-f-nse BZys atX-X-c-Nn--I\pw kmaq-ly-in]n-bp-amWv.
Atm ]ns Fhn-sS-bmWv hgn-sX-n-bXv? tbmK-ns hgn-bntem ?
Kpcphpw Cug-h-a-lm-P-\-k-`-bpw
\mcmb-W-Kp-cphpw Fkv.F.-Un.-]nbpw Xn FmWv _w? Kpcp-hnsbpw
tbmK-n-sbpw tN Ncn-{X-nse hntam-N-\m-I_e-{]-tbm-K--fn Hm-Wv. tbmKw
Cug-h-cpsS PmXn-kw-L-S-\-bmbn-sbmWv auen-I-ambn `mh\ sN-s-Xv. Cu-g-hs
alm-kw-L-S-\-bmWv Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n.-tbm-Ks
- av kn.-tI-i-h (1999:303). Kpcp-hmWv tbmKw
Bcw-`n--sXv Bim\pw, ]p-hm-sWv F.-Ip-am-c\pw ]d-bp-p. 1078(1903) [\p 23-mw
XobXn kzman Xs aX-kw-_--ambpw kap-Zm-b-kw-_--ambpw D Dt-i-ysf \Sn hcp-p-Xn-\mbn {io\m-cm-b-W-[a-]-cn-]m-e-\-tbmKw m]n-p-Ibpw Acp-hn-pdw
t{X-tbmKw AXn ebn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXpsh Bims hmp-I (sI.-F.-jmPn
2002:37) hymP-am-sWv Ah kzbw shfn-s-Sp-p-p. Kpcp kzbw {io\m-cm-b-W-[a-]-cn]m-e-\-tbmKw m]n-p-sh {]kvXm-h\ Kpcp-hns Ap sISp-p-p. kt-f-\n Hm-nepw Nm-nepw Pbn-p-h-cp bphm-v shn-pw Hmp-sa-Uepw
km-\-ambn Nmn-sm-Sp-p--Xn-\p-IqSn, ia-[-\-\mb B tbmKn-h-cys hnt[-b-kz-`mhs kwLw D]-tbm-Ks
- -Sp-n-bn-cp-p (Xmbmp i-c 2000:65). kzw PmXn-bntebvpw
sNdn-bt- em-In-tebvpw PmXy-Xo-X\
- mb Kpcp-hns\ shn-sbm-Xp-p Bimsbpw tbmKn-sbpw {]hrn, ktlm-Z-c ]d--t]mse Kpcp Xpd hgn At-l-s-h-p-Xs
AS-p-I-f-bpp. CXv Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ip--IrXyambn-s Icp-XWw. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cpm]n-n-cp-Xv Acp-hn-pdw hmhq-ptbmKamW.v18 tUm.]phns Cug-h-a-lm-P-\-k`
F A`n-emjw CXn ebn-nv, Kpcphns\ ncm[y-\
- mn hn]p-eo-Ic
- n-X
- mWv tbmKw
F F.-Ip-amcs (2010:60)hmp-IfmWv Ncn-{X-bm-YmYyw. ktlmZ-c A-s hmpI Cmcyw Ddnpp. tbmKw kzman m]np Fp ]d-bp-Xp apgp-hs\ icn-b-.
tUm.-]p-hmWv tbmKw hmkvXh
-
- n m]n-X
- v. Xs ap\nnbpw Xs kzm[o\w
D]-tbm-Knpw tbmKw \S-p-hm kzman k-Xn-p-sIm-Sp-p Fv ktlm-Z-c A-
(Sn, ]pdw. 209).
Kpcp-hns Xm]-cy-amWv, ]p-hn-t-X tbmKw m]n--sXv hcp-m-\p-
{iaw Cpw hym]-I-am-Wv. Kpcp-h m]-I-s\-p-h-cp-Xv tbmKs s]mXp-t_m-[-n
PmXn-kw-L-am-n-bp-d-n-p-sapw atX-X-c-X-bpsS Bh-cWw CtXmsS Cm-Xm-Ip-sapw
AtXmsS tbmKw Ncn-{X-n A{]-k--am-bn-o-cp-sa-p-ap `bw Cu X-n
{]I-S-amWv. hni-Z-am-mw. aX-am-Ip ssIn-Sn-bn ]nSn-p-thWw `mc-nse GXp P\-Xsbbpw D-cn-m-s\pw kzw Bfp-I A\p-`-hn-p Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m Ah-iX-I ]cn-l-cn-m Ahsc Hcm-o-b-t\-Xm-hns\ Ip-]n-Snv At-l-ns t\Xr-Xzn kwL-Sn-n--W-sapw kzman hnth-Im-\- tUm.-]p-hns\ D]-tZ-in-p-I-bpm-bt{X! Fs-Sp-s-gp-Xn, CXp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-b F \nK-a-\-n Ctm Cu
13

teJ-I Fn-bn-cn-pp Fv KpcpIrXn-I-fpsS hymJym-Xmhv Sn-.`m-kvI-c (2006: xix)

Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-p. FmWv sXfn-hv? AXp am{Xw Atlw shfn-s-Sp-p-p-an-. hnthIm-\- ]p-hns\ D]-tZ-in-p-sh-Xv hkvXp-Xm-c-ln-X-sav Atlw a\-n-em-n-bncn-p-p-shv hnh-. AtXmsS tbmKw m]n-Xv Kpcp-hm-sWv Dd-n-m hgn sXfnbp-p. AXn\p sXfnhpw th! CXmWv {io\mcm-b-W-hym-Jym-Xm--fpsS \ne. Ahv
hkvXp-X-Itfm hnh-c-tfm A {]am-Ww. Fmw shfn-]m-Sp-I-ft{X! Ncn{Xw ]t,
Ccw shfn-]m-S--tm.
hmkvX-h-n Kpcp-hns\ sslPmp sNp-I-bm-bn-cpp ]p-hns Cug-h-alm-P-\-k-`. Cu tbmKw HSp-hn, Bh-iyw Ign--tm Idn-th-n-e-t]mse hen-s-dnpwIfp-. Am-es {Zhy--cmb Cug-h-{]-am-Wn-I-fpsS Hcp Iq-am-bn-cpp B
tbmKw FXpXs F.-Ip-am-cs hmp-Iv DuPw. Bim-tXv A`n-em-j-Nnbvpdw Kpcp-hns\ Cug-h-t\-Xm-hm-m ey-an-Sp-p. Poh-N-cn{Xw CXns ]qc-Whpw. kn.-hn.-Ip-p-cm-a,-kn.-Ir-jvW, Sn.-sI.-am-[-h, Bim XpS-nbhscmw PmXnt\-Xm--fm-bn-cpp-(kn.-tI-i-h 1999:28)shpw(Ch-cmcpw ]s, Xo-bmbpw PmXn-hmZn-I-f)Hman-mw. kwL-ns Cu hK-kz-`mhw apv kqNn-nnpv. Kpcp-sh PmXyXo-X-\mb Ah-[q-Xs\ PmXn-kz-m-m-\p KqV-X-{--fpsS Cu k`-nemWv Cugh-inhs Ah-Xm-tcm-tiyw sXfn-hmp-h-cp--Xv. hmkvX-h-n Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n.-F
PmXn-kw-L-S-\-bpsS AkvXn-hm-c-ap-d-n-m Kpcp-hns\ PmXn-bn Cug-h-\m-t-n-bn-cpp. AtX kw`-hn-p-ap-p. As\ A\p-bm-bn-I-sfp \Sn--h-cm PmXo-b-_-emmc-n\nc-bm-tI-n-h Ncn-{X-amWv Cug-h-in-h ]d-bp-I. AXp-sImv tbmK-ns Cugh-in-h Kpcp-hns am\-k-k-m-\-a-; PmXn-tbm-K-ns \nan-Xn-bm-sWp Icp-tX-nbn-cn-p-p.
Cug-h-in-hs Ah-Xmcw
Kpcp-N-cn{Xkw_-n-bmb A\p`-h-sf AmsS Bg-n aen-\o-I-cn-p-XmWv
CXns Hcp hgn. CXn-\mbn Ncn-{X-ns hymP-_nw-_- \nanv ]c-p-p. Poh-Ncn-{Xw, A]-Zm-\-I-Y-I, \mtSm-Sn-hm-Mva-b-, sFXn-ly-\nanXn Fn-h-sbmw H-bmbpw
IqSn--epw Im-h-e-b-ambn {]hn-p-p. As\ PmXn,-a-X-hy-h-lm-c--fpsS Cu
_e-X{taJebn Cug-h-Pm-Xn-bpsS B-Zi\w Cug-h-in-h-\mbn Dcp-h-s-Sp-p; ae_m-dnse Xo-]p-cm-hrw t]mse. Kpcp-hns Pohn-X-Im-ev, am\-k-]p-{X Nn-kzman
Fgp-Xnb A]-Zm-\-]q-cnXKp-cp-N-cn-{X-n t]mepw Hcp Aeu-InIkw-`-hamsWn-epw inh{]-XnjvT Fs ]d-bp-pq. Acp-hn-p-dv Cug-hv Hcp t{Xw \nanpsht
Bim Atm Icp-Xn-bp-p. {_-`--I-amb AXns Ncn-t{XmPw Bim\v knm t]mep-am-bn- FXv hkvXp-X. Cug-h-in-h ]nm-e\nanXn-bm-sWp kmcw.
PmXn-a-X-hy-h-lm-c-tfmSp kn-bmhm a-\p-tjy--bpsS A[n-tImP-ambn \ne-sIm
\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ Cug-h-t\-Xm-hm-m PmXn-k-aqlw Is-nb B`n-Nm-c-h-gn-bmWv
Acp-hn-pdw {]Xn-jvTsb Cug-h-in-h\m.
Kpcp-hns ac-W-tijw A-tXmfw hcp Poh-N-cn-{X-fpw kphn-ti-j-Icpw
CsXmcp hyh-km-b-amn hnI-kn-n-p. kn.-tI-i-hs Pohn-X-k-a-cw, Ipn-p-g-bpsS hnNm-ctemIw Fn-h- hsc CXv IS-p-Iq-Sn. t{X--fnepw {]Xn-jvT-I-fnepw hnizm-k-an-m
kn.-tI-i-h\nepw bpn-hmZnbmb Ipn-p-g-bpsS Nn-bnepw hntam-N-I-{]-Xo-I-ambn Ib-dnq-Sn-p-dp-In-bp-d-bvm Cu sFXn-ly-n-\msbn PmXn-kq-N-\-bv-pdw AXv apNne khn-ti-j-[a- IqSn \nh-lnncn--Ww. Fm-bn-cnmw B [a-?
Pohn-X-k-acw (1999:244)ImWpI: {iocm-as Ime-am-bn-cp-s-n, Hcp Cug-h Acphn-p-dp X]-p -Xp-S-cp-tm, Hcp Cug-hinhs -{]-XnjvTbvv Hcp-p-tms,
{iocm-as tLmc-JUvKw B Cug-h-ap-\n-bpsS Kf-\mfw apdn-p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cp-p Fp-Xp
\nw-i-b-amWv. kzman-bpsS B [oc-Xsb \mw \a-kvI-cn-pI. kn.-tI-i-hs\ kw_-nv
14

ssl-h-\r-iw-k-X-bvs-XnscbpW Cug-h-P-\-X-bpsS B-t_m-[-ns \-cq-]I-amWv Cug-h-in-h. tIc-f-nse Iogm-f-P-\-X-bpsS hntam-N-\m-`n-em-j- s]mn-b-acp cq]-I-ambn CXns\ ImWmw.
Cubm-i-b-ns XpS B[ym-n-I-Nn--I\pw bpn-hm-Zn-bp-amb Ipn-p-g-bn
(2002:282)hmbn-pI: F{X- sh-n-bmepw apdn-p-t]m-ImsX `mc-X-n thcp-d-p-t]mb
{_m-W-]u-tcm-ln-Xy-n-s t\sc D{Kw-]-iy-\mbn Atlw \S-nb Hcp shp-hn-fnbm-W-Xv. sshZn-I-m-\--fn\nv tNmZyw-]p-d-s--tm, Xm Cug-h-in-h-s\-bmWv {]XnjvTn--sX {]Xyp-cw Zqc-hym-]-I-amb Hcm-i-b-hn--h-ns Kw`o-c-iw-J-[z-\n-bm-bncpp; AXnse \nin-X-amb lmkyw bmYm-n-Xn-Isc \ni--cm-m ]cym-]vX-am-hpIbpw sNbvXp. Ipn-p-gbvv Kpcp Cug-h-\-; bpn-hm-Znbpw kmaq-ly-hn--h-Im-cn-bp-am-Wv.
Fw.-kn.-tPm-k^pw CtX \ne-]mSp ]np-S-cp-p. G-hp-a-Spv amIvkn-v coXn-imkv{Xw
A\p-k-cn-p sI.-F.-K-tWiv(1997:388) tIc-f-ns (a[y-hK)P\m-b--h-cWw
hni-Zo-I-cn-p-tm Cs\ Fgp-Xpp: a\p-jy H PmXn-bm-sWp hmZn {io\m-cm-bW-tXv PmXn-t`-Z-n-s\Xn-cmbn Db Ghpw i-amb i-am-bn-cp-p. Acp-hn-pds Cug-h-in-hs {]XnjvT hnizm-k-kw-ln-X-I-fpsS kmh{Xn-I-X-bv-\p-Iq-e-amb iamb {]h- \ - a m- b n- c p- p. Btcm- S v , Ftm, Fhn- s S- h v \S- nb shp- h nfn?
CXns\mpw kam-[m-\-an-. Fs-nepw B[mcw ap\nn-b Ch-cmcpw Cs\
Hcp Cug-h-in-hs\ sa\-bp--Xv. hntam-N-\m--I-`m-hn-sb-p-dn-p Bthiw `mh-\m--Ibm-YmYy--fn-tev Chsc \bn-p-I-bmWv. AXm-bXv Cug-h-in-h Hcp ]pcm-hr-ambn ]e-hn-Xm-\-n- -tbm-K-km-ln-Xy-n PmXn Cug-h-\mbpw an-S--fn Iogm-f-hntam-N-I-cq-]-I-am-bpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-n k-cn-p-shXns `mh-\m-tc-J-I-fm-Wnh.
Cu inh Fm-h-cnepw tIhew PmXn Cug-h-\ Fpw `n Du-ep-I ImWn-ppv.
Ah-km-\-hn-i-I-e-\-n a\p-jy-cpsS Cuhn[ kz]v\-fpw A\p-`-h-fpw {]Xo-Ifpw Cm-`w-K--fp-sa-m-a-S-p--XmWv Ncn{Xw. t\tc-Jm-bp-n-bn-eqsS am{X-a
Ncn{Xw ]e-tmgpw k-cn-p-X
- pw. AXp-sImv a\p-jycpsS A`n-em-j
- , A\p-`qXnI
Fm-a-S-p ]pcm-hr--, Ah F{X-Xs {`am--I-am-bn-cp-mepw Ncn-{X-]-chpw
Ncn-{Xm--I-hp-am-Wv. Hcp \mtSm-Sn-\nan-Xn. P\-`m-h-\ Fpw ]dbmw. AsXmcp \pW-b-.
-A-b-YmY-hpa-.- `m-h-\m-bm-YmYyw. a\p-jy`mh\ Ncn-{Xn\p shfn-bn-etm.. AXn\m Ncn-{X-n Cughinh\pw m\-ap-v, CubY-n, ]sm]Xmw \qm-ns
D-cm[w hsc-bp tIc-f-Io-gm-f-P-\-X-bpsS hntam-N-\-{]-Xo--I-fpsS km{-N-cn{Xw
AYhm ]pcm-hrw Cug-h-in-h\n hmbnmw. AsXmcp PmXn]pcp-j\sp Npcp-w.
P\mbh-c-W-nse {]Xn-k-n-I
Kpcp Zfn-Xsc {_m-Wo-I-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-shv Hcp hmZ-ap-v..19 \thm-m-\-hnai-k
- `-n CXn\v kmwK-Xy-hp-ap-v. tIc-fo-bk
- a
- q-l
- ns P\m-bh-cW
- s
XS-bpp F-XmWv Cu PmXn-hm-Zw Dbp {][m\ shp-hn-fn. CXm-Is, auen-Iambn PmXn-kw-L-S-\-I-sfbpw PmXn-X-m-hm-Z--sf--sbpw dm-p-Itbm `oI-c-hm-Z-ntev Ffpw hgp-Xn-\o-p-Itbm sNp-p. \thm-m\w XpS-n-h P\m-b--hcWw, tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-sIm-p-X-s, XpS-b-p-t]mbn F-XmWv \thmm-\-nse Hcp b-_n-p. AXp-sImv P\m-b--h-cn-m s]mXp-k-aqlw ]gb
PmXn-P-n-\m-Sp-hm-gn--`q-X- s]cp-In-bmm-\p XSm-I-am-bn-o-cp-p. Acp-hn-pdw
inhs\ PmXn-Cu-g-h-\m-p-tm kw`-hn-p Hcp Imcyw s]mXp-a--e-ns PmXnh-c-Wam-Wv. apv kqNn-n--Xp-t]mse {io\m-cm-b-W-s\bpw Atlw m]n inhs\bpw Cug-h-\m-t-Xv PmXn-tbm-K-v Ah-iy-am-sW-nepw atX-X-c-kw-kvIr-Xnv
b-Zm-b-I-am-Wv.
A-m-fn-bps-bp--h-cpsS ka-c-fpw sshw- kXy{Klw t]mep ]ucm-h15

Im-i-k-a-c-fpw PmXn-kw-L--\--fmbn XIp-Nn-X-dm-sX-t]m-bXv kaqlw P\m-b-h-cn-s

- -p-Xp-S
- n-bX
- ns kqN-\I
- f
- m-Wv. Aw_hmtU Awt_ZvdmbXpw s]mSnp-Xp-S-nb kmaq-ly-P-\m-b--ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. AXp-sImv \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hpw Adp-hnpdw {]XnjvTbpw P\m-b--kw-kvIm-c-n am{Xta hntam-N-I-am-bn-cn-p-I-bpp Fv
ad-m-Xn-cn-p-I. Hma-I Dm-bn-cn--Ww. t]mcm, AXv P\m-b--]-c-am-bn-cn-p-IXs
thWw.
Cug-h-in-h\pw PmXn-hm-Zhpw
Cug-h-in-h hmkvX-h-n ZfnXvhncp--amb Bi-b-{]-tbm-K-amtWm? A[x-nX-in-h Fp ]d-tb-n-bn-cp-pthm? AYhm As\ ]d-bm-Xn-cp-Xv Kpcp Zfn-Xvhncp\m-bn-cp--Xn-\m-emtWm? Zfn-X-tcmSv Kpcp Fp sNbvXp-sh--Xn\v A-m-fnbpw km[pP-\-]cn-]m-e\tbmKhpw kwkm-cn-p kmy--fm-W-tm.
PmXn-a-Xm-[n-Im-c-tI-{n-X-\mSp-hmgnhyh-lm-c-fpsS \mcm-b-th-cmWv ssZhw. {_mW-\p-am{Xw kao-]n-m\pw {]Xn-jvTn-m\pw A[n-Im-c-ap Cu ssZhs tkzbm {]XnjvTn-p-I-hgn Cuiz-c-tI-{nXhyh-sb Bg-n amn-o kmwkvIm-cnI{]-tbmK-am-bn-cpp inh-{]-Xn-jvT. ssZh-sbpw A\p-_--hy-h-lm-c--sfbpw AXv ]ucm-h-Imi-{]-iv\fmn P\m-b--hcnp. \mSp-hm-gn--L-S-\-bpsS ]cn-jvI-cW-a AXn\np auen-I-hn-t-Z-am-WnXv. \mSp-hm-gn-hy-h Ciz-c-\njvTam-sW-n Kpcp `mh-\sNbvX ]pXnb ]uc-k-aqlw a\p-jy-tI-{n-X-am-Wv. kmaq-ly-_-- \nW-bn-p
a\p-jy. ASn-a-i-co-c- hyn-i-co-c--fmbn amdn-bXv Cu hyh-lm-c-kw-{I-a-W-ns
k\vK`-nem-Wv. ]uc-kzm-X{- y-n-\p-th-n-bp GX`nem-jh
- pw, `mh-\t]mepw ChnsS
am{Xta km[y-am-hq. Cu Ncn{XhntZns kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-tbmK-amWv Kpcp \nhln Cu -{]-Xn-jvT. A-mfnbpw, Fn\v Fkv.-F.-Un.]n tbmKw t]mepw Cu hn-Zn-s A`m-h-n ANnyw.
aX-sa-m A`n-{]m-b-sa-m-WY-sapw As\ Ah a\p-jy\nan-XnIfmsWpw AXp-sIm-p-Xs aX-t-m {][m\w a\p-jy-\m-sWpw Kpcp ]e-X-hW
Dd-n-npv. PmXy-Xo-Xhpw atX-X-c-hp-amb {]m-\-ambn knv Kpcp XpS-n-b Acphn-pdw hmhq-p-tbmKs, Cug-h-a-lm-P-\-k` F, -]e-ap ]cm-P-b-s B-ibm
tUm.-]p X{-]qhw \njvImk\w -sN-bvXp. As\, tUm-dpsS B`n-ap-Jy-n
cq]w-sIm PmXym-`n-am-\{]m-\-amWv Ncn-{X-nse Fkv.-F.-Un.]n tbmKw. Kpcp-hns
\nXy-{k-h-n-bmb ip`a\v tbmKs ]co--WmYw, \nwKw kzoI-cn-p. Fm
]nm-ev, Cu tbmKs PmXy-Xo-X{]m\-am-pI Akm[ysap I-tm, Kpcp,
kzoI-cn--t]mseXs \nkw-Kw,-\naaw ]qW-ambpw Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.20 Xs
{]hr-n-I-sfmw PmXn-p-th-n-bm-bn-tm-btm F hnjmZw At-ls Am-ev
ITn-\-ambn Ae-n-bpan-cp-p.21 CubY-n, A[x-n-X-in-h Fv {]tbm-Kn-m
Kpcp-hns {]hr-n-Ifn, ISp PmXn-hm-Zn-Iv (A-hv am{Xw!) PmXn-t_m[w Btcm]n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. ]s, AsXmcp _e-{]-tbm-Khpw Ncn-{X-\n-tj-[-hp-am-Ip-sa-p-d-v. Xcf-Im]-\nIIogmfhmZw ImSp-I-b-dp hgn-bm-WnXv.
D]-kw-lmcw

Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-I-S-\-sa \ne-bn Acp-hn-pdw inh-{]-XnjvT B[p-\n-I-tIc-fs

- bpw P\-Xs
- Xbpw `mh\ sNbvXp. PmXn-ic
- o-c
- hyn-ic
- o-c
- f
- mbn amdn-op.
ASna ]uc-\mbnop. hnj-b-sa \ne-bn \nv hnjbn F ]Z-hn-te-p Cu
kw{I-aWw tImf-\n-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \nan-Xn-bm-Wv. ASn-a-Xzn \nv IXr-]-Z-hn-bnte-p ]cn-Wm-a-n\v CXv ASn--d-bmbn `hn-p. Cug-h-in-h F ]nm-ev
hnfn--s Acp-hn-p-dw-{]-XnjvT `n Ncn-{X-k-`--tfmSv `n Xe--fn-emWv CS-s]-Xv. kmaq-ly,kmw-kvIm-cnI-P-\m-b--h-cWw, tbmK-ns k`-n PmXy[n16

jvTnX-X-m-\nanXn, Iogm-f-{]-I-c-W-n aX-hn-cp--t]m-cm-w, PmXn-bn\nv kap-Zm-bn-te-p ]cn-Wm-aw Fo {]{In-b-I-fpsS auen-I-cq-]-I-ambn hn-p. ssZhs
]ucm-h-Im-i-am-p--Xn-eqsS PmXn-P-n-\m-Sp-hm-gn-L-S-\-sb {]iv\-h-cn-p-Ibpw
As\ B[p-\n-I-]u-c-k-aq-l-s-p-dn-p Btem-N-\-Ip Bcw-`-m-\-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. As\ cm{o-bw, kaq-lw,-kw-kvImcw Fo LS-\-I-fpsS P\m-b--h-cW- n\v ASn- - d - s bm- c p- nb kmwkv I m- c nI {]I- S - \ - a mWv Cug- h - i n- h Fv
kwt]nmw..

IpdnpI:
1.bqtdm-tI-{n-X-tIm-f-\n-A-[n-Im-c-ns _e-X-{- aqSnhv ku-cym-Iamb-h-XX-cn-n-m-\p X{w \thm-m\w, ]mm-Xy-{]-_p-X Fo {]tbm-K--fn-ep-v.
2.Not a way of acquiring knowledge about the subject, but of imparting knowledge to them.
(K.N. Panikkar 1995:127)
3.We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the
millions whom we govern, a class of persons Indians in blood, and colour, but English in tastes,
in opinions, in morals and in intellect.
(Selection from Educational Records, Pat I,Culcutta 1920-116).
4.
They looked beyond the colonial and the traditional; neither received their unqualified
possiblities of the novel as a literary genere created the space for incorporating this cultural
ampitance.
(K.N. Panikkar 1995:128)
5.
]mm-Xy-\m-Sp-I-fn-em-bn-cp-s-n sXm-Spp Ipn-bn-cn-p Xs Poh-Ncn{Xhnj-b-tmSp Poh-N-cn-{X-c-N-bn-Xmhv CtX-n tNmZyw-tNm-Zn-p-am-bn-cp-p.- H-cp-]mSv
A`yq-l-fpw X-fpw As\ Hgn-hm-p-I-bpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p. ]t, \psS almb kmwkvIm-cnI]mc--cy-a-\p-k-cnv AXp-m-bn--.
(]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW 2010:136)
6.
Kpcp-hns BZys {]Xn-jvTbpw m]-\--fp-samw Acp-hn-p-d-m-bn-cp-p.
Cu hmkvXhw s\m-nIc Xncp-h-\--]pcw Cu Xmeq-p-Iv shfn-v A[nIw BfpI Adn-n-cp-n-. \mWp Bim-s\-n {]knn Dm-bn-cpp F-msX At-lns {]hr-n-I-sf-n hS-tm-p--h an-hmdpw Adn-n-cp-n-.
(F.-Ip-am-c 2010:64)
.
7. a-\mSv sI.-Zm-tam-Zc
- (1929 {io\m-cm-bW
- K
- p-cp-kzm-an-I), aqtmv Ipam-c(1930 {io\mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an-), Fd-Wm-Ipfw {io\m-cm-b-W-k-` (1962 hniz-h-y-Kpcp {io\m-cm-b-W),
[a-XoY-kzm-an(1967 {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-tZh), aqtmv Ip-(1977 {io\m-cm-b-WKp-cp), Fn-h-sc-gp-Xnb Kpcp-hns Poh-N-cn-{X- t\mp-I.
8. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-{]-m\w {_m-Wsc A\p-I-cn-p--Xns Xew kqn-n-cp-p. thZm-Zi-\-sfsbmWv Bi-bm-Sn--d-bmbn Kpcp kzoI-cn--Xv. kwkvIr-X-h-c-Wsav Fw.-F.-{io-\n-hmkv (1960) kqNn-n {]{Inb PmXn-hy-hsb sskm-n-I-ambn
\ymbo-I-cn-p-p-v.
({]Zo-] ]mncnIpv 2007:64)
9.(a) Abn-m-N-cWw:
PmXn-hy-h
I
- fpw BNm-c
- fpw tImw-X- msX \ne-\nn-sm-p-hc
- p-hm lnp hf-sc-b-[nIw tfpw I-m-Sp-Ifpw kln-p-p-v. F{X-Xs ti- klnt-n-h-mepw B hyh--I Ah ewLn-m-dn-. Chn-Sps lnp- hnhn[
PmXn-mcpw tKm{X-m-cp-ambn hn`-Pn--s--Sn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Db PmXn-m, Xmgv
17

PmXn- m CXn\pv cn\pw CS- b n- e p- - h Fn- s\ ]e- X c- m- c p- a p- v . Db

PmXnmcpw Xmgv PmXn-mcpw Xn sXmSp-Itbm, Ahp \n-bn-n-p ]cn-[nhnv ASp-p-Itbm sNbvXm Db PmXn-m Ipfn-msX `Ww Ign-p-Xv \njn-am-Wv. Abn--am-b-Xn-\p-tijw Ipfn-msX `Ww Ign-p-I-bm-sW-n Ah-cpsS
Dbbvp lm\n Xp-Ibpw Ah PmXn-`r--cm-Ip-Ibpw sNpw. PmXn-`r--\m-Ip
hynv \mSp-hn-Sp-Itbm As-n Cmw-aX
- tam {InkvXp-aX
- tam kzoI-cn-pItbm am{Xta
KXy-c
- a
- p-q. Ipn-Itfm kv{XoItfm BsW-n `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I Ahsc ]nSnp Xmgv
PmXn-mtm CXcaX-tm hnpw. Xmgv PmXn-m ]mIw-sNbvX `-Wkm-[-\- Db PmXn-m `n-p-hm ]mSp--X-. AYhm `n-pt]mbm AhcpsS Dbbvv lm\n Xp-Xpw PmXn-`r--cm-Ip-Xpw app ]d in-Ismw
Ahcpw hnt[-b-cm-Ip--Xp-am-Wv.
(ssiJv ssk-\p-o 2008:51)
X-tf-m Xmgv PmXn-msc sXmm Aip--am-sbv tIc-f-nse Fm
PmXn-mcpw Icp-Xn-h-n-cp-p. Nne PmXn-m ASp-p-hmqSn ap Nne-Pm-Xn-mcpsS ipw amdn-tm-Ip-p-v. CuhI Xom-Pm-Xn-m-cpsS CS-bns ]e Xc-m-cpap-v. Cu PmXn-m-cn Hmtcm-cp-pw F{X-sb{X Zqcw ASp-p-h-cm-sav IW-pI DavSm-bn-cp-p. Xn-mSp Zqcw, sNdp-a-mSp Zqcw Fpw ap-ap hmp-I Zqc-ns
Af-hm-bn-s km[m-cW D]-tbm-Knp hn-cp-p. Im-fv 7.32 ao, \mbm-Snv
12.56 ao-dp-am-Wt{X XoIq-SmsX \nm-hp Zqcw.
(a-e-_m Kk-n-b. ssiJv ssk-\p-o (2008:57) D-cn-p-Xv.
hnh-I \Ip ASn-p-dnv)
(b)
\q-Xn-cn-tbmSp kwkm-cn-p \mb-cpsS ae-bmf`mjbn Rm F ]Z-an-,
ASn-b am{Xta Dq. \q-Xn-cn-bpsS an-ep \mb Xma-kn-p-Xv hon-e-, Ipm-Sn-emWv. B \mb bmsXmpw IpSn-p-n-, Ah Fmw tamp-I-bm-Wv. Ah XnpXv Acn-b-, I-cn-bm-Wv. Ah DSp-p-Xv XpWn-b-, ]g-p-Wn-bm-Wv. Ah tZlipn hcp-p-Xv Ipfn-n-, \\-n-m-Wv. \mbv s]mXp-hmb `-W-an-, Icn-m-Sntb-bp-p. Ah hn{i-an-p-Xv InS-n--, \Sp \nhn-bn-m-Wv. Ah AYhm Nnnp-I-bm-sW-n a\-p-sIm--, ]g-a-\-p-sIm-m-Wv. AtX ka-bv \q-Xncn a\bvse Ipf-n \oco-Sn Aar-tXpw Ignv ]n-p-dp-p-sIm-p Xncp-a-\-m-Wv.
PmXn-t{i-Wn-bpsS ]S-hp-I Hmtcmp Xmgp-tmdpw Xom-m-S-I-e- am{X-a-, {]tbmK--a-amb kmam-\y-\m-a-fpw kh-\m-a-fpw A`n-kw-t_m-[-\m-]-Z-fpw ]Z- D-cnt coXnbpw Dm-c-W-i-hpw bYm-{Iaw hnI-ehpw _o`-hpw arK-i--]-c-hp-ambn
]SnSnbmbn A[x-]-Xn-p-sIm-n-cp-p.
(]n.sI._me-Ir-jvW 1997:290).
(c)
1850 Unk- 5mw XobXn Rm P\-sf kin Iq-n Ipsd ]pe-b-cpsS
Pohn-X-s-p-dnv Adn-bm-\nSbm-bn. Cu Acn--m-cmb P\--tfmfw \nIr--n-Xn-bnep--h thsd-sbpap-bn-cp--Xmbn Ncn-{X-n-sepw Imm-\n-. Ah Ah-cpsS
Xp-cm--m-cpsS ]qW-A-[o-\-X-bn-en-cn-p--Xp-sImv Ahsc Ip-Im-en-I-sf-tmse
hnp-Ibpw hmp-Ibpw Ah-tb-m {Iqc-ambn Ah-tcmSv s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNp-p.
Ahsc ASn- m\pw _- \ - n- e n- S phm\pw Nne- t m AwK- ` wKw hcp- phm\pw
sImphm\pw IqsS A[n-Im-c-ap-m-bn-cp-p. ]pe-bv Iqen [m\y-am-bn-m-Ip-p. ]pe-bm-sc-q-SmsX ASn-a-I-fm-bnv ]d-b-cp-ap-v. Ing--]p-e-b hkv{X-ap-Sp-p-I-t]mepw ]Xnhn-. Ch-cpsS Ac-bn Ipsd Ce-I Npn-s-pI am{X-ta-bp-q.
(tPmPv am 1919)
(d)
XmW-Pm-Xn-mv X-fpsS hoSns\ X\-Xp-t]-cn \q-Xncn ta[mhn-I-fpsS
apn D-cn-p-Iq-Sm. kzbw-\n-n-p-sImv A[x-Ir-X-\m-sWv k-Xn-p-sImv taem-fm-cpsS apn kzw hk-Xnsb NmW-I-p Fv Ah ]d-b-Ww. kzbw hnfnpXpw X-fpsS tae-[n-Im-cn-If
- psS apn kwkm-cn-p-X
- n\pw IogvPm-Xn-mv {]tXyI
ssien-I-fp-v. kzbw-\n-n-p-sImv A[-a-\mWv Xms\v Gp-]-d-b-Ww.
(-hneyw tem-K 1943:80)
(d)
sImmc-fpw tImhn-e-I-fpw It-cn-Ifpw ]n-q-S-fpsamw aX-n-sbpw
PmXn-bp-sSbpw Icn-\n-g-en, Cug-h XpS-nb XmW hK-sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
ad-p-In-S-n-cp-p. s]mXp-\n-c-p-I, s]mXpth ]d-m Hcp hntcm-[m-`mkw am{Xw!
(kn.-tI-i-h 1999:27)
10.

Hmw-tem-I-a-lm-bpw \S-p Imev kzman-Ifpw Hcp injy\pw IqSn Cs\

18

Hcp kw`m-j-W-ap-m-bn.
kzman-I:
Cwo-jp-Im Pbn-m \msams {]mYn--Ww. \ap-sms k\ymkw
\Inb Kpcp--m-cm-W-h.
injy:
k\ymkw \Ip-I-sb-p-h-m at{m-]-tZiw sNbvXp Imjmbw \IpI-bmWp ]Xn-hv. Xrm-Z- In--Xns AYw a\n-em-bn-.
kzman-I:
{iocm-as Ime-p-IqSn iq{Zm-Zn-Ip k\y-kn-m ]mSn-s-t ]d-bpXv? ln-pI kvarXn-I t\mn `cn-p--h-c-mtbm?
(]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW 2010:166).
11.

tbmK-ns hK-L-S\ F teJ\w ImWp-I. (]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW 2010:112)

12.
a\p-jy Hs Hcp PmXnbmWv. Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn nXn-t`-Z-a-msX PmXn-t`Zw
C. Nnep ]Whpw ]Tnpw ipNnbpw apw IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-pw. ap Nnev AsXms
Ipd-hm-bn-cn-pw. Nne-cpsS \nd-am-bn-cn-n ap Nne-cpsS \ndw. Cu amXn-cn-bp hyXym-kf-msX a\p-jyp PmXn-hy-Xymkw C. ]pe-bv [\hpw hnZybpw Cm Ipd-hphf-scbpv. CXp cpw Dm-p-I-bmWv th-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw {][m-\-ambn thWw.
AXp-m-bm [\hpw ipNn-bp-samw Dm-Ipw
hnth-tIm-Zbw 1096 Nnw, (sI.-F.jmPn 2002:506).
Xs kap-Zm-b-n ]p _n.-F-msc kz]v\w-I A--mfnsbbpw Hman-p-I.
A[x-n-Xk
- a
- p-Zm-b
- n \nv ]v _n.-F
- m-sc-n-ep-ap-m-hpI F-XmWv Xs
Ghpw henb kz]v\-sav A-mfn alm-m-Km-n-bp-am-bp-mb kw`m-j-W-n shfns-Sp-p-I-bp-m-bn.
(th-em-bp-[ ]Wn--tcn 2003:25)
13.

1921 sabv15\v Kpcp kzw ssI-S-bn ktlm-Zc A--\v Fgp-Xn-sm-Sp

ktiw:
a\p-jy-cpsS aXw, thjw, `mj apX-em-bh F-s\-bn-cp-mepw Ah-cpsS PmXn Hm-b-XpsImv At\ym\yw hnhm-lhpw ]n-t`m-P-\hpw sNp--Xn\v bmsXmcp tZmj-hp-an-.
(sI.-F.jmPn 2002:425).
14.
Cu hnj-b-sf-n {]kw-K-]-c-c \S--Ww. Hmtcm hnj-b-nepw sshZKv[yw
D-hsc- Wn-p-h-cpn {]kw-Kw ]d-bn-Ww. P\- A-S--tm-Sp-IqSn Ccpp
{in-p-tI-Ww. tI-sXmw {]hr-n-bn hcp-m {ian-Ww. AXn hnPbw
{]m]n--Ww. Atm P\-pw cmPy-n\pw A`n-hrn Dm-Ipw. -Cu-g-hp am{Xa, Cug-h-cn-eqsS Fm kap-Zm-b-mpw A`n-hr-n-bp-m-I-Ww. As\ PohnXw
amXr-Im-]-c-am-I-Ww. inh-Kn-cn-XoYm-S\ns {][m\ Dtiyw CXm-bn-cn--Ww. a\-nemtbm?
(sI.-F.jm-Pn 2002:473).
15. 1916 sabv 22\v Beph AssZz-Xm-{i-a-n\nv tUm.-]p-hn-\v Kpcp A-b Iv,
Fs tUm AhIv,
tbmK-ns \n-b- Fmw \mw Adn-bmsX ]mm-Ip--Xp-sImpw, tbmKns B\p-Iqeyw Hpw \s kw_-n Imcy-n Cm--Xp-sImpw, tbmKn\v PmXym-`n-am\w hn-p-h-cp--Xp-sImpw, aptXs a\-n \np hnn-cp--Xpt]mse Ctm hmn \npw {]hr-n-bn \npw tbmKs hnn-cn-p-p. Fv,
(H-v) \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp.
(sI.-F.jmPn 2002:429,)
16.
Kmn-bp-ambpmb kw`m-jWw.(]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW 2010:168).
17.
PmXn Cm Hcp k` m]n--W-sav \apv hnNm-c-ap-v. ]e-tcmSpw ]d-np-v. Bcpw {in-m-\n-. a\p-jyp-thn Fs-nepw sN-W-sa-p-v. Ctm
FmWv, Hpw sNbvXn-n--tm.
(aqtm-v Ipam-c 1971:158).
18. hmhq-ptbmKw (]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW 2010:).
19. Ipdnv 8 t\mpI
20. Ipdn 15 ImWp-I.
21. Ipdnv 17 ImWp-I.

19

{K-kqNn
_me-Ir-jvW, ]n.sI(F-Un.)
,,

2010:
1997:

Ip-am-c, F

2010:

,,

2010:

Ipam-c\mi, F

2002:

Ipp-cm-a, kn.hn
Ipam-c, aqtmv

1965:
1971:

tIi-h, kn
tIi-h sshZy

1999:
1987:

IrjvW-]n-, Ipn-pg

2002:

KtW-jv, sI.-F

1997:

sP{^n, tdm_n

2003:

{]Zo-], ]mn-cn-Ipv

2007:

`m-kvI-c,Sn.- (kam-l-c-Ww, hymJym\w)

2006:

`mkvI-c-\p-n, ]n

2000:

cm-Po-h, _n.atl-iz-c \mb, sI

i-c, Xmbmv

2011:
1986:
2000:

ssiJv ssk\p-o

2008:

jm-Pn, sI.-F.(F-Un.--),

2002:

km\p, Fw.sI

2010:

kpIp-am Ago-tmSv
tem-K, hneyw

1995:
1943:

\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp, Un.kn tIm-bw.

PmXn-hy-h-n-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hpw,
]qW, tImgn-tm-Sv.
Hcp kwLw P-sa-Sp-p-p,
\m-cm-bW
- K
- pcp, ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jW
v (F-Un.),
Un.kn tIm-bw.
tbmK-n\v hbv Hp XnI--tm,
\m-cm-bW
- K
- pcp, ]n.sI. _me-Ir-jW
v (F-Un.),
Un.kn tIm-bw.
{_{io \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an-I-fpsS
Poh-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw,
\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp: PohnXw IrXn-I Zi\w,
sI.-F.jm-Pn(F-Un.--), Id v Xriq.
Bimkva-c-W-I
{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzm-an-I-fpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw,
]n.-sI.-{_-tZ-gvkv, tImgn-tm-Sv.
Pohn-X-k-acw, {]`mXv Xncp-h-\--]p-cw.
{io\m-cm-b-W-Nn--I,
F._n.F-kv, tIm-bw.
{io\m-cm-bW
- K
- p-cp-kvac
- W
- I
- ,\m-cm-bW
- K
- pcp:
PohnXw IrXn-I Zi\w,
sI.-F. jm-Pn(F-Un.--), Id v Xriq.
tIc-f-ns C-se-I,
kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-kn-o-I-c-W-h-Ip-v,
Xncp-h-\--]p-cw.
\mbta-[m-hn-Xz-ns ]X-\w,
Un.-kn,- tIm--bw.
ZenXv ]T\w: kzXzw kwkvImcw kmln-Xyw,
tIc-f-`mjm Cn-Syq-v, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw.
{io\mcm-b-W-Kpcp-hns kqWIrXn-I,
amXr-`q-an, tImgn-tm-Sv.
]sm-Xmw \qm-nse tIc-fw,
tIc-f-km-lnXyAm-Z-an, Xriq.
hmp-Ifpw hkvXp--fpw, Un.-kn, tIm-bw.
{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv,tIm-bw.
Bim \thm-m-\-ns Ihn,
Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm-bw.
tIcfw ]Xn-\pw ]Xn-\mdpw \qm-p-I-fn
(hnh: them-bp-[ ]Wn--t-cn),
amXr-`q-an, tImgn-tm-Sv.
\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp: PohnXw IrXn-I Zi\w,
Id v Xriq.
\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-kzman, \m-cm-b-W-Kpcp,
]n.-sI.-_m-e-Ir-jvW(-F-Un.),
Un.kn tIm-bw.
Kpcp-hns ZpxJw,- Cw-{]n v sImw.
ae-_m am\z (hn-h. Sn.-hn.-Ir-jvW),
amXr-`q-an, tImgn-tm-Sv.
A-mfn apX hn.Sn hsc,- I-d v tIm-bw.

th-em-bp-[ ]Wn--tcn

2003:

C
- hatier, Roger

1987:

Marx, Engls
Panikkar, K.N

1968:
1995:

The Cultural Uses of Print in Early

Modern France, Princeton.
Selected Works, Progress Moscow.
Culture Ideology Hegemony, Tulika, NewDelhi.

B\p-Im-en-I-
sNdmbn cma-Zmkv

2011 :

]-p-Xnc amknI, Unk-

20