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Pra
ti
al #3
Obje
tive and Out
omes
The aim of this pra
ti
al is to enable students to set up and exe
ute a simple three-dimensional numeri
al
ow analysis. For this purpose the problem of developing laminar
ow in an ellipti
du
t must be solved
numeri
ally. The numeri
al solution must be
ompared with the analyti
al solution for fully developed
ow,
whi
h is presented in the Appendix.
Students who have
ompleted this turorial will be able to
Exe ute the numeri al solution, using the three-dimensional version of the FLUENT solver.
A
ross-se
tion through an ellipti
al tube is shown s
hemati
ally in Figure 1. A highly vis
ous oil is pumped
through the tube in the positive x-dire
tion, and the
ow is assumed to be fully developed.
You must determine your own set of modelling parameter values using your student number, whi
h
onsists of
8 digits in the format d8 d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 , together with the formulas given in Table 1. Che
k that your values
are within the given ranges!.
y
a
Oil
x
z
b
Figure 1: Geometry of tube
Parameter [units
a
Tube major axis [
m:
b
Tube length [
m:
L
Mean axial velo
ity [m/s:
U
Oil density [kg/m3 :
Oil dynami
vis
osity [kg/ms:
Tube minor axis [
m:
Formula
Range
d
= 20 + d
16
240 + 10 d5
=
=
=
0:2 (1 + d6 )
880 + 10 (d1
! 16
[20 ! 24 21
[240 ! 330
[0:2 ! 2
[790 ! 970
[0:9 ! 2:7
[11 21
1
2 1
1
2 2
d2 )
d4 )
Use the Workben h prepro essor to reate a omputational mesh for one quarter-se tion of the tube, as follows:
In DesignModeler:
{
{
{
{
In Meshing:
{ Right-
li
k on \Mesh" in the \Outline"; then in \Detail" ! \Sizing" set \Use Advan
ed Sizing" to
\O".
{ Apply edge sizings with \Number of Divisions" on the order of 8, 12 and 15 for the three edges of
the inlet fa
e.
{ Mesh the three x-dire
tion edges with a \Bias" su
h that the ratio of su
essive element lengths is
equal to 1.05 (
loser spa
ing at the in
ow fa
e than at the out
ow fa
e) and \Number of Divisions"
equal to 25.
{ Mesh the entire volume using by right-
li
king on \Mesh" and then sele
ting \Generate" - the inlet/outlet fa
e meshes should look more or less like the one displayed in Figure 2.
{ Name the inlet fa
e, the outlet fa
e, the tube wall and the symmetry planes appropriately.
Flow simulation
16 .
Set \Area-Weighted Average" surfa
e monitors for stati
pressure on the in
ow and out
ow planes (i.e.,
p0 and pL , respe
tively).
Adapt the grid using 10% of velo
ity magnitude as renement limit. Note down the
hange in mesh
properties (number of
ells, et
.). Obtain the exa
t value of p0 pL from the \Report/Surfa
e Integrals..."
panel.
Run the simulation until p0 and pL have rea
hed
onstant values. Obtain the exa
t values from the
\Report/Surfa
e Integrals..." panel.
Postpro essing
Display the following distributions and then export them to text les:
The x-
omponent of velo
ity as well as the stati
pressure along the x-axis (
reate a \Line/Rake" from
x = 0 to x = L at y = 0 and z = 0 rst).
The stati
pressure and wall shear stress along the upper edge of the
omputational domain (
reate a
\Line/Rake" from x = 0 to x = L at y = a and z = 0 rst).
The stati
pressure and wall shear stress along the outer edge of the
omputational domain (
reate a
\Line/Rake" from x = 0 to x = L at y = 0 and z = b rst).
The x-
omponent of velo
ity on the y -axis at the out
ow plane (
reate a \Line/Rake" from y = 0 to y = a
at x = L and z = 0 rst).
The x-
omponent of velo
ity on the z -axis at the out
ow plane (
reate a \Line/Rake" from z = 0 to z = b
at x = L and y = 0 rst).
Report
A des
ription of the
omputational domain, in
luding the a
tual dimensions, preferably in the form of a
drawing to engineering drawing standards.
Comparative graphs of the x- omponent of velo ity along the x-axis (see Fig. 3 for an example).
Comparative graphs of the x-
omponent of velo
ity along the y -axis at the out
ow plane (see Fig. 5 for
an example).
Comparative graphs of the x-
omponent of velo
ity along the z -axis at the out
ow plane (see Fig. 6 for
an example).
Comparative graphs of the wall shear stress along the two outer edges of the
omputational domain (see
Fig. 7 for an example).
A tabular
omparison of the mesh properties and area-averaged pressure dieren
e between the in
ow
and out
ow planes for the progression of meshes used in the simulation (see Table 2 for an example).
An estimate of the inlet loss
oe
ient, i.e., the dieren
e between the
omputed pressure drop and the
analyti
al value of the fully-developed pressure drop, non-dimensionalized with respe
t to the dynami
pressure:
A des
ription of the boundary
onditions, with boundary values (mean inlet velo
ity in this
ase).
Parti
ulars of the
omputational mesh.
Parti
ulars of the
ontrol parameters and details of the numeri
al simulation, i.e. relaxation fa
tors,
onvergen
e levels spe
ied and attained, and number of iterations.
Comparative graphs of the stati
pressure along the x-axis and the two outer edges of the
omputational
domain (see Fig. 4 for an example).
"
kinlet =
(p 0
pL )
4UL a2 + b2
#
a2 b2
12 e U 2
A dis
ussion of the results -
omment on any obvious dieren
es and the possible
auses for these
dieren
es.
You are wel
ome to in
lude additional information, e.g. the \
onvergen
e history" graph of residuals, or
ontour
and/or ve
tor maps of the numeri
al solution.
Mesh #
0 (Original)
Cells
1800
4537
11159
21274
28554
33188
35239
Fa es
5922
15264
37338
71550
95181
109794 116259
Nodes
2366
6284
15289
29457
38600
43933
46284
p0 pL [Pa
2869.1
2950.6
3017.2
3029.9
3036.7
3037.4
3037.6
3.0
2.5
u [m/s]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
x [m]
Figure 3: Velo
ity along tube axis
4.5
4.0
3.5
p-pL [Pa]
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
x [m]
Figure 4: Stati
pressure distribution along tube
2.5
3.0
2.5
u [m/s]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
y [m]
Figure 5: Velo
ity prole at out
ow plane along verti
al axis
3.0
2.5
u [m/s]
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
z [m]
Figure 6: Velo
ity prole at out
ow plane along horizontal axis
0.25
200
w [Pa]
150
100
50
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
x [m]
Figure 7: Wall shear stress distribution along tube
2.5
u(y; z ) = 2U 1
y2
a2
z2
b2
(A.1)
The value of the energy
orre
tion fa
tor (i.e. e ) asso
iated with this velo
ity distribution is equal to 2.
The stati
pressure gradient along the tube is
onstant:
4U a2 + b2
dp
=
dx
(A.2)
a2 b 2
y2 1
w = 4U w2 2
a a
1 See
b2
z2 1
= 4U w2
b b2
b2
a2
a2
(A.3)