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4.1 Cc phn t trong h thng 4.1.1 Cu trc h thng iu khin in kh nn

Chng 4 CNG NGH IU KHIN IN KH NN

Hnh 4.1 H thng in kh nn

H thng iu khin bng in- Kh nn (hnh 4.1) so vi h thng iu khin hon ton bng kh nn c im khc bit c bn l: tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu in, theo cc phn t a tn hiu, cc phn t x l tn hiu v cc van o chiu lm vic theo nguyn l in, in - t trng. 1. Nt n. Hnh 4.2 trnh by nguyn l cu to, k hiu ca mt s dng nt n trong mch in.

4.1.2 Cc phn t a tn hiu

a)

K hiu nt n thng m (ON/START)

K hiu nt n thng ng (OFF/STOP)

b)Nt n t gi

Hnh 4.2 : a) nt n t phc hi; b) nt n t gi

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2. Cng tc hnh trnh in-c (hnh 4.3)

K hiu trn s mch iu khin: Tip im thng m

Hnh 4.3

Khi c tc ng

Tip im thng ng

Khi c tc ng

V d v nguyn tc tc ng theo hnh trnh ca cng tc hnh trnh in c (hnh 4.4)

Hnh 4.4

Hnh 4.5 trnh by mt h thng vi mt xilanh kp iu khin bng in kh nn. Mch s dng hai cng tc hnh trnh in- c ( 1S1 v 1S2);

Hnh 4.5 Mch ng dng cng tc hnh trnh

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3. Cng tc hnh trnh t tim cn (Magnetic proximity switch), (hnh 4.6)

K hiu

Hnh 4.6 B tip im c lm bng vt liu st t (Fe Ni) v c t trong ng cha kh tr. Khi tim cn vi t trng ca nam chm vnh cu (hoc nam chm in), cc tip im c t ha v ht nhau (tip xc) cho dng in c th chy qua. V tr lp t thng gp (hnh 4.7) Hnh 4.7 Hnh 4.8 m t cch biu din cng tc hnh trnh t tim cn trn k hiu ca xilanh ( 1B1; 1B2) v cch ni cng tc trong mch in iu khin h thng. Cc r le in t KB1, KB2 ng vai tr trung gian mang thng tin v trng thi ca cng tc 1B1, 1B2 tng ng.

Hnh 4.8 V d ng dng cng tc t tim cn

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4. Cc cm bin tim cn ( proximity sensors) ( hnh 4.9)

sensor

Hnh 4.9 V d v v tr lm vic ca cm bin tim cn

v s mch in

a. Cm bin tim cn cm ng t (Inductive proximity sensor) (hnh 4.10)

K hiu

Hnh 4.10 Nguyn l hot ng v k hiu trn s mch in ca sensor cm ng t Cc c trng c bn ca mt cm bin cm ng t: - i tng pht hin: Kim loi st t. - Khong cch pht hin: 0,8 10mm, ( loi c nhy cao nht - max 250mm) - in p cung cp: 10-30 VDC - Dng in cung cp ra ti: 75 - 400mA Nguyn l hot ng: Khi vt th bng kim loi c a vo vng tc dng ca sensor, dng in xoy xut hin trong vt th, n lm suy gim nng lng ca b to dao ng(Oscillator). iu dn n s thay i dng in tiu th ca sensor. Nh vy, hai trng thi: suy gim v khng suy gim dng in tiu th ca sensor dn n chuyn trng thi c hay khng bng mc xung in p ra. Xem s nguyn l mch in t ca cm bin cm ng t (hnh 4.11)

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Hnh 4.11 S nguyn l ca cm bin cm ng t b. Cm bin tim cn in dung ( capacitive proximity sensor)

K hiu

Hnh 4.12 K hiu v s nguyn l Nguyn l lm vic (hnh 4.12): - Cm bin in dung pht hin c cc vt th lm bng vt liu bt k ( kim loi, , g , nc ...). - Khi vt th c dn vo vng tc dng ca cm bin, in dung ca mt t in ( c hnh thnh bi vt th v bn cc ca cm bin) thay i. in dung ny tham gia trong mt mch cng hng RC ca cm bin. Trang thi cng hng thay i dn n thay i dng in tiu th ca cm bin v tng ng vi c hay khng c vt th trong vng pht hin ca cm bin.

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c. Cm bin tim cn quang (Optical proximity sensors) (hnh 4.13)

K hiu

Hnh 4.13 K hiu v s nguyn l Nguyn l lm vic : B phn pht s pht i tia hng ngoi bng it pht quang, khi gp vt chn, tia hng ngoi s phn hi li b phn nhn. Nh vy b phn nhn, tia hng ngoi phn hi l tn hiu kch thch to nn tn hiu ra. Tu theo cch thit lp v tr ca b phn pht v b phn nhn, ngi ta chia cm bin quang thnh 2 loi chnh - Cm bin quang phn hi (hnh 4.14a) - Cm bin quang mt chiu (hnh 4.14 b)

b.
Hnh 4.14 s dng cm bin quang 5. B chuyn i tn hiu kh nn- tn hiu in (hnh 4.15)

a.

Hnh 4.15

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Khi p sut kh nn vo ca 14 vt gi tr t, b tip im chuyn mch chuyn trng thi mch in. Mch ng dung (hnh 4.16), tip im ca b chuyn i ny c gi vo mch in nh hnh v.

Hnh 4.16 6. B chuyn i p sut in vn nng(hnh 4.17)

Hnh 4.17 Nguyn l lm vic: - Chc nng chuyn i tn hiu kh nn ( p sut d) in. Khi cng P1 c ni vi im c p sut , cng P2 thng vi kh quyn. p sut P1 c a vo ng ln sng v gy ln lc tc dng cng vi lc n hi ca l xo ln mt y ng khin cho khong cch gy hiu ng in dung thay i. Nhim v ca cm bin in dung l to ra tn hiu in dng tng t hoc nh phn a ra ngoi. C th t c gi tr tc ng theo mun thng qua lc n hi ca l xo. Nguyn l lm vic ny cng c dng gii thch tng t cho hai chc nng di y: - Chc nng chuyn i tn hiu kh nn ( p sut chn khng) in.Khi P2 ni vi im c p sut chn khng, cng P1 thng vi kh quyn.

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- Chc nng chuyn i tn hiu kh nn ( chnh lch p sut ) in.Khi c hai cng P1, P2 c ni vi hai im c p sut khc nhau, hiu P1-P2 s c kim sot. V d ng dng b chuyn i p sut kh nn in FESTO ARL-2N-PEV,cc thng s k thut: P1 0.25/8bar P2 -0.2/-0.8bar P= P1-P2 -0.95/8bar Tn s ng m 70Hz Dng in 400mA

a.Mch kh nn Hnh 4.18

b. Mch in

Cc phn t x l tn hiu c dng trong h iu khin in- kh nn rt a dng, v d nh cc mch in t, my tnh s tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp n gin chng ta dng Rle in t (Relay) 1. R le in t (hnh 4.19)

4.1.3 Phn t x l tn hiu

K hiu S nguyn l ca relay

Nguyn l cu to ca relay Hnh 4.19

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2. R le thi gian Rle thi gian cn gi l cc b nh thi (Timer) thc hin bng kh nn c trnh by chng 3. Trong cu trc h iu khin bng in- kh nn, ngi ta c th s dng cc timer thc hin bng in t, in t hay kt hp cc linh kin in t vi rle in t, di y trnh by hai kiu rle thi gian loi ny: Hnh 4.20 l rle tr ng ( Delay ON)

Hnh 4.20 Hnh 4.21 biu din rle tr ngt ( Delay OFF)

Hnh 4.21

Trong thc t, phn ln cc phn t in- kh nn trong h thng c ch to vi ngun cung cp l ngun mt chiu c in p 24V (hnh 4.22)

4.1.4 Ngun cung cp

Hnh 4.22

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4.2 Mt s cu trc iu khin in kh nn 4.2.1 Cch biu din s h thng (hnh 4.23)

Hnh 4.23 Hnh 4.23 m t s h thng iu khin in kh nn. Trong , phn mch lc kh nn: thng bao gm mch cung cp, o chiu v khng ch lu lng kh nn cho c cu chp hnh, c thit k tng t nh h thng iu khin bng kh nn. Cn i vi mch iu khin c quy c v t trn xung theo th t: lp a tn hiu vo; lp x l tn hiu v di cng l lp tn hiu ra ( cc cun dy in t ca van o chiu). Khi n nt S1, dng in chy trc tip qua cun dy in t 1Y1 ca van, tc dng in - t lm chuyn mch van kh nn 1V1, ngun kh nn chy t 1 qua 2 cung cp cho Xilanh 1A. Khi thi n nt S1, dng in qua 1Y1 khng tn ti, van 1V1 tr v trng thi ban u vn c (hnh 4.24)

4.2.2 iu khin trc tip

Hnh 4.24

Tc ng iu khin gin tip thng qua r le in t K1

4.2.3 iu khin gin tip

Hnh 4.25 iu khin gin tip

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4.2.4 Mch t duy tr

Mch kh nn Mch iu khin t duy trkhi to tri( Dominant set) Mch iu khin t duy trngt tri( Dominant reset)

Hnh 4.26 Mch t duy tr

4.2.5 iu khin t ng theo hnh trnh (hnh 4.27)

Hnh 4.27 n nt khi ng (START), r le K1 tc ng v t duy tr bng tip im K1(ct 2); tip im thng m K1 ( ct 3) ng li cp ngun cho cun dy in t 1Y1 m van o chiu 1V1 ( kh nn 1 4) y cn piston i ra. Khi ra n v tr mong mun (ni t cng tc hnh trnh 1S2), 1S2 b tc ng, tip im 1S2 trong mch iu khin ngt mch ca K1, van 1V1 tr v trng thi ban u ( 1 2), piston li v. Mch iu khin cng cho php a cn piston li v t bt k v tr no khi n nt STOP. Mch iu khin hnh 4.28a c thit k vi cc ch sau y: - Do van 1V1 l van 5/2 xung nn khng cn thit phi dng mch t duy tr; - 1B1 l cng tc chuyn i p sut-in: gm mch kh nn ni vo ng ng cung cp kh nn cho xi lanh v mch in ni trong mch iu khin; - Cng tc 1B2 l cng tc t tim cn; - Cc cng tc 1B1 v 1B2 hoc phi nh hai r le K2 v K3 lm trung gian ( nh trong hnh 4.28a) hoc ni ni tip qua K2 nh trong hnh 4.28b tha mn iu kin: piston ch c iu khin li v khi tha mn ng thi hai yu t va t p sut nn cn thit ( quy nh bi 1B1) va t hnh trnh quy nh bi 1B2.
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4.2.6 iu khin theo hnh trnh v p sut

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Hnh 4.28a

Hnh 4.28b

4.2.7 iu khin theo hnh trnh v thi gian

Hnh 4.29 Hnh 4.29 trnh by s iu khin h thng, v d nh c yu cu khi cn piston ra ht hnh trnh, cn thit phi lu li mt thi gian no ri t ng li v. V trong truyn ng kh nn, tc c cu chp hnh thng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v v vy kh duy tr n nh nn thng p dng iu khin theo thi gian ti cc im dng Phng php thit k mch iu khin in-kh nn theo tng cng c xy dng da trn nhng nguyn tc nu nh i vi thit k iu khin bng kh nn theo tng. Cu trc mch h thng c chia thnh hai phn c bn : mch h thng kh nn v mch iu khin ( nh trnh by trn hnh 4.23). Thit k cu trc iu khin theo tng c thc hin trong mch in, v vy cc phn t chuyn i tng s
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4.2.8 iu khin theo cu trc tng in

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l cc rle in t v cc tn hiu iu khin dng s l nhng tn hiu in p hay dng in. Tuy nhin hon ton c th p dng cho cc cng c lp trnh khc nh PLC hay vi iu khin. C th, c th tm tt li cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Lp s hnh trnh bc Bc 2: Phn chia tng Bc 3: Chn van o chiu v cc phn t kh nn thit k mch kh nn. Bc 4: Thit k tng iu khin, gm cc phn t chnh yu: - Phn t chuyn tng l cc r le in t, s rle in t dnh cho chuyn tng bng n-1 (n: s tng). - S tn hiu chuyn tng bng s tng. - Cc tn hiu cn li khng tham gia chuyn tng s nm trong tng v dng iu khin trc tip van o chiu trong bc thc hin. Hnh 4.30 biu din mch iu khin 2 tng (Line 1, Line 2). R le K1 lm nhim v chuyn tng; Cc tn hiu chuyn tng gm E1 thit lp tng 1; E2 dnh thit lp tng 2

Hnh 3.30 Mch iu khin 2 tng

Hnh 4.31 biu din mch iu khin 3 tng (Line 1, Line 2 v Line 3). Cc r le K1, K2 lm nhim v chuyn tng; Cc tn hiu chuyn tng: E1 thit lp tng 1; E2 thit lp tng 2 v E3 - tng 3. Hnh 4.31 Mch iu khin 3 tng

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Tng t, to ra n tng in th dng n-1 rle iu khin (hnh 4.32)

Hnh 4.32 Mch iu khin n tng

1. Thit k theo tng in- kh nn cho h thng hai xi lanh hot ng theo biu hnh trnh bc nh hnh v.

Cc v d:

Hnh 4.33

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Trong v d ny, rle K1 m nhim chuyn tng. Cc tn hiu chuyn tng c cp t cm (S1^1S1) v cng tc hnh trnh 2S2. Cc tn hiu c cp t 1S2 (thuc tng I) v 2S1(thuc tng II) dng cho iu khin trc tip Y3 v Y2 ( hnh 4.33). 2. Thit k theo tng in-kh nn cho h thng c biu hnh trnh bc cho trong hnh 4.34. Nhn thy rng h thng kh nn hon ton tng t nh i vi v d 1. Tuy nhin, nhn c biu chuyn ng hon ton khng tng t, chc chn phn mch iu khin s phi c thit k theo cu trc khc. Mch iu khin c thit k theo 2 tng nh hnh 4.34. Tn hiu chuyn tng gm: E1 = 1S2 ; E2=2S2. Cm tn hiu khi ng chu trnh: (S1^2S1) c t trong tng II

Hnh 4.34

Nguyn tc thc hin ca iu khin theo nhp l cc bc thc hin lnh xy ra tun t. C ngha l khi cc lnh trong mt nhp thc hin xong, th s thng bo cho nhp tip theo , ng thi s xo lnh nhp thc hin trc . 1. Chun b cho nhp tip theo; 2. Xo cc lnh ca nhp trc ; 3. Thc hin lnh ca tn hiu iu khin; Hnh 4.35 biu din chui iu khin gm 4 nhp thc hin theo nguyn tc trn. Cc tn hiu iu khin A1A4 c thit lp s m nhim 3 nhim v, v d nh A1:
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4.2.9 iu khin theo cu trc nhp

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iu khin van o chiu no ; xa trng thi ca nhp th 4 bng tn hiu Z1; chun b thit lp nhp th 2 khi c tn hiu iu khin X1.

Hnh 4.35

V d ng dng:

Thit b khoan c biu hnh trnh bc cho trn hnh 4.36

Bng m t cc bc thc hin:

Nhp Xilanh Tn hiu iu khin Tn hiu iu khin van

1 A+ SET^1S1 Y1

2 B+ 1S2 Y3

3 B2S2 Y4

4 A2S1 Y2

Hnh 4.36

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4.3 Cc bi tp ng dng
4.3.1 Thit k h thng iu khin in-kh nn theo yu cu cho theo biu hnh trnh bc (hnh v bn) - H thng c th iu khin bng tay M (Manual) hoc iu khin t ng A ( Automation) - Gi tr p sut cn iu chnh v thi gian t tu chn theo yu cu cng ngh . Ty la chn cu trc iu khin. 4.3.2 Thit b phn phi phi vt liu , s cng ngh v biu hnh trnh bc cho trn hnh v:

H iu kin: + Thi gian t1 c hiu chnh cho hai khi vt liu ln qua vng chn; thi gian t2 c hiu chnh theo yu cu v kch thc v s lng phi cn cp. + Cc iu kin khc c m t trn biu hnh trnh bc. + C th lm vic t ng nhiu chu trnh khi dng mt cng tc + Tc ra vo ca cc piston cn c iu chnh nh nhau. Nhim v: * Thit k h thng iu khin bng in- kh nn ( Tm ra cu trc iu khin ph hp nht) Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s : Phn t Ch gii

4.3.3 Thit b p c kh cho gia sc, s cng ngh v biu hnh trnh bc cho trn hnh trang sau. H iu kin cho trn biu Nhim v: * Thit k h thng iu khin bng in- kh nn (ty chn cu trc iu khin). Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s : Phn t Ch gii

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4.3.4 Thit b np phi cho my ct laser m t trn hnh v. Chi tit cn gia cng c t vo gi kp phi hp bi cc xilanh 2A, 1A v c a vo v tr gia cng. Thi gian t2 cn cho gia cng, khi gia cng xong, 1A rt v - chi tit c vn chuyn ra khi v tr gia cng bi mt khu khc. Khi 1A rt v v tr ban u, 2A s c a ra v tr sn sng. S dng cc cng tc t trng khng tim cn gn trn xilanh. Thit k h thng in- Kh nn (ty chn cu trc iu khin) Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s :
Phn t Ch gii

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4.3.5 iu khin mt cylinder c biu hnh trnh bc nh hnh v

H iu kin: Nh cho trn biu ( Khi cp ngun kh nn, trng thi ca piston tng ng mc 1 y cng l trng thi kt thc mt chu trnh iu khin) - Yu cu cng ngh: Hnh trnh i ra v i v cn c iu chnh tc . S hnh trnh qua li ca piston tu thuc vo khong thi gian t. - Nhim v: * Chn cu trc iu khin theo nhp thit k h thng iu khin bng in - kh nn Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s : Phn t Ch gii 4.3.6 S cng ngh thit b khoan cho trn hnh v bn H iu kin: Sau khi chi tit cn khoan c t ng v tr, piston dn tin bu khoan rt ln v tr cao nht (xc nh bng cm bin 1S1) hnh trnh dn tin khoan bt u khi n nt 1S4. Khong cch dn nhanh (khng hn ch lu lng ) c xc nh bng 1S2. on hnh trnh khoan cn c kh nng iu chnh tc . Hnh trnh rt ln cn phi rt nhanh tng nng sut sn xut. Yu cu cng ngh: Hnh trnh i ra ca piston c chia thnh hai giai on vi yu cu khc nhau v tc hnh trnh. Hnh trnh rt v cn c tc ln nht c th Nhim v: * Thit lp biu hnh trnh bc ca Xilanh * Thit k h thng iu khin bng in kh nn, s dng cc cng tc t trng tim cn gn trn xilanh (tm cu trc iu khin ph hp nht) Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s : Phn t Ch gii 4.3.7 Thit b un (hnh v trang sau). Tm kim loi X c a vo bng tay. Bng mt nt n START, xilanh 1A ra kp cht. Lc kp c kim sot bng phn t p sut. Tn hiu do n cung cp dng iu khin cho 2A i ra un s b tm kim loi cong mt gc 900 v t rt v. 2A v n v tr cui cng, mt tn hiu t cm bin v tr s iu khin cho 3A thc hin
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cng on un cui cng. Kt thc cng on un, mt tn hiu t phn t p sut na s iu khin ng thi cho c 3A v 1A rt v. Sn phm c ly ra bng tay.

Nhim v: * Thit lp biu hnh trnh bc ca h thng * Thit k h thng iu khin bng in kh nn (t chn cu trc iu khin ) Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s : Phn t Ch gii

4.3.8 Thit b lm sch chi tit sau gia cng. Chi tit cn lm sch c vn chuyn theo bng ti W c xilanh 1A y vo gi vn chuyn X, xilanh 2A kp, xilanh 3A y vo bung lm sch Y, xi lanh 4A y ra bng ti vn chuyn i hng Z. Biu hnh trnh bc nh hnh v. Hy chn cu trc iu khin in-kh nn thit k h thng. Lp bng k cc phn t c s dng trong s : Phn t Ch gii

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