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MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................ 1
LI CM N ...................................................................................................... 3
M U .............................................................................................................. 4
GII THIU TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA ......................................... 8
1.

Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii ........................................ 8

2.

Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia ti Vit Nam ....................................... 9

3.

Tnh hnh sn xut bia nng cao trn th gii v Vit Nam ........... 12

CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT


CHO NH MY BIA XY DNG ................................................................ 16
1.1.

u im ca bia nng cao ................................................................. 16

1.2.

u im ca vic s dng ng v i mch trong sn xut bia ......... 17

1.3.

a im xy dng nh my ................................................................... 18

CHNG 2: CHN V THUYT MINH


DY CHUYN SN XUT ............................................................................ 21
2.1.

Ch tiu cht lng sn phm.................................................................. 21

2.2.

Nguyn liu sn xut bia......................................................................... 22

2.3.

La chn dy chuyn cng ngh............................................................. 35

2.4.

Thuyt minh dy chuyn sn xut .......................................................... 37

CHNG 3: TNH TON CN BNG SN PHM.................................. 61


3.1.

Cc thng s ban u .............................................................................. 61

3.2.

Tnh ton lng bia t 100kg nguyn liu ban u ................................ 62

3.3.

Lp k hoch sn xut............................................................................. 69

CHNG 4: TNH TON V CHN THIT B ....................................... 74


4.1.

Phn xng nu......................................................................................... 74

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4.2.

Phn xng ln men.................................................................................. 89

4.3.

H thng thit b phn xng hon thin................................................ 100

CHNG 5: TNH TON XY DNG...................................................... 104


5.1.

Thit k b tr tng mt bng .................................................................. 104

5.2.

Tnh ton cc h mc cng trnh............................................................. 105

CHNG 6: TNH TON HI NC - IN LNH...................... 114


6.1.

Tnh ton hi cho nh my...................................................................... 114

6.2.

Tnh ton nc cho nh my................................................................... 121

6.3.

Tnh ton in tiu th cho nh my....................................................... 126

6.4.

Tnh ton lnh cho nh my.................................................................... 139

CHNG 7: TNH TON CIP V V SINH AN TON......................... 145


7.1.

H thng CIP trong phn xng nu ...................................................... 145

7.2.

H thng CIP trong phn xng ln men ............................................... 147

7.3.

V sinh v an ton lao ng .................................................................... 149

7.4.

Bo h v an ton lao ng..................................................................... 151

CHNG 8: MI TRNG V PHNG PHP X L .................... 153


8.1.

Cc yu t chnh trong nh my bia nh hng ti mi trng ............. 153

8.2.

Tng quan v x l nc thi ................................................................. 157

8.3.

Phng n x l nc thi cho nh my bia........................................... 158

CHNG 9: TNH TON KINH T .......................................................... 164


9.1.

Mc ch v ngha................................................................................ 164

9.2.

Ni dung phn tnh ton kinh t.............................................................. 164

9.3.

nh gi cc ch tiu v hiu qu ........................................................... 171

KT LUN ...................................................................................................... 174


TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 175
PH LC ......................................................................................................... 177

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LI CM N
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti ton th cc thy c gio trong khoa
Cng ngh sinh hc Mi trng trng i hc dn lp Phng ng to
iu kin cho em c hc tp v nghin cu trong mt mi trng hc tp
khoa hc, gip cho em c nhng kin thc vng vng trc khi bc vo i.
c bit em xin chn thnh cm n s ch bo tn tnh ca c gio GS.TS
Nguyn Th Hin c l ngi trc tip hng dn, ch bo cho em trong sut
qu trnh hon thnh n tt nghip ny.
ng thi em cng xin gi li bit n su sc n gia nh em v bn b
nhng ngi lun ng sau gip , chia s vi em nhng kh khn v thun li
trong thi gian qua.
ti tt nghip ca em l Thit k nh my bia nng sut 50 triu
lt/nm, t nu v ln men bia nng cao 14oBx, s dng 50% nguyn liu
thay th, trong 25% l i mch Vit Nam v 25% l ng. y l bn
n c khi lng cng vic tng i ln, nhng do thi gian thc hin cn hn
ch nn chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. V vy em rt mong nhn
c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c gio v bn b bn n ca em
c hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni, ngy 17 thng 5 nm 2008
Sinh vin thc hin

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M U
Bia l loi nc gii kht c truyn thng lu i, c gi tr dinh dng
cao v c cn thp, mi v thm, ngon v b dng. Cng ngh sn xut bia
kh c bit, bi vy n mang li cho ngi ung mt cm gic rt sng khoi
v hp dn. Trong bia c cha h enzym phong ph v c bit l enzym kch
thch cho s tiu ha. V vy ung bia vi mt lng thch hp khng nhng c
li cho sc khe, n cm ngon, d tiu ha, m cn gim c s mt mi sau
mt ngy lm vic mt nhc. Khi i sng kinh t x hi pht trin, nhu cu tiu
th bia ca con ngi ngy cng tng, thm tr tr thnh loi nc gii kht
khng th thiu hng ngy i vi mi ngi dn phng Ty.
So vi nhng loi nc gii kht khc, bia c cha mt lng cn thp (3
8o) v nh c CO2 gi c trong bia nn to nhiu bt khi rt, bt l c tnh
u vit ca bia, l yu t phn bit bia vi nhng loi nc gii kht khc. V
mt dinh dng, mt lt bia c cht lng trung bnh tng ng vi 25 gram
tht b hoc 150 gram bnh m loi mt, hoc tng ng vi nhit lng l
500 kcal, bng 2/3 nng lng c cung cp t cng mt th tch sa. Ngoi
ra, trong bia cn cha vitamin B1, B2, B5, B6, rt nhiu vitamin PP v cc axit
amin cn thit cho c th, cc cht khong v nguyn t vi lng khc. Chnh v
vy t lu bia tr thnh th ung quen thuc c rt nhiu ngi a
thch.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu ung bia ca con ngi ngy mt
tng nhanh, cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh sinh hc, cng ngh sn
xut bia c nhng bc tin nhy vt. Nhiu ci tin v cng ngh c
p dng vo sn xut bia, nng cao cht lng sn phm, nng cao hiu qu
s dng thit b, v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Ngy nay ngnh sn xut bia
Vit Nam cng nh cc nh my bia lin doanh hay cc hng bia nc ngoi

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lun khng ngng m rng, ci tin, xy dng cc nh my mi ph hp v
nng cao cht lng nhm p ng nhu cu chung, vi xu hng cnh tranh v
chim lnh th trng.
Sn xut bia nng cao trong nhiu nm qua c nhiu nh my bia
trn th gii p dng nh mt phng tin nhm ti u ha sn lng ca nh
my hin c. Vic ln men dch ng nng cht kh ban u cao lm tng
hiu qu s dng thit b nu v ln men, tng cng sut nh my bia ln 15
25% m khng cn u t thm thit b v nhn lc.
Trc y theo phng php truyn thng, bia c sn xut t dch
ng ban u c nng cht kh t 10 12oBx, qu trnh ln men to ra bia
c hm lng cn 4 5oV. Ngy nay sn xut bia c nng cht kh cao
14oBx tr thnh ph bin v c p dng nhiu quc gia trn th gii nh:
Mehico, cc nc Nam M, Nam Phi... v n mang li hiu qu kinh t, nht l
cc nh my bia pht huy ht cng sut di iu kin sn xut sn c hoc l
cc nh my nm trong khu vc do c im thi tit m mc tiu th bia gia
cc ma khng cn i nhm nng cao sn lng, tit kim c ngun vn u
t. Sn xut bia bng phng php ln men nng cao khng nhng c li v
mt kinh t m cn to cho sn phm c nhng u im nh:
Nng cao tnh n nh vt l, hng bn, bia c v m du.
D dng cho vic a dng ha sn phm.
Hn na vi nhp pht trin kinh t ca c nc, ngnh sn xut bia
ca Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y c nhng bc pht trin nhanh chng.
Malt i mch l nguyn liu chnh trong sn xut bia. n nay nc ta vn phi
nhp gn 100% malt t nc ngoi. Chi ph ngoi t trung bnh mi nm khong
50 triu USD. Chi ph ny s tip tc tng theo sn lng bia trong nhng nm
ti. V vy vic tng cng s dng ngun nguyn liu thay th khng nhng
mang li hiu qu kinh t trong vic gim ngun chi ph ngoi t m cn gip
thm mt s cng ngh mi, to cc sn phm mi gip lm tng sn lng ca
cc dy chuyn sn xut bia, p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.

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Vit Nam, vic nghin cu s dng nguyn liu thay th malt i mch
trong sn xut bia c quan tm t vi chc nm nay Vin nghin cu
Ru Bia Nc gii kht, Vin Cng ngh thc phm, trng i hc Bch
Khoa H Ni v mt s n v khc v t c nhiu kt qu tt. Vic dng
go lm nguyn liu thay th, mt phn malt trong sn xut bia c s dng
hu ht cc nh my bia trong c nc, vi t l thay th khong 15 30%.
Tuy nhin, vic thay th vi t l cao hn mi ch dng quy m th nghim,
cha trin khai vo thc t.
Vic s dng nguyn liu thay th l i mch v ng hin nay cha
c ng dng rng ri. Do i mch cha qua qu trnh m mm, sy nn gi
tr ca n gim hn rt nhiu so vi malt. V vy vic s dng i mch lm
ngun nguyn liu thay th malt cn c nghin cu v a vo sn xut.
ng l mt nguyn liu c th thay th malt trong sn xut bia. Vi u
im ln l to ra mt dch ng c nng cao v nh mt cht c vai tr pha
long nit n gip cho bia c bn cao hn. Vic dng ng trong sn xut
bia nc ta cn rt nhiu hn ch, trong khi ngun nguyn liu ny rt sn c
v r tin.
T nhng yu t trn em tin hnh thc hin ti Thit k nh my bia
nng sut 50 triu lt/nm t nu v ln men bia nng cao 14oBx, s dng
50% nguyn liu thay th, trong 25% l i mch Vit Nam v 25% l
ng.

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NI DUNG THC HIN BAO GM
I.

Xy dng c s l thuyt:

Chng 1: Lp lun kinh t k thut


Chng 2: Chn v thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh
Chng 3: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm.
Chng 4: Tnh ton v chn thit b.
Chng 5: Tnh ton xy dng.
Chng 6: Tnh ton hi in nc.
Chng 7: Tnh ton CIP, v sinh v an ton.
Chng 8: Mi trng v phng php x l.
Chng 9: Tnh ton kinh t.
II.

Cc bn v:

1.S dy chuyn sn xut.


2.Mt bng, mt ct phn xng nu bia.
3.Mt bng, mt ct phn xng ln men.
4.Mt bng, mt ct phn xng hon thin.
5.Tng bnh nh my.

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GII THIU TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA


1. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii [1]
i vi cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin, i sng kinh t cao th
bia c s dng nh mt th nc gii kht thng dng. HIn nay trn th gii
c trn 25 nc sn xut bia vi sn lng trn 100 t lt/nm, trong , M,
c, mi nc sn xut trn di 10 t lt/nm, Trung Quc 7 t lt/nm...
Thng k bnh qun mc tiu th hin nay mt s nc cng nghip
tin tin trong nm 2004 nh sau: Cng ha Czech hn 150 lt/ngi/nm, c
115 lt/ngi/nm, c khong 110 lt/ngi/nm...
Tng lng tiu th trn th gii nm 2003 khong 144,296 triu kl, nm
2004 khong 150,392 triu kl (tng 4,2%). Lng bia tiu th tng hu khp cc
vng, ngoi tr vng a Trung Hi, y lng tiu th trn ton th gii tng
ln. Nhng lng tng ng k nht l Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Philipin vi tc
tng n 11,2%.

Biu phn chia lng bia tiu th theo vng (2004)


(Ngun t Kirin news Nht Bn)

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Chu l mt trong nhng khu vc c lng bia tiu th ang tng
nhanh, cc nh nghin cu th trng bia ca th gii nhn nh rng Chu
ang dn gi v tr dn u v tiu th bia trn th gii.
Trong khi sn xut bia Chu u c gim, th Chu , trc kia nhiu
nc c mc tiu th trn u ngi thp, n nay tng bnh qun 6,5%/nm.
Thi Lan c mc tng bnh qun cao nht 26,5%/nm, tip n l Philipin
22,2%/nm, Malaysia 21,7%/nm, Indonesia 17,7%/nm. y l nhng nc c
tc tng nhanh trong khu vc. Cc nc xung quanh ta nh Singapore t 18
lit/ngi/nm, Philipin t 20 lt/ngi/nm... (theo s liu ca Vin ru - bia nc gii kht Vit Nam).
Cng nghip bia ca Trung Quc pht trin l nguyn nhn ch yu thc
y s tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip bia Chu . T nm 1980 n nm
1990 sn lng bia tng t 69,8 triu lt ln 1230 triu lt, tc l tng 17 ln.
Thi k t 1981 n 1987, mc tng trng trn 20% (theo s liu ca Vin
ru - bia - nc gii kht Vit Nam). n nm 2004, tng lng bia tiu th
Trung Quc l 28.640 triu lt, xp th hng u tin trn th gii.
Tng lng bia tiu th ca cc nc khu vc Chu trong nm 2004 t
43.147 triu lt, tng 11,2% so vi nm 2003.
Do th trng bia trn th gii ang pht trin mt cch nng ng, cc
hng bia s dng cc chin lc kinh doanh khc nhau.
Ti M v Chu u, do th trng bia n nh, chin lc kinh doanh
bia l dnh th phn gim chi ph sn xut. Ngc li, ti Trung Quc l ni th
trng ang tng trng (nht l i vi cc loi bia cht lng cao) chin lc
l pht trin sn xut, tng sn lng v nng cao cht lng.

2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia Vit Nam [1]


Bia c a vo Vit Nam t nm 1890 cng vi s c mt ca Nh
my Bia Si Gn v Nh my Bia H Ni, nh vy ngnh bia Vit Nam c
lch s trn 100 nm.

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a. Tnh hnh sn xut bia trong nc
Nm nm tr li y, do tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh tc tng trng
GDP, tc tng dn s, tc th ha, tc u t... m ngnh cng
nghip bia pht trin vi tc tng trng cao. Chng hn nh nm 2003,
sn lng bia t 1290 triu lt, tng 20,7% so vi nm 2002, t 79% so vi
cng sut thit k, tiu th bnh qun u ngi t 16 lt/nm, np ngn sch
nh nc khong 3650 t ng.
b. S lng c s sn xut
S lng c s sn xut gim xung so vi nhng nm cui thp nin
1990, n nm 2003 ch cn 326 c s sn xut so vi 469 c s tnh t nm
1998. iu ny l do yu cu v cht lng bia, v mc v sinh an ton thc
phm ngy cng cao, ng thi do s xut hin ca nhiu doanh nghip bia ln
c thit b hin i, cng ngh tin tin... nn c s cnh tranh gay gt, nhiu c
s sn xut quy m nh, cht lng thp khng kh nng cnh tranh ph
sn hoc chuyn sang sn xut sn phm khc. Trong cc c s sn xut bia ,
c Sabeco chim nng sut trn 200 triu lt/nm, Habeco nng sut trn 100
triu lt/nm, 15 nh my bia c nng sut trn 15 triu lt/nm v khong 165 c
s sn xut c nng lc di 1 triu lt/nm.
Hai tng cng ty Bia Ru Nc gii kht H Ni v Si Gn l hai
n v ng gp tch cc v gi vai tr ch o trong ngnh bia. Theo bo co
ca cc tnh thnh ph trc thuc trung ng v ca hai tng cng ty, ring nm
2003, doanh thu ca ngnh Bia Ru Nc gii kht t 16.497 t ng, np
ngn sch nh nc 5000 t ng, to iu kin vic lm v thu nhp n nh
cho trn 20.000 lao ng. Sn lng bia tiu th ton quc t 1290 triu lt, t
78,8% cng sut thit k, trong Habeco v Sabeco t 472,28 triu lt (chim
36,61% ton ngnh bia). Hai tng cng ty pht huy ht nng sut, phi gia
cng ti mt s a phng nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi
tiu dng.

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Nu xt theo a phng, nng lc sn xut bia ch yu tp trung vo cc
thnh ph ln nh Thnh ph H Ch Minh chim 23,2% tng nng lc sn xut
bia ton quc, thnh ph H Ni chim 13,44%, thnh ph Hi Phng chim
7,47%. Cc nh my bia c phn b trn 49 tnh thnh ca c nc, trong
c 24 tnh thnh c sn lng trn 20 triu lt/nm. n nay cn mt s tnh
thnh cha c nh my bia nh: An Giang, Bc Liu, Bn Tre, ng Thp...
c. Thng hiu bia
Nhng thng hiu bia sn xut ti Vit Nam ang chim u th, ng
vng trn th trng v c kh nng tip tc pht trin mnh trong qu trnh hi
nhp, l: Si Gn, Si Gn special, 333, H Ni, Heineken, Tiger, Halida...
Lng bia thuc cc thng hiu ny t 713,8 triu lt chim 55,24% th phn
tiu th. Mng th trng bia cao cp cng xut hin mt s loi bia nhp
khu v cc nh hng bia ti (ti H Ni, cng nh thnh ph H Ch Minh c
trn 10 nh hng bia ti) vi sn lng nh nhng ang ngy cng c a
chung.
d. Trnh cng ngh v thit b
Cc nh my bia c cng sut trn 100 triu lt/nm u c h thng thit
b hin i, tin tin, nhp khu t cc nc c nn cng nghip sn xut bia
pht trin mnh nh: c, an Mch... Cc nh my bia c cng sut trn 20
triu lt/nm cho n nay u t chiu su, i mi thit b, tip thu trnh
cng ngh tin tin vo sn xut.
e. Nguyn liu cho ngnh bia
Nm 2003, kim ngch nhp khu nguyn liu cho ngnh sn xut bia (ch
yu l malt v hoa houblon) khong 76 triu USD. Tng cng ty Habeco th
nghim trng th i mch mt s ni nhng cha c kt qu do s khng ph
hp v th nhng v v kh hu. Hin ti c mt nh my sn xut malt i
mch vi cng sut trn 50.000 tn/nm v c kh nng m rng ln 100.000
tn/nm (trch dn t bo co tng kt hot ng nhim k II t 3/2001 n
3/2005 ca Hip hi Ru Bia Nc gii kht Vit Nam).

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f. nh hng pht trin nn cng nghip bia Vit Nam n nm
2020
Do mc sng ngy cng tng, mc tiu th ngy cng cao. Khng k cc
nc Chu u, Chu M c mc tiu th bia theo u ngi rt cao do c thi
quen ung bia t lu i, cc nc Chu tiu dng bnh qun 17 lt/ngi/
nm.
Truyn thng vn ha dn tc v li sng tc ng n mc tiu th bia,
ru. cc nc c cng ng dn tc theo o hi, khng cho php gio dn
ung ru bia nn tiu th bnh qun u ngi mc thp. Vit Nam khng b
nh hng ca tn gio trong tiu th bia nn th trng cn pht trin.
Theo mt s nghin cu ca nc ngoi, bia hin nay chim khong t
50% n 96% tng mc tiu th cc loi ung c cn trn th trng cc
nc ng Nam .
Nm 1995 dn s Vit Nam l 74 triu ngi, nm 2000 c khong 81
triu ngi v n nm 2005 c th l 89 triu ngi. Do vy d kin mc tiu
th bnh qun theo u ngi vo nm 2005 cng ch t 13 lt/ngi/nm, sn
lng bia t khong 1300 triu lt, bnh qun tng 18%/nm. Nm 2005 mc
tiu th bnh qun 17 lt/ngi/nm, sn lng 1,5 t lt v nm 2020 t mc
tiu th 25 lt/ngi/nm.

3. Tnh hnh sn xut bia nng cao trn th gii v Vit Nam
a. Tnh hnh sn xut trn th gii
Cng ngh ln men bia nng cao l qu trnh sn xut v ln men dch
ng c nng cao hn so vi cc phng php sn xut bia truyn thng.
Bia nng cao c th c pha long sau khi ln men bng nc v trng
c kh oxy hoc pha trn vi cc loi nc qu to ra nhiu loi bia khc
nhm p ng th hiu ngy cng tng ca ngi tiu th.
Bng1: Sn phm bia c sn xut bng cng ngh ln men bia
nng cao mt s nc trn th gii [6]
STT

Tn thng mi

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Nhit ln

Xut x

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cn (%v/v)

men (oC)

Jeanne dare Belrebuth

12,0

10

Php

Eldri Pope Thomas Hardys Ale

9,6

13

Anh

Bush 12%

9,6

10

Kloster Irseer Abts Trunk

9,6

Les Harvest Alse

9,8

10 13

Anh

Kasteel Bier

9,2

12 13

Eku 28

8,8

Whibread Gold Label

8,8

10 13

Anh

Schaffbrau Feuerfest Edel Bier

8,7

10

Borve Ale

8,1

10 - 13

Scotlen

11

Haire of the Dog Adam

8,0

10 14

12

Hertig Jan Grand Prestige

8,0

13

Thy in

13

Courage Imperial Russian Stout

8,0

13 18

Anh

14

Bridge port Old Knucklehead

7,3

13

15

Echigo Land braurei Abbey

7,2

10 14

Nht

Style Tripel
16

Huyghe Dehinum tremenh

7,2

10

17

North Coast Old Rasputin

7,1

13 18

7,0

7 10

Russian Impercial Stout


18

Celis Grand Cru

Hu ht cc chu lc trn th gii u v ang p dng cng ngh ln


men bia nng cao. Bc M (M v Canada) nu v ln men dch ng
18 20oBx. Chu c (c v Newzealand) ln men bia nng cao l phng
php sn xut ph bin hin nay. cc chu lc khc ln men bia nng cao
cng c p dng ngy cng rng ri nh Trung M, Nam M v Chu Phi.
Khng ch cc nc c ngnh cng nghip bia pht trin lu i mi sn xut
bia nng cao m ti Chu cng p dng cng ngh ny sn xut bia
nh Chosun ca Hn Quc v Hohlot ca Trung Quc. Sn xut bia nng cao

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c p dng ngy cng nhiu trn th gii, bi bia nng cao c nhng u
im vt hn hn bia nng thng:
Tng hiu qu s dng thit b nu, thit b ln men, tng sn lng ca
nh my t 15 25% m khng cn u t thm thit b bng vic tng nng
cht chit. Tit kim c ngun u t c bn ban u.
Gim chi ph vn hnh: do cng mt chi ph vn hnh cho mt n v sn
phm nh in, nc, hi, nhn cng nhng sn xut bia nng cao li thu
c nhng sn phm cao hn t 25 30%.
Vi nhng nh my mi lp t, u t ban u th tt c cc h thng
nh ni hi, thit b bm, van u c th chn lu lng, th tch nh hn so vi
cc nh my bia thng thng. Cc chi ph vn hnh cc thit b ph tr cng
thp hn.
Sn xut bia nng cao c th s dng nguyn liu thay th vi t l cao
do vy gim lng malt nhp ngoi, tit kim c ngoi t. Khng nhng vy,
khi sn xut theo phng php ny s c s linh ng trong vic la chn
nguyn liu thay th nh cc loi siro khc nhau, to ra bia c v ring. Trong
qu trnh ln men bia nng cao th cc loi ng c kh nng ln men c
s dng vo qu trnh to cn nhiu hn to sinh khi nm men do hm
lng cn thu c trn mt n v cn tng ln.
Sn xut bia nng cao s gim lng ph thi nn chi ph cho qu trnh
x l nc thi gim, iu ny rt c ngha trong vic bo v mi trng.
Khi ln men bia nng cao s nng cao hng v ca bia thnh phm do
tng hm lng etyl axetat, gim lng diaxetyl do mi trng trong dch ng
nng cao, p sut thm thu ln, t l tip ging cao do hn ch kh nng
nhim khun. Vo cui giai on ln men chnh th lng nm men l lng
trong bia non nhiu nn thc y qu trnh kh diaxetyl thnh axeton nhanh do
m lng diaxetyl trong bia thnh phm thp.
b. Ti Vit Nam

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Vit Nam tuy sn lng bia tng nhanh nhng cng ngh ln men bia
nng cao cha c pht trin. Phn ln cc nh my bia ca Vit Nam ch
ln men dch ng c nng 10 12oBx, vi t l go lm nguyn liu thay
th l 30%, nn sn xut ra bia c cn 3 - 5%v/v. Nh vy vic nghin cu
sn xut dch ng cho ln men bia nng cao khng ch p ng nhu cu v
bia ngy cng tng m cn nng cao t l nguyn liu thay th, hiu qu s dng
thit b, to n nh cho bia thnh phm, em li hiu qu kinh t v gp phn a
dng ha sn phm.

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CHNG 1: LP LUN KINH T K THUT CHO NH


MY BIA XY DNG
1.1. u im ca bia nng cao
Ln men nng cao c nhng u im sau:
Bia nng cao c th s dng nguyn liu thay th vi t l cao hn do
lm gim nguyn liu nhp ngoi, tit kim ngoi t, tng sn lng bia m
khng cn u t thm thit b, tng cng sut tc thi cho cc nh my trong
ma h.
Bng vic tng nng cht chit, hiu qu s dng thit b nu, thit b
ln men, thit b tng tr tng ln, sn lng ca nh my tng ln khong 15
25%, tit kim c ngun u t c bn ban u, mang li hiu qu kinh t cao
cho nh my.
Tit kim nng lng, gim chi ph vn hnh trn cng mt lng bia
thnh phm nh chi ph v in, chi ph v h thng lnh, chi ph nhn cng t
lm gim gi thnh sn phm.
Ln men bia nng cao khng nhng c li v mt kinh t m cn to
cho sn phm c nhng u im nh: nng cao tnh n nh vt l, hng bn,
v m hn v ci thin c tnh c do keo ha ca bia trong qu trnh bo
qun do n c kh nng kt ta cc cht c khi lng phn t ln, s kt ta
ny xy ra nhanh hn v hon ton hn trong tank ln men.
Ngoi ra bia nng cao cn to ra cc sn phm phong ph a dng hn
p ng yu cu ca th trng, t mt loi bia m ban u c th to ra nhiu
loi bia vi nng khc nhau.

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Mt khc ln men bia nng cao cn lm gim lng ph thi nn gim
chi ph cho qu trnh x l cht thi, c ngha ln trong bo v mi trng.
i vi mt nh my bia mi lp t, sn xut bia nng cao ngoi
nhng u im trn cn c nhng u im sau:
Dung lng ca tt c cc h thng ph tr (hi nc, kh, h thng lnh)
cng nh hn so vi nhu cu ca bia thng thng cng cng sut.
Tt c cc bm, van v h thng ng c th c la chn ph hp vi
nhng lu lng nh hn so vi nhng lu lng thng thng ca mt nh
my bia cng cng sut.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nu bia nng cao: Theo phng
php c in cc nh my bia sn xut dch ng c nng ban u va
to ra bia c cn mong mun. Mt s trng hp dch ng c sn
xut cao hn mt t (khong 25%) bng cch b sung siro hoc ng knh vo
ni nu hoa v bia thnh phm c pha long c bia bnh thng.

1.2. u im ca vic s dng ng v i mch lm nguyn liu


thay th
u im ca vic s dng i mch lm nguyn liu thay th trong sn xut bia:
Ngun cung cp cht chit r tin hn malt, do gim gi thnh sn
phm.
Ci thin c thi gian bo qun bia.
Tng kh nng bn bt ca bia.
T thc t, cc nh sn xut bia rt ra kt lun rng khi sn xut bia
vi t l malt thp, vic chn i mch thay th malt l mt gii php rt tt,
cht lng bia vn m bo do trong i mch c mt s cht tng t nh malt,
l: thnh phn protein trong i mch cao nn khi s dng t l cao lm
nguyn liu thay th s trnh c thiu ht ngun m trong dch ng. Mt
khc trong i mch c hot lc Diastatic khong 35 - 45 WK, ch s ny mc
d thp so vi malt i mch nhng li l c tnh m cc nguyn liu thay th

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khc khng c c. c bit nhit h ha ca i mch nm trong khong
55 65oC, thp hn nhiu so vi go 75 85oC nn dch ha nhit thp v
c th dng trc tip vi malt, do tit kim c nng lng v d dng cho
qu trnh nu. V ca i mch to nn lp mng lc rt tt khi s dng thng
lc lng.
u im ca vic dng ng lm nguyn liu thay th:
Vic s dng ng lm tng nng ca dch ln men nng cao l
tng cng sut ca nh my bia m khng cn u t thm thit b hoc gim th
tch nu.
ng b sung trc tip vo ni nu hoa lm tng hng v ca bia.
T nhng l do trn em tin hnh xy dng nh my sn xut bia vi
nng sut 50 triu lt/nm t nu v ln men bia nng cao 14oBx, s dng
50% nguyn liu thay th, trong 25% l i mch Vit Nam v 25% l ng
(t l % nguyn liu thay th c s dng t kt qu nghin cu ca tc gi
Bi Th Thy Lnh - Lun vn thc s khoa hc)[6].

1.3. a im xy dng nh my
a im c chn xy dng nh my cn p ng c nhng yu
cu sau:
Ph hp vi quy hoch chung ca thnh ph.
Gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu v ni tiu th sn phm.
Thun tin v giao thng.
m bo cc ngun in, nc, nhin liu.
Vn cp thot nc d dng.
Ngun nhn lc khng qu khan him.
Qua kho st v tm hiu em chn a im xy dng nh my bia th x
Phong Th, tnh Lai Chu.
1.3.1. Giao thng vn ti

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L mt th x ca mt tnh tng i ln vng Ty Bc Vit Nam, th
x c ng giao thng rt thun tin bng c ng b, ng st, ng thy
v ng hng khng. Th x nm gn vi cc ng quc l nn rt thun li
i ln Lng Sn, i v Lo Cai, Sn La, Yn Bi, theo ng 6 v ti in
Bin.. nn rt tin li cho vic thu mua nguyn liu v tiu th sn phm.
1.3.2. Ngun cung cp nguyn liu
Nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia l malt, i mch trong nc v ng
(nguyn liu thay th cho mt phn malt), hoa houblon, nc, nm men v mt
s nguyn liu ph tr khc.
Malt i mch v hoa houblon c nhp v t Trung Quc. Malt c
ng gi vo trong cc bao ti c trng lng c b l 50kg. Hoa houblon c
nhp v di dng hoa vin v cao hoa. Nguyn liu c nhp v nh my trc
tip t Trung Quc bng ng b.
i mch trong nc c thu mua t Sn La bng ng b.
Men ging: nh my s dng nm men Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
X25.
Nc: trong sn xut bia nc ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Nc
c sn xut vi mt khi lng tng i ln v yu cu ca nc ht sc
nghim ngt. Nh my s dng ngun nc my do tnh cp. y l mt yu t
quan trng v nc khng ch dng cho nu v x l, sinh hot m cn c
dng pha long t bia nng cao ra bia thnh phm sau ny.
1.3.3. H thng thot nc
Nh my thi ra mt lng nc thi ln. y l loi nc cha nhiu
cht hu c do nc thi ca nh my c gom v h thng x l nc thi
t trong nh my, sau khi nc c x l ri mi thi ra h thng nc thi
ca tnh.
1.3.4. Ngun cung cp nhin liu

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Nhin liu c s dng nhm cung cp nhit cho ni hi phc v cho
cc mc ch sn xut, v sinh nh xng, thanh trng... Nh my s dng nhin
liu l than c mua t tng cng ty than Vit Nam.
1.3.5. Ngun in
in l nhu cu quan trng cho bt k nh my no, in phi m bo
24/24 gi. Hin ti nh my s dng ngun in c mua t Trung Quc vi
gi thnh tng ng vi ngun in quc gia (nhng sau vi nm na khi nh
my thy in Sn La i vo hot ng th nh my s c cung cp in t
li in quc gia), ngoi ra cn t thm h thng my bin th ring n
nh ngun in v mt my pht in phng khi mt in trn mng li.
1.3.6. Ngun nhn lc
Nh my c th s dng lc lng lao ng ti a phng, va nhm gii
quyt cng n vic lm cho h, mt khc khi s dng ngun nhn cng ti ch
gip chng ta khng phi quan tm n ni n chn ca cng nhn. Bn cnh
nh my t ti th x ln ca mt tnh s thu ht nhn ti t cc tnh ln cn
v y lm vic.
1.3.7. Th trng tiu th sn phm
Th trng tiu th ch yu ca nh my l hng ti ngay ti tnh Lai
Chu. Bi v c tnh vn cha c mt nh my bia no c xy dng. y l
mt u im vt tri ca tnh khi tin hnh xy dng nh my bia ti y.
Ngoi ra nh my bia cn cung cp bia cho cc tnh ln cn khc nh Lo Cai,
Yn Bi, Sn La, Lng Sn, in Bin...
Vi c tnh ca bia v nhu cu nc gii kht ngy cng cao cng vi s
gim gi thnh ca bia do dng 50% nguyn liu thay th v a im t nh
my thun li th vic sn xut bia s em li hiu qu kinh t cao. iu ny
chng t vic thit k mt nh my bia nng sut 50 triu lt/nm t nu v ln
men bia nng cao 14oBx l hon ton c tnh kh thi, chc chn s em li
hiu qu kinh t cao cng nh vic to vic lm cho mt lng cng nhn kh
ln v tng ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc.

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CHNG 2: CHN V THUYT MINH DY CHUYN


SN XUT
2.1. Ch tiu cht lng sn phm
la chn dy chuyn sn xut bia cho ph hp vi cng ngh nu v
ln men bia nng cao 14oBx sau pha long ra bia thnh phm gm 60%
bia chai 12oBx v 40% bia hi 10oBx cn phi xc nh cc ch tiu cht lng
ca bia thnh phm.
Ch tiu cm quan
Mu sc: vng rm, ng nh.
trong: trong sut.
Hng: thm du, c trng ca hoa houblon.
V: ng du, c trng ca hoa houblon.
Trng thi bt: trng mn.
Thi gian gi bt: 5 25 pht.
Ch tiu ha l
ng ban u: 10 13% trng lng trong bia hi 10oBx
v bia chai 12oBx.
Hm lng cn: bia hi: 3,5%; bia chai 5% (v/v).
Hm lng diaxetyl: bia hi < 0,2 mg/l; bia chai < 0,1 mg/l.
mu tnh theo s ml I2 0,1N trung ha 100ml bia: 0,5 ml.

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Hm lng glyceryl: bia hi: 0,1 0,2; bia chai: 0,1 0,2.
Hm lng axit hu c: bia hi: 0,1 0,15; bia chai: < 0,1
Hm lng m tng s (mg/100ml): 65 80.
Hm lng m formol (mg/100ml): 20 25
chua tnh theo ml NaOH 1N trung ha lng axit trong 100 ml
bia: 1,2 1,7 ml.
Kim loi nng: khng c.
Ch tiu vi sinh vt
Vi sinh vt hiu kh: < 100 t bo/ml bia hi
Vi khun ym kh: khng c.
E.coli: khng c.
Vi trng gy bnh ng rut: khng c.
Nm mc: 5 t bo/ml.
Ring bia chai m bo khng c vi sinh vt bn trong.

2.2. Nguyn liu sn xut bia


Nguyn liu sn xut bia bao gm nguyn liu chnh v nguyn liu
thay th. Cc nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, hoa houblon, nc v nm
men.
2.2.1. Malt i mch
Trong sn xut bia malt l nguyn liu quan trng v quyt nh ln n
cht lng ca bia. Malt dng trong sn xut bia thng l malt c ny mm
iu kin nhn to v sy n m nht nh nhng iu kin bt buc.
Malt cung cp cho qu trnh ln men ng, tinh bt, axit amin, cht bo, cht
khong, m, cung cp enzym protease, amylase cho cng ngh nu dch ln
men v cc h thng enzym oxy ha kh khc. Ngoi ra malt cn cung cp
ngun m ha tan cho s sinh trng, pht trin ca nm men, cung cp nhng
cht c trng to nn hng v, bt, bn bt cho bia sau ny.
2.2.1.1.

Yu cu v cht lng ca malt

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V cm quan:
+ Mu sc: vng nht hoc vng thm.
+ Mi v: c mi thm, v du ngt.
+ Kch thc, trng lng: ht ng u, c 1000 ht malt kh dao
ng t 30 44g. Malt phi xp, khi cn phi mm, khng cn cc phn ng,
malt khng c c du hiu meo mc. Nu m trong malt >5% th cht
lng s b gim, kh bo qun.
2.2.1.2.

Thnh phn ha hc ca malt tnh theo phn trm cht kh

Bng 2.1: Thnh phn ha hc ca malt [1]


Thnh phn

% Cht kh

Tinh bt

58

ng kh

ng sacharose

Pentose ha tan

Pentose v hectose khng ha tan

Xenlulose

Cc cht cha nit

10

Cht bo

2,5

Cht khong

2,5

m formol

0,7 1

Cht cha nit khng ng t

2,5

C hai loi malt: malt vng v malt thm. Tuy nhin nh my ny em


chn loi malt vng.
2.2.2. Hoa houblon
Cy Houblon c tn khoa hc l Hamulus Lupulus, l mt loi thn leo
thuc hng urticace, h morac. Hoa houblon c coi nh l ngun nguyn
liu chnh th hai trong sn xut bia. Hoa houblon to cho bia c v ng c
trng v mi thm d chu, ng thi hoa cng chit ra cc cht c tc dng tit
trng do lm tng thi gian bo qun bia v gip cho cc thnh phn bia c
n nh v bt bia gi c lu hn cng nh cung cp khong, tanin, protein,

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tanin kt hp vi protein cn li cha thy phn v lm tch protein ra trnh h
hng trong bia.
c v M l hai quc gia sn xut hoa houblon ln nht, tip theo l
cng ha Czech v hin nay c c Trung Quc.

Bng 2.2: Sn lng thu hoch hoa houblon cc nc trn th gii [1]
Quc gia

Sn lng (x1000 tn) nm 2005

26,2

29,0

Trung Quc

20,0

Cng ha Czech

6,8

Anh

2,0

Ton th gii

102,21

C kh nhiu ging hoa houblon v sn lng thu hoch trong nm cng


rt khc nhau.
Bng 2.3: Cc ging hoa houblon [1]

Trn Th Thu H

Ging hoa

Sn lng (tn)

Challenger

520,8

Golding

501

Northdown

461,3

Target

344

Fuggle

217,5

Progress

140,6

Yeoman

84

WGV

84

Bram Cross

63

Cc loi khc

37,6

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Hoa houblon s dng trong nh my c nhp t Trung Quc di dng
hoa vin v cao hoa.
2.2.2.1.

Yu cu cht lng ca hoa houblon

Mu sc: Hoa c mu xanh hi ng, cnh hoa phi c mu sng ng,


khng c mu nu hoc mu sm en.
Mi v: c v ng, mi thm c trng.
Tp cht: hm lng tp cht < 17,5%, khng ln nhiu l v cung hoa
(c th chp nhn l v cung gy cn khong 3%).
Hm lng m: dng tay nghin hoa, hoa khng c dnh vo nhau hoc
mt l, khng b t, khng b gy.
Hnh dng hoa: cc bp hoa phi to u, cc cnh hoa xp kht ln nhau.
Cc ht lupulin (nhy hoa): hoa c cng nhiu lupulin cng tt, lupulin c
mu vng chanh ti vng bng, dnh.
Bng 2.4: Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa houblon [1]
Thnh phn

Hm lng (%)

Nc

10 11

Nha ng tng s

15 20

Tinh du

0,5 1,5

Tanin

2 5

Monosaccarit

Pectin

Amino axit

0,1

Protein

15 17

Lipit v sp

Cht tro

58

Xenluloza, lignin v cc cht

40 - 50

khc

Bo qun hoa houblon: hoa houblon cn bo qun ni kh ro, nhit


thp v khng c nh nng mt tri. Trong khi bo qun, hm lng m ti a
ca hoa cho php l 13%, cn nhit bo qun tt nht l 0,5 2oC.

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2.2.2.2.

Cc dng hoa houblon s dng

Dng cnh: s dng trc tip hoa ti. Hoa c mu xanh hi vng, cnh
hoa phi c mu sng ng, hoa c cng nhiu lupulin cng tt. Cn phn bit hoa
thm, hoa c ng cao v ng thp. Cc loi hoa thm c c trng
bi cng v mi thm d chu hn, lng tinh du cao hm, nhng hm
lng axit ca chng thp hn so vi cc loi hoa ng, hoa thm vn c
bn vi gi cao hn. Cc loi hoa ng c c trng bi hm lng axit
cao hn. Tuy nhin hin nay s lng cc nh my s dng hoa houblon ti
gim lin tc khi xut hin cc ch phm hoa houblon.
Dng vin: C mu xanh, dng vin tr, c ng knh 5 mm (hm lng
cht ng 8%). Trong qu trnh nu dng hoa vin ny thng c dng vi
hm lng ln v cho vo giai on u l 1/2 v gia qu trnh nu hoa l 1/2
cn li. C hai loi hoa vin l hoa vin 90 v hoa vin 45.
+ Hoa vin 90: 90 c ngha l 90kg cha tt c cc thnh phn trong hoa
gc c ch bin t 100kg hoa ti.
+ Hoa vin 45: l loi hoa vin giu lupulin trong cha ton b nha
v tinh du c trong ht lupulin.
Bng 2.5: So snh thnh phn ca cc loi hoa vin vi hoa cnh [1]
Cc ch tiu

Loi 90

Loi 45

T l tnh theo trng lng (%)

90-96

44-52

Phn dung tch (%)

20-30

10-25

100-106

200-220

Hm lng tanin (%)

100

50

Hm lng cht rn (%)

100

50

Hm lng cc cht c hi (%)

100

50

ng v hng thm (%)

Dng cao: C hm lng cht ng thp nhng c hm lng tinh du


cao v vy cho cui qu trnh nu hoa trnh tn tht hm lng tinh du. Cao
hoa c th bo qun tt t 3 5 nm.
2.2.3. Nc

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Nc l mt trong nhng nguyn liu chnh dng sn xut bia. Thnh
phn v tnh cht ca nc nh hng trc tip n ton b qu trnh cng ngh
v cht lng thnh phm. Trong qu trnh sn xut bia cn mt lng nc rt
ln h ha, ng ha, ra men, ra thit b, cung cp cho l hi... Cht
lng nc c nh hng rt ln n cht lng bia. Lng nc s dng trong
sn xut bia thng trong khong 3,7 10,9 hl/hl bia.
Trong vic sn xut bia nng cao, nc c ngha rt quan trng trong
vic pha long bia thnh cc nng theo yu cu.
Yu cu ca nc dng sn xut bia: [1]
cng t mm n trung bnh
Hm lng mui cacbonat khng qu 50 mg/l.
Hm lng mui Mg2+ khng qu 100 mg/l.
Hm lng mui clorua 75 150 mg/l.
Hm lng CaSO4 150 200 mg/l.
NH3 v mui NO2 khng c.
Hm lng ion st 2 khng qu 0,3 mg/l.
Vi sinh vt khng qu 100 t bo/ml.
S lng t bo E.coli # 3 t bo/ml.
i vi nc pha long bia (bia nng cao) cn phi c thm cc yu t
sau:
Hm lng O2 ha tan < 0,05 mg/l.
Hm lng CO2 > hm lng CO2 trong bia cn pha long.
Hm lng, thnh phn khong tng ng vi bia.
Khng c vi sinh vt v mi l.
Bng 2.6: Hm lng cc ha cht x l nc ung v d lng cho php
(Quy nh ca CHLB c v nc ung v nc s dng trong thc phm)
Ha cht

Mc ch

Lng cho php ti a (mg/l)

Lng d (mg/l)

Cl2

Kh trng

1,2

0,3

ClO2

Kh trng

0,4

0,3

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O3

Kh trng

10

0,5

Ag

Kh trng

0,03

H2O2

Oxy ha

17

0,1

KMnO4

Oxy ha

0,5

O2

Oxy ha

0,05

SO3

Gim ti thiu

Na2S2O3

6,7

2,8

2.2.4. Nm men
Nm men s dng trong ln men bia l loi vi sinh vt n bo thuc
ging Saccharomyces c nhit sinh trng l 25 30oC nhng c th pht
trin c 2 3oC v chu n -180oC, nhit khng kh lng vn sng.
Giai on u ln men cn c
oxy dm man sinh trng,
pht trin tng sinh khi sau
oxy cn dn chuyn sang pha
ym kh.
Chng nm men c s
dng ln men y l
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis l
loi nm men hiu kh ty tin.
Trong iu kin hiu kh c cung cp oxy nm men thc hin qu trnh h
hp v tng sinh khi, cn trong iu kin ym kh chng thc hin qu trnh ln
men. Loi nm men pht trin tt ngay nhit thp khong 6 7oC.
2.2.5. Nguyn liu thay th
Theo ti liu ca hip hi bia Chu M, nguyn liu thay th c nh
ngha l ngun cacbonhidrat c thnh phn v tnh cht ph hp dng b
sung v thay th nguyn liu c bn trong sn xut bia l malt i mch. Xut
pht im ca vic s dng nguyn liu thay th Chu u l nhm gim lng
malt a vo sn xut v thu sn xut lc nh vo lng malt. Nguyn liu

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thay th lc l siro v cc loi ng. Sau chin tranh th gii ln th hai,
ton th gii b thiu malt trm trng nn tt c cc chu lc u phi s dng
cc ngun nguyn liu khc nhau thay th nh ng, go, i mch... Sau mt
thi gian di s dng v nghin cu nh hng ca cc loi nguyn liu thay th
n cht lng ca bia, ngi ta rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
Vic s dng nguyn liu thay th trong sn xut bia khng lm nh
hng n cht lng ca bia, ngc li lm tng bn ca bia trong qu trnh
bo qun.
Lm gim mu ca bia.
Ci thin c tnh bt.
Mang li li ch kinh t.
Khong 90% lng bia sn xut trn th gii c lm t malt v nguyn
liu thay th l tinh bt. Ngi ta s dng nguyn liu thay th l tinh bt vi
nhiu mc ch:
h gi thnh bia.
Tng cng bn keo, nhng cht cha nit v polyphenol trong phn
ln cc nguyn liu tinh bt thng khng nhiu nhng lm tng tnh bn keo.
Sn xut cc loi bia nh hn, sng mu hn bia sn xut hon ton bng
malt.
Mt s nc s dng nguyn liu thay th vi t l cao nh M dng
nguyn liu thay th khng nhng c ti 16% go m cn dng thm hn hp
ng 33%. Anh dng 20 25%, Nht, M dng 40 50%, c 30 40%...
Vic s dng nguyn liu thay th t l cao i hi phi b sung thm enzym
ngoi vo h tr thm cho enzym trong qu trnh chuyn ha ng cc.
C mt s cng trnh nghin cu s dng enzym trong qu trnh nu v
to hng, ngi ta c th nng cao t l nguyn liu thay th ln 80 90% m
bia vn m bo cht lng. Ngoi vic s dng go, ng, sn, ng lm
nguyn liu thay th Nigeria s dng ht Sorghum vi t l 58%, ng 40%

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cng vi s phi hp ca hai loi enzym ng ha, m ha v bia vn t
cht lng tt.
Vn s dng nguyn liu thay th trong sn xut bia c t ra cho
cc nh nghin cu t nhiu nm nay. S la chn mt nguyn liu thay th no
ty thuc vo mc sn c trong nc, gi c cng nh mc ch ca cc
nh sn xut. Trong ti ny ca em s dng nguyn liu thay th l i mch
v ng.
2.2.5.1.

u nhc im ca vic s dng i mch lm nguyn liu thay th

trong sn xut bia

Malt i mch l nguyn liu chnh cho sn xut bia. i mch sau khi
la chn c a vo ny mm, sy kh to ra malt. Ty theo yu cu ca
cng ngh sn xut bia, cht lng bia m ngi ta la chn cng ngh sn xut
malt thch hp. Ni chung qu trnh sn xut malt l qu trnh tiu tn nng
lng v nhn cng. Do nhu cu h gi thnh sn phm m cc nh sn xut bia
Anh v Ailen bt u s dng i mch vo sn xut bia nm 1940. T l cht
chit ca dch ng t i mch lc khng vt qu 20%.

Qua qu trnh sn xut, cc nh lm bia rt ra nhng u nhc im


ca vic s dng i mch lm nguyn liu thay th nh sau:

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u im:
Ngun cung cp cht chit r hn malt, do gim gi thnh sn phm.
Ci thin c thi gian bo qun bia.
Tng kh nng bn bt ca bia.
Nhc im:
nht dch ng cao hn.
Tc lc dch ng chm hn.
Gy kh khn cho qu trnh lc bia.
Khi s dng i mch lm nguyn liu thay th th tnh cht ca i mch
nh hng ln n cng ngh sn xut cng nh cht lng dch ng v bia
thnh phm. Tnh cht ca i mch chu nh hng ng k ca c di truyn v
iu kin gieo trng. Vic s dng cng ngh di truyn to ra nhng ging
i mch c cht lng rt tt cho sn xut bia. Cc yu t mi trng cng nh
hng n hm lng protein, tinh bt v 1-3, 1-4 -glucan cng nh hot lc
ca h enzym c trong i mch.
Bng 2.7: Thnh phn c bn ca i mch [6]
Ch tiu cm quan
Mu sc ht

Vng sng

Hnh dng ht

Hnh elip, ht mp

Ch tiu c hc
Kch thc ht (di - rng) (mm)

9,5 3,7

Khi lng 1000 ht (g)

50,1

Dung trng (g/l)

670

Ch tiu ha l
m (%)

10,1

Trng lng v (%)

8,5

Hm lng tinh bt (%)

64,5

Hm lng protein tng s (%)

11,6

Hm lng protein ha tan (%)

1,80

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ha tan (%)

69,7

Hm lng -glucan (%)

3,2

Nhit h ha (oC)

58

Hot lc WK

41,5

nh my ny em s dng ging i mch trong nc l RIB0127 (hay


Zkb0127)
Ging i mch RIB0127 c trng ti Sn La v ng xun 2002 2003 c thi gian sinh trng ngn, tim nng nng sut cao, n nh, c kh
nng chu rt v sng mui tt. C cht lng ph hp sn xut malt hoc c
th s dng trc tip lm nguyn liu thay th sn xut bia, lm nguyn liu
cho sn xut ru, nc gii kht.
Mt s thng s k thut ca ging i mch RIB0127:
Ngun gc ging :
Ging c ngun gc nhp ngoi
Loi i mch: i mch hai hng
Ch tiu nng hc
Thi gian sinh trng: 108- 110 ngy
Chiu cao cy: 108 cm
Chiu di bng: 8 - 9 cm
S ht/bng: 28 - 32
S bng/m2: 326 - 351
Kh nng khng bnh m nu, phn trng, mc hng : Tt
Nng sut : 4.2 tn/ha - 4.5 tn/ha
Trng lng 1000 ht: 50.0 - 50.7g
Cc ch tiu ha hc:
Hm lng Protein: 11,5 - 12.6 mg/l

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Hm lng Tinh bt: 64 - 66 %CK
Hm lng - Glucan: 3.0 - 3.5 mg/l.
Nng lc ny mm: 97%- 99%
Kh nng ny mm: 98%
Mu sc cm quan: Ht my, hnh elp, mu vng sng.
2.2.5.2.

ng

ng l nguyn liu thay th th hai trong sn xut bia. Chnh v vy


cht lng ng nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca bia. Mt trong nhng
li ch cn bn ca vic s dng ng l to ra dch ng vi gi thnh r hn
m vn m bo cht lng ca bia. ng c th s dng lm tng nng
dch ng trong ni nu hoa. iu ny c nhng u im sau:
Thnh phn ch yu ca ng l saccaroza >98%.
Thnh phn tp cht rt thp. Do khng nh hng nhiu n tnh cht
c trng ca sn phm bia: mi, v...
Ni ng ha ch c th hot ng vi mt cng sut nht nh v vi
nng dch sau nu nht nh ch khng theo yu cu la chn ca dch nu
hoa.
Theo cng ngh ln men nng cao th mun nng cao nng dch
ng th phi un cho hi nc bay hi bt i, nay c th lm nh b sung
thm ng.
Vic s dng ng lm tng nng ca dch ln men nng cao lm
tng cng sut ca nh my bia m khng cn u t thm thit b hoc gim th
tch ni nu.
ng b sung trc tip vo ni nu hoa lm tng hng v ca bia
bng nhng u im ca n l:
Pha long nhng cht khng c bn tnh tinh bt nh protein, polyphenol
l nhng cht lm c bia.
iu chnh gi sn phm bng ngun cht kh r hn.

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Lm tng sn lng ca nh nu, tng nng lc ca nh nu.
p ng nhu cu v ln men nng cao.
Khi t l nguyn liu thay th cao c th gim bt, hn ch kh nng ln
men, gim lng este...
Tuy nhin vic s dng ng lm nguyn liu thay th c mt s nhc
im sau:
Do thnh phn ca dch ng ch yu l saccaroza, nn khi b sung
ng ta ch lm tng thnh phn ng trong dch. Khi b sung vi lng ln
saccaroza cn phi ch n hm lng axit amin.
Nu hm lng qu cao s ph v s cn bng trong qu trnh ln men,
mt khc to nhiu sn phm ru bc cao. nh hng n cht lng bia sau
ny.
y em dng ng saccaroza ca nh my ng Lam Sn Thanh
Ha lm nguyn liu thay th trong ti ca mnh.
S dng ng tinh luyn vi thnh phn ha hc nh sau:
Bng 2.8: Ch tiu cht lng ng
do cng ty c phn ma ng Lam sn sn xut [6]
Ch tiu

n v tnh

ng tinh luyn

Hm lng ng saccaroza

OS hoc OZ

99,85

Hm lng ng kh

% khi lng

0,030

Tro dn in

% khi lng

0,015

% khi lng

0,040

mu

IU

20

Asen (As)

mg/kg

ng (Cu)

mg/kg

1,5

Ch (Pb)

mg/kg

0,5

D lng SO2

mg/kg

S vi khun a nhit

10g

200FU

Tng s nm men

10g

10FU

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Tng s nm mc

10g

10FU

2.2.6. Cc cht ph gia


Cht ph gia l cht c s dng lm nguyn liu ph tng gi tr cm
quan v cht lng ca bia. C cc nhm cht ph gia nh sau:
Nhm cc cht ph gia x l nc: nhm ny c th dng cc cht lm
mm nc phc v cho qu trnh sn xut nh cc mui Na2SO3, Na2SO4,
CaCl2.
Nhm st trng nc v iu chnh pH ca nc v dch ln men nh
Clorin, axit clohydric, axit lactic.
Nhm cc cht dng st trng, ty ra (v sinh ng ng, thit b ra
chai...) gm dung dch Clo, axit HCl, NaOH, KMnO4.
Nhm cc cht dng trong qu trnh thu hi CO2 gm: than hot tnh,
H2SO4, KMnO4, CaCl2 khan.
Nhm cc cht chng oxy ha cho bia: axit ascorbic, H2O2, benzoat natri
(C7H5O2Na).
Nhm cc cht lm tng mu, mi v cho bia: cht mu caramen v hng
b sung cho bia.
Nhm cc cht tr lc: bt diatomit, bentomit.
Nhm cc cht dng cho st trng thit b ly men, b sung men: dng
cn 70%.

2.3. La chn dy chuyn cng ngh


Hin nay tn ti hai phng php ln men:
Phng php ln men c in.
Phng php ln men hin i (ln men gia tc).
2.3.1. Phng php ln men c in
Phng php ny ln men nhit thp t 6 10oC trong 7 10 ngy,
ln men ph t 1 2 ngy.

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u im: hng v bia to ra m hn, thit b ln men n gin, d
ch to.
Nhc im: i hi nhiu thit b do ln men chnh v ln men ph c
tin hnh trong hai thit b ring bit trong phng lnh khc nhau vi nhit
tin hnh khc nhau. V th chi ph u t xy dng lp t v ch to thit b
tn km v cn phi thit k thm mt bm t thng ln men chnh ln thng
ln men ph khi kt thc giai on ln men chnh. Phng lm lnh phi c thit
b bo n nn rt tn km, gi u t cao, tiu hao nng lng ko theo gi
thnh sn phm cao. Mt khc qu trnh bm t thng ln men chnh qua thng
ln men ph khng trnh khi tn tht v d b nhim tp.
2.3.2. Phng php ln men gia tc
Qu trnh ln men chnh v ph c tin hnh trong cng mt thit b c
h thng o lnh bn ngoi iu chnh nhit ca hai qu trnh ln men.
Nhit ln men chnh 10 12oC trong 4 8 ngy, ln men ph 0 2oC trong 8
12 ngy.
u im: thi gian ln men nhanh, rt ngn hn so vi phng php ln
men c in, thit b ln men gn, khng tn tht din tch mt bng phn
xng.
Nhc im: ln men nhit cao nn c nhiu sn phm ph khng c
li cho cht lng bia. Tuy nhin cht lng bia to ra cng khng khc nhau xa
lm so vi phng php ln men c in.
V vy trong nh my ny em chn phng php ln men gia tc sn
xut bia.

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2.4. Thuyt minh dy chuyn sn xut


2.4.1. S khi ca dy chuyn

Malt

i mch
Vit Nam

Nghin

Nghin

Ha malt

Ha bt

Nc

H ha v dch
ha

ng ha

Termamyl

Neutrase
Lc dch
ng

Dch u

Ra b

Dch ra b

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Hoa
houblon

Cn

Nu hoa

ng

Lng trong

Dch

Men ging

Nhn ging

Lm lnh
nhanh

Men

Ln men
chnh
Nm men

Thu hi
CO2

Ln men ph

X l

Lc trong bia

CO2 tinh
khit

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X l li

Thc n
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Thng cha
sn phm

Chit bock

Chit chai
dp np

Bo qun lnh

Thanh trng

Bia hi
thnh phm

Kim tra dn
nhn

V sinh

Chai

Xp kt

Bia chai
thnh phm

2.4.2. Thuyt minh dy chuyn sn xut


2.4.2.1.

Nghin nguyn liu

a. Nghin malt
Mc ch: nghin nh malt khi ng ha thu c nhiu cht ha tan
(cht chit) nht, c li cho sn xut v cht lng sn phm, hn ch cc cht
khng c li tan vo dch ng v s dng tt nht cc thnh phn ca malt
(cht ha tan, v...).
Cch tin hnh:

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Nghin malt: malt c cn nh lng cho tng m nu ri c
nghin t. y l phng php nghin m malt v nc c phi trn vi
nhau theo t l nht nh.
u im ca phng php nghin malt t: gi c lp v malt
c nguyn vn, do lp v malt cng nh cc thnh phn khc ca malt s
c hp th nc v tr nn mm v dai hn. Cc thnh phn ca malt b
nghin p d dng tch ra khi ht trong khi v tru hu nh khng b tn hi,
do vy c li cho qu trnh tch chit, trong khi th cc thnh phn ca ht
c nghin mn nn cc thnh phn c s dng tt hn. Bn cnh phng
php ny cn tit kim thi gian v chi ph sn xut.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l: gi thnh u t kh l t so
vi phng php nghin thng thng.
b. Nghin i mch
Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin i mch: Nghin i mch tng t nh
nghin malt. i mch c cn ln tng m v c nghin bng my nghin
ba. i mch c nghin cng mn cng tt tng kh nng tip xc gia
cc phn t vi enzym, tinh bt d chuyn thnh dng ha tan v trng n tt
hn, do vy enzym d phn ct tinh bt thnh ng.
u nhc im:
u im ca thit b nghin ny: thit b d ch to, vn hnh n
gin.
Nhc im: ba chng hng v d to bi.
2.4.2.2.

Qu trnh nu

y l qu trnh quan trng nht trong qu trnh sn xut dch ln men.


Trong sut qu trnh ng ha, bt malt v nc trn vi nhau, cc thnh phn
ca malt ha tan vo nc v ta thu c dch ng.
Trong i mch, hot lc diastaza khong 37 42 WK, ch s ny thp
hn so vi malt i mch nhng li l c tnh m cc nguyn liu thay th khc
khng c c. c bit l nhit h ha ca i mch nm trong khong 55

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65oC, thp hn rt nhiu so vi go (80 85oC) nn dch ha nhit thp v
c th dng trc tip vi malt nn tit kim nng lng cho qu trnh nu.
Quy trnh nu c thc hin nh sau: [5]
Nhit
(oC)

100oC
o

58-60 C

78oC

30
72oC

38o

30 C/30

30

30

65oC

i mch v
cc enzym

52 C

Lc
30

20

30

30
o

38 C
Malt v
enzym

Thi gian (pht)

a. Ni h ha
Mc ch: Vic h ha tinh bt l rt cn thit cho enzym thy phn
hon ton tinh bt trong qu trnh ng ha. Qu trnh ny lin quan n ph
v cu trc tinh th amylopectin l ra cc ht tinh bt trong mi trng xung
quanh, tip ht trng n v nht tng ln. Sn phm ca qu trnh l cc
dextrin phn t lng thp, mt t glucoza...
Cch tin hnh: Sau khi v sinh thit b, kim tra ng ng, van x hi,
van x y, bm nc vo ni, bt cnh khuy, bt i mch xay nhit
thng, cho tip ch phm Termamyl 120L 0,1% v ch phm Cereflo 0,04%
vo. Cho CaCl2 vo gip cho cc enzym bn vng nhit v nng cao hiu
sut cc cht ha tan. dch nhit 30oC trong 30 pht enzym
glucanaza hot ng phn gii glucan (cc cu ni 1 4 glucozit) trong
i mch to thnh oligosaccarit c 3 5 n v glucoza. T s h thp
nht ca dch hm lm d dng s lc hay lng lc v sau. Cho H2SO4 iu
chnh pH = 5,2 5,6 lm gim nht ca cnh khuy. Ngm 38 40oC

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trong vng 30 pht, sau nng nhit ln 58 60oC gi trong 30 pht ri
nng ln nhit si, gi nhit ny trong 30 pht h ha hon ton tinh
bt ng thi Termamyl hot ng tt nhit ny s b gy tinh bt thnh
cc phn t to iu kin cho qu trnh ng ha sau ny.
Sau ta chuyn ni cho sang ni ng ha lm hai ln bng thit b
bm. Trong khi dch cho bm sang ni malt th cnh khuy ca ni cho v ni
malt hot ng lin tc.
b. Ni ng ha
Mc ch: To iu kin thch hp cho enzym hot ng phn ct cc hp
cht cao phn t thnh cc hp cht c phn t lng thp, cc loi ng c
kh nng ln men v khng ln men to thnh cht chit ca dch ng.
Cch tin hnh: Sau khi v sinh sch s bng nc nng. c bit vi
thit b nghin malt t th malt sau khi a ra khi my nghin c trn vi
nc theo ng t l nh sn, vi t l malt/nc = 1/4. Nhit lc ny ca
dch l 38 40oC, cho tip axit H2SO4 iu chnh pH v 5,2 5,6. Gi
nhit ny trong khong 30 pht hot ha enzym Hemixelluloza, glucanaza
thy phn v glucan hoc protit phc tp bao quanh phn t tinh bt to iu
kin cho enzym tn cng vo tinh bt phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t d
dng. Sau ta tin hnh ng ha bng cch nng nhit t t theo ba giai
on.
Bm dch cho sang ni ng ha sao cho nhit ni ng ha t
52oC v gi nhit ny trong 30 pht, y l giai on m ha. nhit
ny thch hp cho enzym proteaza hot ng nhm mc ch thy phn
protein thnh axit amin v peptit, n l ngun dinh dng cho nm men hot
ng. Thnh phn ny chim 5 7% so vi tng cht ha tan trong dch ng.
Ngoi ra thnh phn ny cn gp phn to cho bia c hng v m , tham gia
vo qu trnh gi bt cho bia gp phn nng cao cht lng ca bia.
Sau ta bm nt phn dch cho cn li sang ni ng ha tng
nhit ni ng ha ln 65oC v gi nhit ny trong vng 30 pht, y

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l giai on ng ha 1, nhit ny thch hp cho enzym amylaza hot
ng thy phn tinh bt thnh cc ng c kh nng ln men (thng l
dextrin).
Sau nng nhit ln 72oC gi nhit ny trong 20 pht enzym
amylaza hot ng ri nng nhit dch ln 78oC, gi trong 30 pht ri bm
sang thit b lc.
Cc enzym hot ng trong giai on ny l:
H enzym amylaza gm: amylaza, amylaza. Chng phn
ct tinh bt thnh dextrin, maltoza, saccharoza... to ra ngun cacbon cho nm
men s dng.
Enzym proteaza thy phn protit thnh albumo, pepton, peptit, axit
amin, to ngun nit cho nm men, lm tng kh nng to bt v gi bt cho
bia.
Tn enzym

Nhit ti u (topt) oC

pH ti u (topt)

amylaza

70 75

5,6 5,8

amylaza

60 65

4,8 5,2

proteaza

50 - 60

5,2 5,6

Thng qua nhit v pH ta tn dng ti a hot ng xc tc ca enzym


amylaza thu c nhiu cht ha tan nht hay thay i axit tng
trong cho bia, tng kh nng n nh ca bt, cht lng ca bia. Chnh v vy ta
phi dng v duy tr cc nhit 52oC, 65oC v 72oC v gi pH = 5,2 5,6
cc enzym t hot lc mnh nht.
2.4.2.3.

Lc dch ng

Mc ch: Cho malt sau khi ng ha xong gm hai phn: phn c v


phn long. Phn c bao gm tt c cc phn t nh khng ha tan ca malt,
phn long l dung dch nc cha tt c cc cht ha tan trong m nu gi l
dch ng. Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l nhm phn tch phn long ring ra
khi phn c. c trng ca cho malt l trong c rt nhiu phn t rn

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trong qu trnh lc, nhng phn t ny s to thnh mt lp nguyn liu lc ph.
iu ny rt c ngha trong khi lc.
Tin hnh lc:
Trc lc tin hnh lc, thit b lc c ra bng nc, cc mnh ca
y, np, sng c ghp tht kht vi nhau. L h trn tho b malt v cc
van x dch vo mng c ng cht. Sau ta cho nc nng 76oC chy vo
cc ng dn dch ng sao cho ngp nc so vi li lc khong 1 1,5cm
ui khng kh ra ngoi, ng thi cha y khong khng gia hai lp y
ca thng lc. Ngoi ra cn hm nng thit b khi chuyn dch ng t
ni ng ha sang khng b gim nhit .
Tip theo bm ton b lng dch t ni ng ha sang thng lc, khi
bm th bt cnh khuy theo chiu ngc kim ng h trong khong 10 pht.
u tin cc ht tm th v lp v malt lng xung y gi trc to thnh
mng lc dy, pha trn lp ny l lp rt mng nhng phn t tinh bt rt b,
min, nh. Sau khi lng 15 pht th dch lc i qua lp lp lc xung y, ri
dch lc qua h thng ng gp y i vo bnh trung gian. Tuy nhin lc ny
dch ng thu c vn c nn ta cho chy tun hon tr li cho n khi t
trong ri th tin hnh bt bm chuyn dch sang ni nu hoa houblon
ng thi cho mt lng dch lc hi lu tr li thng lc tng kh nng lc
ht dch c trong b v thu c dch c trong m bo k thut.
Thi gian lc dch u thng tin hnh trong 60 pht. Sau khi lc dch
u ta tin hnh ra b, nc dng ra b cng l nc nhit 76oC v ti
nhit ny thch hp cho ng ha tinh bt cn li trong phn h malt cui
cng. Nu nhit xung thp hn s cn tr n tc ra b, cn nu nhit
cao hn s xy ra hin tng h ha tinh bt v trch ly mt s cht ng v
cht cht c trong v tru lm cho bia b c v c v l.
u tin tin hnh ti nc nng 76oC cho n khi mc nc cao hn
mc b khong 2cm, ri tin hnh bt cnh khuy tch rc ln th nht. Tip
tc ra b ln th hai, ln th ba tng t nh ln u. Tng thi gian ra b

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khong 1 gi. Qu trnh ra b tin hnh nhiu ln cho n khi t lng dch
cn thit cng nh nng cht ha tan trong nc ra b cn khong 0,3
0,5% th dng li v x b ra ngoi. B cui cng ny c dng lm thc n
chn nui.
2.4.2.4.

Nu hoa

Mc ch ca qu trnh nu hoa:
n nh thnh phn nc nha.
To mi thm cho nc nha.
To v ng cho bia.
Trch ly b sung cho nc nha mt s cht ha tan khc nh tinh
du, protein, keo, tanin.
Lm mt hot tnh enzym, ng t mt s protein lm cho bia sau
ny trong hn,
Thanh trng v c c nc nha n nng ng thch hp vi
tng loi bia.
Cch tin hnh:
Sau khi trn ln dch ng ban u vi dch ra b, dch c b sung
thm ng saccharose ta c hn hp cui cng, gi chung l dch ng
ngt, c c im sau:
V ngt, hng thm rt nh ca melanoit.
Rt c do cha nhiu cn, c bit l cc ht dng keo, nhng
phn t ny rt d b bin tnh v kt ta, tiu biu l nhng ht c phn t
lng cao cha nit.
Bia l loi ung c v ng du vi hng thm rt c trng v bn
sinh hc cao. dch ng ngt vi nhng tnh cht nu trn tr thnh hp
cht tin thn trc tip ca bia, iu cn thit l phi un si n vi hoa
houblon trong 1,5 2 gi. Qu trnh ny din ra nh sau: sau khi bm dch
ng t thng lc vo thit b un hoa, dch lc c nng ln nhit 76
78oC bng h thng gia nhit trung tm v gi nhit ny trong khong 10

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pht nhm mc ch enzym amylaza ng ha nt tinh bt cn st li, sau
un si dch ng v sau khi un si khong 10 pht th cho ton b lng
cao hoa vo to v ng cho bia ng thi nh cc polyphenol c trong cao
hoa kt hp vi cc cht keo, protit to thnh phc cht d kt lng.sau khi un
si c 10 pht ra cho 1/2 lng hoa vin vo ni hoa cng to v ng cho
bia v cc polyphenol c trong hoa vin kt hp vi cc cht keo, protit to
thnh phc cht d kt lng to mu cho bia. Cho 1/2 lng hoa vin cn li
vo ni trc khi kt thc qu trnh un si khong 10 pht to hng cho
bia. Tng thi gian un hoa l 75 pht.
2.4.2.5.

Qu trnh lng

Mc ch: To iu kin cho s kt ta ca cc cn th v cn lng ca


dch un hoa nhm tch cc cht ny ra khi dch trnh cho bia khi b c.
Cch tin hnh: Dch c bm t ni nu hoa sang ni lng xoy theo
phng php tip tuyn to thnh dng xoy. Di tc dng ca lc hng
tm cn lng v cc cht khng ha tan c khi lng ln s b xoy vo gia
tm thng v lng xung y thng.
Thi gian lng 40 pht, nhit ca dch nhanh chng h xung 90oC sau
dch c bm sang thit b lm lnh nhanh cn cn lng xung c nn
cht y thng. Sau khi bm ht dch ng ta cho nc vo xi cn ra
ngoi.
2.4.2.6.

Lm lnh nhanh

Mc ch: H nhit ca dch ng xung nhit thch hp cho qu


trnh ln men, tch kt ta lnh ra khi dch ng.
Cch tin hnh:
Dng thit b lnh nhanh u l dng trao i kiu tm bn.
Thit b lm lnh nhanh dch ng xung 10 12oC l dng trao i
nhit kiu tm bn hai cp. Dch ng sau khi lng trong c bm qua my
lnh nhanh. cp mt, dch ng v nc trao i nhit vi nhau, dch vo
cp mt c nhit 90oC, khi i ra c nhit 35oC, nc ra c nhit 60oC.

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cp hai, dch ng v cht ti lnh i ngc chiu nhau. Dch qua khi my
lnh t nhit 10 12oC, dch ny c a sang thng ln men.
2.4.2.7.

Qu trnh ln men

a. Chun b men ging


Mc ch: Bia l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men nn cng vic chun b
men ging l ht sc cn thit, mc ch to lng ging ln men v hot
ha ging.
Men ging: ti nh my ny em s dng nm men l Saccharomyces
carlsbergensis X25. y l mt chng nm men mi c tuyn chn bng vic
s dng nhng k thut hin i trong cng ngh sinh hc vi nhng c im
u vit nh sau:
C tc pht trin nhanh v mnh, kh nng ln men > 74%, c
th s dng rng ri trong nhiu quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia khc nhau nh
sn xut bia t 100% malt i mch, sn xut bia c s dng nguyn liu thay
th l go, ng hoc sir.
C kh nng to hng thm c trng, v m , to diaxetyl
thp, cho ra sn phm cht lng cao.
C kh nng kt lng tt hn cc chng nm men khc, to iu
kin thun li cho qu trnh lc tinh, nng cao cht lng bia v tng hiu sut
thu hi sn phm.
C thun khit cao, kh nng b nhim tp thp, t b thoi ho,
n nh trong qu trnh sn xut; Qui trnh cng ngh nhn ging v s dng
chng Saccharomyces carlsbergensis X25 ti cc nh my n gin nn c th
trin khai rng ri.
T vic thu hi nm men d tha ti cc nh my bia, bng cng ngh
enzym v cng ngh ch bin tin tin, sn xut c bt nm men giu
protein, cc c im ni bt: c hm lng protein cao t 46,27% n 56,67%,
c y cc axt amin thay th v khng thay th vi t l ln, cc vitamin v
cc nguyn t vi lng nh Mg, Ca, Fe, P2O5, Na. Sn phm c hnh thc hp

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dn, mu vng sng, thm, m bo cc tiu chun v v sinh, an ton thc
phm.
Cng trnh c gii thng Ph n ngnh cng nghip sng to khoa
hc v s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc nm 2000 ca B Cng
nghip.
Hiu qu s dng chng nm men Saccharomyces carlsbergensis X25 vo
sn xut bia lm li cho cc doanh nghip hng trm triu ng mi nm,
ng thi lm tng sn lng ca cc nh my bia mt cch ng k.
trin khai s dng chng nm men Saccharomyces carlsbergensis X25
i tr quy m ln trong sn xut, t cc nh my bia cng sut 1 triu lt/nm
n 20 triu lt/nm.
(Thng tin t bn tin Khoa hc Cng ngh - V Khoa hc Cng ngh - B Cng
nghip Vit Nam).[14]
Bn cnh vic s dng nm men mi, ti nh my cn tin hnh ti s
dng men sa sau qu trnh ln men.
Khi kt thc ln men ta tin hnh h nhit xung 2 4oC thu hi
men sa, khi dch kt lng gm 3 lp:
Lp cui cng l lp cn lnh.
Lp gia l lp nm men tr, tt, mu trng sa.
Lp trn cng l lp men cht, gi mu xm en.
Thng thng c 1000 lt dch ng sau khi ln men kt thc cho ta
khong 15 20 lt sinh khi nm men st v hm m t 85 88%. Cn men
c x ra ngoi qua van x lc u c mu xm en cho gia sc, tip l
lp men mn mu trng ng dng lm cho sn xut, trn cng l lp mu xm
en cng cho gia sc.
Cch x l men: Lp men sch thu c t y thng ln men c lc
qua ry v c ra nhiu ln bng nc v trng 1 2oC, cc t bo nm
men cht s ni ln trn b mt v c gn ra ngoi. Sau khi ra bng nc
lnh tin hnh x l bng ha cht: dng H2SO4 1% so vi lng nm men cn

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x l ngm trong 40 pht ri sau trung ha li bng NaOH. Tin hnh ra
bng nc v trng 1o nhiu ln, sau mi ln ra tin hnh kim tra cht lng
men n khi no t ch tiu th dng. Ging nm men tt khi c hnh thi t bo
c trng, s t bo tr v ny chi nhiu, s t bo cht < 5%, t l nhim tp <
2%, tc sinh sn nhanh.
Nm men sau khi c ra xong c bo qun di lp nc lnh
0oC. Nm men b nhim tp cn x l bng cch a pH n 2,5, gi pH ny
trong vng 1 gi sau loi b cn v trung ha bng NaOH n 4,8 5,2.
cho ging pht trin nhanh hn th trc khi s dng ta cn hot ha ging. Nm
men c nui cytrong dch ng mi c lm lnh theo t l men
st/dch ng l 1/5, dng cnh khuy hoc khng kh v trng sc vo dch.
Nhit cn 0,3% th kt thc hot ha. S ln ti s dng men sa khong 5
hay 6 ln.
b. Qu trnh ln men chnh
Mc ch: L qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ha tan trong dch ng
thnh ru etylic, CO2 v mt s sn phm ph khc nh s pht trin ca nm
men. Sn phm ca qu trnh ln men chnh l bia non, bia non c v c hng
b c trng tuy nhin hm lng diaxetyl cn cao.
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28 calo
c im ca qu trnh ln men chnh l s tiu hao c cht din ra mnh
m, mt lng ln ng chuyn thnh ru, CO2 v mt s sn phm khc nh
ru bc cao, glyceryl gp phn lm nn hng v cho bia. Thi gian ln men
chnh l 8 ngy.
Cch tin hnh:
Sau khi lm lnh n nhit 8 10oC dch ln men c bm qua thit
b ln men. Trn ng i ca dch ln men c b sung 5 6 mg O2/lt ng
thi cng ly vo mt lng nm men ging sao cho lng t bo ban u
khong 10 14 triu t bo/ml. Giai on u duy tr nhit 8 10oC, p
sut 0,3kg/cm2 trong 1 2 ngy sau nhit tng 10 12oC thm ch 14oC

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trong 4 5 ngy. Qu trnh ln men chnh kt thc khi tc ln men gim v
hm lng ng gim t 14% xung cn 2,2 2,8%. Sau tin hnh lm
lnh tank ln men xung nhit 0 2oC kt lng mt phn nm men, mt
phn nm men tch ra giai on ny c thu hi b sung cho m ln men
sau.
Nhit ln men c iu chnh nh h thng van t ng, p sut ln
men c duy tr nh h thng iu chnh p sut. Trong qu trnh ln men
chnh hm lng CO2 thot ra mnh nn n phi c thu li v cho vo balon,
ng thi iu chnh p sut 0,5 0,7 at trnh lm c ch nm men.
c. Qu trnh ln men ph
Mc ch: Sau khi ln men chnh hot ng ca nm men gim dn v
ngun dinh dng trong mi trng gim dn, mt s sn phm to thnh nh
axit hu c, ethanol c ch qu trnh ln men. Kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh
lc ny bia non cha chn (hng v cn nng, mi nm men ng v t hp dn)
do vy cn ln men ph. y sn phm to thnh t, nhng phn ng sinh l,
phi enzym v enzym c xy ra lm cht lng bia tng, mi v bia hi ha
hn do to cht thm quan trng hn, phn ng cc cht lm bia n nh, c mi
v hi ha. Khi bia chn phn ng ln men xy ra chm do cht dinh dng cn.
Tuy nhin cc phn ng ny xy ra vi tc chm, nhit thp hn so vi
ln men chnh, s lng t bo nm men t hn v gim n cui qu trnh ln
men ph l 4 5 triu t bo/ml dung dch cy.
Ln men ph cn c tc dng phn hy diaxetyl lm cho diaxetyl gim
xung ti mc quy nh l 0,2 mg/l, l ch tiu quan trng kt thc qu
trnh ln men ph.
+H2
CH3 C C CH3

CH3 C CH CH3

Diaxetyl

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Ln men ph cn c mc ch cc cacboxyl ha bo ha bia bng CO2
tng v v kh nng to bt, c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt ngoi c hi.
Cch tin hnh:
Sau khi tch men, h nhit khi dch xung 0 1oC, duy tr p sut 0,9
1,2mg/cm2, ngng thu hi CO2 khi qu trnh ln men ph din ra 15 ngy. Kt
thc qu trnh ln men ph nng ng cn li l 1,9oBx, cn nm men c
tch ra, phn nm men y thit b gi ci, sinh trng km chn nui,
phn gia cn c kh nng ln men tt c a vo bo qun 0 1oC. Bia
sau khi ln men c bm qua thit b lc.
2.4.2.8.

Lc trong bia

a. Qu trnh pha long


Bia nng cao thng c pha ch vi nc v trng kh oxy n
nng cng tng ng vi bia c sn xut theo phng php truyn thng.
Ty tng nh my m qu trnh pha long bia c tin hnh cc giai on
khc nhau. Cc nh my bia c cng sut nh nhng li nhiu thit b ln men
th c th pha long dch ln men nng cao ngay trc khi tin hnh ln men,
qu trnh ny yu cu nhit xung thp, do phi lm lnh trc khi phi
trn.
Cng c th pha long trc giai on lc bia, lc ny s lm gim
nht, tng tc lc. Nhng ph bin nht ti cc nh my vn l pha long
trong qu trnh lc bia thnh phm. Vic ko di thi gian pha long s cng c
li v mt kinh t, ty thuc vo tng thi im pha long m ta c ch x l
khc nhau.
nh my ny, sau qu trnh ln men kt thc ta bt u pha long bia
nng cao 14oBx ng thi vi lc trong bia cho ra 60% bia chai 12oBx v
40% bia hi 10oBx nh yu cu ca ti. Nc dng pha long phi c
x l bng h thng v p ng c tiu chun ca nc. Qu trnh pha long
phi c thc hin bng dy chuyn.
Nhng c im chnh ca nc pha long [6]

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Cht lng nc tt (ung c), khng mi, khng v.
Trong nc c cha nhng hm lng khong m vi sinh vt c th
s dng c.
Nng oxy trong nc phi t ti thiu (<0,1 ppm).
Nc phi c tnh kim thp, nu khng s lm thay i pH ca bia
khi pha long.
Nhit ca nc bng nhit ca bia dng pha long.
Nc phi c cacbonat ha mc nh bia.
Nc khng c clo v clophenol.
Hm lng canxi thp hn trong bia nu khng s xy ra hin
tng kt ta oxalatcanxi.
Cc phng php x l nc: qu trnh x l nc cho sn xut cc nh
my b ph thuc vo ngun nc v cht lng nc. Thit b x l nc c
th bao gm:
Lc ct loi b cht rn v cc cht hu c.
Lc than antraxit cng vi mc ch trn.
Lc bng than hot tnh loi b mi v clo v clophenol.
Dng trao i ion kh khong v dealkylation.
Kh trng nc
Nc dng phi trn bia nng cao cn phi v trng khng lm
nh hng n cht lng bia thnh phm. Mt s phng php kh trng nc
trn th gii:
Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht clo.
Kh trng bng ozon.
Kh trng bng un si.
Kh trng bng tia cc tm.
Kh trng bng mng siu lc.
Loi kh oxy

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m bo cht lng bia sn xut theo phng php nu bia nng
cao tng ng vi bia nu theo phng php thng thng, cc c tnh ca
nc c kh kh c mt tm quan trng rt cao. Trong trng hp ny, oxy
chnh l k th ca bia. Sau qu trnh ln men iu cn thit l trnh cho bia
khng b hp th khng kh bt c khu no trong qu trnh sn xut, v d
nh khi pha trn bia nng cao vi nc c kh kh.
Sau khi x l s b, nc pha long cn phi loi kh gim hm lng
oxy ti mc < 0,1 ppm. Mt s tc ng bt li ca oxy c th nhn thy nh
hng v ca bia c th thay i do s oxy ha, ri ro gia tng v s hnh thnh
c ca bia v gim cng sut my lc.
Cc nh my sn xut bia thng s dng ba phng php lo kh
trong nc trc khi pha long, l:
Loi kh ca nc bng cch sc CO2 ui khng kh ca nc
(phng php dng kh ui kh).
Loi kh bng cch un si nc sau cacbonat ha trong qu
trnh lm lnh, dng thit b sc CO2 t ng hoc dng kh ui kh.
Loi kh bng chn khng sau ui kh bng CO2 v lm lnh.
Cacbonat ha, lm lnh v bo qun nc pha long
Nc pha long cn c cacbonat ha ti mc xp x bia nng cao
ngay sau khi loi kh bn ch khng kh xm nhp v tip theo phi lm lnh
ngay. C hai phng php lm lnh nc pha long n nhit xp x 1oC.
Phng php 1: s dng h thng thit b trao i nhit dng tm
dng trong trng hp nc dng a vo loi kh cn phi nng nhit ln
cao hn nhit ca nc thng v nng lng thu hi vo khong 90%.
Phng php 2: s dng thng lm lnh, c khung v ng s dng
tc nhn lm lng (v d nh NH3, cn...), thng lm ngui ny tng t nh
nhng thng lm lnh cc nh my bia ang s dng.
b. Lc trong bia

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Mc ch: qu trnh lc nhm tch cn l lng, tch cc t bo nm men
sng v xc t bo non tng gi tr cm quan, n nh thnh phn c hc, lm
tng bn sinh hc, bn keo ca bia. Lc bia da trn hai qu trnh:
Qu trnh c hc nhm gi li cc phn t rn kch thc to hn
cc l hoc khe ca li lc.
Qu trnh hp th i vi cc phn t c kch thc rt b nh cc
cht keo ha tan di dng phn t, cc nm men v vi sinh vt... Ngoi cc
cht gy c bia qu trnh hp th cng lm gim bt mt phn cc cht protein,
cht nha houblon, cht mu, cn bc cao, este... v vy bia c trong.
Tin hnh lc
Cho bt tr lc l diatomit vo thng cha bt sau cho mt t bia cha
lc vo ni ri bm tun hon bt tr lc s bm ln cc ng lc ca thit b
lc Filtrox. Khong cch thch hp gia cc ng lc l 110 mm, ng lc c khe
h dch bia lc i vo bn trong ng, b sau khi i qua lp bt lc s trong
ng thi cc cn b c gi li cng to thnh mng c tc dng lc. Do
sau mt thi gian th tc lc gim i do cc cn bm qu nhiu trn ct lc
v th ta phi tin hnh x b i. Khi Pvo = 5,5 6 th thay lp bt lc khi Pra
= Ptank cha. Khi bia trong th ng van tun hon li cho thm bt v bt bm
ht bt cho bm vo ng.
2.4.2.9.

Bo ha CO2

Mc ch: bo ha c hm lng cn thit nhm lm tng gi tr


cm quan, chng oxy ha, chng kt lng v to mi trng tt bo qun bia.
Cch tin hnh: qu trnh ny c thc hin trong bnh inox y, chu
lc, s dng CO2 thu hi. CO2 bo ha tt phi tin hnh np nhiu ln
nhit thp 0 1oC, mi ln np ti p sut 4 5kg/cm2, qu trnh np lp i
lp li nhiu ln. Thi gian np CO2 t 2,5 3 gi, bia sau khi np CO2 xong
phi t hm lng 3,5 4g/l i vi bia hi v 4 4,5 g/l i vi bia chai.
2.4.2.10. Hon thin sn phm

a. Hon thin bia hi

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Bia sau khi bo ha CO2 c chit vo thng bock, trc khi chit phi
c kim tra cht lng nu t yu cu th mi tin hnh chit bock.
Bia thnh phm c chit vo cc thng bock c dung tch nh sau: 100
lt, 50 lt, 25 lt thun tin cho vic vn chuyn ta chn thng bock 50 lt.
Bock lm bng inox hay bng nha c lp bo n nhit tt, chu c p
sut do CO2 gy nn, xung quanh bock c cc ai cao su khi vn chuyn
trnh xy xt, va p, chit bock theo phng php chit ng p, bock c
xem nh m bo nu bock sau mt ngy chit nhit tng khng qu 1oC.
b. Hon thin bia chai
Chai ng bia c thi t cc loi thy tinh cht lng cao c mu nu
hay xanh nht ngn cn cc tia bc x mt tri chiu vo c th gy cho bia
c mi l, ng thi gy mt mu bia. Nguyn nhn l to ra CO v cc hp cht
cha nhm sunfo hydrin, cc tia bc x mt tri ny c kh nng kch thch cc
phn ng quang ha trong bia, kh mt s cht lu hunh thnh mecaptain c
mi kh chu.
Chai bia phi chu c p lc 10kg/cm2 100oC, dy ca thnh chai
phi u, khng c kh bt, y chai hi lm. Chai dng chit bia c cc th
tch khc nhau thng thng l 330 ml, 450 ml, 650 ml.
S dy chuyn chit chai:
My d kt ra
khi palet

My xp kt vo
palet

Trn Th Thu H

My xp palet

My gp chai
ra khi kt

My ra chai

My ra kt

My kim tra
chai rng

My gp chi
vo kt

My chit chai
v ng nt

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My kim tra
mc y vi

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Thuyt minh s
Phn loi chai: Chai trc khi a vo sn xut cn phi phn loi
nhm loi b nhng chai khng ng chng loi, khng ng tiu chun v hnh
dng, kch thc, mu sc, loi b nhng chai st v, xc nhiu, loi b nhng
chai qu bn.
D kt ra khi palet: kt c gi trn palet c chng gi vi
nhau bng cc mc, trc khi dng xe nng a palet ln gong vo my d
palet cn phi tho cc mc ny ra. Ti my d palet, tng hng kt (9 kt/ln)
c d xung bn my v vn chuyn theo gong kt ti my gp chai ra khi
kt.
Gp chai ra khi kt: Khi kt mang chai c vn chuyn theo go
ng kt ti trc my gp chai ra khi kt, mi ln gp ti a 4 kt, khong 80
chai, cc u gp ht chai v t chng ln bn my. T bn my, chai theo go
ng chai n my ra chai.
My ra chai t ng bao gm nhiu khu vc phun tia dung dch
xt v nc sch trng chai. Ra chai l giai ong v cng quan trng v n
l khu u tin th hin cht lng sn phm. Chai sau khi ra phi m bo
cc yu cu sau:
+ Chai phi sch v mt ha l v m bo v mt an ton vi sinh.
+ Gim n mc ti thiu mc tiu hao nng lng v nc.
+ Gim vic s dng ha cht.
+ Gim thiu s nh hng n mi trng.

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t c nhng mc ch my, cn phi thc hin y v hp l
cc giai on ngm v phun tia trong v ngoi chai, nh lng chnh xc lng
ha cht cn dng, tn thu nhng nng lng s dng.
Theo quy nh, ngi vn hnh my ra chai phi thng xuyn kim tra
cht lng chai sau khi ra m bo yu cu k thut.
My ra kt: Sau khi my gp chai gp ht chai ra, kt khng s
theo go ng kt ti my ra kt, trn ng i, kt c ln ngc nhm loi b
nhng rc bn bm trong kt, sau n i qua my ra kt. My ra kt bao
gm hai khoang, khoang u tin gm ng phun tia dung dch xt long dn t
b nc m ca my ra chai, phun vo hai bn thnh kt, tip , kt c
trng li bng nc sch, loi b ht bi bn v rc bm trong kt.
Kt sau khi c ra dm bo phi sch, m quan v tiu chun v sinh
cng nghip, nhng kt qu bn, phi c loi ra ra li.
Kim tra chai rng: Cht lng sn phm s khng c dm bo
nu vic kim tra chai sau khi ra khng chnh xc. Vic loi ra cc chai khng
m bo yu cu k thut (chai bn, chai dnh du m, sn, xi mng, vi ct, st
m, xc ton thn, khng ng chng loi, cn ln xc, xt, c d vt...) s
gip cho vic m bo cht lng sn phm, trnh lng ph sn phm, lng ph
sc lao ng, thi gian, m bo an ton cho my chit chai. Trc my soi chai
rng c b phn soi chai th cng nhm loi bt nhng chai khng tiu chun
c th nhn thy bng mt thng gim ti cho my soi chai rng.
Qu trnh chit chai, ng nt v kim tra y vi: Qu trnh
chit c nh hng ti cht lng sn phm th hin thi gian bo qun v kh
nng n nh ca bia. Do khi chit cn phi m bo gi c cht lng sn
phm sau khi chit. i vi bia, cng nh nhng ung c ga khc, iu u
tin cn quan tm l phi chit ng p, sn phm chy vo chai c dn ti st
y hoc chy theo thnh chai xung, trnh lm xo trn sn phm.
S tip xc ca sn phm vi oxy khng kh s dn ti nhng nh hng
xu, v vy cn phi y ht khng kh ra ngoi bng cch ht chn khng trc

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khi to p sut i. Hoc l cho bia si bt y khng kh ch trng sau khi
chit ra khi chai.
Vic nn CO2 vo chai to p sut i l cn thit ci thin cht
lng do vic gim ng k hm lng oxy xm nhp vo trong bia v hm
lng CO2 tng cao to thm bt cho bia.
K thut chit m bo c cht lng ca sn phm, ng u ca
chai l yu cu rt quan trng i vi my chit. Sn phm sau khi chit c
ng nt bng my ng nt ngay gn .
Tip chai bia c chit i qua my kim tra i y vi ca chai.
Theo mc quy nh c t sn trong chng trnh, my c nhim v y
ton b nhng chai khng dung tch hoc khng co nt ra. Ti v tr ny,
ngi soi bia lnh phi c nhim v kim tra xem chai bia c chit ra c
m bo cht lng v trong, mu, mui, v, ng bng vic cm quan
trc khi chai bia ti my thanh trng.
Thanh trng bia: Thanh trng l gia nhit chai bia n nhit
thch hp, trong khong thi gian cn thit tiu dit hon ton t bo nm
men cn st li trong bia sau khi lc, m bo t bo nm men khng hot ng
tr li ( nhit 20 25oC) gy c cho bia, ko di thi gian bo qun cho
bia.
Thng thng nhit thanh trng l 62oC i vi bia chai. Trc khi i
qua vng thanh trng, chai bia s i qua vng qu nhit (cao hm 3 5oC so vi
vng thanh trng) nhit nng vo tm chai, tit kim thi gian gia nhit.
Ngi vn hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra chai bia sau khi ra khi my
thanh trng, trnh v, mc kt li v thng xuyn kim tra nhit trn
bng iu khin, nu c s bt thng phi bo ngay cho ngi c trch nhim.
Dn nhn, in hn s dng: sau khi thanh trng bia c kim tra i
trn bng ti n my dn nhnm nhn phi c ghi ngay ngn, h dn phi
cho thm CuSO4 0,1% chng gin. y l khu hon thin sn phm, mt
trong nhng khu ht sc quan trng. Nhn hiu hng ha th hin trnh sn

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xut, cht lng sn phm, quy cch, chng loi cng nh thng hiu ca mi
doanh nghip. Ngi tiu dng lun i hi nhng sn phm khng nhng
ngon, hp khu v m cn phi p, vn minh. Nhn hiu hng ha th hin th
hiu ca h, v vy cc nh sn xut cn phi p ng th hiu . Ngoi ra nhn
hiu hng ha cn l s c quyn ca mi hng sn xut nn n mang tnh cnh
tranh gia cc donh nghip. Mt donh nghip mun tn ti v pht trin trn
thng trng cn phi hiu r, khng c php c nhng chai bia khng ng
chng loi, quy cch v bao b, nhn mc xut hin trn th trng. Mi sn
phm phi c hn s dng r rng, d c, d hiu. V vy, phi thng xuyn
kim tra my in phun.
Ngi vn hnh my phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng chai c
dn nh ra, phi m bo yu cu k thut.
2.4.2.11. Thu hi v x l CO2

Mc ch: CO2 l sn phm to ra trong qu trnh ln men, thu v x l


CO2 tinh khit phc v cho qu trnh bo ha CO2 sau ny cho bia thnh
phm, CO2 s dng cho nh my khng ht th ta c th bn ra th trng.
Cch tin hnh: CO2 c thu hi t cc tank ln men trong giai don ln
men chnh theo cc ng ng dn CO2 v ti cha kh. u tin CO2 c cho
qua bnh lc bng, sau ln lt cho CO2 i qua thit b cha H2O, KMnO4,
than hot tnh d x l cc tp cht nh hi nc, este, axit, nc kh mi... sau
nh qut ht ca my nn kh, CO2 c nn vo bnh chu p lc.
2.4.2.12. V sinh thit b (h thng CIP) [2]

H CIP gm bn thng:
Thng 1: NaOH 0,1%.
Thng 2: HNO3 0,1%.
Thng 3: nc Javen.
Thng 4: nc nng.
Cch tin hnh:
u tin bm nc nng ri x.

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Dng NaOH 0,1% ngm 10 pht ra cc cht bn hu c ri x, sau
bm nc nng - x, bm nc lnh - x.
Dng HNO3 0,1% ngm 30 pht ra cc cht bn v c ri x, sau
bm nc nng - x, bm nc lnh - x. Ch hn ch s dng v n c tnh
n mn rt cao.
Nc Javen ngm 20 pht - x, ra bn ln bng nc nng - x, kim
tra.

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CHNG 3: TNH TON CN BNG SN PHM


3.1. Cc thng s ban u
Nng sut thit k: 50 triu lt/nm.
Sn xut bia t nu v ln men bia nng cao 14oBx.
60% bia chai 12oBx.
40% bia hi 10oBx.
Hoa houblon vin c m Wh = 10%, t l cho hoa l 1,2g hoa cnh/1
lt bia hi v 2g hoa cnh/1 lt bia chai.
Men ging c cy vo theo t l l 10% so vi dch trc ln men.
Nng dch ng trc ln men l 14oBx (t trng dc = 1,0568).
Ch phm enzym Termamyl 120L chim t l 0,1% so vi lng nguyn
liu thay th l i mch.
Tn tht qua cc cng on:
+ Tn tht do nghin: 1%
+ Tn tht do nu, ng ha, lc: 1,5%.
+ Tn tht do lng: 2,5%
+ Tn tht do lm lnh nhanh: 1%
+ Tn tht do qu trnh ln men (c chnh v ph): 4,5%
+ Tn tht do lc: 1,5%
+ Tn tht do bo ha CO2: 0,5%
+ Tn tht do pha long: 0%
+ Tn tht do chit chai: 4%
+ Tn tht do chit bock: 1%

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Do nh my p dng phng php ln men gia tc vi mc bn t
ng v th vi vic kt hp gia u th ca thit b cng ngh hin i v mc
bn th cng ca vic sn xut bia s hn ch c phn no tn tht qua cc
cng on. Chnh v th m cc thng s tn tht ny tng ng vi vic sn
xut m ta chn.

3.2. Tnh ton lng bia t 100kg nguyn liu ban u


Chn t l nguyn liu: 50% malt
25% i mch Vit Nam (RIB0127)
25% ng tinh luyn.
3.2.1. Tnh lng cht ha tan v b
Tnh lng cht chit t malt trong tng s 100kg nguyn liu:
m ca malt: 6%.
H s ha tan: 70%
Tn tht do nghin: 1%.
Lng malt th sau khi nghin l (tn tht do nghin l 1%)
100 x 0,5 x 0,99 = 49,5 (kg)
Lng cht kh ca malt l:
100 x 0,5 x 0,99 x 0,94 = 46,53 (kg)
Lng cht chit t malt c trong 100kg nguyn liu l:
100 x 0,5 x 0,99 x 0,94 x 0,70 = 32,57 (kg)
Tnh lng cht chit t i mch trong tng s 100kg nguyn liu:
m ca i mch: 10,4%
H s ha tan: 70%
Tn tht do xay, nghin: 1%
Lng i mch sau khi nghin l
100 x 0,25 x 0,99 = 24,75 (kg)
Lng cht kh ca i mch l:
100 x 0,25 x 0,99 x 0,896 = 22,17 (kg)

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Lng cht chit t i mch c trong 100kg nguyn liu l:
100 x 0,25 x 0,99 x 0,896 x 0,70 = 15,52 (kg)
Tng lng cht kh c trong 100kg nguyn liu l:
46,53 + 22,17 = 68,70 (kg)
Tng lng cht chit c trong 100kg nguyn liu l:
32,57 + 15,52 = 48,09 (kg)
Tnh lng cht ha tan cn li trong dch ng sau giai on nu,
ng ha v lc:
Chn tn tht cht ha tan chung ca qu trnh nu, ng ha, lc l
1,5% (thng l 1 2%).
Lng cht chit cn li trong dch ng l:
48,09 x 0,985 = 47,37 (kg)
3.2.2. Tnh lng sn phm trung gian qua cc giai on
Khi nu hoa coi lng cht kh ha tan vo bng lng cht kh mt i.
Do trong qu trnh nu hoa ta mi b sung thm ng nng cao nng
cht chit ca dch ng. V vy lng cht chit ca dch ng sau un hoa
s l:
47,37 + (100 x 0,25) = 72,37 (kg)
Lng dch ng 14oBx (sau un hoa) l:
72,37 / 0,14 = 516,93 (kg)
Lng dch ng 14oBx, 20oC c khi lng ring d20 = 1,0568 (kg/l).
Do vy th tch dch 14oBx 20oC l:
V= M/d = 516,93/1,0568 = 489,15 (lt)
Do th tch 100oC chnh lch so vi th tch dch 20oC l 4% nn th
tch dch 100oC l:
489,15 x 1,04 = 508,71 (lt)
Lng dch sau khi lm lng trong v lm lnh nhanh (trc khi ln men
vi tn tht chung cho c 2 qu trnh l 3,5%)
508,71 x 0,965 = 490,91 (lt)

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Lng bia non sau khi ln men chnh v ph (tn tht theo dch cho c hai
qu trnh ny l 4,5%)
490,91 x 0,955 = 468,82 (lt)
Lng bia non sau khi lc (tn tht l 1,5%)
468,82 x 0,985 = 461,78 (lt)
Lng bia non sau khi bo ha CO2 (tn tht l 0,5%)
461,78 x 0,995 = 459,48 (lt)
Tnh ton cn ca bia sau khi ln men.
Lng cht chit sau khi nu hoa l 72,37kg, sau khi lng trong v lm
lnh nhanh vi tn tht chung cho hai qu trnh ny l 3,5% => lng cht chit
trong dch ln men l
72,37 x 0,965 = 69,84 (kg)
Gi thit hiu sut ln men thc t l 60% v coi ton b lng ng ln
men l maltoza. M c 1kg ng maltoza khi ln men theo l thuyt th s
c 0,682 lt cn, do cn ca bia sau khi ln men l:
69,84 x 0,682 x 0,6 x 100/468,82 = 6,096 (v/v)
Tnh lng bia thu c sau khi chit
Bia hi:
Bia hi c cn l 3,5% (v/v) nn lng bia thu c sau khi pha long
l (chim 40% lng bia thnh phm):
459,48 x 40% x 6,096 / 3,5 = 320,11 (lt)
Lng bia hi thu c sau khi chit (tn tht 1%) l:
320,11 x 0,99 = 316,91 (lt)
Bia chai:
Bia chai c cn l 5% (v/v) nn lng bia thu c sau khi pha long
l (chim 60% lng bia thnh phm):
459,48 x 60% x 6,096 / 5 = 336,12 (lt)
Lng bia chai thu c sau khi chit (tn tht 4%) l:
336,12 x 0,96 = 322,67 (lt)

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3.2.3. Tnh lng men ging
T l men ging trc khi cy cho vo l 10% so vi dch a vo ln
men, vy lng men ging a vo s l:
490,91 x 0,1 = 49,09 (lt)
Nu s dng men sa th ta s s dng theo t l 1%. Vy lng men sa
l:
490,91 x 0,01 = 4,91 (lt)
3.2.4. Tnh ton lng b malt v i mch
Lng b kh:
Tng lng cht kh ca malt v i mch l 68,70 (kg).
Tng lng cht chit ca malt v i mch l 48,09 (kg).
Tng lng b kh ca 100kg nguyn liu l:
68,70 48,09 = 20,61 (kg)
Lng b m:
m ca b l 80% nn lng b m l:
20,61 / 20% = 103,05 (kg)
Lng nc trong b l:
103,05 20,61 = 82,44 (kg)
3.2.5. Tnh ton lng nc dng trong qu trnh nu v ra b
Qu trnh h ha: t l bt i mch : nc = 1 : 4
Lng nc cho vo ni h ha l:
24,75 x 4 = 99 (kg)
Lng nc c sn trong nguyn liu ni h ha l:
24,75 x 10,4% = 2,57 (kg)
Tng hn hp bt + nc ban u trong ni h ha l
24,75 + 99 = 123,75 (kg)
Tng lng dch cho sau khi un l (bay hi 5% lng dch):
123,75 x 0,95 = 117,56 (kg)
Qu trnh ng ha: t l bt malt : nc = 1 : 4

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Lng nc cho vo ni ng ha l:
49,5 x 4 = 198 (kg)
Lng nc c sn trong nguyn liu ni ng ha l:
49,5 x 6% = 2,97 (kg)
Tng lng dch ni ng ha sau khi chuyn dch cho sang l:
117,56 + 49,5 + 198 = 365,06 (kg)
Lng dch cn li trong ni ng ha sau khi un l (bay hi 5%):
365,06 x 0,95 = 346,81 (kg)
Lng nc trong dch trc khi lc:
346,81 68,70 = 278,11 (kg)
Tnh ton lng nc trong dch trc khi un hoa:
Lng nc trong dch sau khi un hoa (dch ng c nng 14oBx)
516,93 x 0,86 = 444,56 (kg)
Lng nc trong dch trc khi un hoa (nc bay hi 10% so vi tng
lng dch trc khi un hoa):
444,56 + (516,93 x 10%) = 496,25 (kg)
Tnh ton lng nc ra b:
Vnc trc lc + Vnc ra b = Vnc trong b + Vnc trong dch un hoa.
Vnc ra b = Vnc trong b + Vnc trong dch un hoa Vnc trc lc
= 82,44 + 496,25 278,11
= 300,58 (kg)
Tng lng nc cho vo hai ni nu v ng ha l:
99 + 198 = 297 (kg)
3.2.6. Tnh ton cc nguyn liu khc
3.2.6.1.

Lng hoa houblon

tnh lng hoa vin v cao hoa ta da vo lng hoa cnh.


Bia hi:
Ta chn t l houblon l 1,2g hoa cnh/lt bia hi.
Vy lng hoa cnh cn thit l:

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316,91 x 1,2 = 380,29 (g) = 0,38 (kg)
Ta chn t l cao hoa v hoa vin l 30 : 70
Bit rng: hoa vin tng ng vi 1,3kg hoa cnh. Vy lng hoa vin
cn dng l:
380,29 x 0,7 / 1,3 = 204,77 (g)
1kg cao hoa tng ng vi 6kg hoa cnh. Vy lng cao hoa cn dng
l:
380,29 x 0,3 / 6 = 19,01 (g)
Bia chai:
Ta chn t l houblon l 2g hoa cnh/lt bia chai.
Vy lng hoa cnh cn thit l:
322,67 x 2 = 645,34 (g)
Ta chn t l cao hoa v hoa vin l 30 : 70. Bit rng, hoa vin tng
ng vi 1,3kg hoa cnh. Vy lng hoa vin cn dng l:
645,34 x 0,7 / 1,3 = 347,49 (g)
1kg cao hoa tng ng vi 6kg hoa cnh. Vy lng cao hoa cn dng l:
645,34 x 0,3 / 6 = 32,27 (g)
3.2.6.2.

Lng ch phm enzym

Ch phm enzym Termamyl 120L c dng vi t l 0,1% so vi lng


nguyn liu thay th (i mch). Vy lng Termamyl cn dng l:
24,75 x 0,1% = 0,025 (kg)
Ch phm enzym Cereflo c dng vi t l 0,04% so vi lng nguyn
liu thay th (i mch). Vy lng Cereflo cn dng l:
24,75 x 0,04% = 0,0099 (kg)
Ch phm enzym Neutrase 0,5L c dng vi t l l 0,1% so vi tng
khi lng malt. Vy lng Neutrase cn dng l:
49,5 x 0,1% = 0,0495 (kg)
3.2.6.3.

Lng bt tr lc diatomit

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Lng bt tr lc cn dng ty thuc vo cht lng bt, thit b lc v
b mt lc. Thng thng c 1000 lt bia th cn 0,37kg bt tr lc cho nn
lng bt tr lc cn dng l:
459,48 x 0,37 / 1000 = 0,17 (kg)
3.2.7. Tnh cc sn phm ph
3.2.7.1.

B hoa

Bia hi:
Lng cht kh khng ha tan trong hoa cnh v trong hoa vin l 60%,
b c m 85%, cao hoa c lng b khng ng k nn b hoa ch yu l b
hoa vin nn lng b hoa s l:
204,77 x 0,6 / (1 0,85) = 819,08 (g) = 0,82 (kg)
Bia chai:
Lng cht kh khng ha tan trong hoa cnh v trong hoa vin l 60%,
b c m 85%, cao hoa c lng b khng ng k nn b hoa ch yu l b
hoa vin nn lng b hoa s l:
347,49 x 0,6 / (1 0,85) = 1389,96 (g) = 1,39 (kg)
3.2.7.2.

Cn lng

100kg nguyn liu c khong 1,75kg cn lng.


W = 80% ( thng lng xoy).
3.2.7.3.

Sa men

100 lt bia (sau ln men) cho 2 lt sa men W = 85%.


100kg nguyn liu (sn xut ra 459,48 lt bia nng cao) s cho lng
men sa l:
459,48 x 2 / 100 = 9,19 (lt)
Trong mt phn men sa (4,91 lt) c dng lm men ging. Vy
lng sa men dng lm thc n gia sc l:
9,19 4,91 = 4,28 (lt)
3.2.7.4.

Lng CO2

Ta c phng trnh ln men nh sau:


C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28 calo

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180 kg

88 kg

Hiu sut ln men trong qu trnh ln men l 60%.


Lng cht chit trong dch ln men l 69,84kg.
Vy lng CO2 thu c l:
69,84 x 0,6 x 88 / 180 = 20,48 (kg)
Lng CO2 ha tan trong bia (2,5g CO2/lt bia non) l:
461,78 x 2,5 = 1154,45 (g) = 1,15 (kg).
Lng CO2 thot ra l:
20,48 1,15 = 19,33 (kg)
Lng CO2 thu hi (thng t 70%) l:
19,33 x 70% = 13,53 (kg)
20oC, 1atm th c 1m3 CO2 cn nng 1,832kg.
Vy th tch CO2 bay ra l:
13,53 / 1,832 = 7,39 (m3)
Lng CO2 cn bo ha thm t 4g/l bia sau bo ha l:
(459,48 x 4) (2,5 x 461,78) = 683,47 (g) = 0,68 (kg)
Th tch CO2 cn bo ha thm ( 20oC)
0,68 / 1,832 = 0,37 (m3)

3.3. Lp k hoch sn xut


Nh my c thit k vi nng sut 50 triu lt/nm trong bia chai
12oBx chim 60% v bia hi 10oBx chim 40% tng sn lng. Trong nm d
kin sn xut 300 ngy, cc ngy cn li lm cng tc sa cha, bo dng thit
b, my mc, v sinh nh xng, ngh cc ngy l tt. Mt nm c bn ma, mi
ma c ba thng, tuy nhin nhu cu tiu th bia gia cc ma l khc nhau. D
kin mi thng sn xut 25 ngy.
Da vo tnh hnh kinh t th trng tiu th bia hi ch yu vo ma h,
cn bia chai c th tiu th c trong ma h v c bit c trong dp l tt. V
nhu cu khc nhau nn phi lp k hoch sn xut bia hp l trnh lng ph.

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K hoch sn xut bia cho nh my:
Ma xun

Ma h

Ma thu

Ma ng

Sn lng (triu lt)

10

15

15

10

% nng sut (%)

20

30

30

20

Theo k hoch ma h v ma thu c sn lng ln hn, v vy ta phi


thit k theo nng sut ln nht t 15 triu lt. Mi ma c ba thng vy mi
thng ta sn xut l:
15 triu / 3 = 5 (triu lt).
Mi thng sn xut 25 ngy nn mi ngy sn xut l:
5 000 000 / 25 = 200 000 (lt/ngy).
Mi ngy nu 5 m th sn lng mi m s l:
200 000 / 5 = 40 000 (lt/m).
Vi t l sn phm l 60% bia chai v 40% bia hi nn nu bia nng
cao 14oBx ri pha long c bia thnh phm theo yu cu.

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70

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Cn bng sn phm cho bia cao 14oBx
Hng mc
Nguyn liu chnh
Malt
i mch
ng
Cc nguyn liu khc
Enzym Termamyl
Enzym Neutrase
Enzym Cereflo
Hoa houblon vin
Hoa houblon cao
Men ging nui cy
Men sa
Sn phm trung gian
Dch sau ng ha
Dch nng sau un hoa
Dch trc ln men
Bia sau ln men chnh,ph
Bia lc
Bia nng cao sau bo ha
Sn phm ph, ph liu
B malt v go m
B hoa
Cn lng
Sa men chn nui
CO2 thu hi
CO2 cn b sung
Lng nc cng ngh
Nc dng h ha
Nc dng ng ha
Nc ra b

Trn Th Thu H

n
v
kg
kg
kg
kg

Cho 100
kg NL
100
50
25
25

Cho 40
m3/m
8705,49
4352,75
2176,37
2176,37

Cho 200
m3/ngy
43527,47
21763,73
10881,87
10881,87

Cho 1 nm
sx
10881866,5
5440933,23
2720466,6
2720466,6

g
g
g
g
g
l
l

24,75
49,5
9,9
618,53
57,44
49,09
4,91

2154,61
4309,22
861,84
53846,1
5000,44
4273,53
427,35

10773,05
21546,1
4309,22
269230,43
25002,17
21367,63
2136,76

269361,9
5386523,9
1077304,8
67307608,6
6250544,1
5341908,2
534190,82

kg
l
l
l
l
l

346,81
508,71
490,91
468,82
461,78
459,48

30191,52
44285,71
42736,13
40813,09
40200,22
40 000

150957,6
221428,57
213680,68
204065,5
201001,1
200 000

37739401,1
55357142,8
53420170,6
51016366,3
50250282,9
50000000

kg
kg
kg
l
m3
m3

103,05
2,47
1,75
4,28
7,39
0,37

8971,01
215,02
152,35
372,6
643,33
32,21

44855,05
1075,13
761,73
1862,98
3216,68
161,05

11213763,4
268782,1
190432,66
465743,88
804169,9
40262,9

l
l
l

99
198
300,58

8618,44
17236,88
26166,97

43092,19
86184,38
130834,86

10773047,7
21546095,6
32708714,2

71

MSSV: 504301019

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Cn bng sn phm cho bia hi 10oBx
Hng mc
Nguyn liu chnh
Malt
i mch
ng
Cc nguyn liu khc
Enzym Termamyl
Enzym Neutrase
Enzym Cereflo
Hoa houblon vin
Hoa houblon cao
Men ging nui cy
Men sa
Sn phm trung gian
Dch sau ng ha
Dch nng sau un hoa
Dch trc ln men
Bia sau ln men chnh,ph
Bia lc
Bia nng cao sau bo ha
Sn phm ph, ph liu
B malt v go m
B hoa
Cn lng
Sa men chn nui
CO2 thu hi
CO2 cn b sung
Lng nc cng ngh
Nc dng h ha
Nc dng ng ha
Nc ra b

Trn Th Thu H

n
v
kg
kg
kg
kg

Cho 100
kg NL
100
50
25
25

Cho 40
m3/m
2163,74
1081,87
540,94
540,94

Cho 200
m3/ngy
10818,71
5490,35
2704,68
2704,68

Cho 1 nm
sx
2704676,4
1352338,2
676169,1
676169,1

g
g
g
g
g
l
l

24,75
49,5
9,9
204,77
19,01
49,09
4,91

535,53
1071,05
214,21
4430,69
411,33
1062,18
106,22

2677,63
5355,26
1071,05
22153,46
2056,64
5310,9
531,1

669407,4
1338814,8
267762,96
5538365,83
514158,98
1327725,6
132772,56

kg
l
l
l
l
l

346,81
516,93
409,91
468,82
461,78
459,48

7504,07
11185,03
8869,39
10144,05
9991,72
9941,96

37520,35
55925,13
44346,96
507202,55
49958,62
49709,79

9380088,17
13981283,6
11086738,9
12680063,8
12489654,6
12427447,1

kg
kg
kg
l
m3
m3

103,05
4,78
1,75
4,28
7,39
0,37

2229,73
103,43
37,86
92,61
159,9
8,01

11148,68
517,13
189,33
463,04
799,5
40,03

2787169,01
129283,53
47331,83
115760,15
199875,58
10007,3

l
l
l

99
198
300,58

2142,1
4284,21
6503,77

10710,52
21421,04
32518,86

2677629,6
5355259,2
8129716,3

72

MSSV: 504301019

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Cn bng sn phm cho bia chai 12oBx


Hng mc
Nguyn liu chnh
Malt
i mch
ng
Cc nguyn liu khc
Enzym Termamyl
Enzym Neutrase
Enzym Cereflo
Hoa houblon vin
Hoa houblon cao
Men ging nui cy
Men sa
Sn phm trung gian
Dch sau ng ha
Dch nng sau un hoa
Dch trc ln men
Bia sau ln men chnh,ph
Bia lc
Bia nng cao sau bo ha
Sn phm ph, ph liu
B malt v go m
B hoa
Cn lng
Sa men chn nui
CO2 thu hi
CO2 cn b sung
Lng nc cng ngh
Nc dng h ha
Nc dng ng ha
Nc ra b

Trn Th Thu H

n
v
kg
kg
kg
kg

Cho 100
kg NL
100
50
25
25

Cho 40
m3/m
7437,85
3718,92
1859,46
1859,46

Cho 200
m3/ngy
37189,24
18594,62
9297,31
9297,31

Cho 1 nm
sx
9297309,4
4648654,67
2324327,34
2324327,34

g
g
g
g
g
l
l

24,75
49,5
9,9
347,49
32,27
49,09
4,91

1840,87
3681,73
736,35
25845,77
2400,19
3651,24
365,12

9204,34
18408,67
3681,73
129228,88
12000,97
18256,2
1825,62

2301084,1
4602168,13
920433,6.
32307220,3
3000241,73
4564049,16
456404,91

kg
l
l
l
l
l

346,81
516,93
409,91
468,82
461,78
459,48

25795,2
38448,5
30488,48
34870,12
34346,49
34175,42

128976
192242,32
152442,4
174350,6
171732,46
170877,1

32243998,6
48060581,3
38110600,8
43587645,7
42933115,1
42719277,0

kg
kg
kg
l
m3
m3

103,05
2,32
1,75
4,28
7,39
0,37

7664,7
172,56
130,16
318,34
549,66
27,52

38323,51
862,79
650,8
1591,7
2748,28
137,6

9580877,29
215697,57
162702,9
397924,84
687071,16
34400,04

l
l
l

99
198
300,58

7363,46
14726,94
22356,68

36817,34
73634,7
111783,4

9204336,26
18408672,5
27945852,5

73

MSSV: 504301019

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CHNG 4: TNH TON V CHN THIT B


4.1. Phn xng nu
Theo k hoch sn xut ca nh my v da vo tnh cn bng sn phm
trn c s thng sn xut cao nht ca nm tnh khi lng nguyn liu cn
dng t chn thit b thch hp cho tng khu.
Theo k hoch thng sn xut cao nht l 5 triu lt/thng, mi thng sn
xut 25 ngy, mi ngy sn xut l 200.000 lt, mi ngy nu 5 m do mi
m sn xut c 40.000 lt.
Nh my sn xut bia t nu v ln men nng cao 14oBx sau pha
long dch bia ny thnh 60% bia chai v 40% bia hi theo yu cu.
4.1.1. Nguyn liu dng cho mt m bia cao 14oBx
Lng malt

4352,75 kg

Lng i mch

2176,37 kg

Lng ng

2176,37 kg

Enzym Termamyl

2154,61 g

Enzym Neutrase

4309,22 g

Enzym Cereflo

861,84 g

Hoa houblon dng vin

53846,1 g

Hoa houblon dng cao

5000,44 g

Men ging nui cy

4273,53 lt

Men sa

427,35 lt

Nc dng h ha

8618,44 lt

Nc dng ng ha

17236,88 lt

CO2 cn b sung

32,21 m3

Nguyn liu dng cho sn xut mi m bia phi c nh lng bng


cn, ng ong, ... sao cho ph hp vi tng loi.
4.1.2. Cn nguyn liu
Lng malt ti a cho mt ngy sn xut l:

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4352,75 x 5 = 21763,73 (kg)
Lng i mch ti a cho mt ngy sn xut l:
2176,37 x 5 = 10881,87 (kg)
Lng ng ti a cho mt ngy sn xut l:
2176,37 x 5 = 10881,87 (kg)
Tng lng nguyn liu cn nghin l:
21763,73 + 10881,87 = 32645,6 (kg)
Tng lng nguyn liu cn dng trong mt ngy sn xut l:
21763,73 + 10881,87 + 10881,87 = 43527,47 (kg)
Nguyn liu c cn tng m, tng loi ring bit nn ta chn cn cho
ton b dy chuyn, nng sut ca cn m ln nht l 500 0,5 kg.
4.1.3.

My nghin malt
Nu nghin m th phi nghin tng m v do khi tnh nng sut my

nghin phi tnh theo tng m, nu nghin kh th c th tnh cho c ngy. nh


my ny em s dng my nghin m nghin malt do phi tnh theo tng
m.
Lng malt ti a cho mt m l 4352,75 (kg).
Thi gian lm vic ca my l 4h/ca, ngy lm vic 3 ca, ngy nghin 5
m, thi gian nghin mi m l 2,4h.
H s s dng my l 0,75. Vy lng malt nghin trong 1h l:
4352,75 / (2,4 x 0,75) = 2418,19 (kg/h)
Chn my nghin malt vi cc thng s k thut sau:

Nng sut 2500kg/h

S i trc l 2

Cng sut ng c: 6 kw

Tc quay ca roto l: 450 vng/pht

Kch thc: 2000 x 2000 x 1800 mm

S lng l 1 my

4.1.4.

My nghin i mch

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Lng i mch ti a cho mt m sn xut l: 2176,37 (kg).
Thi gian lm vic ca my l 4h/ca, mi ngy lm vic 3 ca, thi gian
nghin mi m l 2,4h, h s s dng my l 0,75. Vy lng i mch nghin
trong 1h l:
2176,37 / (2,4 x 0,75) = 1209,09 (kg/h).
Vy ta chn my nghin ba nghin i mch c cc c tnh sau:
Nng sut l 1500kg/h.
Cng sut ng c: 6kw/h.
Chiu rng ca bung my l 400 mm.
Tc quay ca r to l 1000 vng/pht.
Kch thc l sng: 3,6 mm.
Kch thc: 2000 x 1600 x 1000 mm.
S lng l 1 chic.
4.1.5.

Chn ni h ha
Lng i mch s dng cho mt m nu ln nht l 2176,37 (kg), tn

tht khi nghin l 1%.


Vy lng i mch cn li trong ni h ha l:
2176,37 x 0,99 = 2154,61 (kg)
Lng nc cho vo ni h ha so vi nguyn liu l 4 : 1
Vy lng nc cho vo ni h ha l:
2154,61 x 4 = 8618,42 (kg)
Khi lng hn hp cho vo ni h ha l:
2154,61 + 8618,42 = 10773,03 (kg)
Khi lng ring ca hn hp l d = 1,08 kg/l.
Vy th tch ca hn hp l:
10773,03 / 1,08 = 9975,03 (lt) = 9,98 (m3)
H s s dng ni l 0,7. Vy th tch thc ca ni l:
Vt = 9975,03 / 0,7 = 14250,05 (lt) = 14,25 (m3)

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Da vo th tch thc ca ni ta chn ni h ha l thit b hai v, thn
hnh tr, ng knh l D, chiu cao H, y v np hnh chm cu c chiu cao
h1 v h2. Thng c ch to bng thp khng g, pha di y c b tr cnh
khuy tng ng lm sao cnh khuy lun hot ng tt, khuy trn u khng
lng xung y trnh gy chy.
Ta c:

H = 0,6D
h1 = 0,2D
h2 = 0,15D

Th tch ni c tnh theo cng thc:


Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh
Vt =

/4 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 0,61D3 = 14,25 (m3)

D=

= 2,85 (m)

Chn D = 2,9 m = 2900 mm.


Vy H = 2,9 x 0,6 = 1,74 (m)
h1 = 2,9 x 0,2 = 0,58 (m)
h2 = 2,9 x 0,15 = 0,44 (m)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h1 + h2 = 1,74 + 0,58 + 0,44 = 2,76 (m)
B dy thp ch to l:

= 5 mm, phn v dy 50 mm. Vy ng knh

ngoi ca thit b h ha l:
Dn = D + (50 x 2) = 2900 + (50 x 2) = 3000 (mm) = 3 (m)
Gi Hl l chiu cao phn 2 v:
Hl = 0,8H = 0,8 x 1,74 = 1,392 (m)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1m. Khi chiu cao
tng th ca ni s l:
2,76 + 1 = 3,76 (m)
Chn cnh khuy cong c ng knh bng 0,8D = 0,8 x 2,9 = 2,32 (m)

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S vng quay ca cnh khuy l 30 vng/pht.
ng c cnh khuy l 7 kw.
Din tch b mt truyn nhit ly bng 0,5 m2/m3 dch.
Vy ta c din tch b mt truyn nhit l:
F = 9,98 x 0,5 = 4,99 (m2)
Vy ta chn ni h ha c cc thng s sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

2900

ng knh ngoi (mm)

3000

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

2760

Chiu cao phn hai v (mm)

1392

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

3760

B dy thp ch to (mm)

ng knh ca sa cha (mm)

450

ng knh ca quan st (mm)

400

ng knh cnh khuy (mm)

2320

S lng ni (chic)

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4.1.6.

Chn ni ng ha
Lng dch cho bm sang ni ng ha (bay hi 5%) l:
10773,03 x 0,95 = 10234,37 (kg)
Lng malt s dng cho mt m nu ln nht l 4352,75kg. Tn tht

nghin l 1%. Vy lng malt cho vo ni ng ha l:


4352,75 x 0,99 = 4309,22 (kg)
Lng nc cho vo ni ng ha so vi nguyn liu theo t l l: 4 : 1.
Vy lng nc cho vo ni ng ha l:
4309,22 x 4 = 17236,89 (kg)
Khi lng hn hp cho vo ni ng ha l:
4309,22 + 17236,89 + 10234,37 = 31780,48 (kg)
Khi lng ring ca hn hp l d = 1,08(kg/l). Vy th tch ca hn hp:
31780,48 / 1,08 = 29426,37 (lt) = 29,43 (m3).
H s s dng ni l 0,75. Vy th tch thc ca ni l:
Vt = 29426,37 / 0,75 = 39235,16 (lt) = 39,24 (m3)
Da vo th tch thc ca ni ta chn ni ng ha l thit b hai v,
thn hnh tr, ng knh D, chiu cao H, y v np hnh chm cu c chiu
cao h1 v h2. Thng c ch to bng thp khng g, pha di y c b tr
cnh khuy tng ng lm sao cnh khuy lun hot ng tt khuy trn u
khng lng xung y trnh gy chy.
H = 0,6D; h1 = 0,2D; h2 = 0,15D.
Th tch ni c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh
Vt =

/4 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 0,61D3 = 39,24 (m3)

D=

= 4,00 (m)

Vy H = 4 x 0,6 = 2,4 (m) = 2400 (mm)


h1 = 4 x 0,2 = 0,8 (m) = 800 (mm)

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h2 = 4 x 0,15 = 0,6 (m) = 600 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h1 + h2 = 2,4 +0,8 + 0,6 = 3,8 (m)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thit b l: 3,8 + 1 = 4,8 (m)
B dy thp ch to l 5 (mm), phn v dy 50 (mm). Vy ng knh
ngoi ca thit b ng ha l:
4000 + (50 x 2) = 4100 (mm) = 4,1 (m)
Gi Hl l chiu cao phn hai v:
Hl = 0,8H = 0,8 x 2,4 = 1,92 (m)
Chn cnh khuy cong c ng knh cnh khuy = 0,8D = 0,8 x 4 = 3,2
(m). S vng quay ca cnh khuy l 30 vng/pht. ng c cnh khuy l
8kw. Din tch b mt truyn nhit ly = 0,5 m2/m3 dch.
F = 29,43 x 0,5 = 14,715 (m2)
Vy ta chn ni ng ha c cc thng s nh sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

4000

ng knh ngoi (mm)

4100

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

3800

Chiu cao phn hai v (mm)

1920

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

4800

B dy thp ch to (mm)

ng knh ca sa cha (mm)

450

ng knh ca quan st (mm)

400

ng knh cnh khuy (mm)

3200

S lng ni (chic)

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4.1.7.

Chn thng lc
Khi dng thng lc th 1kg nguyn liu s cho 1,2 lt b cn cha nhiu

nc. Vy lng b lc s l:
(2154,61 + 4309,22) x 1,2 = 7756,6 (l) = 7,76 (m3).
Mun qu trnh lc xy ra bnh thng th chiu cao ca lp b phi vo
khong 0,4 0,6 (m). Chn h = 0,5m
Din tch y ca thng lc s l:
S = 7,76 / 0,5 = 15,52 (m2)
Lng dch ng em i lc l 27,95 (m3).
Chiu cao lp dch trong thng l: 27,95 / 15,52 = 1,8 (m)
H s y ca thng ch 70%. Do chiu cao thc phn tr ca thng
( c khong cch gia y v sng lc, thng khong cch l 1015 mm).
Hthc= (1,8 / 0,7) + 0,015 = 2,6 (m)
Vy ng knh thng lc l

S=

D2/4 D =

Trn Th Thu H

= 4,44 (m)

81

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Chn D = 4,5 (m) = 4500 (mm)
Chn thit b l ni hai v, thn hnh tr, y bng, bn trong c cnh
khuy vi s vng quay l 6 vng/pht, ng knh cnh khuy d = 0,9D = 0,9 x
4500 = 4050 (mm). ng c cnh khuy l 4kw.
Chiu cao phn nh l h2 = 0,15D = 0,15 x 4500 = 675 (mm)
c tnh k thut ca thng lc l:

4.1.8.

Din tch lc (m2)

15,66

ng knh thng lc (mm)

4500

Chiu cao phn tr (mm)

2600

Chiu cao lp b (mm)

500

Chiu cao phn nh (mm)

675

Chn ni nu hoa
Th tch dch sau khi nu hoa ca mt m l: 42582,92 (lt)
Trong qu trnh nu tn tht do bay hi l 5% so vi tng lng dch

trc khi nu. Vy th tch ca dch trc khi nu l:


42582,92 / 0,95 = 44824,12 (lt) = 44,82 (m3)
H s y thng l 75%. Vy th tch thc ca thng l:

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Vt = 44,82 / 0,75 = 59,76 (m3)
Da vo th tch thc ca ni ta chn ni nu hoa l thit b hai v, thn
hnh tr, ng knh D, chiu cao H, y v np hnh chm cu c chiu cao h1
v h2. Thng c ch to bng thp khng g, pha di y c b tr cnh
khuy tng ng lm sao cnh khuy lun hot ng tt khuy trn u khng
lng xung y trnh gy chy.
H = 0,6D; h1 = 0,2D; h2 = 0,15D.
Th tch ni c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh
Vt =

/4 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 0,61D3 = 59,76 (m3)

D=

= 4,61 (m)

Chn D = 4,7 (m) = 4700 (mm)


Vy H = 4,7 x 0,6 = 2,82 (m) = 2820 (mm)
h1 = 4,7 x 0,2 = 0,94 (m) = 940 (mm)
h2 = 4,7 x 0,15 = 0,7 (m) = 700 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h1 + h2 = 2820 + 940 + 700 = 4460 (mm)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thit b l: 4,46 + 1 = 5,46 (m)
B dy thp ch to l 5 (mm), phn v dy 50 (mm). Vy ng knh
ngoi ca thit b nu hoa l:
4700 + (50 x 2) = 4800 (mm) = 4,8 (m)
Gi Hl l chiu cao phn hai v:
Hl = 0,8H = 0,8 x 2820 = 2256 (mm)
Chn cnh khuy cong c ng knh cnh khuy = 0,8D = 0,8 x 4,7 =
3,76 (m) S vng quay ca cnh khuy l 30 vng/pht. ng c cnh khuy l
9,5kw. Din tch b mt truyn nhit ly = 0,5 m2/m3 dch.

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F = 44,82 x 0,5 = 22,41 (m2)
Vy ta chn ni nu hoa c cc thng s sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

4700

ng knh ngoi (mm)

4800

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

4460

Chiu cao phn hai v (mm)

2256

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

5460

B dy thp ch to (mm)

ng knh ca sa cha (mm)

450

ng knh ca quan st (mm)

400

ng knh cnh khuy (mm)

3760

S lng ni (chic)

4.1.9.

Chn thng lng xoy


Lng dch em lm lnh v lng xoy mi m l 42582,92 (lt) = 42,58

(m3). Th tch s dng thng l 80%. Vy th tch thc ca thng l:

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42,58 / 0,8 = 53,22 (m3)
Chn thng lng xoy thn hnh tr, y bng, ng knh D, chiu cao H
= 0,6D, nh hnh nn c chiu cao h = 0,15D. Thng c ch to bng thp
khng g.
Th tch thng c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr + Vnh
Vt =

/4 +

[h2 + 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 0,532D3 = 53,22 (m3)

D=

= 4,64 (m)

Chn

D = 4,7 (m) = 4700 (mm)

Vy

H = 0,6 x 4700 = 2820 (mm)


h = 0,15 x 4700 = 705 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h = 2820 + 705 = 3525 (mm)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1 (m). Vy chiu cao

tng th ca thit b l 3525 + 1000 = 4525 (mm)


B dy thp ch to l 5mm, phn v dy 50mm. Vy ng knh ngoi
ca thng lng xoy l:
4700 + (50 x 2) = 4800 (mm)
Vy ta chn thng lng xoy c cc thng s sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

4700

ng knh ngoi (mm)

4800

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

3525

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

4525

B dy thp ch to (mm)

S lng ni (chic)

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4.1.10.

Thit b un nc nng

Sau mi m nu ta phi v sinh bng nc nng, mi m cn lng nc


v sinh tng ng 2% th tch thit b.
Lng nc nng cn dng cho qu trnh ra b ca mt m l: 26166,97
(lt) = 26,17 (m3). Vy lng nc nng cn dng cho phn xng nu l:
0,02 x (14,25 + 39,24 + 59,76 +53,22) + 26,17 = 29,5 (m3)
H s s dng thng nc nng l 80%. Vy th tch thc ca thng un
nc nng l:
Vthng = 29,5 / 0,8 = 36,87 (m3)
Chn thit b un nc nng l ni hai v, thn hnh tr, un bng hi
nc gin tip, ng knh D, chiu cao H, y bng, np hnh chm cu c
chiu cao h. Thng c ch to bng thp khng g.
H = 2D; h = 0,15D
Th tch ni c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr + Vnh
Vt =

/4 +

[h2 + 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 1,63D3 = 36,87 (m3)

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D=

= 2,83 (m)

Chn

D = 2,9 (m) = 2900 (mm)

Vy

H = 2 x 2900 = 5800 (mm)


h = 0,15 x 2900 = 435 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h = 5800 + 435 = 6235 (mm)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1 (m). Vy chiu cao

tng th ca thit b l 6235 + 1000 = 7235 (mm)


B dy thp ch to l 5mm, phn v dy50mm. Vy ng knh ngoi
ca thng un nc nng l:
2900 + (50 x 2) = 3000 (mm)
Gi Hl l chiu cao phn hai v:
Hl = 0,8H = 0,8 x 5800 = 4640 (mm)
Din tch b mt truyn nhit ly = 0,5 m2/m3 dch.
F =29,5 x 0,5 = 14,75 (m2)
Vy ta c thit b un nc nng vi cc thng s k thut sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

2900

ng knh ngoi (mm)

3000

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

6235

Chiu cao phn hai v (mm)

4640

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

7235

B dy thp ch to (mm)

S lng ni (chic)

4.1.11.

Chn thit b vn chuyn nguyn liu

Chn gu ti vn chuyn nguyn liu sau khi nghin xong ln ni nu.


Gu ti lm vic mi ngy 5 m, mi m 1 gi, h s s dng thit b l 0,8.

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Do nguyn liu s dng gia malt v nguyn liu thay th l 50/50 nn ta
tnh nng sut gu ti theo lng malt. Vy nng sut gu ti l:
4352,75 / 0,8 = 5440,94 (kg/h)
Chn gu ti c nng sut l 5500 kg/h.
S lng l 3 chic.
4.1.12.

Chn bm

Ta ly bm bm dch t ni nu hoa chuyn sang lm chun tnh cng


sut cho ton b dy chuyn.
Th tch dch ng em i lng xoy l: 42582,92 (lt) = 42,58 (m3)
Thi gian bm dch l 15 pht, h s s dng bm l 80%. Nng sut
bm l:
N = (42,58 x 60) / (15 x 0,8) = 212,9 (m3/h)
S dng bm c nng sut l 220 (m3/h)
Bm 1: bm t ni h ha sang ni ng ha.
Bm 2: bm t ni ng ha sang thng lc.
Bm 3: bm dch t thng lc sang ni nu hoa.
Bm 4: bm dch t ni nu hoa sang thng lng xoy.
Bm 5: bm dch t thng lng xoy sang thit b lm lnh nhanh.
4.1.13.

Chn thit b lm lnh nhanh

Chn thit b lm lnh nhanh hai cp:

Cp 1: lm lnh dch ng s b bng nc thng.

Cp 2: lm lnh dch ng xung nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln


men bng cht ti lnh l glycol.
Lng dch ng sau khi lng (tnh cho 100kg nguyn liu vi tn tht
2,5%) l:
508,71 x 0,975 = 495,99 (lt)
Lng dch ng cn lm lnh mt m l:
495,99 x 40000/459,48 = 43178,76 (lt) = 43,18 (m3)
Thi gian lm lnh l 55 pht, h s s dng thit b l 80%.

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Vy nng sut thc ca my l:
Nt = (43,18 x 60) / (55 x 0,8) = 58,88 (m3/h)
Vy ta chn thit b lm lnh nhanh kiu tm bn c c tnh k thut l:

Nng sut 60 m3/h.

Nhit u vo ca dch l 90oC.

Nhit u ra ca dch cp 1 l 35 40oC

Nhit u ra ca nc cp 1 l 60oC

Nhit u ra ca dch cp 2 l 10 12oC

Nhit u vo ca cht ti lnh glycol cp 2 l -5oC

Nhit u ra ca cht ti lnh cp 2 l 20 25oC

4.2. Phn xng ln men


4.2.1.

Thit b ln men
Thng ln men c cu to bng thp khng g, thn hnh tr, y cn, np

chm cu. Thng c ba khoang lnh iu chnh nhit , c lp bo n, ca


v sinh, ng ng CIP, van ly mu, van tho sa men, van ly cn, van ly
sn phm, h thng thu hi CO2, ng thy, ca quan st, van sc kh.
Cc thng s k thut ca thit b ln men bao gm:
Vd: th tch hu ch ca thng ln men
D: ng knh ca thit b
h1: chiu cao phn y
h2: chiu cao phn cha dch
h3: chiu cao phn tr khng cha dch
h4: chiu cao phn nh
: gc y cn, chn = 60o.
Ta c: h1 = (Dtg60o)/2 = 0,866D.
Chn thng ln men c th tch cha lng dch ca 5 m nu. Th
tch dch ng ca 5 m nu l:
Vd = 35684,69 x 5 = 178423,45 (lt) = 178,42 (m3)

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Do Vd > 100m3 nn h2/D = 1,7 2,0. Chn h2 = 2D
h3 = (Vtrng x 4)/

D2

h4 = 0,1D
Vd = Vtr + Vcn
Vd =

D2h2/4) + ( D2h1/4 x 3) = 1,8D3

D=
Chn

= 4,63 (m)

D = 4,7m
h2 = 4,7 x 2 = 9,4 (m)
h1 = 0,866 x 4,7 = 4,07 (m)
h4 = 0,1 x 4,7 = 0,47 (m)
Mt khc phn nh ca thit b c th tch bng 25% th tch hu ch nn:
Vtrng = 0,25 x Vd = 0,25 x 178,42 = 44,61 (m3)
Th tch thc t ca thng ln men l:
Vtt = Vd + Vtrng = 1,25Vd = 1,25 x 178,42 = 223,03 (m3)
Chiu cao phn khng cha dch l:
h3 = (Vtrng x 4)/ D2 = (44,61 x 4)/ 3,14 x 4,72 = 2,57 (m)
Chiu cao ca thng ln men l:
H = h 1 + h 2 + h 3 + h4
H = 4,07 + 9,4 + 2,57 + 0,47 = 16,51 (m)
Thng c lm bng thp khng g c chiu dy l 10mm. B dy ca

lp cch nhit l 150mm. ng knh ngoi ca thng l:


Dn = 4,7 + (0,15 x 2) = 5 (m)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1m. Chiu cao tng th
ca thit b l:

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Htt = 16,51 + 1 = 17,51 (m)

Tnh s thng ln men:


S thng ln men c tnh theo chu k ln men:
Thi gian ln men chnh l 8 ngy
Thi gian ln men ph l 15 ngy
1 ngy lc bia v v sinh,
Tng thi gian ln men, lc, v sinh l:
T = Tc + Tp + 1 = 8 + 15 + 1 = 24 (ngy)
S lng thng ln men c tnh theo cng thc:
M = (V x T)/Vt + 1
Trong V: th tch dch ln men mt ngy
Vt: th tch dch ln men mt thng
T: s ngy cho mt chu k ln men
1: s thng d tr

M = [(35684,69 x 5 x 23)/( 35684,69 x 5)] + 1 = 24 (thng) (hoc tank).


4.2.2.

Chn thit b gy men ging


Vic tnh ton thit b gy men ging cp 1 v cp 2 da trn nguyn tc

tnh cho thit b ln men chnh tnh ton trn.

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Nguyn tc chn: Th tch hu ch ca thng gy men ging cp 2 bng
1/10 th tch dch ln men ca thng ln men chnh. Th tch hu ch ca thng
gy ging cp 1 bng 1/3 th tch ca thng gy ging cp 2.
Chn thng hnh tr, y chp, lm bng thp khng g, c trang b h
thng sc kh, van, nhit k, knh quan st.
4.2.2.1.

Thit b gy ging cp 2

Gi V2 l th tch hu ch ca thng nhn ging cp 2:


V2 = Vd/10 = 178,42 / 10 = 17,84 (m3)
Cc thng s k thut ca thit b:
V2: th tch hu ch ca thng nhn ging cp 2
D: ng knh ca thit b
h1: chiu cao phn y
h2: chiu cao phn cha dch
h3: chiu cao phn tr khng cha dch
h4: chiu cao phn nh
: gc y cn, chn = 60o.
Ta c: h1 = (Dtg60o)/2 = 0,866D.
Chn h2 = D
h3 = (Vtrng x 4)/

D2

h4 = 0,1D
V2 = Vtr + Vcn
V2 =

D2h2/4) + ( D2h1/4 x 3) = 1,012D3 = 17,84 (m3)

D=

= 2,6 (m)

h2 = D = 2,6 (m)
h4 = 0,1D = 0,26 (m)
h1 = 0,866D = 2,25 (m)
Mt khc phn nh ca thit b c th tch bng 20% th tch hu ch nn:
Vtrng = 0,2 x V2 = 0,2 x 17,84 = 3,57 (m3)

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Th tch thc ca thng nhn ging cp 2 l:
Vtt = 1,2V2 = 1,2 x 17,84 = 21,4 (m3)
Chiu cao phn nh (h3) l:
h3 = (Vtrng x 4)/

D2 = (3,57 x 4)/ (3,14 x 2,62) = 0,67 (m)

Chiu cao ca thng nhn ging cp 2 l:


H = h 1 + h 2 + h 3 + h4
H = 2,25 + 2,6 + 0,67 + 0,26 = 5,78 (m)
Thng c lm bng thp khng g c b dy thp ch to l 6 mm. B
dy lp cch nhit l 150mm. ng knh ngoi ca thng l:
Dn = 2.6 + 0,15 x 2 = 2,9 (m)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1m. Chiu cao tng th
ca thit b l:
Htt = 5,78 + 1 = 6,78 (m)
Vy thit b gy ging cp 2 c cc thng s sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

2600

ng knh ngoi (mm)

2900

Chiu cao ton b thng (mm)

5780

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

6780

B dy thp ch to (mm)

150

S lng ni (chic)
4.2.2.2.

Thit b gy ging cp 1

Tnh ton tng t thit b gy ging cp 2.


V1 = V2 / 3 = 17,84 / 3 = 5,95 (m3)
Cc thng s k thut ca thit b:
V1: th tch hu ch ca thng nhn ging cp 1
D: ng knh ca thit b
h1: chiu cao phn y
h2: chiu cao phn cha dch

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h3: chiu cao phn th khng cha dch
h4: chiu cao phn nh
: gc y cn, chn = 60o.
Ta c: h1 = (Dtg60o)/2 = 0,866D.
Chn h2 = D
h3 = (Vtrng x 4)/

D2

h4 = 0,1D
V1 = Vtr + Vcn
V1 =

D2h2/4) + ( D2h1/4 x 3) = 1,012D3 = 5,95 (m3)

D=

= 1,8 (m)

h2 = D = 1,8 (m)
h4 = 0,1D = 0,1 x 1,8 = 0,18 (m)
h1 = 0,866D = 0,866 x 1,8 = 1,56 (m)
Mt khc phn nh ca thit b c th tch bng 20% th tch hu ch nn:
Vtrng = 0,2 x V1 = 0,2 x 5,95 = 1,19 (m3)
Th tch thc ca thng nhn ging cp 1 l:
Vtt = 1,2V1 = 1,2 x 5,95 = 7,14 (m3)
Chiu cao phn tr khng cha dch (h3) l:
h3 = (Vtrng x 4)/

D2 = (1,19 x 4)/ (3,14 x 1,82) = 0,47 (m)

Chiu cao ca thng nhn ging cp 1 l:


H = h 1 + h 2 + h 3 + h4
H = 1,56 + 1,8 + 0,47 + 0,18 = 4,01 (m)
Thng c lm bng thp khng g c b dy thp ch to l 5 mm. B
dy lp cch nhit l 150mm. ng knh ngoi ca thng l:
Dn = 1,8 + 0,15 x 2 = 2,1 (m)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1m. Chiu cao tng th
ca thit b l:
Htt = 4,01 + 1 = 5,01 (m)

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Vy thit b gy ging cp 1 cc thng s sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

1800

ng knh ngoi (mm)

2100

Chiu cao ton b thng (mm)

4010

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

4010

B dy thp ch to (mm)

150

S lng ni (chic)

4.2.3.

Thit b ra sa men
Mt ngy ta sn xut ra 200 m3 bia nng cao v cho ra 4m3 sa men.
ra 1 lt sa men cn dng 3 lt nc. Do ta chn thng cha nc

ra men ln gp 4 ln lng men thu c.


Vy th tch hu dng ca thng cha men l:
Vr = 4 x 4 = 16 (m3)
Cc thng s ca thng:
Vr: th tch hu dng ca thng ra men.
H: chiu cao phn hnh tr ca thng men
D: ng knh ca thng
h: chiu cao chm cu ca y
Chn thng hnh chm cu c: H = D; h = 0,1D
H s y ca thng l 80% nn th tch thc ca thng l:
Vt = Vr / 0,8 = 16 / 0,8 = 20 (m3)
Th tch ca thng ra men c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr+ Vy
Vt =

/4 +

[h2 + 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 0,83D3 = 20 (m3)

D=

= 2,88 (m)

H = D = 2,88 (m)

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h = 0,1D = 0,1 x 2,88 = 0,288 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thng = 2,88 + 0,288 = 3,168 (m)
4.2.4.

My lc bia Filter
Lng bia ti a cn lc cho mt ngy l: 204065,5 (lt) = 204,06 (m3).
Lng bia mi m l: 40813,09 (lt) = 40,8 (m3), thi gian lc l 75 pht,

h s lc l 0,8. Vy nng sut lc trong mt gi l:


(40,8 x 60)/(75 x 0,8) = 40,8 (m3/h)
My lc bia c nng sut 40,8(m3/h).
Cng sut thit b l 5 kw/h.
Bia sau khi lc c th tch l 201001,1 (lt) = 201 (m3).
Vy ta c th tch b bia l:
204,06 201 = 3,06 (m3)
4.2.5.

Thit b cha bia v bo ha CO2


Thit b cha bia v bo ha CO2 l mt thng hnh tr c y v np

hnh chm cu, thit b c lm bng thp khng g, bn ngoi thit b c p


k, ng thy.
Tnh ton thit b da trn lng dch cn cha trong mt ngy. Ta chn
s thit b cha trong mt ngy l 4 thng. Nh vy mi mt thng cha bia v
bo ha CO2 c h s s dng 0,8 phi c th tch l:
(40000 x 5)/(4 x 0,8) = 62500 (lt) = 62,5 (m3)
Cc thng s k thut ca thit b:
D: ng knh phn tr
H: chiu cao phn tr
h1: chiu cao phn y
h2: chiu cao phn nh
Chn H = 2D; h1 = 0,2D; h2 = 0,15D.
Th tch thit b c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh
Vt =

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96

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Vt =

o D=

= 1,64D3 = 62,5 (m3)

= 3,36 (m)

Chn D = 3,4 (m) = 3400 (mm)


Vy H = 3,4 x 2 = 6,8 (m) = 6800 (mm)
h1 = 3,4 x 0,2 = 0,68 (m) = 680 (mm)
h2 = 3,4 x 0,15 = 0,51 (m) = 510 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h1 + h2 = 6800 + 680 + 510 = 7990 (mm)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thit b l: 7,99 + 1 = 8,99 (m)
B dy thp ch to l 5 (mm), phn v dy 50 (mm). Vy ng knh
ngoi ca thit b nu hoa l:
3400 + (50 x 2) = 3500 (mm) = 3,5 (m)
Gi Hl l chiu cao phn hai v:
Hl = 0,8H = 0,8 x 6800 = 5440 (mm)
Vy thit b c cc thng s k thut nh sau:

4.2.6.

ng knh trong (mm)

3400

ng knh ngoi (mm)

3500

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

7990

Chiu cao phn hai v (mm)

5440

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

8990

B dy thp ch to (mm)

S lng thng (chic)

Tnh ton thng nc pha long


Bia hi:

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i vi bia hi mt ngy sn xut c 49709,79 lt = 49,71 (m3) bia
nng cao. Ta cn pha ch to ra 200 (m3) bia nng 3,5% t bia c
cn 6,096%.
Vy lng nc cn b sung trong mt ngy l:
200 49,71 = 150,29 (m3)
Vy c 1 m3 bia nng 14oBx mun cho ra bia hi 10oBx th cn 0,75
m3 nc, tng ng vi 1 lt bia nng cao cn lng nc pha l 0,75 lt
nc.

Bia chai:
i vi bia chai mt ngy sn xut c 170877,1 (lt) = 170,88 (m3) bia

nng cao. Ta cn pha ch to ra 200 m3 bia nng 5ov t bia c cn


6,096ov
Vy lng nc cn b sung trong mt ngy l:
200 170,88 = 29,12 (m3)
Vy c 1 m3 bia nng 14oBx mun cho ra bia chai 12oBx th cn 0,15
m3 nc, tng ng vi 1 lt bia nng cao cn lng nc pha l 0,15 lt
nc.
Do ta chn thng cha nc theo bia hi.
Chn 5 thng cha nc.
Th tch hu dng ca mi thng ny l:
Vhd = 150,29 / 5 = 30,06 (m3)
Ta chn thng c thn hnh tr, y v np hnh chm cu, h s s dng
thng l 85%. Vy th tch thc ca thng l:
Vt = 30,06 / 0,85 = 35,36 (m3)
Cc thng s ca thng:
Vr: th tch hu dng ca thng ra men.
H: chiu cao phn hnh tr ca thng men
D: ng knh ca thng
h: chiu cao chm cu

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Chn thng hnh chm cu c: H = 1,5D; h = 0,1D
Th tch ca thng c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr+ Vy
Vt =

/4 +

[h2 + 3(D/2)2]/6

Vt = 1,22D3 = 35,36 (m3)

D=

= 3,1 (m)

H = 1,5D = 1,5 x 3,1 = 4,65 (m)


h = 0,1D = 0,1 x 3,1 = 0,31 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thng = 4,65 + 0,31 = 4,96(m)
4.2.7.

Bm men ging
Lng men ging cn cung cp cho mt thng ln men (5 m nu) l:

21367,63 lt = 21,37 (m3)


Thi gian s dng bm l 25 pht.
H s s dng bm l 80%
Vy nng sut thc ca bm l:
N = (21,37 x 60)/ (25 x 0,8) = 64,11 (m3)
Chn bm c nng sut l 65 m3/h
S lng l 1 chic.
4.2.8.

Bm lc
Lng bia non cn lc trong mt ngy l 204065,5 (lt) = 204,07 (m3)
Thi gian cn lc l 3 ca/ngy, mi ca 4 gi
H s s dng bm l 80%
Vy nng sut thc ca bm l:
N = 204,07 / (3 x 4 x 0,8) = 21,26 (m3/h)
Chn bm c nng sut l 22m3/h
S lng bm l 1 chic.

4.2.9.

Bm bt tr lc trong qu trnh lc
Chn loi bm Piston c:

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Nng sut l 300 lt/gi, c iu chnh lu lng.

S lng l 1 chic.

4.3. H thng thit b phn xng hon thin


4.3.1.

Bia hi

4.3.1.1.

My ra bock

My ra bock cao nht trong mt ngy l 200.000 (lt), chn loi bock
cha 50 lt. Vy s lng bock s dng trong mt ngy l:
200.000 / 50 = 4000 (bock)
Mi ngy lm vic 3 ca, mi ca lm vic 4 gi, h s s dng ca my l
80%. Vy nng sut ca my l:
N = 4000 / (4 x 3 x 0,8) = 416,67 (bock/gi)
Chn nng sut l N = 420 bock/gi
Cng sut ng c 4kw
Nhit nc nng: 50 55oC
Lng tn hao nc nng l 5 m3/h.
4.3.1.2.

My chit bock

Lng bia cn chit bock trong mt ngy l 49709,79 (lt) = 49,7 (m3).
My lm vic mi ngy 3 ca, mi ca 4 gi, h s s dng my l 0,75. Vy nng
sut ca my chit bock l:
N = 49,7 / (4 x 3 x 0,75) = 5,52 (m3/h)
Chn my chit bock c cc thng s sau:
Nng sut 8 m3/h
S vi chit: 3 vi
Khong cch gia cc vi l 1,5 m
p sut d l 0,7 atm
Cng sut ng c l 0,8 kw
S my cn dng l 1 chic.
4.3.2.

Bia chai

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4.3.2.1.

My chit chai

Lng bia ti a chit chai trong mt ngy l 170877,1 lt = 170,88 m3.


Bia ng vo chai 500ml. Vy lng chai cn dng l:
170877,1 / 0,43 = 397388,6 (chai)
Mi b phn chit chai hot ng 3 ca, mi ca lm vic 4 gi. H s s
dng my l 85%. Vy nng sut dy chuyn chit chai l:
N = 397388,6 / (4 x 3 x 0,85) = 18959,67 (chai/h)
Chn my chit chai c cc thng s sau:

Nng sut: 20000 chai/h

S vi chit: 36 vi

Cng sut ng c: 3 kw

S lng my l 1 chic

4.3.2.2.

My ra chai

Da vo s liu ca my chit chai m ta chn trn ta chn my ra chai c


cc thng s sau:

Nng sut my: 20000 chai/h

Dung tch chai 0,43 lt

Chu k mt vng 15 pht

Chu k mt vng ngh 1,5 pht

Cng sut bm ca my 15 m3/h

S lng my 1 chic

4.3.2.3.

My dp nt chai

Nng sut ca my dp nt chai ph thuc vo nng sut ca my chit chai, bi


vy ta chn my dp nt c cc thng s sau:

Nng sut 20000 np chai/h

S ng ng cng 1 lc l 16 ng

Cng sut ng c l 3kw

S lng my l 1 chic

4.3.2.4.

My thanh trng

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Chn my thanh trng c cc thng s k thut sau:
Nng sut 20000 chai/h
Cng sut 8 kw
Dung tch chai 0,43 lt
p sut thanh trng 1,8 kg/cm2
Th tch b cha nc 75o l 3 m3
Th tch b cha nc 65o l 3,2 m3
Th tch b cha nc 35o l 4 m3
Th tch nc lnh l 7 m3
S lng my l 1 chic
4.3.2.5.

My dn nhn

Chn my dn nhn c cc thng s k thut sau:

Nng sut 20000 chai/h

S vng quay 20 vng/pht

Tc bng chuyn 0,3 m/s

Cng sut m t l 0,9 kw

S lng my l 1 chic

Bng 4.1: Cc thit b chnh cho phn xng sn xut bia nng sut 50 triu
lt/nm t nu v ln men bia nng cao 14oBx
STT

Thit b

Kch thc (mm)

lng

Cng sut

Nng sut

(kw/h)

My nghin malt

2000 x 2000 x 1800

2500 kg/h

My nghin i mch

2000 x 1600 x 1000

1500 kg/h

Gu ti

Ni h ha

5500 kg/h
Dt=2900, Dn=3000,

m3/m

H=2760
5

Ni ng ha

Dt=4000, Dn=4100,

Thng lc

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102

39,24
m3/m

H=3800
6

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7

Ni nu hoa

Dt=4700, Dn=4800,

9,5

m3/m

H=4460
8

Ni un nc nng

59,76
36,87 m3/h

Dt=2900, Dn=3000,
H=6235

9
10

Thit b lng xoy


Thit b lm lnh

Dt=4700, Dn=4800,

53,22

H=3525

m3/m
60 m3/h

nhanh
11

Thit b ln men

24
tank

12

Thng gy men cp 1

Dt=4700, Dn=5000,

223,03

H=16510

m3/m

Dt=1800, Dn=2100,

7,14
m3/m

H=5010
13

Thng gy men cp 2

14

Thit b ra sa men

15

My lc bia Filter

16

Thit b cha bia v

bo ha CO2

Dt=2600, Dn=2900,

21,4

H=5780

m3/m

D=2880, H=3168

20 m3
5

Dt=3400, Dn=3500,

40,8 m3/h
62,5
m3/m

H=7990

17

My ra bock

420 bock/h

18

My chit bock

0,8

8 m3/h

19

My chit chai

20000
chai/h

20

My thanh trng

20000
chai/h

21

My dn nhn

0,9

20000
chai/h

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CHNG 5: TNH TON XY DNG
5.1. Thit k b tr tng mt bng
5.1.1.

Thit k quy hoch


Trong khu vc xy dng nh my, cc cng trnh xy dng theo nguyn

tc phn vng m bo yu cu hp l sn xut v m bo m quan cn i


trong nh my, d m rng, d qun l, ph hp vi c im kh hu Vit Nam.
a im xy dng nh my c hng ch o l hng Ty Bc, do cc
cng trnh chnh, ph c xy dng theo hng Ty Bc v trung tm l khu
vc sn xut.
Cc cng trnh xy dng m bo tnh lin h mt thit ca cc cng on
sn xut, tnh logic ca thit b, m bo kinh t, m bo ng i ca dy
chuyn l ngn nht...
5.1.2.

Nguyn tc phn vng

Nguyn tc phn vng:


Vng trc nh my: ni b tr cc nh hnh chnh qun l, phc
v sinh hot, cng ra vo, gara t, ch xe. Vng ny c din tch khong
20% din tch nh my.
Vng sn xut chnh: l ni b tr phn xng sn xut chnh nm
trong dy chuyn sn xut ca nh my. Vng c din tch chim khong 55%
din tch nh my.
Vng cng trnh ph: l vng cung cp nng lng nh: in, nc,
hi... cc cng trnh c hi c b tr cui hng gi.
Vng kho tng v phc v giao thng: c b tr cc kho tng,
bn bi, cc cu bc d hng ha... cho php b tr trn vng t khng u tin
hng gi, nhng phi ph hp vi khu tp kt nguyn, nhin vt liu.
u im ca phng php phn vng:
D qun l theo ngnh, theo xng, theo cc cng on ca dy
chuyn sn xut ca nh my.

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Thch hp vi nhng nh my c cc phn xng, cc cng on
c c im v iu kin khc nhau.
m bo c yu cu v sinh cng nghip, d dng x l c
cc b phn pht sinh, cc iu kin bt li trong qu trnh sn xut nh bui, kh
c...
D dng b tr h thng giao thng trong nh my.
Thun li trong qu trnh pht trin v m rng ca nh my.
Nhc im:
Dy chuyn sn xut ko di, tn din tch nh my.
D thng ng ng dn v mng li giao thng tng ln nn h
s xy dng thp trong vic xy dng nh my.

5.2. Tnh ton cc h mc cng trnh


5.2.1.

Tnh ton xy dng cho khu vc sn xut

5.2.1.1.

Phn xng nu

Phn xng nu c xy dng ni lin vi phn xng ln men to c


s lin tc trong sn xut. Phn xng nu bao gm hai phn c ngn cch
vi nhau bi tng, mt phn t cn, my nghin, gu ti, phn kia t ni
h ha, ng ha, thit b lc khung bn, ni nu hoa, thng lng xoy, ni un
nc nng, thit b lm lnh nhanh, h thng v sinh. Ni t cc ni nu, thit
b lc c b tr sn thao tc c chiu cao 3 mt kim tra theo di qu trnh
nu, lc c d dng.
Da vo tnh ton chiu di ca ng knh ca cc thit b l:

Ni h ha: D = 3 m

Ni ng ha: D = 4,1 m

Ni nu hoa: D = 4,8 m

Thng lng xoy: D = 4,8 m

Thng un nc nng: D = 3 m
Tng ng knh ca cc thit b l:

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3 + 4,1 + 4,8 + 4,8 + 3 = 19,7 (m)
Trong phn xng nu bia ta sp xp cc thit b (ni h ha, ni nu hoa,
ni ng ha, ni lng xoy) theo s hnh khi, gia l thit b lc. Cc
thit b c t cch tng 1m v khong cch gia cc thit b vi nhau l 2m.
Vy tng chiu di ca phn xng nu l:
19,7 + (1 x 2) + (2 x 3) 4,8 3 = 19,9 (m)
Chiu rng gm ng i 4m, h thng CIP ca mi thit b c ng
knh 1,77m, ng knh ca thit b nu ln nht l ni nu hoa (4,8m) v ni
lng xoy (4,8m). Vy chiu rng tng th ca thit b l:
(1 x 2) + 4,8 + 4,8 + 1,77 = 13,37 (m)
Do trong phn xng cn phi t cc my nghin, my lc v mt s
thit b ph tr khc v ph hp vi kch thc xy dng ta chn kch thc
ca phn xng nh sau:

Din tch phn xng l 432 m2

Kch thc phn xng l 24 x 18 x 8 (m)

Bc ct 6 (m)

Mng b tng ct thp

Mi panel lp ghp theo tiu chun

Cc ct lm bng thp kch thc 400 mm

Khung nh lm bng b tng ct thp hn hp

Tng dy 220 mm

Trong phn xng nu dng nn xi mng v b tng m bo cng


chu lc v chu nc cao cng nh cht v c.
5.2.1.2.

Phn xng ln men

y l phn xng rng ln, c xy dng vng chc vi gii php


khung b tng ct thp lp ghp.

Gii php xy dng:

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Da vo s lng tank ln men l 24 tank ln men, mi tank c ng
knh l 4,7m. Do khi lng tank ln men ln nn ta chn gii php t tank ln
men ngoi tri, pha trn c h thng dn mi i li thao tc.
Ta sp xp cc tank ln men nh sau:

Cc tank sp xp theo chiu di ca phn xng l 6 tank

Khong cch gia cc tank theo chiu di, chiu rng u cch nhau 1m
v tank ngoi cch mp ngoi 1m
Cc thit b nh thng cha sn phm, thng cha nc pha, thng
nhn men ging cp 1, thng nhn men ging cp 2, h thng CIP, thit b ra
sa men, my lc bia c sp xp cho vo nh c mi che ca cng phn
xng ln men. Chiu rng ca nh khong 9m.
Trong phn xng ln men c ng i rng khong 5m v 1m dnh cho
cu thang.
Chiu di ca phn xng ln men l:
(4,7 x 6) + (1 x 7) + 4 + 9 + 1 = 49,2 (m)
Chiu rng c sp xp thnh hng 4 tank, tank pha ngoi cch mp
ngoi 1m. Vy chiu rng ca phn xng ln men l:
(4,7 x 4) + (1 x 5) = 23,8 (m)
Do trong phn xng c b tr nh c mi che trong c b tr mt
phng tng hp (thay , cha mt s thit b lu ng...) c chiu di 6m nn
chiu di ca nh chnh l chiu rng ca phn xng ln men. Khong trng
ca khu cc tank ln men c lm ng i v din tch d phng. Vy ta chn
chiu rng phn xng ln men l 30m
Nh vy ta chn phn xng ln men vi cc thng s tng ng ph hp
vi kt cu xy dng nh sau:
Vi tank ln men ngoi tri th:
+ Dn ng bng thp panel lp ghp theo tiu chun, pha ngoi
dn ng thao tc l 1,1m; pha trong dn ng thao tc l 1,2m.

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+ Mng b tng ct thp, bc ct sn xut thay chn ca thit b
ph hp l 6 m
+ Kch thc ct l 400 x 600 mm
+ Nn phn xng ln men bng b tng chu lc, c x l chng
thm.
Vi nh c mi che: c xy dng bnh thng vi vt liu xy dng
nh phn xng nu.

Kch thc phn xng ln men nh sau:

Din tch phn xng ln men l 1620 m2

Kch thc: 54 x 30 x 18 (m)

Tng dy 220 mm

Phn xng ln men c ni u vi phn xng nu, mt u ni vi


phn xng hon thin.
5.2.2.

Tnh ton xy dng cho phn xng hon thin


y l mt phn xng c ng s lng cng nhn, cc thit b l mt

dy chuyn khp kn, kch thc ln v c nhiu b phn hot ng lin tc


nh: my chit chai, my dp np, my dn nhn, my xp kt... Ton b c
t ng ha. Bi vy phn xng i hi thong mt, cao ro, nh sng cho
cng nhn lm vic. V th nn thit k nhiu ca s, ca ra vo rng ri vn
chuyn sn phm ra vo d dng.
Phn xng hon thin c kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp c th nh
sau:

Din tch phn xng 864 m2

Kch thc: 42 x 24 x 6 (m)

Bc ct: 6 m

Mi panel lp ghp theo tiu chun

Ct b tng ct thp 400 x 600 mm

Nh lm bng khung thp Zamyl

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Tng dy 220 mm

5.2.3.

Tnh ton xy dng cho phn xng ph tr


Cc phn xng ph tr c xy dng theo kt cu b tng ct thp hn

hp theo tiu chun.


5.2.3.1.

Kho nguyn liu

Nguyn liu chnh cho sn xut bia l 50% malt, 25% i mch v 25%
ng. Cc nguyn liu ny c ng vo cc bao 50kg, c mi 1m2 xp c
2 bao, xp cc bao 10 chng. Vy mi chng cha c lng nguyn liu l:
2 x 10 x 50 = 1000 (kg)
Lng nguyn liu cn dng ti a cho mt ngy l: 43527,47 (kg) (
tnh ton trong phn cn bng sn phm)
Din tch kho m bo cha nguyn liu cho nh my hot ng
trong 15 ngy.
Vy lng nguyn liu cn d tr trong 15 ngy l:
43527,47 x 15 = 652912,05 (kg)
H s s dng kho l 85%. Vy din tch kho cn cha l:
= 768,13 (m2)
Vy ta xy dng kho c kch thc nh sau:

Kch thc: 36 x 24 x 8 (m)

Din tch 864 (m2)

5.2.3.2.

Kho sn phm

Kho cha sn phm c xy dng cnh phn xng hon thin, sn


phm thun tin giao thng.
Sn phm ca nh my cn cha vo kho l bia chai, bia bock. Mi ngy
nh my sn xut c ti a 397389 chai, 4000 bock.

Din tch cha bia bock (bia hi)


T l cha bia bock l 4 bock/m2, cc bock xp chng ln nhau thnh 3

tng chng ln nhau. Vy din tch cha bia bock l:

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4000 / (3 x 4) = 333,33 (m2)

Din tch cha bia chai:


Mi kt cha 24 chai, 5 kt chim 1m2, cc kt xp thnh 8 tng, chng

ln nhau. Vy din tch cha bia chai l:


397389 / (24 x 5 x 8) = 413,95 m2
Trung bnh chai sn xut ra lu tr trong 3 ngy. Vy din tch cha bia
chai l:
412,95 x 3 = 1241,84 m2
H s ca kho l kho l 85%. Vy din tch thc ca kho cha sn phm
l:
(333,33 + 1241,84) / 0,85 = 1853,14 (m2)
Vy ta xy dng kho cha sn phm c kch thc sau:

Kch thc: 54 x 36 x 6 (m)

Din tch 1944 m2

5.2.3.3.

Phn xng c in

Phn xng bao gm t my sa cha, t in, t gia cng ph tng thay


th...

Gii php xy dng:


Phn xng c xy dng bng kt cu khung thp lp ghp c th nh

sau:
Dm mi bng khung thp lp ghp
Mi bng panel lp ghp theo tiu chun
Mng bng ct b tng ct thp, bc ct xy dng 6m.
Tng gch xy 220 mm
Nn phn xng bng b tng chu lc, c x l chng thm.
Nh c xy dng thong mt, c nhiu ca s thng gi v chiu
sng t nhin.

Kch thc xy dng:


Din tch 432 m2

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Kch thc: 24 x 18 x 6
5.2.3.4.

Kho v chai, bock

c thit k gn phn xng hon thin, mi tn, tng lng cao 2,4m.
Kho v chai c thit k vi din tch tng ng vi kho cha sn phm v
th kho v chai c c im sau:

Kch thc: 54 x 36 x 6 (m)

Din tch 1944 m2

5.2.3.5.

Gara t

Nh my cn c 6 t vn chuyn v giao dch

Din tch 288 m2

Kch thc: 24 x 12 x 4,8 (m)

5.2.3.6.

Nh lnh v thu hi CO2

Xy dng cnh phn xng ln men.


Lng CO2 thu hi cho mt ngy sn xut l 3395,14 m3. V vy m xy
dng nh lnh v thu hi CO2 c cc thng s sau:

Din tch 216 m2

Kch thc: 18 x 12 x 4,8 (m)

5.2.4.

Cc cng trnh phc v sinh hot


Cng trnh phc v sinh hot c xy dng pha trc nh my thun

tin cho vic i li ca cn b cng nhn vin, ng thi lm tng v p m


quan ch nh my, bi gii php kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp ton khi,
mi bng tng gch.
5.2.4.1.

Nh hnh chnh

Nh 2 tng, mi tng cao 4m.

Din tch 108 m2

Kch thc 18 x 6 x 8 (m)

5.2.4.2.

Hi trng, cu lc b

Nh 2 tng, mi tng cao 4m, tiu chun 1m2/ngi.

Din tch 432 m2

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Kch thc: 24 x 18 x 8 (m)

5.2.4.3.

Nh n

S cn b cng nhn lm vic trong mt ngy l 245 ngi.


Tiu chun xy dng nh n 2m2/ngi.
Vy din tch xy dng nh n l:
(245/ 3) x 2 = 163 m2

Din tch 162 m2

Kch thc: 18 x 9 x 3,6 (m)

5.2.4.4.

Nh gii thiu sn phm

L ni gii thiu sn phm ca nh my khi khch hng n tham quan,


ng thi l ni thng thc ca khch hng.

Din tch: 162 m2

Kch thc 18 x 9 x 4,2 (m)

5.2.4.5.

Nh xe p, xe my

Mi xe p chin din tch l 0,9 m2, mt xe my chim 2,25 m2, s ngi


i xe p chim 40%, s ngi i xe my chim 60%
Vy din tch l:
[0,9 x 40% x (245 / 3)] + [2,25 x 60% x (245 / 3) = 139,65 m2
V nh cn c li i nn ta chn:

Din tch nh 162 m2

Kch thc: 18 x 9 x 2,4

5.2.4.6.

Nh v sinh, tm git

Nh v sinh ring cho nam v cho n

Din tch: 108 m2

Kch thc 18 x 6 x 3,6 (m)

5.2.4.7.

Phng bo v

Phng bo v c xy dng cng nh my: 1 cng chnh v 1 cng


ph

Din tch 1 phng 16m2

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Kch thc: 4 x 4 x 3,6 (m)

5.2.4.8.

Phng y t

Din tch 72m2


Kch thc 9 x 8 x 4,2 (m)
Bng 5.1: Cc cng trnh sn xut, cng trnh ph tr, cng trnh sinh hot
STT

Tn cng trnh

Di

Rng

Cao

Din tch

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m2)

Cng trnh sn xut

Ghi ch

2916

Phn xng nu

24

18

432

Phn xng ln men

54

30

16

1620

Phn xng hon thin

42

24

864

Cng trnh ph tr

5688

Kho cha nguyn liu

36

24

864

Kho cha sn phm

54

36

1944

Xng c in

24

18

432

Kho v chai, bock

54

36

1944

Gara t

24

12

4,8

288

Nh lnh, thu hi CO2

18

12

4,8

216

Cng trnh sinh hot

1222

10

Nh hnh chnh

18

108

2 tng

11

Hi trng, cu lc b

24

18

432

2 tng

12

Nh n

18

3,6

162

13

Nh gii thiu sn phm

18

4,2

162

14

Nh xe p, xe my

18

4,2

162

15

Nh v sinh, tm gi

18

3,6

108

16

Phng bo v

3,6

16

17

Trm y t

4,2

72

Tng din tch

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CHNG 6: TNH TON HI NC IN LNH
6.1. Tnh lng hi cho nh my
6.1.1.

Lng nhit tnh cho ni nu

6.1.1.1.

Lng nhit cung cp cho ni h ha

Khi lng dch cho ca mt m l:


G1 = (123,75/459,48) x 40.000 = 10773,03 (kg)
m ca khi dch cho l:
W11 =

= [8618,42 + (2176,37 x 0,99 x 10,4%)] / 10773,03 = 82,1%

T nhit ca khi cho l:


C11 =

x C2 (kcal/kgoC)

x C1 +

Trong C1: nhit dung ring ca cht ha tan, C1 = 0,34 kcal/kgoC


C2: nhit dung ring ca nc, C2 = 1 (kcal/kgoC).
W11: hm m ca dch, W11 = 82,1%
C11 =

x 0,34 +

x 1 = 0,88 (kcal/kgoC)

Lng nhit cn cung cp nng nhit ca khi dch t 38oC ln


58oC l:
Q11 = G1 x C11 (T2 T1)
= 10773,05 x 0,88 x (58 38)
= 189605,68 (kcal)

Lng nhit cn duy tr khi dch 58oC l:


Q12 = i x W1

Trong : i: hm nhit ca hi nc, i = 640 kcal/kgoC.


W1: lng nc bay hi trong giai on ny, W1 = 2% G1.
Q12 = 640 x 2% x 10773,05 = 137895,04 (kcal)

Lng nhit nng khi cho t 58oC ln 100oC l:

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Q13 = (G1 0,02G1) x C11 x (T2 T1)
= 0,98 x 10773,05 x 0,88 x (100 58)
= 390208,5 (kcal)

Lng nhit duy tr khi cho si l:


Q14 = i x W2

i: hm nhit ca hi nc, i = 640 kcal/kgoC


W1: lng nc bay hi trong giai on ny, W1 = 3% G1.
Q14 = 640 x 3% x 10773,05 = 206842,56 (kcal)

Lng nhit cung cp cho ni h ha l:


Q1 = Q11 + Q12 + Q13 + Q14
= 189605,68 + 137895,04 + 390208,5 + 206842,56
= 924552,78 (kcal)

Tn tht nhit trong ni h ha l:


Lng nhit un nng thit b: 2%
Lng nhit tn tht ra mi trng xung quanh: 2%
Lng nhit tiu tn cho khong trng: 1%
Tiu hao = 2% + 2% + 1% = 5%
Vy lng nhit thc t cn cung cp cho ni h ha l:
Qhh =

6.1.1.2.

= 973213,45 (kcal)

Lng nhit cung cp cho ni ng ha

Tng lng dch trong ni ng ha sau khi hi cho l:


G2 = 31780,48 (kg)
m ca khi dch l:
W21 = 100%
= 100% [(4352,75 x 0,99) + (2176,37 x 0,99)]/31780,48
= 79,66%

T nhit ca khi dch

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C21 =

x C2 (kcal/kgoC)

x C1 +

Trong C1: nhit dung ring ca cht ha tan, C1 = 0,34 kcal/kgoC


C2: nhit dung ring ca nc, C2 = 1 (kcal/kgoC).
W21: hm m ca dch, W21 = 79,66%
C21 =

x 0,34 +

x 1 = 0,87 (kcal/kgoC)

Nhit lng cn gi khi dch 52oC l


Q21 = i x W21

Trong : i: hm nhit ca hi nc, i = 640 kcal/kgoC.


W21: lng nc bay hi trong giai on ny, W21 = 1,5% G2.
Q21 = 640 x 1,5% x 31780,48 = 305092,6 (kcal)

Nhit lng cn nng khi dch t 52oC ln 65oC l


Q22 = G22 x C21 (T2 T1)
Vi G22 = G2 0,015G2 = 31780,48 0,015 x 31780,48 = 31303,77 (kg)
Q22 = (31780,48 0,015 x 31780,48) x 0,87 x (65 52)
= 354045,67 (kcal)

Nhit lng cn gi khi dch 65oC trong vng 30 pht l


Q23 = i x W23

Trong : i: hm nhit ca hi nc, i = 640 kcal/kgoC.


W23 : lng nc bay hi trong giai on ny, W21 = 2% G22.
Q23 = 640 x 2% x 31303,77 = 400688,29 (kcal)

Nhit lng cn nng khi dch t 65oC ln 72oC l


Q24 = (G22 2%G22) x C21 x (T2 T1)
= (31303,77 2% x 31303,77) x 0,87 x (72 65)
= 186827,16 (kcal)

Nhit lng duy tr khi dch 72oC


Q25 = W25 x i

Trong : i: hm nhit ca hi nc, i = 640 kcal/kgoC.

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W23 : lng nc bay hi trong giai on ny, W21 = 3% G24
Q25 = 3% x (31303,77 2% x 31303,77) x 640 = 589011,73 (kcal)
Nhit lng cn nng khi dch t 72oC ln 78oC l

Q26 = (G24 3%G24) x C21 x (T2 T1)


= (30677,7 3% x 30677,7) x 0,87 x (78 72)
= 155333,44 (kcal)
Nhit lng duy tr khi dch 78oC l:

Q27 = W27 x i
Trong : i: hm nhit ca hi nc, i = 640 kcal/kgoC.
W23 : lng nc bay hi trong giai on ny, W21 = 3% G26
Q27 = 3%(30677,7 3% x 30677,7) x 640 = 571341,48 (kcal)

Nhit lng cn cung cp cho ni ng ha l:


Q2 = Q21 + Q22 + Q23 + Q24 + Q25 + Q26 + Q27
= 305092,6 + 354045,67 + 400688,29 + 186827,16 + 589011,73 +

155333,44 + 571341,48
= 2562340,37 (kcal)

Tn hao nhit trong ni ng ha l 5%


Vy lng nhit thc t cn cung cp l:
Qh =

6.1.1.3.

= 2697200,4 (kcal)

Lng nhit cung cp cho ni nu hoa

Khi lng dch ng trc khi un hoa trong trng hp sn xut mt


m bia nng cao l:
G3 = [(516,93 x 40000) / 459,48] + [(516,93 x 40000 x 0,05) / 459,48]
= 47251,37 (kg)
T nhit ca khi dch l:
C31 = =

Trn Th Thu H

x 0,34 +

117

x 1 = 0,91 (kcal/kgoC)

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Nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca khi dch t nhit ban u
78oC ln nhit si 100oC l:
Q31 = G3 x C31 x (T2 T1)
= 47251,37 x 0,91 x (100 78) = 945972,42 (kcal)
Nhit lng duy tr khi nhit si l:
Q32 = i x W32 = i x G3 x 0,05 = 640 x 47251,37 x 0,05
= 1512043,84 (kcal)
Nhit lng cn thit cung cp cho ni nu hoa l:
Q3 = Q31 + Q32 = 945972,42 + 1512043,84 = 2458016,26 (kcal)
Tn tht nhit trong qu trnh un hoa l 5%. Vy lng nhit thc t cn
cung cp cho ni un hoa l:
Qun hoa =
6.1.1.4.

= 2587385,53 (kcal)

Nhit un nc nng

Lng nc nng cn cho mt m nu bia nng cao l:


8618,44 + 17236,88 = 25855,32 (lt)
Lng nhit un nc t 30oC ln 78oC l:
Q4 = G x C x (T2 T1)
= 25855,32 x (78 30) = 1241055,36 (kcal)
Nhit lng tn tht l 5%. Vy nhit lng thc t cn cung cp l:
Qnn =
6.1.1.5.

= 1306374,06 (kcal)

Tng nhit lng cho mt m nu

Q = Qhh + Qh + Qun hoa + Qnn


= 973213,45 + 2697200,4 + 2587385,53 + 1306374,06
= 5235573,44 (kcal)
6.1.2.

Tnh lng nhit cho phn xng hon thin

6.1.2.1.

Lng nhit thanh trng bia chai

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Lng bia chai cn thanh trng trong mt ngy l 397388,6 chai (loi
500ml).
Khi lng ca mi chai bia l 0,65 kg/chai, C = 1 kcal/kgoC.
Vy nhit lng cn cung cp l
Q = 397388,6 x 0,65 x 1 x (75 25) = 12915129,5 (kcal)
6.1.2.2.

Lng nhit hp v chai, thanh trng ng ng thit b v thit b

gy men

Lng nhit hp v chai, thanh trng ng ng thit b v thit b gy


men l khong 200 kg hi/gi.
6.1.3.

Tnh lng hi
Lng hi v nhit c quan h theo cng thc sau:
D=

(kg hi)

Trong : i: nhit hm ca hi nc p sut lm vic P = 2,5 kg/cm2, ng vi i


= 640 kcal/kg.
: nhit hm ca nc ngng, = 100 kcal/kg.
Lng hi cn dng cho mt m nu l:
D=

= 9695,5 (kg hi/m)

Mi ngy nu 5 m, tng thi gian nu khong 20 gi. Vy lng hi cn


dng trong 1 gi l:
D1 =

= 2423,87 (kg hi/gi)

Nng sut ca my thanh trng l 20000 chai/h.


Vy lng nhit cn thit thanh trng bia trong 1 gi l:
Q = 20000 x 0,65 x (75 25) = 650000 kcal
Lng hi cn cho qu trnh thanh trng trong mt gi l:
D2 =

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Vy tng lng hi cn cung cp trong mt gi l
DT = D1 + D2 = 2423,87 + 1203,7 = 3627,57 (kg hi/gi)
Tn tht trong qu trnh vn chuyn khong 10%. Vy lng hi cn phi
cung cp l:
D=
6.1.4.

= 4030,63 (kg hi/gi)

Chn ni hi
Da vo hi cn cung cp ta chn ni hi c cc c im sau:

Ni hi dng nguyn liu l than


Nng sut 4000 kg hi/gi
p sut lm vic: 8 at
Nhit hi 183oC
Din tch b mt t nng 55m2
Th tch cha nc 3,5 m3
ng knh ng sinh hi: 620 mm
ng knh ni hi: 3000 mm
Chiu cao ni hi: 4000 mm
H s hu ch: 75%
S lng ni cn dng: 2 chic
Tnh kch thc cho nh ni hi:
Nh ni hi c xy dng pha sau nh my gn bi cha than v x
than.
ng knh ni hi l 3m, chiu cao ni hi l 4m, s lng ni hi l 2
ni. Vy ta chn nh ni hi c cc c im sau:
Din tch: 108 m2
Kch thc: 12 x 9 x 6 (m)
6.1.5.

Tnh nhin liu cho ni hi

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Nh my s dng than l ngun cung cp chnh lm nhin liu. y
dng than antvits lm nhin liu cho ni hi v nhit lng cung cp t t, mua
d dng m gi cng khng t.
Nhit lng t 1kg than cung cp l 6500 kcal
Lng nhin liu cn dng c tnh theo cng thc sau:

G=

(kg/h)

Trong :
K: l s ni hi
D: l nng sut ni hi
Ih: nhit hm ca hi p sut lm vic, Ih = 662 kcal/kg
In: nhit hm ca hi nc vo, In = 60 kcal/kg
q: nhit lng ring ca 1kg nguyn liu, q = 6500 kcal/kg
: h s hu ch ca ni, = 75%

G=

= 987,9 kg/h

Hiu s t chy l 90%, lng than cn trong thc t l:


M=

= 1097,66 (kg/h)

Lng than cn trong mt ngy l


1097,66 x 3 x 7 = 23050,86 (kg/ngy)
Lng than cn trong mt thng l:
23050,86 x 25 = 576271,5 (kg/thng)
Lng than cn dng trong mt nm l:
576271,5 x 12 = 6915258 (kg/nm) = 6915,26 (tn/nm)
Tnh kch thc cho bi cha than, x
Lng than cn cung cp trong mt ngy l 23050,86 kg
C 1m2 cha c 500kg than. Lng than trong mt ngy chim din
tch l:

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23050,86 / 500 = 46,1 (m2)
Ta xy dng bi cha than cha c lng than cung cp cho 2 ngy.
Vy din tch bi cha than l:

Din tch: 108 m2

Kch thc: 12 x 9 x 6 (m)

Mi tn, tng lng cao 4m.

6.2. Tnh ton nc cho nh my


Nh my s dng nc t nh my nc ca tnh, c s dng thm ging
khoan, tuy nhin nc ging khoan trc khi a vo sn xut c nh my
x l t theo yu cu k thut.
6.2.1.

Tnh nc dng trong phn xng nu


Lng nc dng trong sn xut bia 14oBx trong mt ngy l:
V11 = Vh ha + Vng ha + Vra b
= 43092,19 + 86184,38 + 130834,86 = 260111,43 lt/ngy
Lng nc dng pha long cho ra bia 12oBx v 10oBx trong mt ngy

l:

Vnc pha = V12oBx + V10oBx


= 150290 + 29120 = 179410 (lt/ngy)
Tng lng nc sn xut dng cho bia thnh phm l:
V = 260111,43 + 179410 = 439521,43 (lt/ngy)
Lng nc dng v sinh thit b h ha, ng ha, thng lc, lng

xoy, sn nh, ng ng chim 10% lng nc cn dng.


Vy tng lng nc cn dng trong 1 ngy l:
V1 = 439521,43 x 1,1 = 483473,57 (lt/ngy)
6.2.2.

Lng nc dng lm lnh nhanh dch ng


Lng nc dng lm lnh nhanh dch ng t 90oC xung 60oC,

nc vo c nhit 25oC, nc ra c nhit 35oC l:

G21 =

Trn Th Thu H

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Lng nc em lm lnh dch ng t 60oC xung 12oC, nc vo
c nhit 1oC, nc ra c nhit 35oC l:

G22 =

= 55367,68 (kg)

Tng lng nc cn dng cho qu trnh lm lnh nhanh dch ng


trong mt ngy l:
G2 = 5 x (G21 + G22) = 5 x (117656,6 + 55367,68) = 865121,4 (kg)
Qu trnh lm lnh nhanh tn tht khong 15%
Vy lng nc cn lm lnh c ngy l:
V2 = 865121,4 x 1,15 = 994889,61 (lt/ngy)
6.2.3.

Nc dng trong phn xng ln men


Nc ra thit b ln men ly bng 5% th tch thit b. Mi ngy phi v

sinh mt tank, mi tank c th tch 223,03 (m3) = 223030 lt.


Vy lng nc dng v sinh mt ngy l:
1 x 223030 x 5% = 11151,5 (lt/ngy)
Nc dng v sinh nn nh l 3 lt/ngy.
Din tch sn nh khong 50 x 25 = 1250 m2
Vy lng nc cn v sinh sn nh l:
1250 x 3 = 3750 (lt/ngy)
Vy tng lng nc dng trong phn xng ln men l:
V3 = 11151,5 + 3750 = 14901,5 (lt/ngy)
6.2.4.

Nc dng trong nhn men ging v ra men


Nc dng trong thng ra sa men trong mt ngy khong 4000 lt.
Nc dng cho v sinh thng gy men ging cp I, cp II, ra sa men

chim 5% thng, tc l:
0,05 x (17,84 + 5,95 + 16) = 1,99 (m3) = 1990 lt.
Vy lng nc dng cho nhn ging v ra sa men l:
V4 = 4000 + 1990 = 5990 (lt)
6.2.5.

Nc dng cho phn xng hon thin

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6.2.5.1.

Nc ra bock

Mi ngy s dng 4000 bock, nc ra cn 10 lt/bock.


Mi ngy lng nc cn cho ra bock l:
4000 x 10 = 40000 (lt)
Nc ra my chit bock l 800 lt/ngy.
Vy tng lng nc dng trong ra bock v my chit bock l:
V51 = 40000 + 800 = 40800 (lt)
6.2.5.2.

Nc ra chai

Mi ngy dng 397388,6 chai, mi chai ra ht 1 lt. Vy lng nc cn


dng ra l:
397388,6 x 1 = 397388,6 (lt)
Lng nc dng cho ra my chit chai l 1000 lt/ngy
Vy tng lng nc dng cho ra chai v my chit chai l:
V52 = 397388,6 + 1000 = 398388,6 (lt/ngy)
6.2.5.3.

Lng nc dng cho thanh trng

Lng nc cn cho thanh trng l:


V53 = 4 x (4000 + 3000 + 3200 + 7000) = 68800 (lt)
6.2.5.4.

Lng nc dng cho v sinh tank cha bia thnh phm

Lng nc dng v sinh tank cha bia thnh phm chim 5% th tch
tank.
V54 = 4 x 0,05 x 62,5 = 12,5 (m3/ngy)
6.2.5.5.

Nc dng ra phn xng hon thin

Din tch phn xng hon thin khong 42 x 24 = 864 (m2)


1m2 din tch phn xng hon thin cn 3 lt nc ra.
Vy tng lng nc ra sn phn xng hon thin l:
V55 = 864 x 3 = 2592 (lt/ngy)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho phn xng hon thin trong mt ngy l:
V5 = V51 + V52 + V53 + V54 + V55
= 40800 + 398388,6 + 68800 + 12500 + 2592
= 523080,6 (lt/ngy)

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6.2.6.

Nc dng cho ni hi
Theo tnh ton th lng nc dng cho ni hi bng lng hi cung cp

cho nh my. Nhng thng tit kim, ta cn thu hi khong 80% lng
nc ngng. Vy lng nc dng cho ni hi bng 20% lng hi cung cp.
V6 = 4030,63 x 24 x 0,2 = 19347,02 (lt/ngy)
6.2.7.

Nc dng pha long cho ra bia thnh phm


Theo thng s ban u, sn xut bia nng cao t pha long thnh

60% bia chai v 40% bia hi nn ta c th tch nc dng pha trong mt ngy
l:
V7 = 100000 x 0,1456 + 100000 x 0,42 = 56560 lt/ngy
6.2.8.

Nc dng cho vic khc


Nc v sinh v cc yu cu ph khc tnh bnh qun theo u ngi l

38 lt/ngi/ngy.
Tng s ngi trong nh my l 250 ngi.
Vy tng lng nc cn dng l:
V8 = 250 x 38 = 9500 lt/ngy
6.2.9.

Tng lng nc dng cho nh my


Tng lng nc dng cho nh my l:
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 + V6 + V7 + V8
= 483473,57 + 994889,61 + 14901,5 + 5990 + 523080,6 +

19347,02 + 56560 + 9500 = 2107742,3 (lt/ngy)


Tnh kch thc cho khu x l nc:
Lng nc dng cho nh my trong mt ngy l 2107742,3 lt/ngy
trong : nc dng cho phn xng nu l 483473,57 lt/ngy, nc dng lm
lnh nhanh l 994889,61 lt/ngy, nc dng cho phn xng ln men l
14901,5 lt/ngy, nc dng cho nhn men ging v ra men l 5990 lt/ngy,
nc dng pha long cho ra bia thnh phm l 56560 lt/ngy, nc ra chai
398388,6 lt/ngy, nc ra bock l 40800 lt/ngy.

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Tng cng l 1995003,28 lt/ngy, lng nc ny ch yu l dng nc
my, cn li 112739,02 lita/ngy c th b sung nc ging c x l. V vy cn
c khu cha nc v x l nc c:
Din tch:

216 m2

Kch thc:

18 x 12 x 4,8 (m)

6.3. Tnh ton in tiu th cho nh my


Nh my s dng in c mua t Trung Quc, s dng vo mc ch
chiu sng v ng lc.
6.3.1.

Tnh lng ph ti chiu sng


Nh my c s dng n si t thng thng v b tr n neon vo cc

ni cn thit.
6.3.1.1.

Cch b tr n

Trong phn xng sn xut vic b tr n ph thuc v cc thng s sau:


Chiu cao n ph thuc vo chiu cao thit b, v tr lm vic, thng ly
H = 2,5 4,5m.
Khong cch gia cc n: L = 2 3m.
Khong cch n ngoi cng n tng: l = (0,25 0,35)L
S n b tr theo chiu dc nh: n1 =

+1

Trong A l chiu di nh (m)


S n b tr theo chiu ngang nh: n2 =

+1

Trong B l chiu rng nh (m)


Phng php tnh ph ti theo cng sut ring, theo phng php ny nu
trn 1 m2 sn nh c cng sut chiu sng l p th ton b sn nh S c cng sut
chiu sng l:
P = p x S (cng sut tnh)

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S n tng cng l n th cng sut mi n l:
P =
y ta dng loi n c cng sut P = 0,1kw
6.3.1.2.

Tnh ton n chiu sng

n chiu sng phn xng nu

Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m


A = 24m
B = 18m
n1 =

+1 = 8 bng

n2 =

+1 = 6 bng

Tng s bng ca phn xng nu l: 8 x 6 = 48 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l:
P = P x n = 0,1 x 48 = 4,8 (kw)

n chiu sng phn xng ln men (trong nh)

Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m


A = 25m
B = 6m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 9 bng
+1 = 3 bng

Tng s bng trong phn xng ln men l: 9 x 3 = 27 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 27 = 2,7 (kw)

n chiu sng phn xng hon thin

Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m


A = 42m
B = 24m

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n1 =

+1 = 13 bng

n2 =

+1 = 9 bng

Tng s bng trong phn xng hon thin l: 9 x 13 = 117 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 117 = 11,7 (kw)

Kho cha nguyn liu

Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m


A = 36m
B = 24m
n1 =

+1 = 13 bng

n2 =

+1 = 9 bng

Tng s bng trong kho cha nguyn liu l: 9 x 13 = 117 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 117 = 11,7 (kw)

Kho sn phm

Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m


A = 54m
B = 36m
n1 =

+1 = 19 bng

n2 =

+1 = 13 bng

Tng s bng trong kho cha sn phm l: 19 x 13 = 247 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 247 = 24,7 (kw)
Xng c in
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 24m
B = 18m
n1 =

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n2 =

+1 = 7 bng

Tng s bng trong phn xng c in l: 9 x 7 = 63 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 63 = 6,3 (kw)
n chiu sng phn xng ni hi
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 12m
B = 9m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 5 bng
+1 = 4 bng

Tng s bng trong phn xng ni hi l: 5 x 4 = 20 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 20 = 2 (kw)
Bi cha than
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 12m
B = 9m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 5 bng
+1 = 4 bng

Tng s bng trong bi cha than l: 5 x 4 = 20 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 20 = 1,2 (kw)
Trm bin th
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 6m
B = 6m
n1 =

+1 = 3 bng

n2 =

+1 = 3 bng

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Tng s bng trong trm bin th l: 3 x 3 = 9 bng
Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x = 0,9 (kw)
Kho v chai, bock
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 54m
B = 36m
n1 =

+1 = 19 bng

n2 =

+1 = 13 bng

Tng s bng trong kho v chai l: 9 x 3 = 247 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 247 = 24,7 (kw)
Gara t
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 24m
B = 12m
n1 =

+1 = 9 bng

n2 =

+1 = 5 bng

Tng s bng trong gara t l: 9 x = 45 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 45 = 2,7 (kw)
Nh x l nc
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 12m
n1 =

+1 = 7 bng

n2 =

+1 = 5 bng

Tng s bng trong nh x l nc l: 7 x 5 = 35 bng

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Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 35 = 3,5 (kw)
Nh lnh v thu hi CO2
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 12m
n1 =

+1 = 7 bng

n2 =

+1 = 5 bng

Tng s bng trong nh lnh v thu hi CO2 l: 7 x 5 = 35 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,1 x 35 = 3,5 (kw)
Nh hnh chnh
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 6m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 7 bng
+1 = 3 bng

Tng s bng trong nh hnh chnh l: 7 x 3 = 21 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 21 = 1,26 (kw)
Hi trng, cu lc b
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 24m
B = 18m
n1 =

+1 = 9 bng

n2 =

+1 = 7 bng

Tng s bng trong hi trng, cu lc b l: 9 x 7 = 63 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 63 = 3,78 (kw)

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Nh n ca
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 9m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 7 bng
+1 = 4 bng

Tng s bng trong nh n ca l: 7 x 4 = 28 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 28 = 1,68 (kw)
Nh gii thiu sn phm
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 9m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 7 bng
+1 = 4 bng

Tng s bng trong nh gii thiu sn phm l: 7 x 4 = 28 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 28 = 1,68 (kw)
Nh xe p, xe my
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 9m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 7 bng
+1 = 4 bng

Tng s bng trong nh xe l: 7 x 4 = 28 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 28 = 1,68 (kw)
Nh v sinh, tm git, thay qun o

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Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 18m
B = 6m
n1 =
n2 =

+1 = 7 bng
+1 = 3 bng

Tng s bng l: 7 x 3 = 21 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 21 = 1,26 (kw)
Phng bo v
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 4m
B = 4m
n1 =

+1 = 2 bng

n2 =

+1 = 2 bng

Tng s bng trong phng bo v l: 2 x 2 = 4 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 4 = 0,24 (kw)
Phng y t
Chn L = 3m l = 0,25 x 3 = 0,75m
A = 9m
B = 8m
n1 =

+1 = 4 bng

n2 =

+1 = 4 bng

Tng s bng trong phn xng ln men l: 4 x 4 = 16 bng


Vy cng sut chiu sng l: P = P x n = 0,06 x 16 = 0,96 (kw)
n chiu sng ng i trong nh my
C 10m b tr 1 bng, khong 40 bng n cng sut ca bng l 0,1kw

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P2 = 40 x 0,1 = 4 kw
Bng 6.1: Cc khu vc, nh dng n chiu sng
STT

B phn chiu sng

S lng

Cng sut Tng cng

(chic)

(kw/chic)

sut (kw)

Phn xng nu

48

0,1

4,8

Nh phn xng ln men

27

0,1

2,7

Phn xng hon thin

117

0,1

11,7

Kho cha nguyn liu

117

0,1

11,7

Kho sn phm

247

0,1

24,7

Xng c in

63

0,1

6,3

Phn xng ni hi

20

0,1

Bi cha than

20

0,06

1,2

Trm bin th

0,1

0,9

10

Kho v chai, bock

247

0,1

24,7

11

Gara t

45

0,06

2,7

12

Nh x l nc

35

0,1

3,5

13

Nh lnh v thu hi CO2

35

0,1

3,5

14

Nh hnh chnh

21

0,06

1,26

15

Hi trng, cu lc b

63

0,06

3,78

16

Nh n ca

28

0,06

1,68

17

Nh gii thiu sn phm

28

0,06

1,68

18

Nh xe

28

0,06

1,68

19

Nh v sinh, tm git, thay qun o

21

0,06

1,26

20

Phng bo v

0,06

0,24

21

Phng y t

16

0,06

0,96

22

n chiu sng ng i trong nh my

40

0,1

Tng (Pcs)

6.3.2.

116,94

Tnh ph ti sn xut
Gm cc my mc hot ng di tc dng ca ng lc

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Bng 6.2: Cng sut cc thit b trong nh my
STT

Tn thit b

Cng sut nh

S lng

mc (kw/chic)

Tng cng
sut (kw)

Gu ti

My nghin malt

My nghin i mch

Ni h ha

Ni ng ha

Thng lc

Ni nu hoa

9,5

9,5

My lc bia

My ra bock

10

My chit bock

0,8

0,8

11

My chit chai

12

My ra chai

13

My dp nt

14

My thanh trng

15

My dn nhn

0,9

0,9

16

Bm ly tm

15

75

17

My lnh

80

160

18

My nn

40

40

Tng cng (Pl)

358,2

Ngoi nhng thit b my mc k trn, trong nh my cn c cc loi ph


ti ng lc khc nh qut ht, qut y, trm x l nc, xng c in... Ta
ly bng 15% ph ti ng lc k trn. Vy ph ti ng lc ca ton nh my
l:

Pl = 358,2 x 1,15 = 411,93 (kw/h)


Ph ti ca ton nh my l:
Pt = Pcs + Pl = 116,94 + 411,93 = 528,87 kw/h

6.3.3.

Xc nh ph ti tnh ton

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Mc ch tnh ton l xc nh cng sut thc t ca nh my nhm
tnh ton v chn my bin p, my pht in cho ph hp.
Cng thc tnh ton ph ti nh sau:
Ptt = Kc x Pl
Trong :
Kc: h s ph thuc mc mang ti ca thit b. i vi ph ti chiu sng
th Kc = 0,9; i vi ph ti ng lc th Kc = 0,6
Vy ph ti tnh ton ca nh my l:
Ptt = 0,9 x 116,94 + 0,6 x 411,93 = 352,4 kw/h
6.3.4.

Xc nh cng sut v dung lng b

6.3.4.1.

Xc nh h s cng sut cos

H s cng sut cos dng xc nh ph ti lm vic thc t l khng


ng thi mang ph ti, tc l rt him khi hay khng c ch lm vic ca
ph ti theo mc tnh ton trn. Nu ch lm vic theo tnh ton nh mc
th:

cos =
Trong :
P: tng cng sut cc thit b tiu th in
Qpk: tng cng sut phn khng ca cc thit b tiu th in
Qpk = P1tg 1 + P2tg 2 + ....+ Pntg n
Thc t thng lm vic non ti nn h s cos c tnh nh sau:

cos =
Qpk = Ptt x tg
Vi cos = 0,65 th tg = 1,169
Qpk = 352,4 x 1,169 = 411,96 kw
Do :

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cos =
6.3.4.2.

= 0,65

Tnh dung lng b

Mc ch l nng h s cos bng cch dng t in.


Cng thc xc nh dung lng b:
Qb = Ptt x (tg 1 tg 2)
tg 1: tng ng vi cos 1 h s cng sut ban u
tg 2: tng ng vi cos 2 h s cng sut c nng ln khi c thm t in.
Ta c:
cos 1 = 0,65 tg 1 = 1,169
cos 2 = 0,95 tg 2 = 0,329
Vy Qb = 352,4 x (1,169 0,329) = 527,89 kw/h
6.3.5.

Chn my bin p

My bin p c chn theo cng thc sau:

Sba =

= 648,78 KVA

Chn my bin p c cc thng s k thut sau:


Kiu my

TM 650/7

Cng sut

650 KVA

in p

7 KV

Tn hao khng ph ti

1,9 kw

Tn hao ngn mch

6,2 kw

in p h

386/220

Kch thc

1950 x 1200 x 1700 mm

Trn c s ta chn my pht in c c tnh sau:


Cng sut

320 KVA

in p nh mc

400V

Tn s

50 Hz

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H s cng sut

cos = 0,8

6.3.6.

Tnh in tiu th hng nm

6.3.6.1.

in nng tnh cho thp sng

in nng tnh cho thp sng c xc nh theo cng thc:


Acs = Pcs x T x Kk (kw/h)
Trong :
Pcs: cng sut chiu sng = 116,94 kw
T: thi gian s dng ti a
T = K1 x K2 x K3
K1: s gi chiu sng trong ngy = 12 gi
K2: s ngy lm vic trong thng = 25 ngy
K3: s thng lm vic trong nm = 12 thng
Kk: h s ng thi = 0,9
Vy Acs = 116,94 x (12 x 25 x 12) x 0,9 = 378885,6 kw/nm
Cng sut tiu th bnh qun = 378885,6 / (12 x 25 x 12) = 105,25 kw/h
6.3.6.2.

in nng cho ng lc

in nng cho ng lc c xc nh theo cng thc:


Al = Pl x T x Kc (kw/h)
Trong :
Pl: cng sut ng lc = 411,93 kw
Kc: h s ng thi = 0,6
T: thi gian s dng ti a
Lm vic 3 ca th T = 4 x 3 x 25 x 12 = 3600 gi/nm
Lm vic 2 ca th T = 4 x 2 x 25 x 12 = 2400 gi/nm
Lm vic 1 ca th T = 4 x 1 x 25 x 12 = 1200 gi/nm
Trung bnh trong nh my th:
2/5 ng lc chnh ph hot ng 3 ca
2/5 ng lc chnh ph hot ng 2 ca
1/5 ng lc chnh ph hot ng 1 ca

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Ta c:
A1 = 2/5 x 3600 x 411,93 x 0,6 = 355907,52 kw
A2 = 2/5 x 2400 x 411,93 x 0,6 = 237271,68 kw
A3 = 1/5 x 1200 x 411,93 x 0,6 = 59317,92 kw
Vy Al = 355907,52 + 237271,68 + 59317,92 = 652497,12 kw
6.3.6.3.

Tng cng sut tiu th c nm

A = Km x (Acs + Al)
Trong Km: h s tn hao trn mng h p, Km = 1,06
A = 1,06 x (378885,6 + 652497,12) = 1093265,68 kw/nm
Tnh kch thc cho trm bin th
Din tch:

36m2

Kch thc: 6 x 6 x 6 (m)

6.4. Tnh ton lnh cho nh my


6.4.1.

Lng nhit cn cho thit b lm lnh nhanh


thit b lm lnh nhanh, dch ng c lm lnh t 90oC xung 12oC.

Lng nhit cn cung cp cho 1 m c tnh theo cng thc:


Q = G x C x (T1 T2)
Trong :
G: khi lng ca dch ng, G = 42582,92 (kg)
C = 0,921 kcal/kgoC
T1 = 90oC
T2 = 12oC
Q = 42582,92 x 0,921 x (90 12) = 3059071,8 kcal/kg
Lng nhit cn cung cp cho mt ngy l:
Q1 = 3059071,8 x 5 = 15295359 kcal/ngy.
6.4.2.

Nhit lnh cung cp cho qu trnh ln men chnh duy tr nhit

ln men

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6.4.2.1.

Nhit lng h nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men tnh cho mt

ngy ln men mnh nht

Nhit lng c tnh theo cng thc:


Q=Gxq
Trong :
G: khi lng cht kh ln men trong mt ngy mnh nht
q: Lng nhit ta ra khi ln men 1kg ng (kcal)
Ta c phng trnh ln men:
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q
180g

28 calo

Vy lng nhit ta ra khi ln men 1kg ng l:


q = 1000 x

= 155,56 kcal

Lng dch ng i vo ln men trong 1 ngy l 178423,4 lt.


Dch ng 14oBx c d = 1,0568 kg/l. Vy khi lng dch ng c
trong 1 ngy ln men l:
178423,4 x 1,0568 = 188557,84 (kg)
Chn nng c cht ln men mnh nht = 2%/ngy. Vy lng cht kh
c ln men trong mt ngy l:
188557,84 x 0,14 x 0,02 = 527,96 (kg/ngy)
Q21 = 527,96 x 155,56 = 82129,45 kcal/ngy
6.4.2.2.

Nhit lnh tn tht qua cc lp cch nhit

Q22 = F x K x (Tn Tt)


Trong :
K: h s truyn nhit qua lp cch nhit, K = 0,3 kcal/m2.hoC
Tn: nhit bn ngoi tank ln men, Tn = 30oC
Tt: nhit bn trong tank ln men, Tt = 12oC
F: din tch xung quanh tank ln men.
F=

D(h2 + h3) +

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= 3,14 x 4,7 x (9,4 + 2,57) +

x 4,72 +

x 4,72

= 228,79 (m2)
Q22 = 0,3 x 228,79 x (30 12) = 1235,46 kcal/ngy
6.4.2.3.

Lng nhit lnh lm nc ra sa men

Lng nc lnh ra sa men thng bng hai ln lng men cn ra.


Vy lng nc lnh cn ra l:
2136,76 x 2 = 4273,52 (lt)
Lng nc cn ra sa men trong mt ngy khong 4300 lt. Lng
nhit lm lnh nc t 25oC xung 2oC l:
Q23 = 4300 x 1 x (25 2) = 98900 kcal/ngy
Tn hao lnh do bo qun sa men khong 60000 kcal/ngy. Vy lng
nhit cn ln men chnh l:
Q2 = Q21 + Q22 + Q23 + 60000
= 82129,45 + 1235,46 + 98900 + 60000 = 242264,91 kcal/ngy
6.4.3.

Tnh nhit lnh cn thit h nhit bia t ln men chnh xung

ln men ph
Lng nhit lnh cn h t 12oC xung 1oC c tnh l:
Q3 = G x C x (T2 T1)
Trong :
G: lng bia non c trong mt tank ln men (mt ngy) c hm lng cht kh
14oBx c d = 1,0568 kg/lt.
Do G = 204065,5 x 1,0568 = 215656,42 kg
T nhit ca bia non l:
C = C1 x X1 + C2 x X2
Trong :
C1: t nhit ca cht ha tan, C1 = 0,34 kcal/kgoC
C2: t nhit ca nc, C2 = 1 kcal/kgoC
X1: hm lng cht kh, X1 = 0,14
X2: hm lng ca nc trong bia, X2 = 1 0,14 = 0,86

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C = 0,14 x 0,34 + 0,86 x 1 = 0,91 kcal/kgoC
Q = 215656,42 x 0,91 x (12 1) = 2158720,76 kcal/ngy
Lng nhit tn tht qua lp cch nhit l 10%. Vy lng nhit cn thit
l:
Q3 = 2158720,76 x 1,1 = 2374592,8 kcal/ngy
6.4.4.

Tnh lng nhit lnh cho c qu trnh ln men ph


Trn thc t c mt lt bia non tn hao 0,25 kcal/ngy.
Lng bia non c trong mt tank ln men ca mt ngy l 215656,42 kg.

Vy nhit lng cn cho mt ngy l:


Q41 = 215656,42 x 0,25 = 53914,1 kcal/ngy
Tn tht qua lp cch nhit l:
Q42 = F x K x (Tn Tt)
Trong :
K: h s truyn nhit qua lp cch nhit, K = 0,3 kcal/m2hoC
Tn: nhit bn ngoi tank ln men, Tn = 30oC
Tt: nhit bn trong tank ln men, Tt = 1oC
F: din tch xung quanh tank ln men, F = 228,79m2.
Q42 = 228,79 x 0,3 x (30 1) x 24 = 47771,35 kcal/ngy
Tng lng nhit lnh cung cp cho c qu trnh ln men ph l:
Q4 = 53914,1 + 47771,35 = 101685,45 kcal/ngy
6.4.5.

Tnh nhit lnh cho thng men ging


Lng men ging cn cho mt ngy l 21367,63 lt. Trong qu trnh cn

cung cp O2 y nui sinh khi.


Dch ng a vo ln men 14oBx c d = 1,0568 kg/lt. Vy khi lng
dch ng l:
213680,68 x 1,0568 = 225817,74 kg
Lng cht ha tan c trong dch ng l:
225817,74 x 0,14 = 31614,48 kg
Trong ch c khong 70% ng c kh nng ln men:

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31614,48 x 0,7 = 22130,13 kg
1 kg ng ln men ta ra 155,56 kcal. Vy lng nhit to thnh trong
mt ngy l:
Q51 = 22130,13 x 155,56 = 3442563,9 kcal/ngy
Tn tht qua cc lp cch nhit ca thng men ging l:
Q52 = (F1 + F2) x K x (Tn Tt)
Trong :
K: h s truyn nhit qua lp cch nhit, K = 0,3 kcal/m2hoC
Tn: nhit bn ngoi tank ln men, Tn = 30oC
Tt: nhit bn trong tank ln men, Tt = 1oC
F1: din tch xung quanh thng men ging cp 1.
F2: din tch xung quanh thng men ging cp 2.
F1 =

D(h2 + h3) +

D2 +

D2

= 3,14 x 1,8 x (1,8 + 0,47) +

x 1,82 +

x 1,82

x 2,62 +

x 2,62

= 20,47 (m2)
F2 =

D(h2 + h3) +

D2 +

D2

= 3,14 x 2,6 x (2,6 + 0,67) +


= 42,64 (m2)

Q52 = (20,47 + 42,64) x 0,3 x (30 12) x 24 = 8179,05 kcal/ngy


Tng nhit lng cung cp cho c thng nhn men ging l:
Q5 = Q51 + Q52 = 3442563,9 + 8179,05 = 3450742,95 kcal/ngy
Lng nhit lnh cn cung cp h nhit bia sau khi lc t 50C

6.4.6.

xung 1oC np CO2


Sau khi lc nhit ca bia tng ln 5oC ta cho vo thit b np CO2 c h
thng lm lnh bng glycol h nhit xung 1oC. Nhit lnh c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
Q6 = G x C x (T1 T2)
Trong :

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G: khi lng bia cn np CO2 trong mt ngy
G = 201001,1 x 1,0568 = 212417,96 kg
C: t nhit ca bia sau khi lc
C = C1 x X1 + C2 x X2 = 0,34 x 0,14 + 1 x 0,86 = 0,91 kcal/kgoC
Q6 = 212417,96 x 0,91 x (5 1) = 773201,38 kcal/ngy
Lng nhit tn tht qua lp cch nhit l 10%. Vy lng nhit lnh cn
thit l:
Q6 = 773201,38 x 1,1 = 850521,52 kcal/ngy
6.4.7.

Tng nhit lnh cn cung cp cho nh my

Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6
= 15295359 + 242264,91 + 2374592,8 + 101685,45 + 3450742,95 + 850521,52
= 22315166,63 kcal/ngy
6.4.8.

Chn my lnh

Lng nhit lnh cn cung cp cho nh my trong mt gi l:


Qt/24 = 22315166,63 / 24 = 929798,6 kcal/gi
Vy ta chn my lnh nn cp mt c th chy lun phin hoc ng thi.
Cc c tnh k thut cho my lnh:

S xi lanh: 6 xi lanh

Nng sut lnh: 1 triu kcal/gi

Cng sut ng c: 70kw.

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CHNG 7: TNH TON CIP V V SINH AN TON
7.1. H thng CIP trong phn xng nu
7.1.1.

Tnh ton CIP


H thng CIP ca phn xng nu gm 4 thng nh sau:

Thng NaOH 2%: 1 thng

Thng HNO3 0,1N: 1 thng

Thng nc nng: 1 thng

Thng nc lnh: 1 thng


Mi m nu, lng nc ra CIP thng bng 6% th tch thng.
Chn thit b nu hoa lm chun v n c th tch ln nht (59,76

m3).
Mi ln ta phi v sinh cho 5 thit b m thng CIP c h s cha
y l 85%. Vy th tch thc ca h thng CIP l:
VCIP = (59,76 x 5 x 0,06)/ 0,85 = 21,1 (m3)
Vy th tch mi thng l: 21,1 / 4 = 5,3 m3
Chn thng CIP thn hnh tr, y v np c hnh chm cu, lm
bng thp khng g vi cc thng s sau:
D: ng knh phn tr
H: chiu cao phn tr
h1: chiu cao phn y
h2: chiu cao phn nh
Chn H = 2D; h1 = 0,2D; h2 = 0,15D.
Th tch thit b c tnh theo cng thc:
Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh
Vt =
Vt =

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+ 3(D/2)2]/6 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6

= 1,64D3 = 5,3 (m3)

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D=

= 1,48 (m)

Chn D = 1,5 (m) = 1500 (mm)


Vy H = 1,5 x 2 = 3 (m) = 3000 (mm)
h1 = 1,5 x 0,2 = 0,3 (m) = 300 (mm)
h2 = 1,5 x 0,15 = 0,225 (m) = 225 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h1 + h2 = 3000 + 300 + 225 = 3525 (mm)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 1 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thit b l: 3,525 + 1 = 4,525 (m)
B dy thp ch to l 5 (mm), phn v dy 50 (mm). Vy ng knh
ngoi ca thit b nu hoa l:
1500 + (50 x 2) = 1600 (mm) = 1,6 (m)

Vy ta chn thng CIP vi cc thng s k thut sau:


ng knh trong (mm)

1500

ng knh ngoi (mm)

1600

Chiu cao ton b thng (mm)

3525

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

1000

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

4525

B dy thp ch to (mm)

S lng thng (chic)

STT

Tn thit b

STT

Tn thit b

Thng cha NaOH

Thng cha axit

Thng nc nng

Thng nc lnh

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7.1.2.

Bm CIP
Lng CIP cn bm vo ni trong mt m l:
59,76 x 0,06 = 3,58 (m3)
Thi gian s dng bm l 10 pht.
H s s dng bm l 80%. Vy nng sut thc ca my l:
N = (3,58 x 60) / (0,80 x 10) = 26,89 (m3/h)
Chn bm c cng sut l 30 m3/h
S lng l 2 chic:

+ Mt chic cp CIP
+ Mt chic hi CIP
7.2. H thng CIP ca phn xng ln men
H thng CIP ca phn xng ln men gm 4 thng nh sau:
Thng NaOH 2%: 1 thng
Thng dung dch nc nng: 1 thng
Thng cha ha cht P3Trimetyl HC 2%: 1 thng
Thng cha dung dch axit HCl: 1 thng

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H thng CIP c th tch bng 5% so vi th tch thng ln men. M th
tch mi thng ln men l 178,42 m3.
H s s dng thng CIP l 80%. Vy th tch ca thng CIP l:
VCIP = (178,42 x 0,05)/0,8 = 11,15 (m3)
Vy th tch ca mi thng l 11,15/4 = 2,79 m3.
Da vo th tch thc ca thng ta chn thng CIP l thit b thn hnh
tr, ng knh D, chiu cao H, y v np hnh chm cu c chiu cao l h1 v
h2. Thng c ch to bng thp khng g c cc van vo v ra, ng thy, ca
a ha cht vo.
Chn H = 1,5D
h1 = 0,15D
h2 = 0,15D
Th tch ca thng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vt = Vtr + Vy + Vnh
Vt =
Vt =

D=

/4 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6 +

+ 3(D/2)2]/6

= 1,3D3 = 2,79 (m3)

= 0,97 (m)

Chn D = 1,0 (m) = 1000 (mm)


Vy H = 1,0 x 1,5 = 1,5 (m) = 1500 (mm)
h1 = 1,0 x 0,15 = 0,15(m) = 150 (mm)
h2 = 1,0 x 0,15 = 0,15 (m) = 150 (mm)
Chiu cao ton b ca thit b l:
Ht = H + h1 + h2 = 1500 + 150 + 150 = 1800 (mm)
Chn khong cch t nn nh n y thit b l 0,5 (m)
Chiu cao tng th ca thit b l: 1,8 + 0,5 = 2,3 (m)
B dy thp ch to l 5 (mm), phn v dy 50 (mm). Vy ng knh
ngoi ca thng l:

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1000 + (50 x 2) = 1100 (mm) = 1,1 (m)
Vy ta chn thng CIP c cc thng s sau:
ng knh trong (mm)

1000

ng knh ngoi (mm)

1100

Chiu cao ton b ni (mm)

1800

Khong cch t nn nh n y thit b (mm)

500

Chiu cao tng th ca thit b (mm)

2300

B dy thp ch to (mm)

S lng ni (chic)

7.3. V sinh v an ton lao ng


Vic v sinh lun c coi trng trong tt c cc ngnh sn xut, c bit
trong ngnh sn xut thc phm th vic v sinh cng i hi nghim ngt.
S thnh cng ca qu trnh sn xut cng nh cht lng sn phm ph
thuc vo cng nhn. V vy yu cu v sinh phi c thc hin mt cch
nghim ngt, bt buc i vi cng nhn v cn b k thut.
7.3.1.

V sinh c nhn

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Khng cho php nhng ngi b bnh mn tnh hay truyn nhim...
c trc tip sn xut.
Khi lm vic, cng nhn phi c qun o bo h lao ng sch s,
gn gng, lun c thc v sinh chung.
Trc khi vo phn xng phi nhng ng qua dung dch st khun.
Khi lc v tip xc trc tip vi bia cng nh dng c cha bia, cng
nhn phi c qun o tay chn sch s.
7.3.2.

V sinh thit b

i vi dng c th hay cha dch ng, dch bia non sau mi ln


dng phi c v sinh sch s bng h thng CIP trnh cc vt bn do
dch ng hay sinh khi nm men. Cc vt bn ny nu khng ra sch s
qunh li, gy nhim tp cho dch khi s dng.
Vi ng ng, thng ln men phi v sinh sch bng h thng CIP
trc khi dng. u tin phi s dng bng nc sch, ri xng hi,
bisunfitnatri 5%, cui cng trng li bng nc lnh v trng.
Cc dng c khc trong phng ln men cng phi v sinh tit trng
hng ngy, cc van ly mu trc v sau khi ly mu phi c tit trng.
Trong phn xng nu v lm ngui, cc ni phi c v sinh sch
s sau mi m nu v v sinh nh k bng nc nng cng nh ha cht
NaOH, HNO3... vi my lc phi v sinh vi lc sau tng m lc. Trc
khi lc phi c trng qua nc si, b malt phi c cha trong cc
thng kn trnh rui mui.
i vi my lc thit b b phn ph tr thng xuyn kim tra,
lau du, bo dng nh k tng tui th.
7.3.3.

V sinh cng nghip

Cc phn xng phi m bo v sinh sch s gn gng, thong mt,


nn nh phi thot nc tt trnh t ng.

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Vi cc b phn bi, n, cn phi c bin php hiu qu nh thit b
ht bi, thit b trnh n cc b, m bo sc khe cho cng nhn.
xung quanh phi m bo quang ng, cng rnh lun c khai
thng, c np y cn thn.
ng i phi lun c dn sch s, vn cy xanh phi c ch
trng, trng mi v chm sc cn thn.
7.4. Bo h v an ton lao ng
Bo h v an ton lao ng trong sn xut l rt quan trng, v n nh
hng trc tip n sc khe ca cng nhn v tui th ca my mc. Chnh v
vy m nh my cn quan tm n vn ny. Cc ni quy, quy tc bo h v
an ton lao ng trong cc phn xng sn xut, nh my c coi nh mt iu
bt buc.
Cc nh my thc phm hin nay c u t hin i gim bt mt
phn lao ng chn tay nhng khng v vy m an ton lao ng c b qua,
m ngc li phi c quan tm hn.
Ngi cng nhn phi chp hnh trit cc ni quy, quy trnh vn hnh.
i vi nh my bia cn ch n mt s khu sn xut sau y:
7.4.1.

Chng c trong sn xut


Kh c trong nh my ch yu l kh CO2 trong qu trnh ln men chnh

tht thot ra mc d trong qu trnh thit k c h thng thu hi CO2.


Ngoi ra, CO2 cn do h thng l hi thot ra, Freon, NH3 t h thng
lnh...
7.4.2.

An ton h thng chu p

Van chu p c trang b trong cc thit b nh ni hi, tank ln


men, tank tng tr, bnh np CO2... v vy an ton thit b chu p cn c
quan tm.
7.4.3.

An ton in trong sn xut

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Trong qu trnh sn xut cng nhn cn ch :

Phi thc hin ni quy an ton v in.

Cch in i vi cc mch in.

B tr ng dy xa tm tay hay ng i li ca cng nhn.

Ni t, cch in tht tt.

7.4.4.

An ton khi thao tc vn hnh mt s thit b phng chy cha chy

My nghin sng: Khi sa cha cn phi ngt cu dao in, trc khi lm
vic cho my chy khng ti 2 pht.
Thng xuyn kim tra cc thit b chu p, nhit k, cc ng ng dn
dch, tc nhn lnh.
Cc cng trnh xy dng phi ng tiu chun, m bo trong phng chy
cha chy v thng gi tt.
V phng chy, cha chy th mi phn xng phi c thit b cha chy
ti ch nh bnh CO2. Nh my phi c h thng thng tin bng loa truyn thanh
hay in thoi, thng xuyn ph bin tuyn truyn cc quy tc an ton lao
ng, phng chy cha chy...

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CHNG 8: MI TRNG V PHNG PHP X L
Mi trng gm cc yu t t nhin v nhn to, quan h mt thit vi
nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng sn xut, s tn ti ca
con ngi v thin nhin.
Bo v mi trng l nhng hot ng gi cho mi trng trong lnh,
sch p, ci to mi trng m bo cn bng sinh thi, ngn chn khc phc
nhng hu qu xu do con ngi v thin nhin gy ra cho mi trng, khai thc
s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng nghip, lng nc thi ca cc c s
cng nghip thi ra ngy cng tng gy ra tc ng xu n con ngi nu
khng x l. nng cao hiu qu qun l ca nh nc, t chc kinh th, t
chc x hi, n v v trang nhn dn, m bo quyn c sng trong mi
trng trong lnh, phc v ton cu. Vi nhng nhu cu cp thit nh trn th
cc nh my ni chung v nh my bia ni ring cn ch trng n mi trng
v phng php x l mi trng.

8.1. Cc yu t chnh trong nh my bia nh hng ti mi trng


Trong qu trnh sn xut bia thng hnh thnh nn cc sn phm ph
hoc cc yu t tc ng xu ti mi trng xung quanh, cn c x l loi b
hoc ti s dng. Cc loi cht thi trong nh my bia thng l:
Nc thi v cc cht gy nhim.
Bi.
Kh thi t nh nu
Ting n
Cc cht thi khc...
8.1.1.

Nc thi v cc cht gy nhim


Tr nc c mt trong sn phm bia hay trong cc sn phm ph v lng

nc bay hi, phn nc cn li cui cng c coi l nc thi.


Nc thi trong nh my bia bao gm:

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B bia v b dch ng.

Nc ra thit b

Nc thi cha cn

Nc thi cha b men

Nc thi t h thng CIP

Xt v axit thi ra t h thng CIP

Nc thi ra bt tr lc

Nc trng ha cht ra

Nc thi trong phn xng chit

Mt s thnh phn trong nc thi c tc hi ti mi trng:


Trong nc thi c mt s thnh phn khi a ra ngoi, s c tc ng
ng k i vi mi trng xung quanh.
Cc cht c th oxy ha: nhng cht ny c th b chuyn ha nu c mt
O2. Nu nhng cht ny khng qua x l m i thng vo h thng thot nc,
trong trng hp khng c thng kh y , chng c th oxy ha mt phn
v gy thi ra v to mi hi thi, ng thi tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c mt
trong mi trng nc. Tng s cc cht c th oxy ha c th hin bng gi
tr COD (lng oxy yu cu cho phn ng ha hc) tnh bng mg O2/l hoc gi
tr BOD5 (lng O2 yu cu cho qu trnh ha sinh) n v mg O2/l.
Photpho di dng photphat: hp cht photpho cng vi nit bc cao
kch thch cho s pht trin ca to trn mt nc, cng c ci l cht c hi
cho mi trng. Do , trong nhng nm gn y, cc nh cng ngh ang c
gng chuyn sang s dng cc cht lm sch khng cha photpho.
Nit di dng nitrat: nh hng ca nitrat ti mi trng thu ht
nhiu s quan tm. S thm thu nitrat vo nc ngm lm tng s nhim ca
t. Trong khi , cc nh my bia, axit nitric c s dng trong h thng
CIP ha tan cn.

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Hp cht halogen hu c (Adsorbable organically bound halogens
ADN): trong sn xut bia, cc hp cht clo c s dng trong cng on ty
trng, st trng.
Mui ca kim loi nng nh: Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, AOX v cc dn xut
halogen ca hydratcacbon l nhng cht nguy him bi v chng gy hi rt ln
cho sc khe.
Axit, dung dch kim, nhng cht lm sch v nhng cht kh trng cng
vi thnh phn du gia nhit cng c coi l nhng cht c hi cho mi trng
v con ngi.
Bng 8.1: Nhng cht in hnh ca nc thi nh my bia
c tnh

n v

pH

Gi tr

Tiu chun cho php

5,7 11,7

5,5 9,0

Nhu cu BOD

mg/l

800

50

Nhu cu COD

mg/l

2175

100

Cht rn l lng

mg/l

120

100

Nit tng s

mg/l

103

60

Photpho tng s

mg/l

4,3

48

Cht khng tan

mg/l

546

50 200

Ti lng cht thi

m3/hl

4,5

Ti trng nhim

kg BOD/hl bia

8.1.2.

Bi
Bi c th c to ra ti cng on tip nhn, vn chuyn v nghin malt

v nghin i mch. Trong phn xng nghin, bi c th c thu hi bng h


thng ht v lc bi. Bi l thnh phn giu cht ha tan, tuy nhin ch yu l
cc cht c th gy nh hng xu cho sn phm, v th bi ny thng c
cha vo cc bao ti loi b.
8.1.3.

Kh thi t nh nu

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Trong qu trnh un si dch ng, thnh phn cc cht d bay hi trong
dch ng v hoa houblon bay hi v thng to ra cc mi c trng cho
khng gian xung quanh nh nu. gim lng kh to ra t nh nu, ngi ta
c th s dng cc h thng ngng t hi lp t trn cc ni nu v c nn
li nh cc my nn kh.
8.1.4.

Ting n
Nhn chung, nhng ting n ch yu to ra cc v tr nh sau:

Trong phn xng ng chai

Gn my nn cht lm lnh v khng kh

Gn thit b ngng t hi

Gn my nn hi
gim ting n pht ra, c th s dng cc bin php:

La chn vt liu xy dng, v d nh kt cu ca tng i ngn cch


m, ca s kn hn ch s thot m ra ngoi.
Lp t thit b gim ti a m thanh phn xng chit chai
Hn ch s dng tng ghp
Lm v cch m nhng my gy n ln.
8.1.5.

Cc cht thi khc


Tuy nhin, khng phi ch c nc thi m cn cc cht thi khc cng

c thi ra t nh my bia. S lng thnh phn ny c th c lng nh sau:


Loi cht thi

Lng trung bnh (kg/hl bia)

B malt v hoa houblon

18,86

Men tha

2,64

Cn nng

1,42

Cn ngui

0,22

Cn khong

0,62

Bi malt

0,12

Nhn / giy

0,29

Nhng cht bao gi

0,04

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Cc cht thi rn gm v chai v, v nhn, cc cht thi rn xy dng.
Cht thi rn c gom li tp trung v ni quy nh bn ph liu (v chai
v, giy) hoc lm thc n gia sc (b malt, men).
Ngoi nhng ngun thi cp trn cn c nhng thnh phn khc
c thi ra trong qu trnh sn xut v cn c x l. Nhng cht thi bao
gm:

Ba cng v ba caton ng hp

Giy thi t phng qun l v sn xut.

Kim loi v nha thi

G vn

Lp xe c

Cht thi ca nh n

Bn vi

M v cht bo

Dung mi
Cc thnh phn ny lun lun c tp trung li mt cch ring r, c

bn hoc c loi b.

8.2. Tng quan v x l nc thi


Ngi ta phn bit ba phng php x l nc thi bao gm: c hc, ha
hc, v sinh hc. Vic s dng phng php no l ph thuc vo c tnh ca
nc thi v iu kin v cng ngh.
8.2.1.

Phng php c hc
Phng php ny l giai on x l s b ban u, dng la cc tp

cht khng tan trong nc thi. Cc phng php thng dng l lc qua li,
lng cyclon thy lc, quay ly tm.
8.2.2.

Phng php ha hc v l hc
Phng php ny thng c s dng thu hi cc cht qu hay

kh cc cht c, cc cht c nh hng xu n giai on lm sch sinh hc v

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sau. Cc phng php thng thng l oxy ha, trung ha, keo t, hp th, trch
ly, chng bay hi, tuyn ni...
8.2.3.

Phng php sinh hc


Phng php sinh hc loi b cc tp cht phn tn nh, keo v cc

cht ha tan hu c (i khi c cht v c) khi nc thi. C s ca phng


php ny l da vo s sng v hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht
bn hu c trong nc thi, chng s dng cc cht hu c trong nc thi lm
ngun dinh dng xy dng t bo v sinh nng lng.
Phng php x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc li c chia
lm hai loi ty theo iu kin xy ra ca qu trnh phn hy l:

X l hiu kh: Qu trnh phn hy xy ra vi s c mt ca oxy.

X l k kh: Qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong iu kin khng c oxy.

8.3. Phng n x l nc thi cho nh my bia


Qua kho st, phn tch v cn c vo tnh hnh thc t ca mt bng
v ngun vn ca nh my, gii php x l nc thi cchn l x l
sinh hc hiu kh c s dng bn hot tnh vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh
vt hiu kh sng l lng (phng php hiu kh l lng).
8.3.1.

S cng ngh

B chn rc

B iu ha, tuyn
ni v lng s b

B phn ng keo
t v b lng 1

B sinh hc hiu
kh

Thi ra ngoi

B kh trng

B lng 2

B chn rc:

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Nc thi t cng on sn xut s theo h thng mng dn chy v
ngn tip nhnqua song chn rc. Song chn rc bng inox s gt rc c kch
thc ln, mnh giy... Vi phng php ly giy bng th cng, giy c thu
hi v chuyn v bi v sinh thch hp. Phn ny nh my c ch cn b sung
thm m bo tt u cu x l.

B iu ha, tuyn ni v lng s b:


Nc thi sau khi tch cn rc c tp trung vo mt h ga c bm v

b iu ha, tuyn ni v lng s b. Thi gian lu l 4 gi.


Mc ch:
n nh lu lng dng chy, n nh nng cht bn v pH.
Gim kch thc v to ch lm vic n nh cho cng vic phi
sau, trnh hin tng qu ti nh lng mt phn b ny.
Tuyn ni cc cht.
B sung oxy m bo mi trng thun li cho qu trnh phn
hy sinh hc sau ny.
Vt ni c vi ra cho vo thng cha vt ni.
Phn bn lng c ht nh k dng lm phn bn.

B sinh hc hiu kh tip xc:


Nc thi sau khi keo t v lng c dn vo b x l sinh hc hiu kh

vi bn hot tnh tun hon v b sung mt chng vi sinh vt c hiu cho qu


trnh phn hy hiu kh. Khng kh c a vo qua cc my nn kh c lu
lng ln, p sut nh, qua h thng phn phi kh y b m bo lng O2
ha tan > 2mg/lt. Thi gian lu 8 gi.

B lng cui:
Nc thi qua giai on x l sinh hc hiu kh c a n b lng

cui nhm chn gi bn sinh ra trong giai on x l sinh hc. Lng bn hot
tnh c ti s dng mt phn, mt phn c ht nh k lm phn bn hoc
chn lp.

B kh trng: nc thi c kh trng nh clorin b kh trng.

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Nc thi sch: Theo tiu chun B i vo knh ti tiu ni ng.


Nc thi sau khi x l s t cc thng s tha mn tiu chun mi

trng Vit Nam i vi ngun tip nhn loi B. Tc l c:


pH:

5,5 9

BOD:

< 100mg/lt

COD:

< 50mg/lt

SS:

< 100mg/lt

Mc tiu:
Nc thi sau quy trnh x l t tiu chun loi B (TCVN 5945
1995)
Chi ph vn hnh bo dng thp.
Quy trnh cng ngh n gin, d vn hnh. Trm x l gn, p
m quan.
Khng lm pht sinh cc tc ng khc gy nh hng ti mi
trng.
Nng cho php cc cht nhim trong nc thi (TCVN 5945

8.3.2.
1995)

Bng 8.2: Nng cho php cc cht nhim trong nc thi


STT Ch tiu

n v
o

40

40

40

46

5,5 9

59

Nhit

pH

BOD5

mg/l

20

50

100

COD

mg/l

50

100

400

Cht thi rn

mg/l

50

100

200

Asen

mg/l

0,05

0,1

0,5

Cadimi

mg/l

001

0,02

0,5

Ch

mg/l

0,1

0,5

Clo d

mg/l

Trn Th Thu H

Gii hn cho php

160

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10

Crom (4)

mg/l

0,05

0,1

0,5

11

Crom (3)

mg/l

0,2

12

Du m khong

mg/l

KPHD

13

Du m ng vt

mg/l

10

30

14

ng

mg/l

0,2

15

Km

mg/l

16

Mangan

mg/l

0,2

17

Niken

mg/l

0,2

18

Photpho hu c

mg/l

0,2

0,5

19

Photpho tng hp

mg/l

20

St

mg/l

10

21

Tetracloetylen

mg/l

0,02

0,1

0,1

22

Thic

mg/l

0,2

23

Thy ngn

mg/l

0,005

0,005

0,01

24

Tng nit

mg/l

30

60

60

25

Tricloetylen

mg/l

0,05

0,3

0,3

26

Amoniac

mg/l

0,1

10

27

Florua

mg/l

28

Phenol

mg/l

0,001

0,05

29

Sunphua

mg/l

0,2

0,5

30

Xianua

mg/l

0,05

0,1

0,2

31

Tng hot phng x

Bq/l

0,1

0,1

32

Tng hot phng x

Bq/l

33

colifom

MNP/100ml

5000

10000

Tnh ton xy dng cho khu cha v x l nc thi:


Xy dng ni tp trung nc thi ca nh my.
Nc thi sch sau khi thi ra c x l qua cc b nh sau: b chn rc,

b iu ha, tuyn ni v lng s b, b phn ng keo t v b lng 1, b sinh


hc hiu kh, b lng 2, b kh trng, mi b c chiu di 3m, chiu rng 2m.
Vy xy dng khu cha v x l nc thi c cc thng s sau:

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Din tch: 216 m2.
Kich thc: 18 x 12 x 4,8 (m)

Bng 8.3: Cc hng mc cng trnh trong tng mt bng


STT

Tn cng trnh

Di

Rng

Cao

Din tch

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m2)

Cng trnh sn xut

Ghi ch

2916

Phn xng nu

24

18

432

Phn xng ln men

54

30

16

1620

Phn xng hon thin

42

24

864

Cng trnh ph tr

5688

Kho cha nguyn liu

36

24

864

Kho cha sn phm

54

36

1944

Xng c in

24

18

432

Kho v chai, bock

54

36

1944

Gara t

24

12

4,8

288

Nh lnh, thu hi CO2

18

12

4,8

216

Cng trnh sinh hot

1222

10

Nh hnh chnh

18

108

2 tng

11

Hi trng, cu lc b

24

18

432

2 tng

12

Nh n

18

3,6

162

13

Nh gii thiu sn phm

18

4,2

162

14

Nh xe p, xe my

18

4,2

162

15

Nh v sinh, tm gi

18

3,6

108

16

Phng bo v

3,6

16

17

Trm y t

4,2

72

Cng trnh in hi nc

468

18

Nh ni hi

12

108

19

Bi cha than x

12

108

Trn Th Thu H

2 phng

162

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20

Trm bin th

36

21

Khu cha v x l nc

18

12

4,8

216

Cng trnh x l nc thi


22

Khu x l nc thi

216
18

12

Tng din tch

Trn Th Thu H

4,8

216
10510

163

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CHNG 9: TNH TON KINH T


9.1. Mc ch v ngha
Tnh ton kinh t l mt phn quan trng khng th thiu c trong bt
c nh my no.
Da vo phn tnh ton ny ta bit c n gi, ln k hoch chi ph xy
dng, lp t thit b, cng ngh v cc chi ph c lin quan trong qu trnh thc
hin. Qua trnh ln cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
y l phn khng th thiu trong khi thit k cng trnh, n quyt nh
n nhiu lnh vc v s thnh bi ca nh my.
Da vo nng sut thit k nh my c xy dng v cc phn quan
trng khc nh chn a im xy dng, chn dy chuyn cng ngh, chn thit
b... cho nh my. Tt c phn tnh ton v la chn trn i hi ngi thit k
nh my phi c mt kin thc tng hp v hiu bit chuyn su nhm tm ra
bin php ti u em li hiu qu kinh t cao nht.

9.2. Ni dung phn tnh ton kinh t


Thit k nh my bia nng sut 50 triu lt/nm t nu v ln men bia
nng cao 14oBx. Da vo kt qu tnh ton phn trc nn ta c th tnh
ton kinh t theo cc bc sau:
9.2.1.

Vn u t cho nh my

9.2.1.1.

Vn u t cho xy dng

Chi ph u t cho xy dng c tnh theo n v l 1m2 nhn vi n


gi ly theo kinh nghim thc t cho tng hng mc cng trnh.
Bng 9.1: n gi cho cc hng mc cng trnh
STT

Tn cng trnh

Din tch (m2)

1 Phn xng nu

Trn Th Thu H

432

164

n gi () Thnh tin ()
6.000.000

2.592.000.000

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2 Phn xng ln men

1620

6.000.000

9.720.000.000

3 Phn xng hon thin

864

5.000.000

4.320.000.000

4 Kho cha nguyn liu

864

4.000.000

3.456.000.000

1944

4.000.000

7.776.000.000

6 Xng c in

432

4.500.000

1.944.000.000

7 Nh ni hi

108

4.000.000

432.000.000

8 Bi cha than x

108

2.500.000

270.000.000

36

4.000.000

144.000.000

1944

2.500.000

4.860.000.000

11 Gara t

288

3.500.000

1.008.000.000

12 Khu x l nc thi

216

4.000.000

864.000.000

13 Nh lnh, thu hi CO2

216

3.000.000

1080.000.000

14 Nh hnh chnh

216

5.000.000

1080.000.000

15 Hi trng, cu lc b

864

5.000.000

4.320.000.000

16 Nh n ca

162

4.000.000

648.000.000

17 Nh gii thiu sn phm

162

2.500.000

405.000.000

18 Nh xe p, xe my

162

2.500.000

405.000.000

19 Nh v sinh, tm git

108

3.000.000

324.000.000

32

2.500.000

80.000.000

216

3.500.000

756.000.000

72

4.000.000

288.000.000

5 Kho cha sn phm

9 Trm bin th
10 Kho v chai, bock

20 Phng bo v
21 Khu cha v x l nc sch
22 Phng y t
Tng cng

10.984

46.772.000.000

Ngoi cc khon mc trn nh my cn phi xy dng h thng giao


thng, cng thot nc, vn hoa... ly bng 10% so vi tng chi ph xy dng
k trn. Vy vn xy dng ca nh my l:
Vxd = 46.772.000.000 x 1,1 = 51.449.200.000 (ng)
9.2.1.2.

Vn u t cho thit b

Bng 9.2: n gi cho cc thit b


TT

Tn thit b

1 Cn

Trn Th Thu H

SL
1

165

n gi ()

Thnh tin ()

1.000.000

1.000.000

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2 Gu ti

1.500.000

4.500.000

3 My nghin malt

8.000.000

8.000.000

4 My nghin i mch

5.000.000

5.000.000

5 Ni h ha

60.000.000

60.000.000

6 Ni ng ha

90.000.000

90.000.000

7 My lc khung bn

120.000.000

120.000.000

8 Ni nu hoa

100.000.000

100.000.000

9 Thng lng xoy

10.000.000

10.000.000

10 Ni nc nng

8.000.000

8.000.000

11 Ni nc lnh

8.000.000

8.000.000

12 Thng cha b malt

2.000.000

2.000.000

13 My lnh nhanh

50.000.000

50.000.000

14 Thit b ra men

5.000.000

5.000.000

15 Thit b gy men ging cp 1

8.000.000

8.000.000

16 Thit b gy men ging cp 2

4.000.000

4.000.000

17 My lc bia

50.000.000

50.000.000

18 Thit b ln men chnh

24

150.000.000

3.600.000.000

19 Thit b bo ha CO2

30.000.000

120.000.000

20 My ra bock

30.000.000

30.000.000

21 My chit bock

60.000.000

60.000.000

22 Dy chuyn chit chai

15.000.000.000

15.000.000.000

15

6.000.000

90.000.000

24 H thng v sinh

2.000.000

16.000.000

25 My lnh

20.000.000

20.000.000

26 Ni hi

150.000.000

300.000.000

27 My nn

4.000.000

4.000.000

28 Xe t

150.000.000

9.000.000.000

29 H thng x l nc

10.000.000

10.000.000

30 H thng in

25.000.000

25.000.000

23 Cc loi bm

Tng cng

Trn Th Thu H

28.808.500.000

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Do nhng nm gn y c s bin ng v gi thnh nn cc mt hng
ha u tng theo xu hng chung ca th trng trn th gii, mc tng chung
gp khong 1,5 ln. Vy tng chi ph u t cho thit b chnh l:
28.808.500.000 x 1,5 = 43.212.750.000 (ng)
Cc thit b ph ly bng 15%, chi ph vn chuyn, lp t ly bng 10%
so vi thit b chnh. Vy tng gi tr thit b l:
Vtb = 43.212.750.000 x (1 + 0,15 + 0,1) = 54.015.937.500 (ng)
9.2.1.3.

Tng chi ph u t cho nh my

Tng chi ph u t cho nh my l:


Vc = 51.449.200.000 + 54.015.937.500 = 105.465.137.500 (ng)
9.2.2.

Tnh gi thnh cho sn phm

9.2.2.1.

Chi ph nguyn liu

Do ch c ma h v ma thu l sn lng bia cao nht 15 triu lt, cn


ma xun v ma ng ch sn xut 10 triu lt. Bi vy tng ng vi nguyn
liu sn xut bia trong mt nm l:
Malt = (21763,73 x 25 x 6) + (21763,73 x 2/3 x 25 x 6) = 5440932,5 kg
ng = (10881,87 x 25 x 6) + (10881,87 x 2/3 x 25 x 6) = 2720467,5 kg
i mch = (10881,87 x 25 x 6) + (10881,87 x 2/3 x 25 x 6) = 2720467,5
kg
Hoa vin = (269,23 x 25 x 6) + (269,23 x 2/3 x 25 x 6) = 67307,5 kg
Hoa cao = (25,0027 x 25 x 6) + (25,0027 x 2/3 x 25 x 6) = 6250,675 kg
TT

Tn nguyn liu

SL (kg)

n gi ()

Thnh tin ()

1 Malt

5440932,5

16.000

87.054.920.000

2 i mch

2720467,5

8.000

21.763.740.000

3 ng

2720467,5

10.000

27.204.675.000

4 Hoa vin

67307,5

700.000

47.115.250.000

5 Hoa cao

6250,678

1.500.000

9.376.017.000

Tng cng

Trn Th Thu H

192.514.602.000

167

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9.2.2.2.

Nguyn liu ph

Theo kinh nghim chi ph nguyn liu ph chim 4% so vi chi ph


nguyn liu chnh. Vy chi ph cho nguyn liu ph l:
0,04 x 192.514.602.000 = 7.700.584.080 (ng)
9.2.2.3.

Chi ph nguyn liu v ng lc

Bng 9.3: Chi ph nguyn liu v ng lc


STT

Tn nguyn liu

S lng

n gi ()

Thnh tin ()

1 in (kw)

1093265,68

3.000

3.279.797.040

2 Than (kg)

6915258

1.500

10.372.887.000

3 Nc (m3)

526935,57

4.000

2.107.742.280

Tng cng

9.2.2.4.

15.760.426.320

Chi ph tin lng

Bng 9.4: Tnh nhn lc cho cc b phn


STT

Nguyn cng

nh mc lao

S ca/ngy

ng

S cng
nhn/ngy

X l nguyn liu

2/1 ca

Nu lc

4/1 ca

12

H nhit

1/1 ca

Ln men, gy men

3/1 ca

Lc bia, bo ha CO2

3/1 ca

Gp chai

3/1 my

Ra chai

1/1 my

Kim tra

1/1 ca

Chit chai, dp nt

2/1 my

10

Kim tra

1/1 ca

11

Thanh trng

3/1 my

12

Kim tra

1/1 ca

13

Dn nhn

1/1 my

14

Kim tra

1/1 ca

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15

My soi chai

1/1 my

16

Cng nhn c in

2/1 ca

17

Cng nhn sa cha

3/1 ca

18

Ra bock

3/1 ca

19

Chit bock

3/1 my

20

L hi

2/1 ca

21

Nh lnh

2/1 ca

22

X l nc

3/1 ca

23

V sinh

3/1 ca

24

Li xe

2/1 xe /1 ca

24 (6 xe)

25

Bc vc

6/1 ca

12

26

Vt liu, nhin liu, bao b

3/1 ca

27

Bo v

2/1 ca

28

Qun l phn xng

2/1 ca

29

Thng trc

2/1 ca

Tng cng

201

S cng nhn c mt trong nh my mt ngy m l: 201 ngi.


Tnh s cng nhn c trong danh sch:
S cng nhn c trong danh sch bng s cng nhn c mt + s cng
nhn im khuyt.
Theo kinh nghim th h s im khuyt = 1,086
S cng nhn c trong danh sch l:
201 x 1,086 =218 ngi
Tnh s cn b qun l nh my:
ng y:

3 ngi

Ban gim c:

3 ngi

K ton:

4 ngi

Phng k hoch, vt t, cung tiu:

5 ngi

Phng KCS:

5 ngi

Th kho:

4 ngi

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T chc hnh chnh:

3 ngi

Thi ua vn th:

2 ngi

Y t:

3 ngi

Tng:

32 ngi

Tng cn b v cng nhn trong nh my l 250 ngi


Lng bnh qun theo u ngi l 2.500.000 ng/thng
Qu tin lng ca nh my trong thng l:
250 x 2.500.000 = 625.000.000 ng
Mt nm tin lng nh my phi tr l:
625.000.000 x 12 = 7.500.000.000 ng
9.2.2.5.

Bo him tnh theo lng

Bo him ly bng 19% qu lng


0,19 x 7.500.000.000 = 1.425.000.000 ng
9.2.2.6.

Chi ph s dng nh xng, thit b (khu hao ti sn c nh)

Chi ph khu hao s dng my mc thit b Ptb ly bng 10% so vi Vtb


Ptb = 54.015.937.500 x 0,1 = 5.401.593.750 (ng)
Chi ph nh xng tnh bng 5% so vi Vxd
Pxd = 51.449.200.000 x 0,05 = 2.572.460.000 ng
Vy khu hao ti sn c nh l:
P = Ptb + Pxd = 5.401.593.750 + 2.572.460.000 = 7.974.053.750 ng
Vy tng chi ph:
G1 = 192.514.602.000 + 7.700.584.080 + 15.760.426.320 +
7.500.000.000 + 1.425.000.000 + 7.974.053.750 = 232.874.666.150 (ng)
Ngoi cc chi ph k trn khi hot ng nh my cn thm 6% chi ph
qun l, 2% chi ph bn hng, 2% chi ph pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut.
Vy:
G2 = G1 x 1,1 = 232.874.666.150 x 1,1 = 256.162.132.765 ng
9.2.2.7.

Tnh ton gi thnh ton b

G = G2 G3
G3: tin thu c t bn sn phm ph nh b malt, sa men, CO2 d

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Lng b malt hng nm l:
(44855,05 x 6 x 25) + (44855,05 x 6 x 25 x 2/3) = 11.213.762,5 kg
Gi bn 1.500 ng/kg
Lng CO2 d l
(3216,88 161,05) x 6 x 25 + (3216,88 161,05) x 6 x 25 x 2/3 =
763957,3 kg
Gi bn 5.500 ng/kg.
Vy G3 = 11.213.762,5 x 1500 + 763957,3 x 5.500 = 14.651.570.350 ng
G = 256.162.132.765 14.651.570.350 = 241.510.562.415 ng
Do gi thnh mt n v sn phm l (tnh trung bnh bia chai v bia hi):
Gsp

=
3839,6 ng/lt
Vy nh mc gi bn nh sau:
Bia hi:

6.000 ng/lt.

Bia chai: 10.500 ng/chai.

9.3. nh gi cc ch tiu v hiu qu


9.3.1.

Tng doanh thu ca nh my


DT =

Trong :
Pi: gi mt n v sn phm
Qi: s sn phm c bn ra
DT = 30.000.000 x (1 + 0,15) x 10.500 + 20.000.000 x (1 + 0,42) x
6000 = 532.650.000.000 ng
9.3.2.

Doanh thu thun

Trn Th Thu H

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DTT = DT VAT
VAT: thu gi tr gia tng
DTT = DT (thu vn + cc khon gim tr + thu tiu th)
Khon gim tr bao gm:
Gim gi bn do cht lng sn phm km v c tha thun ca khch
hng.
Chit khu hng bn: l khon gim tr cho ngi mua khuyn khch
khch hng vi s lng ln, mua thng xuyn, thanh ton ng hn.
Cc khon ny thng ly 2% so vi doanh thu.
Thu vn thng ly 3% so vi vn lu ng v vn c nh ca nh
my.
Vn c nh: Vc = 105.465.137.500 ng
Vn lu ng ca nh my l: Vl
Vl =
Trong :
G: tng chi ph = 241.510.562.415 ng
l: s vng quay trong nm
Mt chu k sn xut ca nh my l 23 ngy. Vy s vng quay trong
nm l:
360 / 23 = 16 vng/nm
an ton trong sn xut ta chn s vng quay l 12 vng/nm
Vy vn lu ng l
Vl =

= 20.125.880.201,25 ng

Thu vn:
TV = (Vc + Vl) x 0,036 = (105.465.137.500 + 20.125.880.201,25) x
0,036 = 4.521.276.637,245 (ng)
Thu tiu th c bit bng 50% doanh thu.

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Doanh thu thun l:
DTT = DT x (1 0,5 0,02) TV
= 532.650.000.000 x 0,48 4.521.276.637,245
= 251.150.723.362,755 (ng)
Tng li nhun l
TLN = DTT tng chi ph (gi thnh ton b)
TLN = 251.150.723.362,755 241.510.562.415
= 9.640.160.947,755 ng
9.3.3.

nh gi cc ch tiu hiu qu
Doanh li lao ng (DL)
DL = TLN / s lao ng
DL =

= 38.560.643,79 ng/ngi

Doanh li vn: Dv
Dv =

(%)

Trong : V = Vl + Vc = 105.465.137.500 + 20.125.880.201,25


= 125.591.017.701,25 ng

Dv =

= 7,68%

Nng sut lao ng:


NL = DTT/s lao ng
=

=1.

004.602.893,45

ng/ngi/nm
Nng sut vn: Nv
Nv =
9.3.4.

= 1,999 ng

Thi gian thu hi vn

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T

= 5,98 nm
Vy thi gian thu hi vn l: 5,98 nm (tng ng vi khong 6 nm).

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KT LUN
Sau mt thi gian tin hnh lm nhim v thit k nh my bia nng sut
50 triu lt/nm t nu v ln men bia nng cao 14oBx, cng vi s gip
nhit tnh ca cc thy c gio v bn b, mang li cho em mt s hiu bit
su rng khng ch v cng ngh sn xut bia m cn v cc lnh vc khc nh
xy dng, kinh t, c kh...
Vit Nam tuy ngnh bia pht trin t rt lu nhng vic sn xut bia
nng cao cn rt hn ch. Vi nhng u im vt tri ca ln men bia nng
cao nh lm tng hiu qu s dng thit b nu, thit b ln men, lm tng sn
lng ca nh my m khng cn u t thm thit b; bn cnh sn xut bia
nng cao c th s dng nguyn liu thay th vi t l cao hn do vy gim
lng malt nhp ngoi t tit kim c ngoi t. Khng ch vy, vi vic s
dng ngun nguyn liu thay th sn c trong nc s lm gim gi thnh bia
kch thch ngi tiu dng v lm li cho quc gia. V vy cn khuyn khch, u
tin pht trin ngnh nu bia nng cao ti Vit Nam.
hon thin bn n ny l c mt qu trnh n lc ca bn thn cng
nh s gip tn tnh ca c gio GS.TS Nguyn Th Hin trng i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni. Mc d c nhiu c gng song chc chn bn n ca
em vn cn nhiu sai st v hn ch, v vy em rt mong nhn c s ch bo
nhit tnh ca cc thy c gio em kp sa cha, b sung thm kin thc cho
bn thn.
Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n c gio Nguyn Th Hin gip
em hon thnh tt p bn n ny.
H Ni, ngy 17 thng 5 nm 2008
Sinh vin thit k

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Trn Th Thu H

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. GS.TS Nguyn Th Hin (ch bin), PGS.TS L Thanh Mai, Th.s L Th
Lan Chi, Th.s Nguyn Tin Thnh, Th.s L Vit Thng (2007).
Khoa hc - Cng ngh Malt v bia.
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
2. PGS.TS Nguyn Th Hin (ch bin), PGS.TS Nguyn Kim V, KS Bi
Bch Thy (2003)
Vai tr ca nc v h thng ty ra, kh trng (CIP)trong nh my thc phm.
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
3. Nguyn Trng Cn (ch bin),Nnguyn Th Hin, Th Giang, Trn
Th Luyn (1998)
Cng ngh Enzym Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
4. TS Nguyn Vn Vit (ch bin), PGS.TS Nguyn Th Hin, TS Trng
Th Ha, Th.s L Lan Chi, Th.s Nguyn Thu H (2001)
Nm men bia v ng dng Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
5. PGS.TS Lng c Phm (2002)
Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc
Nh xut bn Gio dc
6. Bi Th Thy Lnh (2007)
n thc s - i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
7. B y t Vin Dinh dng (2007)
Bng thnh phn thc phm Vit Nam Nh xut bn Y hc
8. Hip hi ru bia nc gii kht Vit Nam (2003)
Ngnh ru bia nc gii kht Vit Nam pht huy truyn thng hng ti tng
lai
Nh xut bn Chnh tr Quc gia
9. Wolfgang Kunze (1996)
Technology Brewing and Malting VLB Berlin, Germany

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10. Dennis E. Briggs, Chris A. Boulton, Peter A. Brockers and Roger
Stevens (2004)
Brewing science and practice
CRC press, Boca Raton Boston New York Washington DC.
Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge England.
11. Harold M. Broderick (1981)
The practical brewer
A manual for the Brewing Industry. Primted in the USA
12. J. S. Hough, D. E. Briggs, R. Stevens and W. Young (1991)
Malting and brewing Science
Published by Chapman & Hall, UK
13. F. G. Priest and J. Campbell (1987)
Brewing microbiology
Elsevier applied science publishers, USA
14. http://www.jps.gov.vn/tt-khcn/

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PH LC
Phn ph lc bao gm cc bn v sau:
S h thng x l nc
S h thng x l CO2
S h thng nhn men ging
S dy chuyn sn xut
Mt bng, mt ct phn xng nu
Mt bng, mt ct phn xng ln men
Mt bng, mt ct phn xng hon thin
Tng bnh nh my

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