F
RITALIAÑOL
F
RENCH
, I
TALIAN
AND
S
PANISH
G
RAMMAR
A
RTICLES
Definite articlesIndefinite articlesm.s.
elil, l’, lole, l’unun, unoun
f.s.
lala, l’la, l’unauna, un’une
m.p.
losi, glilesunosdei, deglides, d’
f.p.
lasleunasdelle
Forms with an apostrophe are used before nouns starting with a vowel (or ‘h’ inthe case of French). In Italian, uno, lo and quello are used before nouns startingwith z, gn, ps or s+consonant. Italian gli is the plural of lo and l’.
G
ENDER
P
ATTERNS
masc.
-o, -ma, -(consonant)-o, -ore-acle, -al, -ail, -eau,-ème, -et, -isme, -oir
fem.
-a, ion, ión,dad, tad, tud,ez, umbre-a, -tà, -trice, -zione andmost that end in -ione,-i, -ie and -ù-ance, -anse, -ense,-ise, -sion, -tié, -ure
P
LURALS
SingularPluralSg.Pl.Sg.Pl.-[consonant]-[vowel]-z-ión+es+s-ces-iones-o-a-e-i, -ie-i-e-i-i, -ie-au, -eu, -ou-al, -ail-s, -z, -xothers+x-aux-s, -z, -x+sIn Italian, nouns ending in a consonant or an accented vowel, as well as familynames, monosyllabic nouns and abbreviations, are invariable.
See usage notes at the end.
P
RONOUNS
Subject
tu
manges une carrotte
Direct
lo
leía concienzudamente
yojeiomememi
tú tu tu
tetetiél, ellail, ellelui, lei
lo, la
le, la
lo, la
nosotrosnousnoinosnouscivosotrosvousvoiosvousviellosellasilselleslorolos/laslesli/le
Indirect
dim
me
loPrepositional il reste chez
eux
me me
mimímoi
mete te
tititoi
te
leluigli/leél, ellalui, ellelui, leinosnouscinosotrosnousnoiosvousvivosotrosvousvoilesleurgli/loroellosellaseuxellesloro
Reflexive
te
sentaste ahíPossessive pronouns quella è la mia
me me
mimíomienmio
te te
tituyotientuo
se se
sisuyosiensuo
nos
nouscinuestronôtrenostroosvousvivuestrovôtrevostro
se se
sisuyoleurloro
A
DJECTIVES
Masc. sg. formFem. sg.Masc. pl.Fem. pl.-o-a-os-as-e-e-es-es-or, -án, -ón,-ín-ora, -ána,-óna, -ína-ores, -ánes,-ónes, ínes-oras, -ánas,-ónas, ínas-[consonant]-[consonant]+es+es-o-a-i-e-e-e-i-i-a-a-i-e blu, rosa, viola, marrone, ogni, qualsiasi, qualche are invariable-e-e-es-es-el-elle-els-elles-en-enne-ens-ennes-eux-euse-eux-euses-er-ère-ers-ères-f-ve-fs-ves-on-onne-ons-onnesothers+e+s+es
I
NTERROGATIVES
which?
cuálcuálesqualequaliquel, quellequels, quelles
how much?how many?
cuánto, cuántacuántos, cuántasquanto, quantiquanta, quantecombien de
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French, Italian, Spanish Grammar
A little reference guide for French, Spanish and Italian grammar, all together. You should already be familiar with Romance grammar before using this document - it's just for your reference! If you spot any errors, please contact me!
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