Eeng 360 1

Chapter4
Transmitters and Receivers
Generalized Transmitters
AM PM Generation
Inphase and Quadrature Generation
Superheterodyne Receiver
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Eeng 360 2
Generalized Transmitters
( ) ( )
{ }
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
Re cos
cos sin
Where
c
j t
c
c c
j t
v t g t e R t t t
v t x t t y t t
g t R t e x t jy t
e
u
e u
e e
= = + (

=
= = +
Any type of modulated signal can be represented by
The complex envelope g(t) is a function of the modulating signal m(t)
Transmitter
Modulating
signal
Modulated
signal
Example:
( )
Type of Modulation g(m)
AM : [1 ( )]
PM :
p
c
jD m t
c
A m t
A e
+
Eeng 360 3
Generalized Transmitters
R(t) and (t) are functions of the modulating signal m(t) as given in TABLE 4.1
Two canonical forms for the generalized transmitter:
( ) ( ) ( )
cos
c
v t R t t t e u = + (

1. AM- PM Generation Technique: Envelope and phase functions are generated to modulate
the carrier as
Figure 427 Generalized transmitter using the AMPM generation technique.
Eeng 360 4
Generalized Transmitters
x(t) and y(t) are functions of the modulating signal m(t) as given in TABLE 4.1
( ) ( ) ( ) t t y t t x t v
c c
e e sin cos =
2. Quadrature Generation Technique: Inphase and quadrature signals are generated to
modulate the carrier as
Fig. 428 Generalized transmitter using the quadrature generation technique.
Eeng 360 5
IQ (In-phase and Quadrature-phase) Detector
Eeng 360 6
Generalized Receivers
Receivers
Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver:
Composed of RF amplifiers and detectors.
No frequency conversion
It is not often used.
Difficult to design tunable RF stages.
Difficult to obtain high gain RF amplifiers
Superheterodyne Receiver:
Downconvert RF signal to lower IF frequency
Main amplifixcation takes place at IF
Two types of receivers:
Eeng 360 7
Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receivers
Active
Tuning
Circuit
Detector
Circuit
Local
Oscillator
Bandpass
Filter
Baseband
Audio Amp
Composed of RF amplifiers and detectors.
No frequency conversion. It is not often used.
Difficult to design tunable RF stages.
Difficult to obtain high gain RF amplifiers
Eeng 360 8
Heterodyning
(Upconversion/
Downconversion)
Subsequent
Processing
(common)
All
Incoming
Frequencies
Fixed
Intermediate
Frequency
Heterodyning
Eeng 360 9
Superheterodyne Receivers
Superheterodyne Receiver Diagram
Eeng 360 10
Superheterodyne Receiver


Eeng 360 11
Superheterodyne Receivers
The RF and IF frequency responses H
1
(f) and H
2
(f) are important in providing
the required reception characteristics.
Eeng 360 12
Superheterodyne Receivers
f
IF
f
IF
RF Response
IF Response
Eeng 360 13
Superheterodyne Receivers
Eeng 360 14
Superheterodyne Receiver Frequencies


Eeng 360 15
Superheterodyne Receiver Frequencies


Eeng 360 16
Frequency Conversion Process
Eeng 360 17
Image Frequencies
Image frequency not a problem.
Image frequency is also received
Eeng 360 18
AM Radio Receiver
Eeng 360 19
Superheterodyne Receiver Typical Signal Levels
Eeng 360 20
Double-conversion block diagram.