pk&mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ Ak't < Ekynm (Buddhist Art of Ancient -o*wf(pf) (14) wGif uG,v f eG cf ohJ nf?

14) wGif uG,v f eG cf ohJ nf? &ckid w f pfrsK;d om;vk;H av;

Arakan) pmtkyfjyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifulnDcJhonf? pm;-unfndKaom q&m}uD;tm; (e0w) ppftpkd;&u n‡Of;yrf;
(1959)ckESpfrSm jrefrmhtoHa&'D,kdrS &ckdiftoHukd ESyd pf uf tqdycf yfowfjzwfum &cdik w f pfrsK;d om;vk;H OD;usK;d atmif
tpqkH;toHv$ifhcJhonf? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;cJh_yDjzpfaom csdK;ESrd cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf?
&ckdif,Ofaus;r+tarGtESpf/ &ckdifordkif;/ &ckdifhpmay/ &ckdifh&kd;&m q&m}uD;aoqkH;jcif;onf olwkd‹vufcsuf r[kwf
"avhxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;tm; urBmuodatmif&SmazGpkaqmif; a-umif;ukd ckid v f xHk if&mS ;ap&ef Armppftpk;d &onf vky}f uHaqmif;
avhvmaz:xkwfcJhonf? xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhonf? &ckdifol/ yg;rsm; zefwD;a&;om;cJhonf? q&m}uD;aoqkH;&jcif;onf
&ckdifom;rsm;ukdvnf; &ckdifh,Ofaus;r+trGDtESpf/ &ckdifhorkdif;/ OD;acgif;wGif aoG;rwdwfonfha&m*g (Cerebral Haemorrh-
&ckdihfpmay/ &ckdifh&dk;&m "avhxkH;wrf;pOfvm az:xkwfxdef;odrf; age) jzifh tusOf;axmifaq;&kHwGif aoqkH;cJh&jcif; jzpfa-umif;
umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&efvnf; t_rJaqmf-ocJhonf? q&m}uD; The Truth trnf&dS aqmif;yg;rsm; vky}f uHzefw;D cJo h nf? q&m
onf &ckid , hf Ofaus;r+tarGtESp/f &ckid o hf rkid ;f / &ckid pf may/ &ckid &hf ;dk &m -uD;.tavmif;udk ol.Zmwd csuf}uGD ajrmufO;D _rdK‹o‹kd ,al qmif
xkH;xrf;pOfvmrsm;ukdaz:xkwfcJhaomzcif}uD; jzpfonf? vmcJjh yD; q&m-uD;tvGew f efz;kd xm;cJah om &efatmifaZ,s (ac: )
q&m}uD;onf &ckid 'f rD u dk a&pD&&Sad &;/ wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; o#pfaomif;ykx;kd awmf}uD; bk&m;&dyw f iG f ajrjr‡Kyf o_*õK[fco hJ nf?
wef;wltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;twGufvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrHa&S‹wef;rS q&m}uD;onf &ckdifjynfESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf
OD;aqmif OD;&Guf aqmif&GufcJhonf? &ckdif'Drkdua&pDtzGJ‹csKyfwGif ol‹b0wav#mufv;Hk }udK;yrf;cJo h nf? &ckid v f rl sKd;rsm; atmufus
em,u}uD;tjzpfxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; ausmufawmf_rdK‹ rJqENe,f aemufusrjzpfatmif wdrfaumaysmufuG,fvkjzpfaeaom &ckdif
trSwf (1)wGif jynfol‹vGwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,favmif; wpfOD; ,Ofaus;r+pmayorkdif; taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd &SmazGcJhonf?
vnf;jzpfonf? q&m}uD;onf &ckid 'f rD u dk a&pDtzG‹J csKyf.pnf;&k;H okawoejyKcJo h nf? &ckid o f rkid ;f tm; urBmuodatmif okawoD
a&;c&D;pOftjzpf te,fe,ft&yf&yfo‹dk rJq, G w f &m;a[mxGuf wpfOD;taejzifh wifjycJhonf?
pOf rif;jym;_rdK‹e,f/ jym;acsmif;aus;&Gm rJqG,fw&m;a[myGJwGif q&m}uD;uG,fvGefjcif;onf &ckdifwpfrsKd;om;vkH;
w&m;a[maepOf zrf;qD;cH&_yD; axmifoiG ;f tusOf;cscHc&hJ onf? twGuf t}uD;rm;qk;H aom qk;H &+;H r+}uD;wpf&yfjzpfonf? q&m}uD;
q&m}uD;tm; trsK;d om;a&;w&m;a[monf ponfjzifh trsK;d rsK;d tm; &uf&ufpufpuf vky}f uHowfjzwfco hJ rl sm;rSm ArmvlrsK;d }uD; q&m}u;D OD;OD;omxGe;f
pGcJ suwf if_yD; zrf;qD;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? Armppftpk;d &. wkid ;f jynf 0g'ESihf Armppf0g'Drsm;jzpfonf? olw‹dkonf q&m}uD;. &kycf E<m (1917 = 1990)
ay:rw&m;apmfum;r+rsm;ukd q&m}uD;.tcsuu f sus a0zefa[m tm; owfjzwfEidk cf ahJ omfvnf; q&m}uD;. &ckid jf ynfEiS hf &ckid v f l
ajymr+rsm;a-umifh Armppf0g'Drsm;/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;tm; rsKd;tay:cspfonfh pdwf"mwfukdum; owfIr&EkdifcJhacs? q&m
temay:wkwfusouJhokd‹ qwfqwfxdrcHr&yfEkdif jzpfcJh&onf? }uD;.rGefjrwfoef‹pifaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf &ckdifrsKd;quf q&m}uD;.&ckdifjynfESifh &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf
xk‹da-umifh q&m}uD;tm; t_idK;xm;um rw&m;zrf;qD;cJjh cif;jzpf_yD; vli,frsm;wGif qufvuf pdrfh0ifysH‹ESH‹vsuf&Sdonf? ay;qyfpGef‹v$wf tepfemcHr+rsm;tm; rdrdwkd‹
axmif'g%f (3) ESpf tjypfay;um ppfawGaxmifwGif tusOf;cs q&m}uD;onfum; &ckdifjynfESifh &ckdiforkdif;wGif tpOf &ck d i f j ynf v k H ; qk d i f & mausmif ; om;ES i f h v l i ,f r sm;
xm;cJo h nf? axmifxw J iG f q&m}uD;tm; xrif;auGs;&mwGif pdef xm0&xGe;f vif;awmufyaernfh tmZmenf -u,fwpfyiG hf jzpfay tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p) rS
tp&Sad om tqdyyf gonft h pm;tpmrsm;tm; ae‹pOfvv dk dk tenf; onf? OD;nGwftav;jyK *k%fjyKtyfygonf?
i,fxnfhauGs;vkyf}uHcJh&m axmifus_yD; (5) vt-um (1990) &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;tpnf;t±kH; q&m}uD ; aumif ; &mok * wd a&muf y gap?
(&/ u/ v/ p) rS jzef‹a0onf?
 q&m}uD; OD;OD;omxGef;
twˆˆKywW
tw KyywWdtusOf;
q&m}uD;OD;OD;omxGef;ukd &cdkifjynfe,f/ ajrmufOD;jrdK‹
anmifyifaps;&GmteD; tzOD;aumif;pH&/D$ trd a':atmif-uGZw H ‹dkrS
(1917) ck Edk0ifbmv (23) &uf/ aom-umae‹wGif zGm;jrifcJh
onf? wpfO;D wnf;aomom; jzpfonf? i,fpOfrpS I tbd;k jzpf
ol&mZ0ifq&m}uD; OD;omxGe;f atmifu &cdik &f mZ0if/ aq;usr;f /
euQwfusrf;/ yl&m%fusrf;rsm;tm; Ekwfwdkuftm*Hk oif-um;
ay;cJhonf? e0rwef;wGif ynmoif-um;aepOf zcifuG,fvGef
aoma-umifh ausmif;xGufvdkuf&jyD; &[ef;yk*~dKvfwkd‹ xHwGif
ouUÉygVd/ ordik ;f / tif;/ aA'ifEiS hf tjcm;avmuDynm &yfrsm;
udk oif-um;avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf?
(1950) ckEpS rf S (1955) ckEpS x
f d rlvwef;ausmif;q&m
tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJh_yD; (1955) ckESpfrS (1977) ckESpfxd
ajrmufO;D jrdK‹/a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmecGw J iG f &cdik =f jrefrmy¾dwf
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? ,ckvuf&SdajrmufOD;a&S;
a[mif;okawoejywdkuf}uD;onf q&m}uD; pkaqmif;wnf
aqmufcJhaomjywkduf}uD; jzpfonf? (1977) ckESpf rS (1983)
ckEpS xf d ajrmufO;D _rdK‹ a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmecGw J iG f t}uHay;
yk*~dKvftjzpf qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1980)
ckESpfrS (1983) ckESpfxd wl;azmfcJhaom &cdkifa0omvDjrdK‹a[mif;
wl;azmfr+vkyfief;wGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifwl;azmf aqmif
&GufcJhonf?
ajrmufOD;jrdK‹ bk&m;ordkif; (1301 ckESpf ykHESdyf)/ OD;&mZf
awmifb&k m;ordik ;f usrf; jyifqifjznfph u G cf suf (yHEk ySd )f (1952=
53)/ &uQdKiftrsdK;orD; ol&Jaumif; twˆKywW y d (1953=54)
(yHkEdSyf)/ &uQdKif&mZ0if oaoFyusrf; (1954=55) yHkESdyf/ 0oJ
bk&m;ordik ;f (yHEk ydS )f / &Sio
f wfb&k m;ordik ;f (yHEk ydS )f rsm;tm; yHEk ydS f
xkwfa0cJhonf? &uQdKif uAsmaygif;csKyf/ &uQdKif&mZ0if bmom
jyef/ &uQKd if'*Fg;rsm; (bmomjyef)/ &uQKd if"gwfawmfb&k m;apwD
rsm;ESihf ajrmufO;D jrdK‹ wef;cd;k }uD;bk&m;rsm;/ ordik ;f usr;f pmrsm;udk
a&;om;jyKpk_yD; b¾ma&;0ef}uD;qmOD;xGe;f atmifausmfxw H iG f
tyfcJhonf?
tHawmfodrfbk&m;ordkif;usrf;/ oJxufbk&m;ordkif;/
xD;awmfrdk;bk&m;ordkif;/ abmif;'Gwfewfawmifbk&m;ordkif;/
a0omvDb&k m;}uD;ordik ;f / odraf wmf}uD;bk&m;ordik ;f / r[mxD;
bk&m;ordkif;/ yg;awmfbk&m;ordkif;/ bk&m;ay:bk&m;ordkif;/
o#pfaomif;bk&m;ordkif;/ r*Fvm"gwfa&$ulbk&m;ordkif;rsm;udk
vuFmpum;ajyarmfueG ;f ponfw h ‹dk jzifh a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf?
"n0wDr*~if;tm; pmwnf;/ t,f'Dwmtjzpf wm0ef,lxkwf
a0cJhonf? "n0wDpmapmif/ "n0wDr*~Zif;/ &cdkifwefaqmif
r*~Zif;/ rEWav;jynfo‹l*sme,f/ &efuek rf *~Zif;/ pHak xmufr*~Zif;/
,Ofaus;r+pmapmif/ &cdik rf *~Zif;/ ppfawGaumvdyrf *~Zif;/ &cdik f
jynfe,fpmapmif/ 0&mZfajrr*~Zif;rsm;wGif OD;OD;omxGef;/
OD;ol&,d tp&Sad om uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;
om;cJhonf? jrdKapmifhewfa'0wmAvDylaZmfusrf;/ tO…eed'gef;
aq;usr;f / &ckid pf nfjyKvkyyf EkH iS hf wD;uGu/f wD;vk;H rsm;/ uAsmrsm;
pkaygif;pmwrf;/ &cdik x f rd ;f jrm;r*Fvmyef;wsm;wD;vH;k /wD;uGuEf iS hf
jyKvkyyf t
kH wdik ;f twmpmwrf;/ &cdik o f wfykH owfne$ ;f cGx J m;jcif;
t"dyg` ,fxu G yf pkH mwrf;/ &cdik yf vG(D jyG)D trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyyf kH twdik ;f
twmpmwrf;/ o#dKif'dkif/ aumufOD;qGrf;wif/ ykd;0g/ Ak'< ylZed,
qDr;D cGut f u/ aw;jcif;uAsmponfw‹dk udk a&;om;jyKpkco hJ nf?
qif,ifx;kH zG‹J ru + srf; (rl-urf;)/ &cdik &f mZ0if (rl-urf;)/
&cdkiftuQqif;oufvmyHkusrf; (rl}urf;)/ &cdkifausmufpm
aygif;csKyfusrf;(rl-urf;)/ &cdik b f &k ifordik ;f usrf;(rl-urf;)/ &cdik f
om;a'gif;rmwif(rl-urf;)/ o#ifOD;jr0gusrf; (rl-urf;)/
&cdkifrif;orD;{jcif; ±Sif;vif;csuf (rl-urf;)/ Asmvpmwrf;
(rl-urf;)/ ausmufawmf_rdK‹ aovm*D&D armyAŠwawmifajc&if;rS
awG‹cJh&aom ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;/ okawoejyKcsuf
(rl-urf;) ponfwkd‹udka&;om; jyKpkcJhonf?
-opa-w;vsEd k i f i H t rsd K ;om;wuU o d k v f o k a woD
PAMELA GUTMAN . ANCIENT ARAKAN usrf;jyKpkpOf
wGifvnf;aumif;/ jyifopfEdkifiH/ yg&DjrdK‹rS ygarmuQa&mzwf
qmAf&f ( BERNOT) twGuf &cdkifyHkjyif vdyfuefzmr0wˆKESifh
usD;jzL&Gm pmwrf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ jyifopfEdkifiHygarmuQ
OD;vSodef; (ac: ) *GsefeftdkuJvfzdk‹.apwDtaqmufttHkESifh
eef;taqmuf ttHkpmwrf;udkvnf;aumif;/ tar&duefEdkifiH
tm&Sazmifa';&Sif; twGif;a&;rSL;a';Apfpwdrf;Ampf. a0omvD
ausmuf&yk w f k qif;wkrsm;.ESpaf ygif; -umanmif;r+tm; wdik ;f wm
r+pmwrf;udk vnf;aumif;/ *syefEikd if yH garmuQtEkd kd wd&k ±+EiS hf &cdik f
pum;ajym av,lavodrf; toHxGufykHpmwrf;ESifh abmif;'Gwf
t&yfwGif &Sdaom 'wfcsfaumifq,fvm taqmufttHkyHkpHESifh
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcyhJ pHk mwrf;udv k nf;aumif; a&;om;jyKpkun l D
cJhonf?
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&,Ofaus;r+XmeESifh tjcm;yk*~dKvfwkd‹
udkvnf; q&m}uD;onf ulnDay;cJhonf? OD;rif;Edkif.jynf
axmifpktuya'ompmtkyf (1959)/ &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;
jzpfpOfESifh "avhxHk;pHrsm;pmtkyf/ wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;r+&dk;&m
"avhx;kH pHrsm;/ &cdik jf ynfe,f b¾mwdu k }f uD;rsm;usr;f / &cdik &f ;kd &m
pnfawmfEiS hf wl&, d mwD;uGurf sm;pmwrf;/ jrefrma0g[m& tbd
"gefusr;f jyKppk Of a0g[m&pmvH;k rsm; jyKp_k yD; ay;yk‹djcif;/ &cdik af 0g[m
&tbd"gefjyKpkpOf a0g[m&pmvHk;rsm;ESifht"dy`g,f zGifhqdkcsuf/
usrf;udk;um;csufrsm;pmtkyf jyKpkjcif;/ (1976=77)ck &cdkifjynf
e,fae‹/ &cdik jf ynfe,f/ wHqyd /f &cdik &f ;kd &m usm;§r 0wfpkH pmwrf;/
&cdkifjynfe,f jzpfpOfordkif;/ ajrmufOD;vrf;n$efponf wdk‹udk
yg0ifulnDa&;om;jyKpkcJhonf?
txufwef;ynmOD;pD;Xmen$ecf sKyf(jidr;f ) ygarmuQ OD;pH
omatmiftwGufvnf; (1972)ck tbd"rRmaumufEkwfcsuf
yk&ydu k uf kd rdu
k cf &dzk vif&u
kd Ef ydS &f eftwGuv f nf;aumif;/ *0du¾
ygo%usrf;ayrludk rdkufc&dkzvif&dkufEdkif&ef vnf;aumif;/
vSsKd ‹0uS af usmufpm *%ef;a&;enf;ayrludk rku d u f &dzk vif&u dk &f ef
vnf;aumif;/ at'D (6) &mpkEiS hf ,if;rwkid rf u DS &ckid jf ynfe,fo;Hk
tuQ&mpmtkyjf yKpk&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ teENpjENm;(8) &mpk &ckid f
a0omvDpm tkyjf yKpk&mwGif vnf;aumif;/ &ckid 'f *Fg;rsm;ordik ;f jyK