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Peter Fisher11/27/088.033In the last post, we showed how to measure the curvature in space-time caused by thepresence of a gravitational field. There is also the curvature
k
that comes into the FRWmetric:
d
τ
2
=
dt
2
−
a t
( )
dr
2
1
−
kr
2
+
r
2
d
θ
2
+
r
2
sin
2
θ
d
φ
To start with,
k
must have units of 1/m
2
. We can work out a value for
k
from therelationship in PS 9, Problem 3:
1
−Ω
0
( )
=
−
kc
2
a
0
H
02
where
Ω
o
=
Ω
m
+
Ω
Λ
+
Ω
γ
=
0.24
+
0.73
+
0.0005
=
0.9705
⇒
k
=
−
0.0295
H
02
/
c
2
. The Hubbleconstant is measured to be 70 ks/s/Mpc and 1 Mpc is the distance at which the radius of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun subtends 1”, so
1
pc
=
1
AU
1"
=
153
×
10
9
m
π
180160
×
60
=
3.1
×
10
16
m
=
3.4
ly
⇒
H
0
=
2.3
×
10
−
18
s
=
114
Gy
. This gives
k
=
−
1.7
×
10
−
54
m
2
=
17.6
×
10
26
m
2
=
180
Gly
2
.We can see a bit about how curvature works by substituting
k r
=
sinh
χ
1
. Then
k dr
=
cosh
χ
d
χ
=
1
+
sinh
2
χ
d
χ
=
1
−
kr
2
d
χ
and we can write the FRW metric as
d
τ
2
=
dt
2
−
a t
( )
2
d
χ
2
k
+
sinh
2
χ
k d
θ
2
+
sinh
2
χ
sin
2
θ
k d
φ
2
=
dt
2
−
ds
2
. We can view thespace part of the metric at a fixed time
t
o
by forming the following embedding:
w
=
R
0
cosh
χ
x
=
R
0
sinh
χ
sin
θ
cos
φ
y
=
R
0
sinh
χ
sin
θ
cos
φ
z
=
R
0
sinh
χ
cos
θ
. It is easy to see that
R
02
=
w
2
−
x
2
−
y
2
−
z
2
, which is some kindof hyperbola in four dimensions.Suppose at a fixed time
t=t
0
, we start at the origin:
r=0
. Then,
w=R
0
and
x=y=z=0
. Next,we measure out along
θ
=
φ
=
0
a distance
s
0
=10Mly, about to the edge of the LocalGroup of galaxies Then,
s
0
=
ds
=
0
s
0
∫
a t
0
( )
k d
χ
=
0
χ
0
∫
χ
0
k
⇒
χ
0
=
s
0
k
=
10
Mly
80
Gly
=
0.000125
and
w
=
R
0
cosh
χ
0
,
z
=
R
0
sinh
χ
0
. Now, measure the circumference of a circle by letting
θ
go from 0 to 2
π
.
1
Recall:
sinh
x
≡
e
x
−
e
−
x
( )
2, cosh
x
≡
e
x
+
e
−
x
( )
2
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