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ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP H NI KHOA IN T ---------0O0 ---------

BO CO N 2
ti: THIT K MCH BO NG KHI C KHI

Gio vin hng dn : Nguyn Th Thu H Sinh vin thc hin Lp : Nguyn Quang Hng - Nguyn Xun Qu : Lin thng C H in t 1K4

H Ni, thng 03/2012


Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 1

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

LI M U Ngy nay, con ngi cng vi nhng ng dng ca khoa hc k thut tin tin v ang ngy mt thay i, vn minh v hin i hn. S pht trin ca k thut in t to ra hng lot nhng thit b vi cc c im ni bt nh s chnh xc cao, tc nhanh, gn nhl nhng yu t rt cn thit gp phn cho hot ng ca con ngi t hiu qu ngy cng cao hn, in t ang tr thnh mt ngnh khoa hc a nhim v. in t p ng c nhng i hi khng ngng ca cc ngnh, lnh vc khc nhau cho n nhu cu thit yu ca con ngi trong cuc sng hng ngy. Mt trong nhng ng dng ca rt quan trng ca ngnh cng ngh in t l cc mch cm bin vi cc linh kin tch hp cao. Mch cm bin c ng dng rt nhiu trong cng nghip v cc lnh vc khc trong cuc sng vi nhng thit biu khin t xa rt tinh vi v t c nng sut, kinh t tht cao. Xut pht t nhng ng dng , chng em xin lm ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi. ti chng em thc hin gm 03 phn: Phn 1: Nguyn tc thit k, s khi Phn 2: Phn tch, thit k cc khi Phn 3: Nguyn l hot ng ca mch Phn 4: Kt lun Ti liu tham kho Tuy a hoan thanh c tai nhng se khng tranh khoi nhng thiu sot, vi vy nhom mong nhn c s gop y cua cac thy c va cac ban tai cua nhom co th hoan thin hn. Xin trn trng cm n! H Ni, thng 03 nm 2012 Sinh vin thc hin Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

MC LC
Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 2

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Trang Phn 1 I II Phn 2 I II III IV V Phn 3 I II III Phn 4 NGUYN TC THIT K V S KHI Nguyn tc thit k S khi PHN 2: PHN TCH, THIT K CC KHI Khi n p ngun Khi cm bin Khi khuch i thut ton Khi to tr Khi bo ng NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH S nguyn l Nguyn l hot ng ca mch S mch in KT LUN 04 04 05 06 06 07 10 11 20 26 26 26 27 28

PHN 1: NGUYN TC THIT K V S KHI I. NGUYN TC THIT K Mch cm bin khi thng c s dng trong cc h thng bo ng tin tin. Hu ht cc thit b ny s dng chuyn nghip kh-d, ion ha phng hoc cc yu t phng x nh cc cm bin. C hai cch c bn thit k b
Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 3

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

cm bin khi: - Cch th nht s dng nguyn tc ion ha. Ngi ta s dng mt lng nh cht phng x ion ha trong b cm bin. Khng kh b ion ha s dn in v to thnh mt dng in chy gia hai cc c np in. Khi cc phn t khi lt vo khu vc cm nhn c ion ha s lm tng in tr trong bung cm nhn v lm gim lung in gia hai cc. Khi lung in gim xung ti mt gi tr no th b cm bin pht hin v pht tn hiu bo ng.
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Cch th hai s dng cc linh kin thu pht quang. Ngi ta dung linh kin pht quang (LED, LED hng ngoi) chiu mt tia nh sang qua vng bo v vo mt linh kin thu quang (photo diode, quang tr, photo transistor). Khi c chy xy ra hoc khi c ngi ht thuc trong phng th khu vc s xut hin khi vi mt cao. Khi c chy, khi i ngang qua vng bo v s che chn hoc lm gim cng nhh sng chiu vo linh kin thu. Khi cng gim xung ti mt gi tr no th b cm bin s pht hin v pht tn hiu bo ng.

Trong hai cch ny th phng php th nht nhy hn v hiu qu hn nhng kh thc thi v lp t. Cn cch th hai tuy t nhy hn nhng linh kin d kim v d thc thi. Li dng c im ny chng em chn cch hai thit k mch cm bin khi v s dng b phn thu pht chnh l cm bin hng ngoi.

II. S KHI KHI CM BIN KHUCH I VI SAI KHI BO NG

TO TR

NGUN N P Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

1. Khi n p ngun: - Bin i in p 220v xoay chiu thnh in p 12v xoay chiu - Chnh lu in p 12v xoay chiu thnh in n 12v mt chiu
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n p in p

2. Khi cm bin: Bin i tn hiu khi thnh tn hiu in

3. Khi khuch i vi sai: So snh, Khuch i tn hiu t b cm bin 4. To tr: Khi khng n nh, dn ti tn hiu t b cm bin khng n nh, b to tr c chc nng to tr tn hiu, nhm n nh tn hiu bo ng trc khi a vo khi bo ng 5. Khi bo ng: To ra m thanh bo ng 6. Nguyn l hot ng: Khi c khi, b cm bin s pht tn hiu bo ng, a vo khi khuch i v sai. Khi khuch i vi sai khuch i tn hiu bo ng a vo b tr. Sau mt khong thi gian tr, khi khi vn cn th tn hiu bo ng c a n khi bo ng.

PHN 2: PHN TCH, THIT K CC KHI I. KHI N P NGUN


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Khi ngun ly ngun AC_ 220V t in li gia nh, dng bin th h p xung 9 Vol_AC, khi qua cu chnh lu c DC_ 12V, dng IC 7805 p cung cp mc in p cho ton mch l +5vol.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

- Bin p: Bin i in p xoay chiu 220v thnh in p xoay chiu 12v - Cu chnh lu: Chnh lu in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu, s dng

Mch lc: Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp nh, nu khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny cha th dng c vo cc mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc t lc c tr s t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode chnh lu.

- IC n p: KA7805:

Chn 1: Chn ngun u vo; y l chn cp ngun u vo cho 7805 hot ng. Gii in p cho php u vo ln nht l 40v. in p vo phi nm trong di 8v-40v, nu di 8v mch n p khng cn tc dng

- Chn 2: Chn GND - Chn 3: in p ra n nh 5v (4,75v 5.25v)


Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 6

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

II. KHI CM BIN 1. Hin tng quang dn:


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Mt s cht bn dn l cht cch in khi khng b chiu sng v tr thnh cht dn in khi b chiu sng. Hin tng gim mnh in tr ca cht bn dn khi b chiu sng gi l hin tng quang dn.

Trong hin tng quang in, khi c nh sng thch hp chiu vo Katot ca t bo quang in th electron s b bt ra khi Katot. V vy, hin tng ny cn gi l hin tng quang in ngoi (hay hin tng quang in bn ngoi).

Trong hin tng quang dn, mi photon ca nh sng kch thch khi b hp th s gii phng mt electron lin kt n tr thnh mt electron t do chuyn ng trong khi cht bn dn . Cc electron lin kt khi c gii phng, s li mt l trng mang in dng. Nhng l trng ny cng c th chuyn ng t do t nt mng ny sang nt mng khc v cng tham gia vo qu trnh dn in.

Hin tng gii phng electron lin kt cho chng tr thnh cc electron dn gi l hin tng quang in bn trong.

V nng lng cn thit gii phng mt electron lin kt chuyn n thnh electron dn khng ln lm, nn gy ra hin tng quang dn, khng i hi photon phi c nng lng ln. Rt nhiu cht quang dn hot ng c vi nh sng hng ngoi.

2. Quang tr
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L loi in tr c gi tr ph thuc vo cng nh sng chiu vo. Khi sng cng mnh, gi tr ni tr ca n cng nh v ngc li

- Cu to Quang tr gm mt lp cht bn dn (cadimi sunfua CdS chng hn)


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ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

(1): ph trn mt tm nha cch in (2) Tm nha cch in.

C hai in cc (3) v (4) gn vo lp cht bn dn

- Ni mt ngun khong vi vn vi quang tr thng qua mt miliampe k. Ta thy khi quang tr c t trong ti th trong mch khng c dng in. Khi chiu quang tr bng nh sng c bc sng ngn hn gii hn quang dn ca quang tr th s xut hin dng in trong mch. - in tr ca quang tr gim i rt mnh khi b chiu sng bi nh sng ni trn. Thng thng, in tr ca quang tr khong 1000 000 ohms. Khi chiu nh sng vo, in tr ny gim xung rt thp.
3. Quang transistor

- Quang transistor l ni rng ng nhin ca quang diod. V mt cu to, quang transistor cng ging nh transistor thng nhng cc nn h. Quang transistor c mt thu knh trong sut tp trung nh sng vo ni PN gia thu v nn.
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Khi cc nn h, ni nn-pht c phn cc thun cht t do cc dng in r (in th VBE lc khong vi chc mV transistor Si) v ni thu-nn c phn cc nghch nn transistor vng tc ng.

V ni thu-nn c phn cc nghch nn c dng r Ico chy gia cc thu v cc nn. V cc nn b trng, ni nn-pht c phn cc thun cht t nn dng in cc thu l Ico(1+). y l dng ti ca quang transistor.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi -

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Khi c nh sng chiu vo mi ni thu nn th s xut hin ca cc cp in t v l trng nh trong quang diod lm pht sinh mt dng in I do nh sng nn dng in thu tr thnh: IC=(+1)(Ico+I)

- Nh vy, trong quang transistor, c dng ti ln dng chiu sng u c nhn ln (+1) ln so vi quang diod nn d dng s dng hn. Hnh trn trnh by c tnh V-I ca quang transistor vi quang thng l mt thng s. Ta thy c tuyn ny ging nh c tuyn ca transistor thng mc theo kiu cc pht chung.
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C nhiu loi quang transistor nh loi mt transistor dng chuyn mch dng trong cc mch iu khin, mch m loi quang transistor Darlington c nhy rt cao. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn ch to cc quang SCR, quang triac

Vng bo v

4. Thit k khi cm bin khi da trn nguyn l hot ng ca quang

transistor

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Khi khng c khi vng bo v, quang transistor lun c chiu sng (nh Led), dn ti quang transistor lun dn, in p ti chn C ca quang transistor lun mc thp.

- Khi c khi vng bo v, nh sng chiu vo quang transistor gim, dn ti quang transistor kha dn, in p ti chn C ca quang transistor mc cao.
III. KHI KHUCH I THUT TON 1. IC thut ton Opamp LM358:

- Mch LM358 l b khuch i thun v lp in p. Bn trong cha 2 khuch i ton hc: B th 1: chn 2,3 vo, chn 1 ra. B th 2: chn 5,6 vo, chn 7 ra

Khong in p cung cp -0.3V n +32V Dng in hot ng +5V


LT C-H in t 1K4 10

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

y l mch khuch i c hi tip in tr rt cao, cho nn khng lm nh hng xu n tn hiu cm bin

2. Mch khuch i thut ton

- S dng b khuch i thut ton th 1 Chn 2 c phn p nh VR 10k, nu dung ngun 5v th in p chn 2 khong 2,5v. Bin tr VR c tc dng chnh nhy ca LM358 Chn 3: in p vo so snh - Nu in p ti chn 2 > in p chn 3 th u ra ti chn 1 c mc logic 0 v ngc li
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Ngun 1 chiu 5v c cp vo chn 8 v 4 ca mch

IV. KHI TO TR
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V tn hiu u vo (khi) khng n nh, nn tn hiu bo ng trc khi a ra khi bo ng cn qua khi to tr. Tn hiu u vo n nh (khi nhiu) th mi c bo ng.

1. Zole cp ngun cho IC 555 v 4017

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 11

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch: Khi c tn hiu bo ng, Q1 dn, c dng

chy qua cun ht ca Rle, lm cho tip im 2,3 v 5,6 ng li. Cp ngun 5v cho IC555 v IC 4017
Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca Rle

- Rle la mt loai thit bi in t ng ma tin hiu u ra thay i nhay cp khi tin hiu u vao at nhng gia tri xac inh. Rle la thit bi in dung ong ct mach in iu khin, bao v va iu khin s lam vic cua mach in ng lc.

- Cac b phn (cac khi) chinh cua rle gm :

C cu tip thu (khi tip thu): Co nhim vu tip nhn nhng tin hiu u vao va bin i no thanh ai lng cn thit cung cp tin hiu phu hp cho khi trung gian.

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 12

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

C cu trung gian (khi trung gian): Lam nhim vu tip nhn nhng tin hiu a n t khi tip thu va bin i no thanh ai lng cn thit cho rle tac ng.

C cu chp hanh (khi chp hanh): Lam nhim vu phat tin hiu cho mach iu khin.

C cu tip thu y la cun dy. C cu trung gian la mach t nam chm in. C cu chp hanh la h thng tip im.
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c tinh vao -ra cua rle: Quan h gia ai lng vao va ra cua rle nh hinh minh ha.

Khi x bin thin t 0 n x2 thi y = y1 n khi x= x2 thi y tng t y = y1 n y = y2 (nhay bc).

Nu x tng tip thi y khng i y = y2 . Khi x giam t x2 v lai x1 thi y = y2 n x = x1 thi y giam t y2 v y = y1.

Nu goi:

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

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ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

+ X = X2= Xt la gia tri tac ng rle. + X = X1 = Xnh la gia tri nha cua rle.

Cac thng s cua rle H s iu khin rle vi

Pk la cng sut iu khin inh mc cua rle, chinh la cng sut inh mc cua c cu chp hanh Pt la cng sut tac ng, chinh la cng sut cn thit cung cp cho u vao rle tac ng. Vi rle in t Pk la cng sut tip im (nghia la cng sut tip im cho phep truyn qua). Pt la cng sut cun dy nam chm hut. Cac loai rle khac nhau thi Knh va Kk cung khac nhau. Thi gian tac ng La thi gian k t thi im cung cp tin hiu cho u vao, n luc c cu chp hanh lam vic. Vi rle in t la quang thi gian cun dy c cung cp dong (hay ap) cho n luc h thng tip im ong hoan toan (vi tip im thng m) va m hoan toan (vi tip im thng ong). Cac loai rle khac nhau tt cung khac nhau. +tt < 1.10-3[s] : rle khng quan tinh. +tt = (150).10-3 [s]: rle tac ng nhanh. +tt > 150.10-3[s]: rle thi gian.
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Trong mch ta s dng Role in t

Nguyn li lam vic: S lam vic cua loai rle nay da trn nguyn li in t. Xet mt rle nh hinh minh ha. Khi cho dong in i i vao cun dy

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

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ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

cua nam chm in thi np se chiu mt lc hut F. Lc hut in t t vao np :

Khi dong in vao cun dy i > It (dong in tac ng) thi lc F hut np va khi lc F tng thi khe h giam lam ong tip im (do tip im c gn vi np). Khi dong in Itv (dong tr v) thi lc lo xo FLX> F (lc in t) va rle nha.

2. B to tr: Dng IC 555 v 4017

Nguyn tc hot ng
Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 15

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi -

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Nu tn hiu bo ng c, Rle ng, IC555 v 4017 c cp ngun hot ng, IC 555 s to xung vung a vo chn CLK (14) ca IC 4017, cc ng ra ca IC 4017 s ln lt mc cao. Khi ng ra 9 mc cao lc ny ng thi chn CKEN cng mc cao, mch s dng li khng m na. Tn hiu mc cao ny c a n khi bo ng.

Gi s trong lc IC4017 ang trong qu trnh m, nu tn hiu bo ng khng cn th Rle m, ngun khng c cp cho IC555 v 4017, cc ng ra u mc thp, mch s khng bo ng.

IC555: L IC to dao ng tn s cp xung nhp cho IC 4017 -

Cu to ca NE 555 ca gm OP-amp so snh in p , mch lt v transistor x in. Cu to ca IC n gin nhng hot ng tt. Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3 VCC ni vo chn dng Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca Op-amp2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 Vcc, chn s=1 v FF c kch. Khi in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3Vcc, chn R ca FF= v FF c RESET

- S chn

Chn s 1(GND): cho ni GND ly dng cp cho IC hay chn cn gi l chn chung.

Chn s 2(TRIGGER): y l chn u vo thp hn in p so snh v c dng nh 1 chn cht hay ng vo ca 1 tn so p.Mch so snh y dng cc transitor PNP vi mc in p chun l 2/3Vcc.

Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Chn ny l chn dng ly tn hiu ra logic. Trng thi ca tn hiu ra c xc nh theo mc 0 v 1. 1 y l mc cao n tng ng vi gn bng Vcc nu (PWM=100%) v mc 0 tng ng vi 0V nhng m trong thc t mc 0 ny khng c 0V m n trong khong t (0.35 ->0.75V) .

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 16

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Chn s 4(RESET): Dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th ng ra mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo mc p trn chn 2 v 6.Nhng m trong mch to c dao ng thng hay ni chn ny ln VCC.

Chn s 5 (CONTROL VOLTAGE): Dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC 555 theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni GND. Chn ny c th khng ni cng c nhng m gim tr nhiu ngi ta thng ni chn s 5 xung GND thng qua t in t 0.01uF n 0.1uF cc t ny lc nhiu v gi cho in p chun c n nh.

Chn s 6 (THRESHOLD): l mt trong nhng chn u vo so snh in p khc v cng c dng nh 1 chn cht.

Chn s 7 (DISCHAGER): c th xem chn ny nh 1 kha in t v chu iu khin bi tng logic ca chn 3 .Khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t np x in cho 1 mch R-C lc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng .

Chn s 8 (Vcc): Khng cn ni cng bt l chn cung cp p v dng cho IC hot ng. Khng c chn ny coi nh IC cht. N c cp in p t 2V -->18V

Thit k mch s dng IC LM555:

Khi cp ngun cho mch, in p chn 2 (v-) nh hn chn 3(v+), ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 1 nn S=1,Q=1, ng ra ca IC mc tch cc. Lc ny, u

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 17

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

ra [-Q] mc thp, transistor vn kho, dng in t dng ngun c tip tc np cho t C 1 qua in tr r1, r2, cc FF gi nguyn trng thi. Khi t C tip tc c np, Op-amp 2 c v+ ln hn v- =2/3 Vcc ,R=1 nn Q=0, ng ra ca IC mc tch cc 0. Lc ny, transistor m do c phn cc thun, Opamp c v+ ln hn v-, ng ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0. V vy m Q khng i gi tr, t C x in thng qua transistor. Hin tng trn lp i lp li, cho ta mt xung vung c chu k n nh.
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Cng thc tnh tn s cho mch: T=0.7 x (R1+2R2) x C1 v f=1.4 / (R1+2R2) x C1 T l chu k ca mch F l tn s dao ng ca mch R1,R2,C1 xc nh tn s dao ng ca mch tnh bng (Ohm ) i vi

in tr v (fara) F i vi t in Trong : T=Tm+Ts l chu k ton phn v: Tm = 0.7 x (R1 +R2) x C1 Ts = 0.7 x R2 x C1 l thi gian mc cao l thi gian mc thp

IC m thp phn: 4017 -

IC m thp phn 4017 c 10 ng ra mc cao, ch c mt ng ra c kch mc cao ti mt thi im.

- S chn

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

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ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

- Cu trc

Gin xung

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

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ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

- Bng trng thi

V. KHI BO NG

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 20

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

1. S dng transistor C1815 lm vic ch ng ct: Khi c tn hiu bo

ng a vo cc B ca C1815 lm C1815 dn, c dng qua chung in t, chung in t ku. Cu to ca Transistor


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Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip PN , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

- Cu to Transistor
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Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng tp cht thp.

Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht ( Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector ) vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P ) nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c.

Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor NPN . Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 21

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Ta cp ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong (+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngun vo cc E.

Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v in tr hn dng vo hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn B, cc (-) vo chn E.

Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C E (lc ny dng IC = 0)

Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R hn dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB

Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v dng IC mnh gp nhiu ln dng IB

Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v ph thuc theo mt cng thc: IC = .IB

Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE IB l dng chy qua mi BE l h s khuych i ca Transistor

Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N to thnh dng in, khi xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng pha tp thp, v vy s in t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P ( cc B ) ln

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 22

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

hn s lng l trng rt nhiu, mt phn nh trong s cc in t th vo l trng to thnh dng IB cn phn ln s in t b ht v pha cc C di tc dng ca in p UCE => to thnh dng ICE chy qua Transistor.
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Transistor hot ng nh mt chuyn mch: Trong mch ta s dng BJT nh mt ngt in

Ta thy in th ng ra ca Vc l o i vi in th tn hiu p vo cc nn (ng vo). y khng c in p 1 chiu phn cc cho cc nn m ch c in th 1 chiu ni vo cc thu. Mch c thit k sao cho im lm vic Q di chuyn t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi bo ha v ngc li khi hiu th tn hiu vo i trng thi

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 23

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

2. Chung in t - C nhiu loi chung in t cho m thanh khc nhau ty vo mc ch s dng nhng chng u c mt nguyn l chung l dng t trng to ra nhng tc ng c hc n cc thit b to m thanh. - B phn chnh trong mi chung in chnh l mt nam chm im. Nam chm in c cu to chnh l mt cun dy in qun quanh mt li kim loi t tnh nh st hay thp. - Chng hot ng trn nguyn l nh sau: Khi c dng in i qua cun dy chng s to ra mt t trng trong li kim loi. Cun dy s khuch i t

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 24

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

trng ny v khi nam chm in c th ht cc vt cht bng st thp xung quanh n ging nh mt nam chm vnh cu thng thng. - Mch chung in l mt mch t gin on. Mt mch chung n gin nht bao gm cc chi tit c bn (theo s ) sau: mch in mc ni tip vi mt l st qua mt tip im. Mt u l st gn vi u g chung, u kia ni vi mt l thp n hi c c nh bi cht kp. Nam chm in c gn vo hai u dy dn sao cho v tr ca n c th ht c l st. Tt c to thnh mt mch khp kn. -

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 25

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

PHN 3: NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH I. S NGUYN L

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 26

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

II. NGUYN L HOT NG CA MCH


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Khi khng c khi vng bo v, quang transistor lun c chiu sng (nh Led), dn ti quang transistor lun dn, in p ti chn C ca quang transistor lun mc thp. Khi c khi vng bo v, nh sng chiu vo quang transistor gim, dn ti quang transistor kha dn, in p ti chn C ca quang transistor mc cao.

u ra ca quang transistor c ni vi chn 3 ca Opamp LM358. Khi in p ti chn 3 > in p chn 2 th u ra ti chn 1 c mc logic 1

Lc ny s lm cho Q1 dn, c dng chy qua cun ht ca Rle, lm cho tip im 2,3 v 5,6 ng li. Cp ngun 5v cho IC555 v IC 4017

- IC555 v 4017 c cp ngun hot ng, IC 555 s to xung vung a vo chn CLK (14) ca IC 4017, cc ng ra ca IC 4017 s ln lt mc cao.
Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu LT C-H in t 1K4 27

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Khi ng ra 9 mc cao lc ny ng thi chn CKEN cng mc cao, mch s dng li khng m na. Tn hiu mc cao ny c a n khi bo ng.
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Gi s trong lc IC4017 ang trong qu trnh m, nu tn hiu bo ng khng cn th Rle m, ngun khng c cp cho IC555 v 4017, cc ng ra u mc thp, mch s khng bo ng.

- Khi c tn hiu bo ng a vo cc B ca C1815 lm C1815 dn, c dng qua chung in t, chung in t ku. III. S MCH IN

PHN 4: KT LUN

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 28

ti: Thit k mch bo ng khi c khi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thu H

Qua ti nghin cu thit k trn gip chng em kim tra li kin thc mnh c hc, b xung kin thc mi, rt ra nhng kinh nghim cho mnh trong qu trnh thit k mch. ti ny mang tnh ng dng rt cao, nu c thi gian chng em c th hon thin mch hon chnh hn, nghin cu a ra ng dng trong thc t. Vic thay th Cm bin khi bng Transistor quang dn ti mch i khi hot ng km hiu qu, cn tinh chnh cc gi tr linh kin mch t kt qu tt nht. S dng Rle khi to tr cha sng to bi khi tn hiu khi khng n nh, Rle s ng m lin tc, d gy ra h hng. IC555 s dng ch c nhim v to xung nhp cho IC4017 cha thc s hiu qu. Nhng thiu st trn mong thy c v cc bn thng cm v ng gp nhng kin n c hon thin,mch thit k t c n nh v hiu qu v kinh t nht. Ti liu tham kho - K thut mch in t ca tc gi Phm Minh H NXB khoa hc k thut - Mch in t AMPLI HIFE ca tc gi KS. Ng Vn Ba NXB khoa hc k thut - S tay tra cu v thay th linh kin in t - NXB khoa hc k thut - Mch in t ca tc gi Nguyn Tn Phc NXB khoa hc k thut

Sinh vin: Nguyn Quang Hng Nguyn Xun Qu

LT C-H in t 1K4 29

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