Heart Sounds

First heart sound or lubb

Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole

Second heart sound or dupp

Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer

Third heart sound (occasional)

Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole

Cardiac Arrhythmias
Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

Heart Homeostasis
Effect of blood pressure
Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure

Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen

Chemoreceptors monitor

Effect of extracellular ion concentration

Increase or decrease in extracellular K+ decreases heart rate

Effect of body temperature

Heart rate increases when body temperature increases, heart rate decreases when body temperature decreases

Baroreceptor Reflex

Chemoreceptor Reflex-pH

Effects of Aging on the Heart

Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise Hypertrophy of left ventricle Maximum heart rate decreases Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood

The artery used to determine BP is the brachial artery, which runs down the upper arm, splitting into the radial and ulna arteries near the elbow.

This measurement is the systolic pressure the pressure of the blood when the ventricles contract.

Normal systolic pressure is about 120 mm Hg for males , AND 110 mm Hg for females.

Diastolic pressure - pressure when the ventricles are relaxed.

Normal diastolic pressure is about 80 mm Hg for males & 70 mm Hg for females.

Measuring Blood Pressure with a Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure is reported in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) with the systolic pressure written first.

The pressure measured in this example is 120/80.

BLOOD LOSS
Brachial artery Ribs Sacrum Femur Tibia/fibula 0.5 lt 2 lt 2 lt 1.5 lt 1lt