Chuyen Mach IP

N TT NGHIP
MC LC
CHNG 1..................................................................................................3 GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................3 1.1 nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi truyn thng.......................3 1.2 ATM & IP..................................................................................5 1.3 IP over ATM..............................................................................7 CHNG 2..................................................................................................9 NH A CH V NH TUYN IP....................................................9 2.1 M hnh chng giao thc TCP/IP...............................................9 2.2 nh a ch IP.........................................................................10 2.3 nh tuyn IP............................................................................12 2.4 Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong IP............................................14
2.4.1 nh tuyn theo vect khong cch ..............................16 2.4.2 nh tuyn trng thi ng...........................................18 2.4.3 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)...............................20 2.4.4 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)....................................26 2.4.5 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)....................................33
CHNG 3................................................................................................39 CHUYN MCH IP.................................................................................39 3.1 nh ngha v cc thut ng.....................................................39

3.1.1 Chuyn mch IP.............................................................39 3.1.2 u vo v u ra ca chuyn mch IP..........................41 3.1.3 ng tt........................................................................43
3.2 Cc m hnh a ch ca chuyn mch IP................................44

3.2.1 a ch ring...................................................................44 3.2.2 nh x a ch IP sang VC.............................................45
3.3 Cc m hnh chuyn mch IP...................................................45

3.3.1 M hnh xp chng.........................................................46 3.3.2 M hnh ng cp...........................................................47
3.4 Cc kiu chuyn mch IP.........................................................49

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
3.4.1 Gii php chuyn mch theo lung................................49 3.4.2 Gii php chuyn mch theo cu hnh............................50
3.5 Mt s gii php trong chuyn mch IP...................................53 CHNG 4................................................................................................56 CHUYN MCH TH CA CISCO.....................................................56 4.1 Gii thiu chuyn mch th......................................................56 4.2 Kin trc ca chuyn mch th................................................57 4.3 Cc thnh phn.........................................................................59 4.4 Cc phng php cp pht th.................................................62
4.4.1 Phng php downstream..............................................62 4.4.2 Phng php downstream on demand............................63 4.4.3 Phng php upstream...................................................64
4.5 Giao thc phn phi th...........................................................65

4.5.1 Chc nng ca TDP.......................................................65 4.5.2 Cc kiu n v giao thc TDP......................................66
CHNG 5................................................................................................69 NG DNG CA CHUYN MCH IP................................................69 5.1 Chuyn mch IP h tr lu lng a hng............................69
5.1.1 IFMP h tr lu lng a hng...................................69 5.1.2 CSR v Multicast...........................................................70 5.1.3 H tr a hng trong chuyn mch th........................70 5.1.4 ARIS v dch v a hng.............................................71
5.2 Mng chuyn mch IP..............................................................71

5.2.1 Chuyn mch IP ca hng Ipsilon..................................72 5.2.2 Mng CSR......................................................................73 3.2.3 Mng chuyn mch th...................................................75 5.2.4 Mng ARIS....................................................................76
KT LUN................................................................................................78 TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................79
THUT NG VIT TT
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
ARIS ARP ARS API AS ATM B-ISDN PRM BGP CBR CDV CLIP CoS CPCS CPE CRC CS CSLIP CSR EGP EIGRP ER FANP FDDI FEC FIB GFC GFMP ICMP ID IDRP IETF IFMP InATMARP IP
Aggregate route-based IP switching Address resolution protocol Address resolution server Application programming interface Autonomous system Asynchronous tranfer mode Broadband-ISDN protocol reference model Border gateway protocol Contant bit rate Cell delay variation Classical IP over ATM Class of service Common path convergence sublayer Customer prime equipment Cycle redundantce code Convergence sublayer Compressed SLIP Cell switch router External gateway protocol Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol Explicit route Flow attribute notification protocol Fibler distributed data interconnect Forwarding equivalen class Forwarding information base General flow control General flow management protocol Internet control management protocol Identifier Interdomain routing protocol Internet enginering task force Ipsilon flow management protocol Inverse ATMARP Internet protocol
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
IPCP ISDN ISP ISR LAN LANE LFN LLC/SNAP LSA LSP MARS MBS MCR MPOA NHRP NNI ODR OSPF PAWS PCR PDU PMD PNNI PPP PVC RARP RFC RIP RSVP RTO RTT SAP SAPI SAR
IP control point Intergrated service digital network Internet service provider Intergrated switch router Local area network LAN emulation Long-fast network Logical link control/subnetwork access protocol Link state advertiseent Link state packet Multicast address resolution server Maximum burst sequence Minimum cell rate Multiprotocol over ATM Next hop resolution protocol Network-network interface On demand routing Open shortdest path first Protection against wapped sequence Peak cell rate Protocol data unit Physical medium dependent Private NNI Point-to-point protocol Permanent virtual circuit Reverse ARP Request for recommend Routing information protocol Resource reservation protocol Retransmission timeout Round trip time Service access point SAP Identifier Segmentation/reasembly
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
SDH SDU SLIP SPT SSCS SVC TC TCP TDP TDM TER TIB T/TCP TOS TSR TTL UBR UDP UNI UPC VBR VCC VCI VLSM VPC VPI VPN WAN
Synchronous digital heirachy Service data unit Serial line IP Server processing time Specific service CS Switched virtual circuit Transmission convergence Transmission control protocol Tag distribution protocol Time domain multiplexing Tag edge router Tag information base TCP extention for transactions Type of service Tag switch router Time to live Unspecified bit rate User data protocol User network protocol Usage parameter control Variable bit rate Virtual circuit connection Virtual circuit identifier Variable length subnet mask Virtual path connection Virtual path identifier Virtual private network Wide area netword
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
LI NI U
Trc s pht trin ca cc giao thc Internet khi u t nhng nm ca thp nin 70 v tip tuc pht trin vo nhng nm sau . Ngy nay, mng IP thc s bng n c v khi lng lu lng cng nh cc yu cu v cht lng dch v nh: tc truyn dn, bng thng, truyn dn a phng tin, Nhng mng IP hin nay vn cha thc s p ng c cc yu cu v truyn dn lu lng, do , cn phi c mt gii php cng ngh mi a vo khc phc nhng nhc im ca mng ang tn ti. Cng ngh chuyn mch IP ra i v c xem l mt gii php tt gii quyt nhng yu cu trn. Chuyn mch IP l s kt hp hi ha ca cc giao thc iu khin mm do vi phn cng chuyn mch ATM. Chuyn mch IP khc phc c nhc im v tc x l chm ca cc b nh tuyn v tnh phc tp ca cc giao thc bo hiu trong chuyn mch ATM. Chuyn mch IP ang l im tp trung nghin cu ca cc hng vin thng ni ting trn th gii nh: Ipsilon, Toshiba, IBM, Cisco,.. Vi mc ch gn qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu tm hiu mt cng ngh mi tin tin trn c s nhng kin thc hc v nghin cu nhng ti liu mi. Em dnh thi gian lm n tt nghip ca mnh nghin cu v Chuyn mch IP. n ca em gm hai phn vi ni dung chnh nh sau: Phn I: Tng quan - Gii thiu chung v ATM v IP - nh a ch trong IP - Mt s phng php nh tuyn lp mng Phn II: Chuyn mch IP v ng dng - Chuyn mch IP - ng dng ca chuyn mch IP Thng qua n em c dp trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v mt cng ngh chuyn mch mi. Tuy nhin do nng lc cn hn ch nn n khng trnh khi thiu st, em rt mong c c nhng ng gp qu bu ca thy c v ton th cc bn. Em xin chn thnh cm n ThS Nguyn Th Thanh K ngi trc tip hng dn v ch bo em c th hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Em cng xin cm n cc thy c trong hc vin v cc bn tn tnh gip em trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu Hc vin. Em xin chn thnh cm n
Sinh vin
Nguyn Quang Hiu SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu
N TT NGHIP
CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG
CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG

1.1 nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi truyn thng
chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny n mng khc mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc, cc gi tin cn phi c nh tuyn, nhng thit b nh tuyn cc gi tin ban u c gi l Gateway (ng vai tr l mt cng giao tip t mng ny ti mng khc) v v sau router ra i kt ni gia cc mng vt l khc nhau to thnh mt lin mng hp nht rng ln hn. Cc gi thng tin ring bit bao gm mt nhn mng ch m router thc hin tng hp nhn vi mt trong nhiu thc th ca bng mng ch m n bit trc. Khi tm thy mt s tng hp, router c th nh hng gi tin ti giao din tng ng v ch n khi gi tn khc n. Qu trnh tng quan n gin ny c thc hin i vi mi gi ring bit n router. Thm ch nu c mt s lng ln gi tin c cng mt ch n chung, th router s vn x l mi gi tin theo cch ring. Ch th h router u tin c gii thiu trong hnh 1.1:
Processor
Share Bus
Interface
Interface
Interface
Interface
Hnh 1.1: Router th h u tin

N bao gm mt b x l trung tm v nhiu card giao tip, tt c c ni vi nhau bng mt ng bus chung. B x l rt tin cy cho chy giao thc nh tuyn v duy tr mt bng hng i ca router bc nhy tip theo m gi c gi n. Cc gi i vo router qua bus v i vo b x l ni s tra cu bng nh tuyn chun v thc hin xc nh bc nhy tip theo. Gi sau c i vo bus chung n giao din u ra tng ng. Hiu nng ca h thng ny ph thuc vo tc bus v kh nng x l ca b x l trung tm. V mi gi c yu cu i trn bus hai ln.
SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
N TT NGHIP
Trc s pht trin khng ngng ca Internet. Ngy cng c nhiu ngi hn s ng nhp vo mng v khi bng nh tuyn s ln hn, thi gian tra cu cng s lu hn. Kt hp vi s tng trng trong lu lng ngi dng, dn ti i hi phi to ra nhng router s dng cng ngh cao hn. Nh vo s tng cng tnh ton hng ti ca cc gi tin n cc giao din chuyn tip. Mt phn hoc ton b bng nh tuyn c th c lu trong b nh ca b chuyn tip u vo. iu ny cho php b chuyn tip u vo thc hin tnh ton hng i v nh hng cc gi trn ng bus tng ng vi b chuyn tip u ra m khng cn s can thip ca b x l trung tm. Hiu nng ca m hnh ny vn s b gii hn bi tc bus v thi gian yu cu sp xp trn mt bng nh tuyn ln trong sut thi gian tra cu. Mt cng ngh ci thin router khc l thay th bus bng mt switch. V ton b cng u vo v ra c kt ni vi nhau bng mt kt cu chuyn mch khng nghn. M hnh ny c gii thiu trong hnh 1.2.
Processor Forwarding Cache Forwarding Cache
Adapter
Adapter
Forwarding Cache
Forwarding Cache
Adapter
Adapter
Hnh 1.2: Kin trc ca Router c cc ng bus dng switch

Bng cch ci thin thit k bn trong v hiu qu hn s thay th yu cu x l mi gi i vi bn thn router iu ny s c bit hu dng trc tnh cht bng n t nhin khng on trc ca lu lng IP do cc gi tin c phc v theo c ch hng i first-in first-out (FIFO) c chi ph cao, li v thng lng nh v hiu nng th li khng t c tin cy cao.
N TT NGHIP
1.2 ATM & IP a/ IP Internet Protocol

IP l giao thc chuyn tip gi tin. Vic chuyn tip gi tin thc hin theo c ch phi kt ni. IP nh ngha c cu nh s, c cu chuyn tin, c cu nh tuyn v cc chc nng iu khin mc thp (ICMP). Gi tin IP gm a ch ca bn nhn, a ch l s duy nht trong ton mng v mang y thng tin cn cho vic chuyn gi ti ch. C cu nh tuyn c nhim v tnh ton ng i ti cc nt trong mng. Do vy, c cu nh tuyn phi c cp nht cc thng tin v topo mng, thng tin v nguyn tc chuyn tin (nh trong BGP) v n phi c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng mng gm nhiu nt. Kt qun tnh ton ca c cu nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng chuyn tin (forwarding table) cha thng tin v chng tip theo c th gi gi tin ti hng ch. Da trn cc bn chuyn tin, c cu chuyn tin chuyn mch cc gi IP hng ti ch. Phng thc chuyn tin truyn thng l theo tng chng mt. cch ny, mi nt mng tnh ton mng chuyn tin mt cch c lp. Phng thc ny, do vy, yu cu kt qu tnh ton ca phn nh tuyn ti tt c cc nt phi nht qun vi nhau. S khng thng nht ca kt qu s dn n vic chuyn gi tin sai hng, iu ny ng ngha vi vic mt gi tin. Kiu chuyn tin theo tng chng hn ch kh nng ca mng. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , phng thc nh tuyn v chuyn tin ny nng cao tin cy cng nh kh nng m rng ca mng. Giao thc nh tuyn ng cho php mng phn ng li vi s c bng vic thay i tuyn khi router bit c s thay i v topo mng thng qua vic cp nht thng tin v trng thi kt ni. Vi cc phng thc nh CDIR (Classless Inter Domain Routing), kch thc ca bn tin c duy tr mc chp nhn c, v do vic tnh ton nh tuyn u do cc nt t thc hin, mng c th m rng m khng cn bt c thay i no. Tm li, IP l mt giao thc chuyn mch gi c tin cy v kh nng m rng cao. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin lu lng rt kh thc hin do phng thc nh tuyn theo tng chng. Mt khc, IP cng khng h tr cht lng dch v.
N TT NGHIP
b/ ATM Asynchronous Tranfer Mode

Cng ngh ATM da trn c s ca phng php chuyn mch gi, thng tin c nhm vo cc gi tin c chiu di c nh, ngn; trong v tr ca gi khng ph thuc vo ng h ng b v da trn nhu cu bt k ca knh cho trc. Cc chuyn mch ATM cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc v dch v khc nhau. ATM c hai c im quan trng : - Th nht, ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l cc t bo ATM , cc t bo nh vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. - Th hai, ATM c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng. ATM khc vi nh tuyn IP mt s im. N l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni. Kt ni t im u n im cui phi c thit lp trc khi thng tin c gi i. ATM yu cu kt ni phi c thit lp bng nhn cng hoc thit lp mt cch t ng thng qua bo hiu. Mt khc, ATM khng thc hin nh tuyn ti cc nt trung gian. Tuyn kt ni xuyn sut c xc nh trc khi trao i d liu v c gi c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni, cc tng i ATM trung gian cung cp cho kt ni mt nhn. Vic ny thc hin hai iu: dnh cho kt ni mt s ti nguyn v xy dng bng chuyn t bo ti mi tng i. Bng chuyn t bo ny c tnh cc b v ch cha thng tin v cc kt ni ang hot ng i qua tng i. iu ny khc vi thng tin v ton mng cha trong bng chuyn tin ca router dng IP. Qu trnh chuyn t bo qua tng i ATM cng tng t nh vic chuyn gi tin qua router. Tuy nhin, ATM c th chuyn mch nhanh hn v nhn gn trn cell c kch thc c nh (nh hn ca IP), kch thc bng chuyn tin nh hn nhiu so vi ca IP router, v vic ny c thc hin trn cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng. Do vy, thng lng ca tng i ATM thng ln hn thng lng ca IP router truyn thng.
N TT NGHIP
Bng so snh cng ngh IP v ATM Cng ngh IP ATM
Bn cht cng ngh
u im Nhc im
- L mt giao thc chuyn - S dng gi tin c chiu mch gi c tin cy v kh di c nh 53 byte gi l nng m rng cao. t bo (cell). - Do phng thc nh tuyn - Nguyn tc nh tuyn : theo tng chng nn iu khin chuyn i VPI/VCI -Nn lu lng rt kh thc hin. tng phn cng tc cao - Tc chuyn mch cao, - n gin, hiu qu mm do, h tr QoS theo yu cu - Gi thnh cao, khng mm - Khng h tr QoS do trong h tr nhng ng dng IP, VoA
1.3 IP over ATM

Hin nay, trong xy dng mng IP, c n my loi k thut, nh IP over SDH/ SONET, IP over WDM v IP over Fiber. Cn k thut ATM, do c cc tnh nng nh tc cao, cht lng dch v (QoS), iu khin lu lng, m cc mng li dng b nh tuyn truyn thng cha c, nn c s dng rng ri trn mng ng trc IP. Mt khc, do yu cu tnh thi gian thc cn tng i cao i vi mng li, IP over ATM vn l k thut c chn trc tin hin nay. Cho nn vic nghin cu i vi IP over ATM vn cn rt quan trng. M MPLS chnh l s ci tin ca IP over ATM kinh in, cho nn y chng ta cn nhn li mt cht v hin trng ca k thut IP over ATM. IP over ATM truyn thng l mt loi k thut kiu xp chng, n xp IP (k thut lp 3) ln ATM (k thut lp 2); giao thc ca hai tng hon ton c lp vi nhau; gia chng phi nh mt lot giao thc (nh NHRP, ARP, ) na mi m bo ni thng. iu hin nay trn thc t c ng dng rng ri. Nhng trong tnh trng mng li c m rng nhanh chng, cch xp chng cng gy ra nhiu vn cn xem xt li. Trc ht, vn ni bt nht l trong phng thc chng xp, phi thit lp cc lin kt PVC ti N im nt, tc l cn thit lp mng lin kt.
N TT NGHIP
Nh th c th s gy nn vn bnh phng N, rt phin phc, tc l khi thit lp, bo dng, g b s lin kt gia cc im nt, s vic phi lm (nh s VC, lng tin iu khin) u c cp s nhn bnh phng ca N im nt. Khi m mng li ngy cng rng ln, chi phi kiu s lm cho mng li qu ti. Th hai l phng thc xp chng s phn ct c mng li IP over ATM ra lm nhiu mng logic nh (LIS), cc LIS trn thc t u l trong mt mng vt l. Gia cc LIS dng b nh tuyn trung gian lin kt, iu ny s c nh hng n vic truyn nhm gi tin gia cc LIS khc nhau. Mt khc, khi lu lng rt ln, nhng b nh tuyn ny s gy hin tng nghn c chai i vi bng rng. Hai im nu trn u lm cho IP over ATM ch c th dng thch hp cho mng tng i nh, nh mng x nghip, nhng khng th p ng c nhu cu ca mng ng trc Internet trong tng lai. Trn thc t, hai k thut ny ang tn ti vn yu km v kh nng m rng thm. Th ba l trong phng thc chng xp, IP over ATM vn khng c cch no m bo QoS thc s. Th t, vn khi thit k hai loi k thut IP v ATM u lm ring l, khng xt g n k thut kia, iu ny lm cho s ni thng gia hai bn phi da vo mt lot giao thc phc tp, cng vi cc b phc v x l cc giao thc ny. Cch lm nh th c th gy nh hng khng tt i vi tin cy ca mng ng trc. Cc k thut MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM a giao thc trn ATM) LANE (LAN Emulation M phng LAN) cng chnh l kt qu nghin cu gii quyt cc vn , nhng cc gii thut ny u ch gii quyt c mt phn cc tn ti, nh vn QoS chng hn. Phng thc m cc k thut ny dng vn l phng thc chng xp, kh nng m rng vn khng . Hin nay xut hin mt loi k thut IP over ATM khng dng phng thc xp chng, m dng phng thc chuyn mch nhn, p dng phng thc tch hp. K thut ny chnh l c s ca MPLS.
N TT NGHIP
CHNG 2: NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
CHNG 2 NH A CH V NH TUYN IP
2.1 M hnh chng giao thc TCP/IP
TCP/IP l mt b giao thc m c xy dng cho mng Internet m tin thn ca n l mng ARPnet ca b quc phng M. Do y l mt giao thc m, nn n cho php bt k mt u cui no s dng b giao thc ny u c th c kt ni vo mng Internet. Chnh iu ny to nn s bng n ca Internet ton cu trong thi gian gn y. Trong b giao thc ny, hai giao thc c s dng ch yu l giao thc truyn ti tin cy TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v IP (Internet Procol). Chng cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng. im khc nhau c bn ca TCP/IP so vi OSI l tng lin mng s dng giao thc khng kt ni (connectionless) IP, to thnh ht nhn hot ng ca mng Internet. Cng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, OSPF, BGP, tng lin mng IP cho php kt ni mt cch mm do v linh hot cc loi mng vt l khc nhau nh: Ethernet, Token Ring, X25 OSI Application Presentation Session Transport
TCP UDP SMTP
TCP/IP
Application
FTP
TELNET
DNS
Network
ICMP
IGMP
IP
ARP RARP
Data Link Physical
Data link
Hnh 2.1: M hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI

N TT NGHIP
TCP/IP c kin trc phn lp, gm 4 lp chc nng sau: 1) Lp lin kt d liu (DataLink Layer): nh ngha cc hm, th tc, phng tin truyn dn m bo s truyn dn an ton cc khung thng tin trn bt k mt phng tin truyn dn no nh Ethernet, ATM, tokenring, frame-relay, 2) Lp giao thc Internet(Internet Protocol): Chuyn tip cc gi tin t ngun ti ch. Mi gi tin cha a ch ch v IP s dng thng tin ny truyn gi tin ti ch ca n. Giao thc IP c chy trn tt c cc my ch (Host) cng nh trong tt c cc thit b nh tuyn (Router). Lp IP l lp kt ni phi hng ngha l mng khng cn thit lp bt k mt ng dn no n ch trc khi gi tin c truyn qua mng n ch do vy, mi gi n ch vi mi ng ti u khc nhau v IP khng m bo th t n ch ca cc gi tin. Mng Internet hot ng trn bt k phng tin truyn ti no (nh c lp DataLink) v c th c rt nhiu ng dng trn lp IP nhng ch c mt lp IP vi giao thc IP duy nht l im hi t ca TCP/IP cho php n hot ng mt cch linh hot v mm do trn mng my tnh cc ln. Hin nay c hai phin bn ca IP l IPv4 v IPv6 (IPng). IPv4 l phin bn ang s dng thng nht hin nay nhng do nhu cu pht trin ca mng v cng ngh truyn thng trong tng lai gn s phi s dng phin bn IPv6. 3) Lp TCP/UDP: Lp ny chy trn nh ca lp IP v bao gm hai giao thc l TCP v UDP. TCP l mt kiu phng thc hng kt ni cho php cung cp cc dch v tin cy cn UDP s dng phng thc hng khng kt ni cung cp cc dch v km tin cy hn. TCP/UDP ch c chy trn h thng my ch v c s dng bi mi dch v lp ng dng. 4) Lp ng dng (Application Layer): L giao din gia ngi dng v mng Internet, lp ng dng s dng cc dch v lp TCP/IP. Cc ng dng rt a dng, phong ph v ngy cng nhiu nh Telnet, FTP, HTTP, SMTP,
2.2 nh a ch IP
a ch IP l a ch lp mng, c s dng nh danh cc my trm (HOST) trong lin mng. a ch IP c di 32 bt i vi IPv4 v 128 bt vi IPv6. N c th c biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn v nh phn.
10
N TT NGHIP
C hai cch cp pht a ch IP ph thuc vo cch thc ta kt ni mng. Nu mng ca ta kt ni vo mng Internet, a ch mng c xc nhn bi NIC (Network Information Center). Nu mng ca ta khng kt ni vi Internet, ngi qun tr mng s cp pht a ch IP cho mng ny. V c bn, khun dng a ch IP gm hai phn: Network Number v Host Number nh hnh v:
0 16 31
Network number
Host number
Trong , phn Network Number l a ch mng cn Host Number l a ch cc my trm lm vic trong mng . Do vic tng cc WW theo hm m trong nhng nm gn y v s lng WW m ra rt nhiu, nn vi a ch IP l 32 bt l rt t do vy m rng kh nng nh i ch cho mng IP v v nhu cu s dng c rt nhiu quy m mng khc nhau, nn ngi ta chia cc i ch IP thnh 5 lp k hiu l A, B, C, D v E c cu trc nh sau:
0
Lp A NetID
7 8
SubnetID
15 16
HostID
31 23 3
SubnetID
0
Lp B NetID
15 16
24
HostID
31 26 27 31 31
HostID
0
Lp C NetID
23
SubnetID
HostID
0
Lp D Lp E NetID NetID
26
Hnh 2.2: Cc kiu a ch IP

Lp A (/8): c xc nh bng bt u tin trong byte th nht l 0 v dng cc bt cn li ca byte ny nh danh mng. Do , n cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi 16 triu my trm trong mi mng. Lp B (/16): c xc nh bng hai bt u tin nhn gi tr 10, v s dng byte th nht v th hai cho nh danh mng. N cho php nh danh 16.384 mng vi ti a 65.535 my trm trn mi mng.
11
N TT NGHIP
Lp C (/24): c xc nh bng ba bt u tin l 110 v dng ba byte u nh danh mng. N cho php nh danh ti 2.097.150 mng vi ti a 254 my trm trong mi my trm trong mi mng. Do , n c s dng trong cc mng c quy m nh. Lp D: c xc nh bng bn bt u tin l 1110, n c dng gi cc IP datagram ti mt nhm cc host trn mt mng. Tt c cc s ln hn 233 trong trng u l thuc nhm D. Lp E: c xc nh bng nm bt u tin l 11110, c d phng cho tng lai. Vi phng thc nh a ch IP nh trn, s lng mng v s my ti a trong mi lp mng l c nh. Do , s ny sinh vn l c cc a ch khng c s dng trong mng ca mt doanh nghip, trong khi mt doanh nghip khc li khng c a ch mng dng. Do tit kim a ch mng, trong nhiu trng hp mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet). Khi , c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cho cc mng con. Vng subnetid ny c ly t vng hostid ca cc lp A, B v C.
2.3 nh tuyn IP
nh tuyn trn Internet c thc hin da trn cc bng nh tuyn (Routing table) c lu ti cc trm (Host) hay trn cc thit b nh tuyn (Router). Thng tin trong cc bng nh tuyn c cp nht t ng hoc do ngi dng cp nht. Cc phm tr dng trong nh tuyn l:
- Tnh c th c (Reachability) dng cho cc giao thc EGP nh BGP. - Vc t kkong cch (Vector-Distance) gia ngun v ch dng cho RIP - Trng thi kt ni (Link state) nh thng tin v kt ni dng cho OSPF
Khng c giao thc nh tuyn no l ton din, tu vo c tnh, kch thc ca mng chn ph hp. Mng nh ng nht nn dng RIP, i vi cc mng ln c cu to thch hp th OSPF ti u hn.
U
* Nguyn tc nh tuyn :
Trong hot ng nh tuyn, ngi ta chia lm hai loi l nh tuyn trc tip v nh tuyn gin tip. nh tuyn trc tip l nh tuyn gia hai
12
N TT NGHIP
my tnh ni vi nhau vo mt mng vt l. nh tuyn gin tip l nh tuyn gia hai my tnh cc mng vt l khc nhau nn chng phi thc hin thng qua cc Gateway. kim tra xem my ch c nm trn cng mt mng vt l vi my ngun khng th ngi gi phi tch ly a ch mng ca my ch trong phn tiu ca gi d liu v so snh vi phn a ch mng trong phn a ch IP ca n. Nu trng th gi tin s c truyn trc tip nu khng cn phi xc nh mt Gateway truyn cc gi tin ny thng qua n ra mng ngoi thch hp. Hot ng nh tuyn bao gm hai hot ng c bn sau: - Qun tr c s d liu nh tuyn: Bng nh tuyn (bng thng tin chn ng) l ni lu thng tin v cc ch c th ti c v cch thc ti c ch . Khi phn mm nh tuyn IP ti mt trm hay mt cng truyn nhn c yu cu truyn mt gi d liu, trc ht n phi tm trong bng nh tuyn, quyt nh xem s phi gi Datagram n u. Tuy nhin, khng phi bng nh tuyn ca mi trm hay cng u cha tt c cc thng tin v cc tuyn ng c th ti c. Mt bng nh tuyn bao gm cc cp (N,G). Trong : + N l a ch ca IP mng ch + G l a ch cng tip theo dc theo trn ng truyn n mng N Bng 2.1 minh ho bng nh tuyn ca mt cng truyn. n Host trn mng 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0 13.0.0.0 15.0.0.0 B nh tuyn Direct Direct 11.0.0.2 Direct 13.0.0.2 10.0.02 Cng vt l 2 1 1 3 3 5
Nh vy, mi cng truyn khng bit c ng truyn y i n ch. Trong bng nh tuyn cn c nhng thng tin v cc cng c th ti ch nhng khng nm trn cng mt mng vt l. Phn thng tin ny c che khut i v c gi l
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N TT NGHIP
mc nh (default). Khi khng tm thy cc thng tin v a ch ch cn tm, cc gi d liu c gi ti cng truyn mc nh. - Thut ton nh tuyn: c m t nh sau: + Gim trng TTL ca gi tin + Nu TTL=0 th Hu gi d liu Gi thng ip ICMP bo li cho thit b gi. + Nu a ch ch l mt trong cc a ch IP ca cc kt ni trn mng th x l gi d liu IP ti ch. + Xc nh a ch mng ch bng cch nhn (AND) mt n mng (Network Mask) vi a ch IP ch. + Nu a ch ch khng tm thy trong bng nh tuyn th tm tip trong tuyn ng mc nh, sau khi tm trong tuyn ng mc nh m khng tm thy cc thng tin v a ch ch th hu b gi d liu ny v gi thng ip ICMP bo li mng ch khng n c cho thit b gi. + Nu a ch mng ch bng a ch mng ca h thng, ngha l thit b ch n c kt ni trong cng mng vi h thng, th tm a ch mc lin kt tng ng vi bng tng ng a ch IP-MAC, nhng gi IP trong gi d liu mc lin kt v chuyn tip gi tin trong mng. + Trong trng hp a ch mng ch khng bng a ch mng ca h thng th chuyn tip gi tin n thit b nh tuyn cng mng.
2.4 Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong IP

Cc giao thc nh tuyn cho php cc router trao i thng tin kh nng t ti mt mng v thng tin cu hnh vi cc router khc. Tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn phi m bo tt c cc router trong mt mng c mt c s d liu chnh xc v ton vn v cu hnh mng. iu ny l rt quan trng v bng chuyn pht mi router c tnh ton da trn c s d liu ca thng tin cu hnh mng ny. Cc bng chuyn pht chnh xc gp phn gip cho cc gi n c ch ca chng vi kh nng cao hn. Bng chuyn pht
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N TT NGHIP
khng , khng chnh xc s khin cho cc gi khng n c ch ca n v ti hn c th gy ra loop vng quanh mng trong mt khong thi gian gy ra lng ph ti nguyn bng tn v router . Cc giao thc nh tuyn c phn thnh nh tuyn gia cc min (interdomain) v trong mt min (intradomain). Mt min c gi l mt h thng t tr AS (autonomous system), AS l mt tp hp cc router c iu khin v qun l bi mt thc th n, n c xc nh bi mt s AS n. Cc giao thc trong mt min IGP (interior gateway protocol) c s dng gia cc router trong cng mt AS. Nhim v ca chng l phi tnh ton con ng r nht gia hai my bt k trong mt AS, do mang li hiu nng tt nht. Cc giao thc gia cc min EGP (exterior gateway protocol) c s dng gia cc router trong cc AS khc nhau. Nhim v ca n phi tnh ton mt ng qua cc AS khc nhau. V cc AS c iu khin bi cc t chc khc nhau nn cc tiu chun la chn mt ng qua mt AS ph thuc vo cc chnh sch nh chi ph, bo an, kh nng kh dng, hiu nng, quan h thng mi gia cc ASch khng ch n thun l hiu nng nh cc giao thc IGP. Mt v d ca EGP l BGP v cc v d ca IGP l OSPF v RIP. Hnh 2.3 di y a ra mt mng vi 3 AS chy cc giao thc IGP trong mt AS v EGP gia cc AS.
AS#2 RIP BGP R R R BGP
AS#1 OSPF R
R R
BGP
AS#3 OSPF R
R R
Hnh 2.3: Cc h thng t tr

Cc tiu chun i vi cc giao thc EGP khc vi cc giao thc nh tuyn khc:
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N TT NGHIP
- Scalability c ch r bi kh nng ca giao thc nh tuyn h tr mt s lng ln cc router v cc mng trong khi ti thiu ho tng s lu lng iu khin gia cc router (cp nht c s d liu nh tuyn ) v cc ti nguyn router cn thit tnh ton cc bng nh tuyn mi. - Trnh loop. Khi mt giao thc nh tuyn tnh ton mt bng nh tuyn, n s c gng trnh cc con ng khin cc gi chuyn qua mt router hoc mt mng nhiu hn mt ln. N rt kh t c iu ny trong khong thi gian n truyn b s bin i v cu hnh n tt c cc router trong mng. Mc d vy, y l mt c tnh quan trng c h tr bi mt s giao thc nh BGP, EIGRP (enhanced interior gateway routing protocol). - Hi t. Khi cu hnh mng bin i (v d nh mt link b down hay mt mng mi c b sung) cc giao thc nh tuyn phi phn b thng tin ny khp mng cc router phn nh thng tin ny, x l ny c gi l hi t. Cc router hi t trn cu hnh chnh xc cng nhanh th cc gi s c phn pht thnh cng n ch. - Cc chun. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin bi IETF c lu tr trong cc RFC. N cho php cc nh u t khc nhau thc hin giao thc nh tuyn trn nn tng ring ca h v thc y kh nng hp tc. - Kh nng m rng. N nh ngha kh nng giao thc nh tuyn kt hp cc chc nng mi m khng thay i cc hot ng c bn ca n v c kh nng tng thch ngc tr li cc chc nng c. V d nh OSPF vi cc chc nng mi c b sung l multicast, nh tuyn QoS , h tr nh a ch lp lin kt. - Metric. y l cc tham s hoc cc giao thc c thng bo cng vi mng ch v tham gia vo tnh ton bng nh tuyn. Cc tham s ny c th l s cc hop, chi ph tuyn, bng tn, tr - Thut ton nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn s dng mt trong hi thut ton nh tuyn c bn l vc t khong cch v trng thi ng.
2.4.1 nh tuyn theo vect khong cch

nh tuyn vc t khong cch da trn quan nim rng mt router s thng bo cho cc router ln cn n v tt c cc mng n bit v khong cch
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N TT NGHIP
n mi mng ny. Mt router chy giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch s thng bo n cc router k cn c kt ni trc tip vi n mt hoc nhiu hn cc vc t khong cch. Mt vc t khong cch bao gm mt b (network, cost) vi network l mng ch v cost l mt gi tr c lin quan n biu din s cc router hoc link trong ng dn gia router thng bo v mng ch. Do c s d liu nh tuyn bao gm mt s cc vc t khong cch hoc cost n tt c cc mng t router . Khi mt router thu c bn tin cp nht vc t khong cch t router k cn n th n b sung gi tr cost ca chnh n (thng bng 1) vo gi tr cost thu c trong bn tin cp nht. Sau router so snh gi tr cost tnh c ny vi thng tin thu c trong bn tin cp nht trc . Nu cost nh hn th router cp nht c s d liu nh tuyn vi cc cost mi, tnh ton mt bng nh tuyn mi,n bao gm cc router k cn va thng bo thng tin vc t khong cch mi nh next-hop.
Hnh 2.4 di y minh ho hot ng ca nh tuyn vc t khong cch:
(net1,1hop) Net1 Route rC Route rB (net1,2hop) Route rA
Hnh 2.4: nh tuyn vc t khong cch

Router C thng bo mt vc t khong cch (net1,1hop) cho mng ch net1 c ni trc tip vi n. Router B thu c vc t khong cch ny thc hin b sung cost ca n (1hop) v thng bo n cho router A (net1,2hop). Nh router A bit rng n c th t ti net1 vi 2 hop v qua router B. Mc d nh tuyn vc t khong cch n gin nhng mt s vn ph bin c th xy ra. V d lin kt gia 2 router B v C b hng th router B s c gng ti nh tuyn cc gi qua router A v router A theo mt ng no thng bo cho router B mt vc t khong cch l (net1,4hop). Router B s thu vc t khong cch ny v gi ngc li cho router A vc t khong cch (net1,5hop). y l s c m v hn c th lm cho thi gian cn thit hi t ko di hn. Gii php cho s c ny c gi l trt ngang vi nguyn
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N TT NGHIP
tc: khng bao gi thng bo kh nng t ti mt ch cho next-hop ca n. Nh vy router A s khng bao gi thng bo vc t khong cch (net1,4) cho router B v router B l next-hop ca net1. nh tuyn vc t khong cch da trn thut ton Bellman Ford c thc hin trong mt s cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).
2.4.2 nh tuyn trng thi ng

nh tuyn trng thi ng lm vic trn quan im rng mt router c th thng bo vi mi router khc trong mng trng thi ca cc tuyn c kt ni n n, cost ca cc tuyn v xc nh bt k router k cn no c kt ni vi cc tuyn ny. Cc router chy mt giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng s truyn b cc gi trng thi ng LSP (link state paket) khp mng. Mt LSP ni chung cha mt xc nh ngun,xc nh k cn v cost ca tuyn gia chng. Cc LSP c thu bi tt c cc router c s dng to nn mt c s d liu cu hnh ca ton b mng. Bng nh tuyn sau c tnh ton da trn ni dung ca c s d liu cu hnh. Tt c cc router trong mng cha mt s ca cu hnh mng v t chng tnh ton ng ngn nht (least-cost path) t ngun bt k n ch bt k. Hnh 2.5 ch ra hot ng ca nh tuyn trng thi ng
A
1
Router A
Router B
Router C
D
2
Router D Router E
Hnh 2.5: nh tuyn trng thi ng

Gi tr gn vi cc link gia cc router l cost ca link . Cc router truyn b cc LSP n tt c cc router khc trong mng, n c s dng xy dng c s d liu trng thi ng.Tip theo,mi router trong mng tnh
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N TT NGHIP
ton mt cy bt ngun t chnh n v phn nhnh n tt c cc router khc da trn tiu ch ng ngn nht hay ng c chi ph t nht. Vi s hnh 3.10 th cy c thit lp router A nh trong hnh v bn phi. Cy ny c s dng tnh ton bng nh tuyn, thut ton tnh cy ng ngn nht l thut ton Dijkstra. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng c mt s tin b hn so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch: - Hi t nhanh hn. Mt s nguyn nhn khin n hi t nhanh hn l: Th nht, cc LSP c th c trn lt nhanh chng khp mng v c s dng xy dng mt cch nhn chnh xc v cu hnh mng. Th hai, ch c thay i cu hnh c phn nh trong LSP m khng phi l ton b c s d liu nh tuyn. Th ba, s c m v hn khng xy ra . - Lu lng b sung t hn. Cc giao thc ny ch pht cc LSP phn nh s bin i cu hnh ch khng phi pht i ton b c s nh tuyn. - Kh nng m rng. Cc giao thc trng thi ng c th c m rng h tr v truyn b cc tham s mng khc nh a ch, thng tin cu hnh. V mt router duy tr c s d liu cu hnh, thng tin mi l kh dng khi tnh ton mt ng n ch xc nh.
- Scalability. Cc giao thc trng thi ng c kh nng scalability tt hn
v cc router trong mt mng li c th phn thnh nhiu nhm. Trong vng mt nhm cc router thc hin trao i cc bn tin LSP vi nhau v xy dng mt c s d liu cu hnh ca nhm . trao i thng tin cu hnh gia cc nhm, mt b con cc router u tin tm tt c s d liu cu hnh nhm trong mt LSP v sau pht n n cc router xc nh trong nhm k cn. iu ny lm gim b nh v x l trong cc router v c s d liu cu hnh ch ln bng s router trong mt nhm v ch cc router trong nhm m c s bin i v cu hnh phi tnh ton cc cy shortcut path mi v cc bng nh tuyn. Khi nim phn cp ny c minh ha trong hnh 2.6 di y, n l mt khi nim quan trng c thc hin trong cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng nh OSPF, PNNI.
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N TT NGHIP
Summarized group
Logical Router Logical Router
Router Group #1 Router Router
Router Group #2 Router Router
Hnh 2.6: Phn cp nh tuyn trng thi ng 2.4.3 RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch ph bin c thc hin bi cc host v router TCP/IP. N c phn tn trong vng mt vi pht hnh khi u ca UNIX vo gia thp nin 80. Cc c tnh chc nng c bn ca RIP. - S dng thut ton nh tuyn vc t khong cch. - S dng tham s host-count - Cc router broadcast ton b c s d liu nh tuyn 30s mt l. - ng knh mng cc i m RIP h tr l 15hop. - N khng h tr VLSM (variable length subnet mask). RIP ni chung l n gin trong cu hnh, chy trn rt nhiu mng c trung bnh v nh, v vy n c xc nh l mt giao thc nh tuyn trong min (interior). RIP 2 khc phc mt s nhc im ca RIP 1 v n hot ng tng t nh RIP 1 v h tr VLSM. cung cp cho cc nh qun l mng, nhng ngi cn qun l khng gian a ch IPv4 mt cch mm do hn, th OSPF c s dng thay th. RIP c thit k nh mt giao thc broadcast, nhng n c th gi cc bn tin n cc node non-broadcast . Kh nng ny c th rt hu ch khi kt ni n mt router khc trn tuyn im-im (v d t router ca ISP n router ca khch hng). C th khng cho php s dng RIP trn cc giao din xc nh. lm c nh vy th cc nh qun l mng phi ngn chn cc bn tin RIP c to ra trn cc giao ny.
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N TT NGHIP
* Cc bn tin RIP
RIP chy trn UDP do cc bn tin ca n c ng gi trong UDP datagram v n chy trn cng s 520 (well-known port). Hnh 2.7 di y a ra nh dng cc bn tin RIP
0 7 8 15 16 31 0 7 8 15 16 31
Command
Version IP Address (0) (0) Metric
(0) (0)
Command
Version
Routing domain Router tag
Address Family
Address Family IP Address Subnet mask
Next-hop IP Address Metric (lp li 20 byte trc) RIP 2
(lp li 20 byte trc) RIP 1
Hnh 2.7: nh dng bn tin RIP

Trong :
- Command c th cha gi tr t 1 n 6 nhng c 2 gi tr ph bin l 1 xc nh bn tin yu cu v 2 xc nh bn tin tr li. - Version c gi tr 1 hoc 2 tng ng RIP 1 v RIP 2 - Address family vi c 2 phin bn c m ho l 2 cho cc a ch IP. - Metric y chnh l hop-count
Cc trng thng bo c th c lp 25 ln do hn ch di cc i ca bn tin RIP l nh hn 512 byte. i vi RIP 2 cc trng d tr trong bn tin RIP 1 c m ho nh sau: - Routing domain xc nh routing deamonc kt hp vi bn tin ny. Trong UNIX y l trng process ID. Bng cch s dng min nh tuyn, mt my c th chy nhiu RIP ng thi. - Route tag: Nu RIP c s dng h tr EGP th trng ny cha mt s AS. - Subnet mask c kt hp vi a ch IP trong bn tin. - Next-hop address cha a ch IP ca ni m datagram nn c gi n, nu n bng 0 th datagram nn c gi n ni gi bn tin RIP ny.
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N TT NGHIP
RIP 2 h tr nhn thc trong khi RIP 1 th khng. Mi gi RIP c nhn thc ti pha thu nn giao din c cu hnh h tr nhn thc. Thng thng, nhn thc MD5 c thc hin mc d cc router c th c la chn khc. Gi RIP 2 nhn thc cng c nh dng tng t nh trong hnh 2.8:
0 7 8 15 16 31
Command
Version
Routing domain Routing tag
0xffff
Authentication information Authentication information Authentication information Authentication information
(lp li 20 byte trc)
Hnh 2.8: Gi RIP 2 cho nhn thc

Trng address familyc lp l 0xffff i vi gi nhn thc. Trng authentication type c lp l 2 i vi th tc nhn thc plain-text v 3 i vi th tc MD5. Cc byte authentication infor cha ID nh mt s kho, n c th l nhiu s. Ngi s dng nhiu s cho php pha thu sp xp thnh chui cc kho v do s dng cc kho khc nhau cho cc ln khc nhau. Cc byte ny cng cha cc trng xc nh thi gian sng ca kho hay cc kha. Mi xc nh kho trong gi c kt hp vi mt kho c lu tr, xc nh kho v cc gi tr c kt hp vi bn tin xc nh thut ton nhn thc v kho nhn thc MD5 c bit c s dng cho hot ng nhn thc. RIP 1 v RIP 2 c th hot ng mt mnh hoc kt hp vi nhau.
U
* Cc vn v hi t v mt s gii php khc phc

Cp nht RIP hu nh n gin nhng n gy ra mt s vn . N c
kh nng gi lu lng qua mt ng khng hiu qu hay c th cp nht nh tuyn mt qu nhiu thi gian t c hi t khi min nh tuyn khng n nh v chuyn lu lng khng hiu qu, c th khng chnh xc. Do c th gy ra loop hay s c m v hn. phn ln cc thc hin RIP u thc hin cc gii php khc phc s c m v hn. Mt thay i quyt nh l loi b nh thi 30s v khi mt router c mt cp nht nh tuyn n s gi i ngay lp tc. Vi gii php ny cc cp nht trung gian
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N TT NGHIP
khng gii quyt c vn , nhng n tng tc t c hi t. Mt s gii php khc c a ra di y. 1. Trt ngang (split horizon): Vi gii php ny tng ca n l khng cho php router gi thng bo qua giao din m n va n. N l trong hu ht cc tnh hung nhng khng hon ton v nu mng vt l c cu hnh b loop th s c m v hn vn tn ti. 2. Trt ngang vi o ngc poison: y l mt bin th ca trt ngang, n gi thng bo ti giao din n va n vi metric bng 16. 3. Holddown c tng cng cho giao thc vc t khong cch khi mt tuyn c thng bo l unreachable th router thng bo s t chi cp nht trong mt khong thi gian sau khi tuyn c thng bo. N lm tng thi gian hi t nhng trnh c loop. RIP khng s dng holddown nhng cc giao thc vect khong cch khc nh IGRP (Intergateway Routing Protocol) ca Cisco th c s dng. Vi IGRP, khi router bit mt mng b down hoc mt mng c khong cch ln hn so vi thng bo th tuyn n mng c t trong holddown. Trong thi gian ny, tuyn c th c thng bo nhng thng bo u vo v tuyn ny t bt k router no khc router thng bo trc u b hu b. Ngi ta c th khng mun s dng trt ngang trn cc link ni tip (non-broadcast ) nh X25, frame relay, ATM. Cc router c th c cu hnh khng cho php trt ngang.
* iu chnh nh thi:
Phn ln cc router high-end c c th cu hnh bin i tn s cp nht nh tuyn RIP v cc tham s khc. Cisco chy mt lot cc ng h nh thi (timer) cho cc hot ng nh tuyn theo yu cu ODR (on deman routing) i vi RIP. Cc tham s cu hnh RIP sau l kh dng i vi nh qun l mng. 1. Update: l khong thi gian gia cc ln cp nht v n c gi tr mc nh l 30s. 2. Invalid: khong thi gian sau mt tuyn khng hp l, n l khong thi gian nn bng 3 ln gi tr update. N c ngha l mt tuyn s l
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N TT NGHIP
khng hp l nu n khng c cp nht. Tuyn khng th truy nhp mng sau s vo holddown. N c th vn c s dng cho chuyn pht gi, gi tr mc nh ca n l 180s. 3. Holddown l khong thi gian m thng tin trn cc tuyn ti hn b loi b,gi tr ny nn bng 3 ln gi tr update. Khi ht thi gian holddown, cc tuyn c thng bo bi cc ngun khc c chp nhn v tuyn c th truy cp. Gi tr mc nh ca n l 180s. 4. Flush l tng thi gian mt thc th nh tuyn phi duy tr trong bng nh tuyn trc khi b loi b. N t nht phi bng tng ca invalid v holddown. Gi tr mc nh ca n l 240s. 5. Sleep time l tng thi gian cp nht nh tuyn. Nu mt router chp nhn cp nht tc th, th tham s ny s c cu hnh. N nn nh hn thi gian update v c s dng cho hot ng ODR ca Cisco nhng khng kh dng i vi RIP. thit lp vic iu khin thng tin nh tuyn c truyn b nh th no qua router n/t cc giao din. Cc router c th c thit lp cung cp cc b lc RIP sau. - Trnh cp nht nh tuyn qua mt giao din nhm trnh cc router khc nhau trn mt LAN bit v cc tuyn ng. - iu khin vic thng bo v cc tuyn trong cp nht nh tuyn cho php nh qun l mng cm cc tuyn ang c thng bo trong cp nht RIP . - iu khin x l cp nht nh tuyn, n khng cho php tuyn discovered c x l. - Lc cc ngun thng tin nh tuyn, n c th xy ra trng hp mt tuyn tt hn c tm thy qua giao thc nh tuyn khc. Mt s giao thc nh tuyn x l thng tin chnh xc hn cc giao thc khc, n c th thit lp mc u tin cho cc ngun khc nhau i vi mt router. c im ny cho php nh qun l mng la chn mt giao thc cho mt giao din.
24
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* Cu hnh mt min nh tuyn RIP:

cu hnh mt min nh tuyn RIP th cc router phi c cu hnh thc hin cc nhim v di y. Mt s nhim v l r rng nhng mt s khc cn gii thch thm. - Cho php RIP l nhim v duy nht c yu cu cu hnh router thc hin hot ng RIP . - Cho php cp nht unicast cho RIP. RIP s vn hnh nh mt giao thc broadcast tr khi nhim v ny c cu hnh. Vi nhim v ny, cc nh qun l mng c th iu khin cc quyt nh trao i thng tin nh tuyn. - p dng offset i vi cc tham s (metric) nh tuyn. Trong khi RIP l giao thc hop-count, nhim v ny c th c s dng tng metric n cc tuyn c bit bi RIP. N cho php nh qun l mng coi trng hn cc khm ph RIP. - iu chnh timer v xc nh phin bn ca RIP - Cho php nhn thc RIP. RIP 2 h tr nhn thc c th thit lp (plain-text, MD5). s dng MD5 th cc kho phi c thit lp v xc nh,mt trng thi gian sng phi c xc nh cho mt b kho trn mt chain. Mi kho phi c xc nh vi mt key IDv key c lu tr cc b. Key ID v giao din kt hp vi key xc nh n nht thut ton nhn thc v MD5 c s dng. - Khng cho php tm tt tuyn. Tm tt tuyn c thc hin t ng bi RIP2. cc prefix mng con c tm tt khi chuyn qua ng bin mng. Nu min nh tuyn c cc mng con khng lin tc th tm tt nh tuyn c th b hu b. - S dng IGRP v RIP ng thi. Nu nhim v ny c php th thng tin nh tuyn IGRP gt b thng tin RIP v s dng qun l IGRP. Cc giao thc ny s dng cc ng h nh thi khc nhau khin mt phn ca min nh tuyn tin RIP mt phn khc tin IGRP. Hi t s xy ra nhng tnh hung ny nh hng n cc ng dng nhy cm vi thi gian.
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- Khng cho php s hp l ca a ch IP ngun. i vi mc ch bo an, mt a ch IP ngun cho mt bn tin cp nht RIP l khng hp l. Nhim v ny tho mn yu cu lc trn mt giao din, n cng l mt trap door cho mt min nh tuyn. - Cu hnh tr gia cc gi. - Cho php/khng cho php trt ngang. - Lc thng tin RIP v qun l kha - VLSM l mt cng c tt s dng a ch IP.
2.4.4 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng c s dng ph bin, n l giao thc nh tuyn trong min (interor) c h tr bi hu ht cc router trn th trng. N c cc c tnh chc nng sau: - S dng thut ton nh tuyn trng thi ng Dijkstra. - H tr nhiu ng cng gi tr cost n cng ch. - H tr VLSM. - Phn cp hai mc. - Thng tin trng thi tuyn ch thng bo khi c s bin i v cu hnh. - C kh nng m rng. Mt v d v mng OSPF gm mt s vng nh hnh 2.9:
Router External network
AREA 2
Router
ABR ABR
AREA 0
ABR
Router
AREA 3
AREA 1
Router
ABR
Router
Router
Router
Hnh 2.9: Mng OSPF

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Mt mng OSPF phi c mt vng 0 c nh ngha nh vng backbone. Nu c nhiu vng c cu hnh, tt c cc vng khc 0 phi kt ni n vng 0 qua ABR (Area Border Router). Cc router trong mt vng thng bo trng thi ng LSA (Link State Advertisement) v xy dng mt s cc vng c gi l c s d liu trng thi ng. Thng tin c tm tt v cc cu hnh v cc mng c bit c chuyn gia cc vng thng qua ABR. Do cc router duy tr thng tin hon chnh v tt c cc mng v cc router trong vng ca n v thng tin c bit v cc mng v cc router ngoi vng ca n. t ti mng trong vng ny, cc router cn phi c thng tin hng cc gi n ABR ph hp. OSPF thu ht c s quan tm ca nhiu nh pht trin mng v qun l mng v mt s l do sau. - Cc mng ln hn bao gm nhiu hn cc router ang c trin khai v xy dng, kh nng scalability ln hn RIP v cc giao thc nh tuyn vc t khong cch khc. - Cc chc nng v dch v b sung ang v s cn c trin khai trn cc mng ny. L mt giao thc nh tuyn trng thi ng, OSPF c kh nng m rng, tng cng cc chc nng n cung cp bng cch nh ngha v b sung cc trng mi mang thng tin mi trong cc LSA OSPF. - Nhng kh khn i vi OSPF bt u c khc phc khi rt nhiu cc k s mng trin khai v qun l cc sn phm mng chy OSPF. OSPF l mt giao thc thch ng, n iu chnh cc vn trong mng v cung cp thi gian hi t ngn n nh cc bng nh tuyn. N c thit k chng hin tng loop. OSPF c bao bc trong IP datagram v trng protocol ID ca IP i vi OSPF l 89, n c kh nng nh tuyn TOS v nh a ch mng con.
U
* Hot ng ca OSPF:
OSPF hot ng trn cc mng broadcast v non-broadcast, n cng
hot ng trn cc link im-im. Cc ng quay s, cc kt ni ISDN theo yu cu v cc kt ni o chuyn mch ca X25, frame relay, ATM to ra mi trng on-demand cho OSPF. tng chnh ca OSPF l n s cm mt s
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lu lng gi thng bo gia cc router c kt ni n link theo yu cu. Tip cn ny cho php kink yu cu th ng (lp 2 khng hot ng) nhng vn gi mi quan h vi OSPF. Khi link ny hot ng tr li OSPF s gi i cc thng bo trng thi ng trn link ny. Hot ng ca OSPF bin i ph thuc vo loi mng m n hot ng,di y a ra mt s hot ng ca OSPF thc hin vi tt c cc loi mng. OSPF thc hin mt giao thc hello, n l mt giao thc bt tay,v sau thc hin ping vi cc router k cn bit chc rng link hoc router no ang hot ng. Sau khi thc hin hello hon thnh, cc router ng tng c xem nh merely adjacent c ngha l cc router ny hon thnh mt phn ng b ch cha phi tt c. Tip theo,cc router trao i thng tin m t hiu bit ca chng v min nh tuyn. Thng tin ny c t trong cc bn tin LSA, n khng phi l thng tin m t ton b c s d liu trng thi ng nhng n cha thng tin router thu bit liu c s d liu trng thi ng ca n c ng vi c s d liu ca cc router ng tng vi n khng. Nu c th cc k cn c xc nh l fully adjacent. Cc router ny sau thc hin trao i cc LSA cha cp nht trng thi ng v thc s tr thnh cc k cn y . Cc hello c pht theo nh k gi cho cc router ng tng hiu bit ln nhau. Cc LSA c to ra phi c gi n cc router ng tng vi n 30s mt ln nhm ng b cc c s d liu trng thi ng.
Router A Hello
Router B
Merely adja cent Fully adja cent
Hello Database Description Database Description Link state Link state
Merely adja cent
Fully adja cent
Hnh 2.10: Hot ng c bn ca OSPF
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* Cc vng OSPF:
Cc cng ty vi cc h thng ln c th hot ng vi nhiu mng,nhiu router v host. qun l mt mng rng cc phn t thng tin ny th phi s dng rt nhiu LSA. OSPF thc hin phn chia cc AS thnh cc phn nh hn gi l vng, nh lm gim tng s lu lng nh tuyn c gi qua AS v cc vng c cch ly vi nhau. N lm gim s thng tin router phi duy tr y v AS. Do thng tin c pht gia cc router duy tr cc bng nh tuyn OSPF gim . OSPF s dng multicast hn ch x l gi LSA ti cc node khng cn thit kim tra cc gi nh tuyn tng ng i vi mng broadcast. Cn i vi cc mng non-broadcast th OSPF s dng lc gi gim s cc gi nh tuyn c trao i gia cc router trong vng. Vng stub l vng m thng tin nh tuyn trn cc tuyn ngoi khng c gi i. Thay vo , ABR to ra mt tuyn mc nh n cc ch ngoi vng v cc tuyn trong vng stub s dng tuyn ny. Cc nh qun l mng c th thit lp ABR trnh khng cho n gi thng bo tuyn tm tt vo trong vng stub. Cc thng bo tuyn tm tt ny c thit k nh LSA loi. OSPF yu cu tt c cc mng c kt ni bng mt vng backbone, n c xem nh mt b cc node lin tc v kt ni cc link thng tin qua backbone vi nhau. Cc vng ni n backbone phi l cc vng stub, do OSPF h tr s dng cc tuyn o cc gi nh tuyn c th c gi t vng ny sang vng khc khng phi qua backbone. Cc tuyn o chy gia cc router v cho php cc gi LSA tm tt c xuyn hm qua cc vng. Trong khi thng tin nh tuyn c gi xuyn hm th lu lng ngi dng vn chn c ng vt l tt nht. Cc tuyn o c th c s dng duy tr kt ni gia cc vng nu backbone c th c chia ra, n c kt ni logic vi cc tuyn o. Cc mng ngoi kt ni vi cc AS OSPF khng phi l thnh vin ca AS ny. Cc router AS OSPF pht hin ra cc mng ny qua giao thc EGP v sau thng bo cc mng trong AS vi cc LSA ngoi.
U
* Thit lp link-cost v ta cy:
Mi tuyn u ra ti mi router c mt gi tr c gn biu din mt metric (kt hp ca mt vi tham s TOS). Gi tr ny c th c thit lp

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bi cc nh qun l mng. V mt k thut, c th thit lp cc link-cost mt cch ng da trn di hng i,tr gy ra bi cc router v cc tiu chun hiu nng khc. Mc d vy, cc metric ng rt kh qun l, chng khng c s dng trong cc mng phi kt ni. Cc mng hng kt ni c th s dng cc metric ng hiu qu v bng tn c thit lp do mi kt ni v OSPF c th s dng cho cc thng bo. Mt khi mt kt ni c thit lp, n da trn mt tuyn tnh. Ngi s dng khc c th yu cu kt ni, trong thi gian OSPF c th tm thy mt tuyn tt hn v vy ngi s dng th 2 c th c mt ng khc. Cc cost c th c kt hp vi cc mng thuc cc AS khc nhau, chng kh dng nh giao thc EGP. Cost cng thp cng tt,c ngha l cc giao din thng bo mt cost thp c nhiu kh nng c s dng chuyn tip lu lng. Nhng tng s tt c cc link-cost gia 2 host bt k quyt nh lu lng c nh tuyn th no qua mng. AS khng nht thit phi chia vng, nu khng chia vng th c s d liu trng thi ng s trng nhau i vi tt c cc router trong AS. Mi router to ra mt bng nh tuyn s dng c s d liu cu hnh. Bng nh tuyn c to ra da trn cc hot ng ca cy spanning, n phn nh cy b ta ca mng
* Cc gi OSPF:
Hnh 2.11 di y minh ho 20byte tiu gi OSPF, mi gi LSA OSPF c gn vo tiu ny.
LS age (16) Options (8) LS type (8) Link state ID (32) Advertisement router (32) LS sequence number (32) LS checksum (16) Length (16) Header (160) Router type (8) Reversed (8) Number of link (16) Link ID (32) Link data (32) Link type (8) TOS metric (8) Metric (16)
Hnh 2.11: Tiu LSA
Hnh 2.12: nh dng gi LSA
Trng LS age ch ra thi gian t khi bt ngun ca LSA tnh theo giy (t 0 n 30). Nu n vt qu 30s th router ngun s gi li LSA v thit lp
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trng ny bng 0. Trng option c s dng ch ra LSA nn c x l theo mt cch xc nh. Trng link state ID c s dng phn bit cc LSA cng c LS type nh nhau v c bt ngun t mt router xc nh, thc t n thng cha thng tin a ch. Trng advertising router cha gi tr router ID ca router ngun. Trng LS sequence number c tng ln bi router ngun ca LSA bt c khi no n mun cp nht LSA. Do mt s th t ln hn trong mt LSA ch ra rng n mi hn LSA c gi tr tng ng nh hn. Trng LS checksum c s dng ti pha thu kim tra tiu v d liu LSA b sai.N cng c lu trong c s d liu trng thi ng ca tt c cc router (a) quyt nh 2 LSA vi cng s th t l xc nh,n cng s dng LS age cho mc ch ny (b) quyt nh mt cch nh k xem phn cng v phn mm ca router c lm hng thc th LSA trong c s d liu. Trng length xc nh di ca tiu v ni dung ca LSA. Ni dung ca cc trng gi OSPF theo sau tiu rt khc nhau ph thuc vo loi gi LSA, vai tr ny c gn cho router nu router trn link imim hoc trn mt mng con chia s. Sau 20byte tiu LSA l cc trng sau. Trng number of link xc nh router ngun ang bo co bao nhiu link. Trng link ID c gi tr bin i, n cha router ID ca router k cn. Trng link data cng bin i ph thuc loi thng bo. Trng link type xc nh loi link. TOS metric khng c s dng trong Internet v b loi b khi hot ng ca OSPF cng nh IPv6.
U
* Tng tc vi cc giao thc nh tuyn khc:
OSPF v RIP thng c s dng trong cng AS. RFC1745 xc nh tng tc gia OSPF v BGP v IDRP (inter domain routing protocol ) vi IDRP l mt bin th c a dng ca BGP. Phn ln cc router high-end h tr hot ng phn tn tuyn, c ngha l bt k thng tin giao thc nh tuyn IP-based no c th c ti phn tn vo bt k giao thc nh tuyn IPbased khc. OSPF c th nhp/xut cc tuyn qua RIP, IGRP, EIGRP cho cc hot ng trong min. i vi cc hot ng gia cc min, OSPF c th xut/nhp cc tuyn qua BGP. OSPF thc hin cc hot ng bo mt trnh cc router v cc node khng c xc nhn gy nguy him cho mt min nh tuyn. Router OSPF c th c cu hnh h tr nhn thc password dng cleartext, kho b mt, MD5
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* Cu hnh mt min nh tuyn OSPF:
cu hnh mt min nh tuyn OSPF cc router c cu hnh thc hin cc nhim v sau - Cho php OSPF. cho php OSPF hot ng trn mt router th nhim v ny phi c cu hnh, n xc nh min a ch c kt hp vi tin trnh nh tuyn v area ID c kt hp vi min a ch IP. Cc tham s ny c thit lp cho mi giao din m OSPF hot ng. - Cu hnh cc tham s giao din OSPF . - Cu hnh OSPF qua cc mng vt l khc nhau. - Cu hnh cc tham s vng OSPF - Cu hnh khng n vng stubby - Cu hnh tm tt tuyn gia cc vng OSPF. Nu a ch IP trong mt vng l lin tc th tm tt tuyn cho php thng bo ca mt tuyn c tm tt u c thng bo cho mt vng khc nh ABR. thc hin nhim v ny, nh qun l mng cu hnh min a ch cho tuyn tm tt s c thng bo. - Cu hnh tm tt tuyn khi ti phn b cc tuyn cho OSPF. Cc tuyn c thng bo vo mt min OSPF c thng bo c lp trong cc gi LSA ngoi ring bit. Nhim v ny cu trc ln OSPF thng bo mt tuyn n cho tt c cc tuyn c ti phn b cng vi prefix mng n. - To link o. Nhim v ny to ra mt link o gia cc ABR v cc link o phi c cu hnh trong c hai router, thng tin cu hnh bao gm ID ca ABR khc v vng non-backbone. Cc tuyn o khng th c thit lp qua vng stub. - To mt tuyn mc nh. Nhim v ny c s dng to ra mt tuyn mc nh trn min OSPF. Thm ch mt router c th l router bin AS, n khng to ra mc nh mt tuyn mc nh trong min. - Cu hnh tm kim tn DNS. Cc router c mt s cc lnh cho php nh qun l mng xem hin th ca cc router. Tn min ca cc router DNS c th c hin th vi nhim v ny.
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- iu khin cc metric mc nh. Cc router high-end cho php nhim v ny c cu hnh da trn bng tn ca link trn mi giao din trn router. - Cu hnh OSPF trn giao din Ethernet n. Nhim v ny to ra mt giao din OSPF trn mt mng con Ethernet v cho php cc thit b trn on Ethernet nhn thy nhau vi cc gi hello OSPF . - Cu hnh ng h nh thi tnh ton tuyn. Nhim v ny c s dng xc nh thi gian OSPF bt u tnh ton ng ngn nht u tin t khi thu 1 LSA biu din mt bin i cu hnh. N c th c s dng thit lp thi gian gia 2 tnh ton SPF. - Cu hnh OSPF qua cc knh theo yu cu. Cu hnh hot ng nhim v ny ch l vo mt lnh . - Np cc thay i k cn. Cc router c cc phng tin g ri m rng, nhim v ny c th c cu hnh nu cc phng tin m rng khng c yu cu v cc nh qun l mng ch mun bit khi no trng thi ca k cn OSPF bin i. - Gim st v bo dng OSPF. Nhim v ny cung cp thng tin trn mt mng rng,bao gm ni dung ca cc bng nh tuyn ca cc router v c s d liu trng thi ng. N cng ch ra thng tin trn cc giao din router n cc k cn bao gm cc link o.
2.4.5 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

BGP l giao thc nh tuyn gia cc min,nhim v ca n l thng tin gia cc router trong cc AS khc nhau. BGP c cp n nh mt giao thc nh tuyn vc t ng v BGP thng bo kh nng t ti mt mng ch bng cch cha mt danh sch cc AS m cc gi phi chuyn qua n ch. Thng tin vc t ng rt hu ch v loop c th c trnh bng cch nhn vo s AS trong cp nht nh tuyn BGP. Cc c tnh chc nng ca BGP. - Giao thc nh tuyn vc t ng. - H tr nh tuyn da theo chnh sch, n nh hng n vic la chn cc tuyn bng cch iu khin phn b cc tuyn n cc router BGP khc nhau.
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- S dng ca TCP trao i thng tin nh tuyn tin cy gia cc router BGP - H tr tp hp CIDR v VLSM. - Khng hn ch v cu hnh mng. Mt mng gm mt s AS chy BGP c ch ra trong hnh 2.13:
BGP IBGP AS#1 BGP
IBGP
BGP IBGP AS#1
IBGP
BGP IBGP
EBGP
BGP IBGP
BGP
Hnh 2.13: Mng BGP

Cc router BGP trong cc AS khc nhau thit lp mi quan h EBGP v cc router trong mt AS thit lp mi quan h I BGP. m bo cc router trong cng AS duy tr cng thng tin nh tuyn, mi router BGP trong AS phi thit lp mi quan h IBGP vi cc router khc trong AS. Mc d vy nh tuyn cc gi trong mt AS th cc giao thc nh tuyn trong min c s dng ch khng phi BGP. Khi mng c khi u,cc router k cn m mt kt ni TCP vi nhau v thit lp ton b c s d liu nh tuyn. Sau , ch nhng bin i v cu hnh hoc chnh sch l c gi i trong bn tin cp nht BGP. Bn tin ny c th thng bo hoc rt b kh nng t n mt mng c bit, n c th cha cc c tnh ng c s dng bi cc router BGP xy dng v phn phi bng nh tuyn da trn cc chnh sch c bit. Phin bn hin thi ca BGP l BGP 4. BGP l giao thc gia cc AS, n c mt s u im so vi cc giao thc trc n. Th nht, n c th hot ng vi cc mng c cu hnh loop. Th hai, mt node thu c nhiu hn mt ng c th t cc thng bo n mt ch th c th chn mt ng tt nht. Th ba, BGP h tr CIDR v tp hp a ch. Hn na, BGP khng quan tm loi giao thc trong AS c s dng l loi g hay c mt hay nhiu giao thc IGP c s dng. BGP c
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thit k chy cc giao thc lp vn ti tin cy nh TCP. Do , nh qun l mng BGP khng cn thit quan tm n phn mnh hay thu lu lng c chnh xc khng Cc vn loi ny c x l bi lp vn ti. BGP hot ng bng cch xy dng mt s cc AS. S ny xut pht t thng tin nh tuyn c trao i gia cc router BGP trong cc AS, BGP xem ton b Internet nh mt s ca cc AS vi mi AS c xc nh bi s AS. S gia cc AS cng c gi l cy, trong khi cc AS thng c kt ni vi nhau trong mt quan h k cn th router BGP c th c cu hnh b qua cc router trung gian trong cy AS. BGP c mt s u im so vi cc giao thc vct khong cch: - BGP gi cc bn tin ch khi c bin i. - BGP c kh nng la chn ng loop-free thm ch khi h thng c th c cc loop vt l. - BGP cung cp cc ng d phng s dng khi ng hot ng b li m khng cn i cho cc bng nh tuyn mng n nh sau khi s c chm dt. - Cc quyt nh nh tuyn c th da trn cc cn nhc v chnh sch v khng nht thit ch da vo s hop t nht. iu ny rt quan trng i vi cc mng cng cng, ni m cc ISP a vo cc tho thun ng tng vi nhau. Cc tho thun ny c th c h tr vi cc chnh sch nh tuyn BGP. - Mt router BGP a vo mt mi quan h vi router khc qua cu hnh bng tay m khng phi t ng. N cng rt quan trng trong Internet h tr hoc t chi cc tho thun ng tng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn cn phi bit v cc k cn ca n v trao i thng tin vi chng nh th no. BGP khng l mt ngoi l, n h tr 2 loi k cn l k cn bn trong (cng AS) v k cn ngoi (khc AS). Cc k cn trong c th khng k cn v mt vt l, chng c th c t bt c u trong AS. Cc k cn ngoi k cn nhau v cng chia s mt mng con. BGP s dng khi nim speaker thng bo thng bo thng tin nh tuyn, speaker nm trong router v n phc v nh cc im ra cho cc mng c bit pha ngoi AS. Kt ni gia cc speaker BGP ca cc AS khc nhau gi l cc link ngoi v gia cc speader trong mt AS gi l link trong.
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36
37
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CHNG 3: CHUYN MCH IP
CHNG 3 CHUYN MCH IP

Chuyn mch IP l mt c ch v tp cc giao thc s dng chuyn mch lp 2 tng tc chuyn tip gi IP qua mng. Hu ht cc gii php chuyn mch IP u s dng chuyn mch lp 2 l chuyn mch ATM tuy nhin cng c th c mt s k thut chuyn mch lp 2 khc nh Frame Relay hay Tag Switching.
3.1 nh ngha v cc thut ng

Nh cp trn, chuyn mch IP s dng chuyn mch lp 2 nh l mt c ch chuyn tip cc gi IP xuyn qua mt mng. u im ca n l c thi gian chuyn mch nhanh v bng thng ln. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch IP cng cn c giai on thc hin x l lp 3 (Lp mng). Do vy, c th ni chuyn mch IP l s kt hp gia chuyn mch lp 2 v qu trnh nh tuyn, chuyn tip lp 3 chuyn tip gi tin qua mng.
3.1.1 Chuyn mch IP

Chuyn mch IP l mt thit b hoc h thng c th chuyn tip gi tin IP lp 3 (lp mng) cng nh c c ch cho php chuyn mch ti lp 2 (lp lin kt d liu). Do vy, chuyn mch IP phi c kh nng phn loi gi tin thnh gi tin c chuyn tip ti lp 3 hay c chuyn mch ti lp 2 v ti iu khin mt b phn hoc tt c gi tin truyn qua ng chuyn mch lp 2 . Hu ht cc b chuyn mch IP s dng c cu chuyn mch ATM nhng cng c mt s s dng cc k thut lp 2 khc nh chuyn mch th ca Cisco, chuyn mch th a giao thc (MPLS) ca IEEF.
ng dn lp 3 ng dn lp 2
u vo u ra
IPCP
Switch
a)
IPCP Bin vo Bin ra
Switch
Switch
Switch
b)
Hnh 3.1 Thit b chuyn mch IP (a) Thit b chuyn mch IP, (b): thit b chuyn mch IP o SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT
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Hin nay ngi ta s dng 2 c cu chuyn mch IP nh hnh v 3.1. Trong im iu khin giao thc nh tuyn (IPCP) trong c hai c ch u chy cc giao thc nh tuyn in hnh nh RIP, OSPF, BGP,... cung cp ng nh tuyn lp 3 mc nh. IPCP c th giao tip mt cch trc tip (kiu a) hoc gin tip (kiu b) vi cc thnh phn chuyn mch ti nh hng cc gi tin IP qua cc thnh phn chuyn mch. Tng t nh chuyn mch ATM thng thng, cc b chuyn mch s dng mt bng kt ni gm cc cng u vo, th u vo, cng u ra, th u ra tng ng. Trong hnh v, s a gi l chuyn mch IP v s b gi l chuyn mch IP o. Hai kiu ny phn bit bi cc im khc nhau sau: Th nht l khc nhau phm vi ca ng chuyn mch lp 2. Vi chuyn mch IP th ng chuyn mch lp 2 bao gm cc thit b chuyn mch IP ring l v cc thit b chuyn mch hot ng di s iu khin trc tip ca mt IPCP tng ng. thit lp ng chuyn mch xuyn sut (End-to-End) th cc b chuyn mch IP ny phi bt tay nhau cng cng tc. Nhng i vi kiu chuyn mch IP o, mt ng chuyn mch xuyn sut c xy dng bi mt chui cc thnh phn chuyn mch IP nhng di s iu khin ca mt IPCP duy nht. Th hai, khc nhau v tr ca cc cng vo b chuyn mch. i vi cu hnh a, cc cng vo v ra ca h thng chuyn mch cng trong mt h thng cn cu hnh kiu b, th c th trn cng hoc khng cng mt thit b chuyn mch. Th ba, khc nhau kiu s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM UNI/PNNI. Trong kiu chuyn mch IP, da vo cu hnh mng IP v cc giao thc nh tuyn la chn mt ng dn chuyn tip xuyn qua mng v sau s dng giao thc iu khin c bit trao i vi nhau v cc chuyn mch IP ln cn nhau s thc hin c ch nh x ng chuyn mch xuyn sut thnh ng chuyn mch lp 2. Cn trong kiu chuyn mch IP o, s dng cc giao thc iu khin c bit khi u chu trnh nhng da trn cu hnh mng ATM, cc giao thc nh
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tuyn v bo hiu la chn v xy dng cc ng chuyn mch lp 2. Trong trng hp ny phi s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM UNI/PNNI. Cn phi lu rng, mt b chuyn mch IP c kh nng chy cc giao thc ATM trong mt h thng xuyn sut hoc trong cc on chuyn mch. Bo hiu UNI ca b chuyn mch IP v tnh nng qun tr VC c s dng nu nu hai thit b chuyn mch IP mun lin lc xuyn qua mt mng cc thit b chuyn mch ATM trung gian.
3.1.2 u vo v u ra ca chuyn mch IP

Mt h thng chuyn mch IP cung cp chuyn pht v nh tuyn lp 3 mc nh v cc dch v lp 2 c tng tc. Li ch ca cc dch v ny c th l cc dch v c lp hoc mt nhm ngi s dng trong mt on LAN, trong mt mng hay mt ch c chia s. Cn c mt cch vo v ra h thng chuyn mch IP, c th quyt nh ai c th thu cc dch v chuyn mch IP. Cc thnh phn vo (ingress) v ra (egress) phc v cho yu cu ny, chng c t ti sn ca h thng chuyn mch IP. Mt thnh phn vo/ra c th bao gm mt on m chy trong mt my tnh hay mt chc nng c b sung trong mt thit b sn ang tn ti hoc mt router hay mt hp en c bit no . Cc chc nng quan trng ca cc thnh phn vo/ra ca chuyn mch IP: - Cung cp vic pht chuyn tip IP mc nh thng thng cho lu lng vo v ra khi mng - Cung cp cc phng tin bien dch (V d: Ethernet to ATM,...) phc v cho cc gi vo v ra khi h thng chuyn mch IP - Tham gia vo cc th tc iu khin thit lp, duy tr v xa b mt ng chuyn mch lp 2 gia u vo v u ra tng ng. - Ti u vo, phn loi cc gi thch hp v sau chuyn chng vo ng chuyn mch lp 2. Cch gii quyt chung l kim tra mt s trng trong tiu gi quyt nh liu cc gi c nn t vo trong mt ng chuyn mch hay khng, nu c th kim tra mt bng nh tuyn chun,
41
N TT NGHIP
gn th cho gi. Cn trong trng hp l mt h thng chuyn mch ATM th phn mnh v truyn qua mt kt ni o. - Ti u ra, nhn cc gi qua ng chuyn mch lp 2 v thc hin cc th tc chuyn tip IP chun khi cc gi ra khi h thng chuyn mch IP Khi nim u vo v u ra mt chuyn mch IP c ch ra trong hnh 3.2:
L3 L2
Chuyn tip L3 Chuyn mch L2
a)
L3 L2
Chuyn tip L3
b)
Hnh 3.2: Chuyn mch IP vi chc nng u vo (a) v u ra (b)

Gi thit trn rng h thng chuyn mch IP quyt nh mt s gi c chuyn tip qua mt ng chuyn mch lp 2 v ng ny s c thit lp gia cc thit b u vo v u ra ca mng. Cc gi n u vo ca mng c phn loi ra hai ng l chuyn tip IP lp 3 mc nh hoc chuyn mch lp 2, vic phn loi ny da trn cc a ch IP ngun/ch hoc cc tin t mng ch. Cc gi c phn loi l ng chuyn mch lp 2 c chuyn qua ng chuyn mch. Cc gi khc chuyn qua lp 3 s dng cc th tc chuyn tip IP thng thng. Khi cc gi n u ra mng, chng c gi n lp 3 x l IP thng thng v c chuyn pht n ch. Mt chuyn mch IP khng hot ng ch t tr, do cn c cc chc nng b sung ti u vo v u ra mng nhm cho php cc gi vo h thng chuyn mch IP, chuyn tip gia cc chuyn mch lp 2 hoc nh tuyn lp 3 v sau thot ra.
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N TT NGHIP
3.1.3 ng tt
Trong mi trng nh tuyn IP thng thng, gi tin t mng ngun c chuyn tip theo tng chng (hop-by-hop) qua mt chui cc b nh tuyn (router) n mng ch. Mt khi gi tin n mi b nh tuyn, b nh tuyn phi tin hnh kim tra bng nh tuyn, kim tra tiu , gim TTL (Tham s ch thi gian sng ca gi tin chng lp), bin dch theo cc phng tin truyn dn c th, ... Nhng cng vic ny lm ny sinh thi gian tr hi t v thi gian truy cp gi tin khi qua mt ng nh tuyn. Thi gian tr ln dn n hiu nng truyn thp, bng thng nh chnh l hn ch ca phng php IP thng thng. gim thi gian tr ca gi tin khi truyn qua b nh tuyn phi b qua cc chng nh tuyn trung gian ca gi tin cng nhiu cng tt. ng dn ny ch c th mc 2 v gi l ng tt (Shortcut path). Vy, ng tt l mt ng dn kt ni o t mng ngun n ch b qua cc chng nh tuyn mc 3 trung gian. Mt ng tt nh vy c th c thit lp gia hai Host, hai b nh tuyn bin, hoc kt hp c hai. ng tt phi c cc thuc tnh sau: B qua chc nng nh tuyn lp 3 (lp mng) ng tt c th c xy dng da vo lu lng d liu hoc lu lng iu khin. phng php th nht, mt phn d liu c nh tuyn qua ng dn lp 3 trc khi h thng chuyn mch IP thit lp mt ng tt. phng php th hai, ng tt c thit lp da vo lu lng iu khin (nh cp nht bng nh tuyn) do , tt c d liu u c truyn qua n. Nu mt ng dn tt gia b nh tuyn bin vo v ra mng khng tn ti hoc t ngt b mt th lu lng vn c nh tuyn n ch theo ng nh tuyn lp 3 bnh thng. ng tt c th cng ng vt l (cng Node v lin kt) vi ng dn nh tuyn (Chuyn mch IP) hoc c th tch bit nhau (Chuyn mch IP o) Mt ng tt t bin vo v ra mng c th l mt ng dn xuyn sut hoc c to nn bi s kt ni mt chui cc ng tt nh hn.
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N TT NGHIP
ng tt c th theo cu hnh im n im, in n a im hoc a im n im. H tr tnh nng QoS, CoS cho dch v s dng.
3.2 Cc m hnh a ch ca chuyn mch IP

hp tc vi nhau th yu cu cc thit b ATM v IP phi bit c a ch ca nhau khi cn thit ngha l c c cu a ch sao cho chng c th chuyn i ln nhau mt khi c yu cu. Mt mng c s dng dch v chuyn mch IP vi k thut ATM phi h tr vi mt khng gian a ch IP nh nht. a ch IP c th gn vi mt a ch ATM ca gi tin vi mt ch hoc hoc ngun c th, hoc s nh x t a ch IP ca n ni n mt kt ni o (c nh du bi cc th VCI/VPI). Bi vy cho nn c hai kiu nh a ch c bn l : kiu a ch tch bit (Separated) v kiu chuyn i IP thnh VC (IP-VC).
3.2.1 a ch ring
Trong ch ny, c hai loi a ch IP v ATM ng thi c s dng trong mng. Do vy, mt b nh tuyn hoc mt my ch khi gn vo mt mng ATM phi c xc nh bi c hai loi a ch l IP v ATM. Nu knh PVC khng c thit lp t trc th mt my ch IP ngun phi bit a ch ATM ca my ch IP ch m n mun lin lc. Do vy, cn mt nh x a ch t IP n ATM my ch IP ngun c th yu cu mt kt ni SVC n my ch IP ch cn lin kt. My ch IP c th lm c cng vic ny nh vo cu hnh mng m n bit hoc nh vo vic truy cp n bng nh x a ch IP-ATM ca Server phn gii a ch (ARS: Address Resolution Server). Trong thc t, cn hai giao thc tch bit nh tuyn cho cc mng ch IP v ATM mc d c th c giao thc nh tuyn n c th h tr c hai loi trn (V d I-PNNI: Intergrated PNNI). Ch a ch tch bit c cc c im sau: Mi thit b c s dng mng phi c xc nh bi a ch IP v ATM.
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N TT NGHIP
S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn tch bit cho hai loi a ch khc nhau. C th OSPF, BGP, ... cho IP v UNI, PNNI cho a ch ATM. Trong thc t, vic s dng c cu yu cu my ch Server thc hin lm xut hin tr cho gi tin khi thit lp ng nh tuyn bnh thng gia 2 my ch trn cng mt mng con hay ng tt gia thit b ngun v ch.
Ch a ch tch bit c s dng kiu chuyn mch IP kiu chng ph v d nh gii php MPOA (Multi Protocol Over ATM).
3.2.2 nh x a ch IP sang VC
Trong ch ny, cc thnh phn mng v gi tin ch c xc nh bi a ch IP. Cc gi tin c truyn mt ng dn tt tch bit, mt VC, c thit lp da vo ni dung ca lp IP trong tiu ca gi tin. Cc giao thc iu khin c s dng a cc gi tin IP n cc ng dn tt m khng cn s dng a ch ATM hoc giao thc ca din n ATM tuy nhin, c s dng cc gi tr VPI/VCI lin kt thng tin lp IP vi mt kt ni VC. c im ca ch a ch IP-to-VC l: Ch s dng mt a ch duy nht l a ch IP Ch s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn thng bo a ch mng IP S dng giao thc nh x IP-to-VC lin kt gi tin IP vi mt ng tt. Ch a ch chuyn i ny c s dng trong tt c b chuyn mch IP ngang hng vi nhau v nhng khi khng s dng giao thc ca din n ATM hoc s dng thit lp mt ng dn tt. Cc gii php chuyn mch IP s dng ch a ch ny rt nhiu nh IFMP, GSMP,...
3.3 Cc m hnh chuyn mch IP

C hai ch c bn ca chuyn mch IP, chng khc nhau cch s dng hoc khng s dng cc giao thc ca din n ATM v thuc kiu cu
45
N TT NGHIP
trc thit b chuyn mch IP hay chuyn mch IP o. l ch ngang hng (Peer) v chng ph (Overlay).
3.3.1 M hnh xp chng

Ch chng ph ca chuyn mch IP l ch m lp IP chy trn u lp ATM. Hay ni cch khc, n bao gm cc thit b IP vi a ch IP chy giao thc nh tuyn IP v thit b ATM (nh my ch IP, b nh tuyn IP, chuyn mch ATM) vi a ch ATM chy cc giao thc bo hiu v nh tuyn ATM. Do vy, c th ni ch chng ph l ch n gin nht bi v cc thnh phn IP v ATM u sn c v chy hu ht cc giao thc c bn. Tuy nhin c nhc im l hiu nng hot ng khng cao bi s c nhiu chc nng c lp li bi lun tn ti 2 kiu a ch v chy trn 2 b giao thc cng chc nng. c im ca ch chng ph: S dng ch a ch tch bit Chy cc giao thc nh tuyn tch bit: IP (OSPF, BGP,...), ATM (PNNI), ngha l s dng hai cu hnh tch bit v mi cu hnh khng quan tm n nhau. V d, mt b nh tuyn IP chy giao thc OSPF ch bit cu hnh ca mng IP m khng bit v khng thy chuyn mch ATM.
Nu s dng SVC th yu cu c s phn gii a ch gia IP ATM v thc hin giao thc nh tuyn/ bo hiu UNI/PNNI thit lp ng nh tuyn bnh thng cng nh ng dn tt. Thng thng s dng cho cu trc chuyn mch IP o H tr cc ng nh tuyn mc nh (Lp 3) v ng tt (Lp 2) C cng mt phin bn cho k thut IP trn cc mng a truy nhp khng qung b khc (NBMA). Mt v d ca ch chng ph c minh ho nh hnh v 3.3 sau:
46
N TT NGHIP
IPCP #2 IPCP #1 Bin vo Bin ra
ATM Switch#2 ATM Switch#1

ng nh tu yn IP ng t t
ATM Switch#3
ATM Switch#4
Hnh 3.3: V d v ch xp chng ca chuyn mch IP

Trong v d ny, s dng ch a ch tch bit v da trn thit b mng IP v ATM c sn.ng nh tuyn mc nh gia bin vo v ra mng xuyn qua mt chui cc IPCP #1 v IPCP#2 (IPCP: im iu khin giao thc IP). ng dn tt c thit lp gia bin vo v ra, b qua cc chng nh tuyn trung gian l IPCP #1 v IPCP#2. Ti u vo mng, bin vo phi xc nh c a ch ATM ca bin ra, sau n thc hin cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM thit lp ng chuyn mch lp 2 qua cc b chuyn mch ATM 1,3 v 4. Trong trng hp ny, gi tin c truyn qua ng tt khng cng lin kt vt l v Node nh khi n c truyn qua ng nh tuyn mc nh lp 3. iu ny cng rt hp l bi v giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu ATM quyt nh ng SVC t bin vo n bin ra ch ph thuc vo cu hnh mng ATM m khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng IP.
3.3.2 M hnh ng cp
Trong ch ny, cc b chuyn mch IP thnh phn ch s dng a ch IP v giao thc nh tuyn IP. Ch ngang hng cng s dng mt giao thc iu khin ring thc hin s nh x lu lng IP vo cc ng tt. c im ca ch ngang hng: Ch s dng mt kiu a ch duy nht: a ch IP Ch s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn
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N TT NGHIP
Chuyn mch IP s dng cc giao thc iu khin c bit nh x cc gi tin vo cc ng tt: ng chuyn mch lp 2. H tr c ng nh tuyn mc nh v ng tt. Hnh v 3.4 sau minh ho ch ngang hng.
IPCP#1 IPCP#2
Bin vo
Bin ra
IPCP #4 IPCP#3
n g n h tu y n IP n g t t
IPCP#5
Hnh 3.4: V d v ch ngang hng ca chuyn mch IP

a ch IP-VC c thc hin bi v khng c s c mt ca thnh phn chuyn mch ATM v chy cc giao thc ca din n ATM. v d ny, ng dn tt trng vi ng nh tuyn mc nh xt v tnh vt l ca node v lin kt. S d c s ging nhau bi v trong ch ny ta ch dng mt giao thc nh tuyn IP tnh mt ng dn ti u n mt ch da vo cu hnh mng IP. Bng 3.1 sau y s a ra s so snh tm tt gia cc ch chuyn mch IP. Thuc tnh Ch a ch Giao thc nh tuyn Yu cu cc giao thc ca ATM Yu cu cc giao thc c bit IP-to-Shortcut Overlay a ch tch bit (IP v ATM) Yu cu c IP v ATM C Khng Peer a ch n (IP) v s dng nh x trc tip IP-to-VC Ch yu cu IP Khng C
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N TT NGHIP
ng nh tuyn lp 3 v ng chuyn mch lp 2 Cc thnh phn chuyn mch IP Trin khai cc mng
Khng trng nhau Chuyn mch IP o, b nh tuyn, my ch MPOA, B nh tuyn gn vi mng ATM
Trng nhau Chuyn mch IP, b nh tuyn, my ch Chuyn mch IP chy IFMP/GSMP, ARIS, ...
3.4 Cc kiu chuyn mch IP

Cc tiu chun cho vic thit lp v phn loi lu lng truyn vo cc ng chuyn mch lp 2 ph thuc vo cc kiu v giao thc ca cc gii php chuyn mch IP. Ni mt cch tng qut, c hai gii php cho chuyn mch IP l gii php theo lu lng v gii php theo cu hnh mng
3.4.1 Gii php chuyn mch theo lung

Lung (flow) l mt chui cc gi c cng a ch ngun, a ch ch v s cng vo, ra. Gii php chuyn mch IP theo lung d liu l gii php ch p dng cho tng lung c th. Hot ng c bn ca chuyn mch IP da theo lung lu lng c minh ho nh hnh v 3.5 v bao gm cc bc sau y: Gii php ny tin hnh da vo cc bc c bn sau: u tin N gi tin ca mt lung c nh tuyn theo tng chng qua mt hay nhiu thc th nh tuyn IP (R1, R2,..., RN) n ch. Cc thc th nh tuyn Ri ny thuc cc b nh tuyn IP, b nh tuyn IP o, hoc cc b nh tuyn c kt ni vi nhau bng cc kt ni ATM. Da vo c tnh ca lung IP v d kiu lu lng, s cng, a ch IP ngun/ch, tc n, ... cc thc th nh tuyn IP (ti bin cng nh gia mng) quyt nh khi u mt chu trnh ti iu khin. Chu trnh ti nh hng ny lin quan n vic yu cu h thng thit lp mt ng tt chuyn mch lp 2 v iu khin lu lng truyn qua ng tt va thit lp. Mt khi lung IP c ti iu khin th tt c cc gi tin cn li c truyn qua ng chuyn mch lp 2.
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N TT NGHIP
Ngun

ch
N gi tn
Ti iu khin (N +1)+M gi tn
R R 11
B B
B
R R 22
B B
B
RN RN
N gi tn
ATM ATM Switch Switch
(N +1)+M gi tn
Hnh 3.5: Chuyn mch IP kiu hng d liu Hnh v 3.5 minh ho kiu chuyn mch ny. Kiu chuyn mch IP theo lung d liu c nhiu u im. Th nht, n khng cn thit chuyn mch tt c cc lung lu lng ca tt c cc lung. Bi v khng phi lung d liu no cng cn thit phi yu cuchuyn mch nh lung ICMP ping, hay th in t ti u,... Th hai, s ti iu khin ch c thc hin ring cho tng lung c th do , m bo cht lng gi tin truyn qua lung .
Tm li, c im c bn ca kiu chuyn mch IP theo d liu l:
Tu vo tnh trng ca mt lung c th m thit b chuyn mch IP quyt nh thit lp mt ng chuyn mch cho lung y t ng dng n ng dng khc hay t my ch n my ch. Mt lung c nh ngha l mt chui cc gi tin c chung cc thng tin tiu nh a ch IP ch/ ngun hay s cng TCP/UDP.
S ti iu khin c thc hin c lp cho mi lung v phm vi c th ch cc thit b chuyn mch ln cn nhau hoc xuyn sut t bin vo v ra mng. Ngha l cc thit b chuyn mch c th x l khc nhau cho cng mt lung lu lng.
Nu mt ng tt khng tn ti hoc t nhin bin mt th cc gi tin phi c nh tuyn n ch.
Cc ng tt c thit lp da vo lu lng mang trng thi mm ngha l chng s hu b nu khng c lm ti trc mt thi gian nh trc (time out).
3.4.2 Gii php chuyn mch theo cu hnh

Chuyn mch IP theo cu hnh da trn cu hnh mng IP v s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP thng thng (nh OSPF, BGP...) v c thc
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N TT NGHIP
hin ti cc thc th nh tuyn IP ca chuyn mch IP. Cc th mi (VPI/VCI) c kt hp vi a ch mng IP ch ch ra mt mng ch. Chng c to ra v phn phi ti cc chuyn mch IP khc trong min nh tuyn. Tt c lu lng c d tnh trc cho mt mng ch c th s i theo mt ng dn chuyn mch da trn cc th VPI/VCI mi. Hot ng c bn ca chuyn mch IP da theo cu hnh c minh ho nh hnh v 3.6.
RN (a ch ch , nhn )
ch
Chuyn mch bin Vo mng
Chuyn mch ATM
Chuyn mch ATM
Chuyn mch bin Ra mng
Hnh 3.6: Chuyn mch IP theo cu hnh

Qu trnh chuyn mch bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Hi t cc chuyn mch IP trn mt cu hnh mng da vo s thay i cc bn tin giao thc nh tuyn gia cc thc th nh tuyn IP (R1,R2, ... Rn). Bc 2: Cc th VPI/VCI mi c kt hp vi a ch mng ch theo dng: {a ch mng ch, th} c to ra v phn phi ti cc thnh phn ca chuyn mch IP trong min nh tuyn. Bc 3: u vo ca chuyn mch IP kim tra a ch mng ch ca cc gi vo mng. Thay v chuyn tip cc gi n a ch IP trong chng tip theo, u vo chuyn mch IP t cc gi ln mt ng dn chuyn mch n mng u ra. Tt c lu lng n ch truyn qua mt ng dn chuyn mch t mng u vo n mng u ra. Bc 4: Ti u ra chuyn mch IP nhn c cc gi qua ng dn chuyn mch v chuyn tip chng n lp 3 ti mng ch.
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N TT NGHIP
Gii php iu khin theo cu hnh cho chuyn mch IP ci thin hiu nng v tnh linh hot so vi gii php iu khin lung. Th nht, tt c lu lng gm mt hoc nhiu lung n cng mt mng ch c chuyn mch. Mt khc ton b lu lng c chuyn mch, khng ch c phn ui nh trong trng hp chuyn mch IP theo lung. Th hai, chuyn mch IP theo cu hnh c tr thi gian x l gi tin thp hn nhiu so vi phng php theo lung bi v cc ng dn chuyn mch ch c thit lp sau khi c thay i cu hnh hoc sau khi iu khin lu lng. Nu cu hnh n nh, cc ng dn chuyn mch s c thit lp v tt c lu lng thch hp s c truyn qua n. Xt v phng din qui m th gii php theo cu hnh l tt hn. Bi v s ng dn chuyn mch trong mt min nh tuyn l cn i vi s lng cc b nh tuyn hay kch thc ca mng. Ngoi ra, c th cho php cc mc cao hn s dng cc kt ni a im n im (v d s hp nht VC) dng chung mt tp mng ch. Bn cnh nhng u im nu trn th k thut ny cng c nhiu hn ch so vi k thut th nht. Th nht, c li v qui m v hiu nng thc hin th phi tr gi v chi ph. Chuyn mch theo cu hnh da vo cu hnh mng thit lp tt c cc ng tt c th c ngay c vi nhng ng khng c lu lng truyn qua do lm lng ph ti nguyn. Th hai, theo k thut ny vic thc hin cung cp QoS cho dch v l kh khn bi v cc ng tt cho cc lung l c nh v thi gian v tnh ti u. Th ba, c th sinh ra cc vng lp bi v nu s cp nht bng nh tuyn l cha chnh xc (cha kp thi) th cc thit b chuyn mch s xc nh cc th khng chnh xc dn n kh nng b lp. Tm li, cc c im c bn ca chuyn mch IP theo cu hnh l: ng tt c thit lp da vo s tn ti ca cc mng ch v ch c thit lp sau khi c s thay i trong cu hnh. Tt c lu lng c cng mt lung u c chuyn mch qua ng tt.
u ra ca cc chuyn mch IP nhn c mt th mi tng ng vi mt a ch ch. Thng thng chuyn tip IP c thc hin nhng thay v chuyn trc tip cc gi n a ch IP ca chng
52
N TT NGHIP
tip theo, u vo chuyn mch IP c b sung thm vo cc th mi v t cc gi ln mt ng dn chuyn mch.
Ti mi thnh phn chuyn mch trung gian, cc gi (hay cc t bo) c tro th. u ra chuyn mch IP nhn c cc gi t ng dn chuyn mch, loi b th v sau chuyn tip cc gi s dng cc th tc lp 3 thng thng. Cc gi c th c nh tuyn lp 3 thng thng n ch nu mt ng tt gp s c.
C th gy ra cc vng lp ngn ti lp 2.
3.5 Mt s gii php trong chuyn mch IP

Chuyn mch IP l mt k thut cho php cung cp mt hiu nng thc hin tt hn v dung lng ln hn lu lng IP. K thut IP xut pht t s ci tin chu trnh x l theo tng gi tin ti mi b nh tuyn m khng i theo hng tm cch ci thin tc ca b nh tuyn. Quyt nh thit k chuyn mch IP ti thi im hin nay l ti s dng cc thit b chuyn tip Multigigabit c vi k thut chuyn mch ATM to thnh c ch chuyn tip gi tin c dung lng rt ln v hiu nng thc hin rt cao. Nhng chuyn mch ATM khng phi l c ch chuyn tip mt gi tin bt k m n chuyn mch cc t bo t mt cng vo n mt cng ra tng ng. Do vy, trong tiu ca gi tin khng c thng tin no dnh cho vic chuyn tip goi tin IP. Trng quan trng nht trong t bo ATM l cc s xc nh kt ni (VCI/VPI) hay cn gi l nhn (label/tag). N gn ni dung ca t bo vi mt kt ni u cui-u cui o. Bi vy, mt chuyn mch ATM thnh mt b nh tuyn (hoc mt phn ca h thng nh tuyn), cn phi xy dng mt thnh phn iu khin lin kt ng chuyn tip cho cc lung lu lng IP ring l hoc hi t vi mt kt ni IP o. Trn thc t, tt c cc gii php chuyn mhc IP bao gm c MPLS u c c ch iu khin n gin l gn cc lung lu lng IP vo cc kt ni ATM o. Khi nim v s nh x mt lung cc gi tin thnh mt t bo nh, tiu c nh c a ra ln u tin chuyn mch th (Cisco) v
53
N TT NGHIP
sau l chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS ca IETF) cho php lien kt cc lung lu lng IP vi bt k phng tin truyn dn no. Mt ng chuyn mch (LSP) tng t nh mt ATM VC c th c thit lp xuyn qua mt chui cc b nh tuyn truyn gi tin mc 2. kt qu t c s gn kt gia IP v chuyn mch ATM mt s nh x gia c ch chuyn tip gi tin khng hng kt ni vi tiu phc tp trn mt kin trc hng kt ni n nh n gin. m bo quan im c bn ca IP l trng thi mm (Soft-state) c thc hin bng cch cc thit b ngang hng vn yu cu s gn kt cc on doc theo mt ng dn t bin vo mng n bin ra mng chuyn mch. Nhng cng c cc gii php khc n gin hn ang nhanh chng ni ln cng gii quyt vn l a ch chuyn mch IP, Ethernet Ggabit, th h tip theo ca Ethernet Crank h tr tc chuyn tip ln n 1Gb. Vi thit b ny, c th chuyn tip hng triu gi tin trong mt giy lp 3 t mng Ethernet ny n mng Ethernet khc. Cc b nh tuyn Gigabit v Terabit trong mng WAN c thit k cho mng th h sau s h tr hng chc thm ch hng trm gigabit trong mt giy cho tc chuyn tip. N s gn trc tip vo mng quang v ha hn s cung cp rt nhiu dch v vi tc cc cao khng ch cho d liu m cho ting ni v hnh nh. Tuy nhin mi gii php u c u nhc im ring v hin nay, ngi ta ch trin khai gii php u l chuyn mch IP lp 2. C nhiu gii php khc nhau ca cc cng ty khc nhau gii quyt vn ny. C th mt s gii php ca mt s cng ty ni ting trn th gii l: - Tag Switching (CISCO) - IFMP IP Switching (IPSILON) - IP Navigator (ASCEND) - CSR/FANP (TOSHIBA) - MPLS (IETF) Hnh v di y m t cy phn loi chuyn mch IP, cc cng ngh lin quan v cc gii php:
54
N TT NGHIP
Chuyn mch IP
M hnh ng cp (Peer )
M hnh xp chng (Overlay )
Lung IFMP /GSMP CSR /FANP
Cu hnh Chuyn mch th ARIS
Lung MPOA
Gii php a ch RFC 1557 , LANE NHRP , MARS
Hnh 3.7: Cy phn loi chuyn mch IP

Trong chng sau chng ta s tm hiu v chuyn mch th (Tag Switching) ca hng Cisco lm mt v d minh ha c th cho chuyn mch IP.
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CHNG 4: CHUYN MCH TH CA CISCO
CHNG 4 CHUYN MCH TH CA CISCO

4.1 Gii thiu chuyn mch th
Vo nm 1996, Cisco xut mt gii php mi cho chuyn mch IP, gii php ny ph hp cho vic tch hp gia b nh tuyn v chuyn mch. p dng s phn loi tng lung v s nh x a ch thit lp cc ng tt (L ng chuyn mch lp 2) ng, chuyn mch th, s dng cc thng tin giao thc iu khin t lung lu lng IP ln ng dn chuyn mch. Chuyn mch th mang thng tin v giao thc nh tuyn (nh a ch mng ch) v phn phi cc th c lin kt vi cc lung thch hp ti cc thit b thc hin dc theo ng dn. Cc gi tin ti mt ch c th c thm vo th thch hp v chuyn tip qua mng chuyn mch th da trn ni dung ca th. Chuyn mch th thay th vic tm kim cc ng nh tuyn cho gi tin trong cc bng nh tuyn tiu chun (rt ln) ti lp 3 bng vic tm kim ng chuyn mch lp 2 trong bng thng tin v th (c kch thc rt nh, cu to n gin). Chuyn mch th hot ng da trn mt thit b c gi l b nh tuyn chuyn mch th (TSR). Mt TSR cung cp cc giao thc nh tuyn tiu chun n hng (unicast) v a hng (multicast) v d nh: OSPF, PIM v c th kh nng chuyn tip lu lng IP theo mt ng nh tuyn mc nh. Ngoi ra chuyn mch th s dng thm mt giao thc iu khin na l giao thc phn phi th(TDP), giao thc ny c cc thit b TSR s dng phn phi nh x a ch mng - th tng ng (Prefix-to-label) gi l qu trnh lin kt th. Bng cch gn cc th cho cc lung ti mi thit b TSR, chuyn mch th thit lp c cc ng chuyn mch lp 2. Khi mt gi tin n mt TSR, thng tin v th trong tiu ca gi tin c dng tm kim mt thc th thch hp trong bng thng tin v th ti TSR , sau TSR dng phng php tro th v truyn gi tin vi th mi n thit b TSR tip theo. Chuyn mch th thuc kiu gii php hng cu hnh, ngha l ng chuyn mch tn ti trc khi c lung lu lng tht s c truyn n v n s chuyn mch tt c cc lung n mng chuyn mch th.
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N TT NGHIP
4.2 Kin trc ca chuyn mch th

Kin trc ca chuyn mch th c th c m t t cc phng din khc nhau. Trn phng din l thuyt, chuyn mch th c thit k tng hiu nng v kh nng phc v ca mt h thng nh tuyn qui m ln. Bi v trn thc t, mt b nh tuyn chnh trong mng ISP ln, ti mt thi im c th c hng trm thm ch hng ngn lung lu lng khc nhau truyn qua m cc lung lu lng ny c cng mt ch n vi mt a ch mng ch m b nh tuyn bit. Phn phi cc th cho tt c cc b nh tuyn tng tc chuyn tip cho tt c cc gi tin c nh tuyn qua h thng l mt k thut n gin nhng c hiu nng rt ln. Mt khc, qu trnh sinh th v phn phi th khng ph thuc vo cc lung d liu c th m n c cn c vo lu lng iu khin (thng tin v cu hnh mng). ng chuyn mch lp 2 do chuyn mch th thit lp c lp vi ng nh tuyn lp 3 nhn c t cc giao thc nh tuyn ng da trn a ch ch. Mt ng dn nh vy, xuyn qua mt chui cc Node v lin kt c la chn trc c th cung cp cc dch v ph thm nh gim st, bo mt, tnh ton lu lng, v mt vi cc dch v c bit khc. Kin trc chuyn mch th xut pht t chc nng chuyn tip trong chnh cc TSR. Cc b nh tuyn thng thng phi thc hin tm kim thc th thch hp trong mt bng nh tuyn tiu chun da vo s so snh ni dung ca a ch ch trong tiu ca gi tin v bng nh tuyn, thc hin gim thng s TTL, tng kim tra tiu , v bin dch. Hiu qu chuyn tip lu lng ph thuc vo dung lng ca b nh tuyn cng nh giao thc nh tuyn tnh ton ng i ti u nht n chng tip theo trn ng n ch. Chuyn mch th n gin ho chc nng chuyn tip bi vic thay th qu trnh tm kim trong bng nh tuyn tiu chun bng vic tm kim trong bng thng tin th rt n gin v thc hin trao i th da trn ni dung ca th. Khi nim c bn ny c minh ho hnh v 4.1
Cng Nhn Cng Nhn vo vo ra ra
B nh tuyn chuyn mch

Tro nhn 9 5
Gi IP
Tag=5
Gi IP
Tag=1
Hnh 4.1: C cu tro th

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Hnh v trn minh ho mt gi tin IP vo vi th bng 5, c dng truy nhp vo bng TIB, sau khi xc nh c thc th thch hp n thc hin c ch tro th v th ra by gi c gi tr bng 1v ra cng 5. Mt tnh cht quan trng ca chuyn mch th l chc nng iu khin lp mng tch bit khi hot ng ca lp chuyn tip chuyn mch th. S tch bit ny rt cn bi n cho php cc nh cung cp mng lin kt cc dch v mng hin ti v tng lai vi mt c ch chuyn tip n gin v quy m. Cc dch v nh nh tuyn da vo ch, nh tuyn a hng, v nh tuyn ni c th c lin kt vi mt tp cc th v khi c phn phi qua mng, c th hin di dng ng chuyn mch xuyn sut (end-to-end) cho tng dch v. Mc d cc dch v lp mng c th c rt nhiu nhng c ch chuyn tip c bn vn khng thay i. Bi vy, khi s dng mt dch v lp mng mi khng cn thit phi cp nht hay ti u li cc thnh phn v b my ca c ch chuyn tip. Mt v d in hnh l phin bn IPv6 s m rng khng gian a ch thnh 128 bit nhng vn khng cn c bt k s thay i no trn ng dn chuyn tip tn ti. Kin trc chuyn mch th gm hai thnh phn c bn l: iu khin v Chuyn tip. - Thnh phn iu khin chu trch nhim sinh ra v s dng hp l mt tp cc th gia cc thit b tham gia chuyn mch. Qu trnh phn phi th c thc hin bng cc giao thc iu khin ring nh TDP hoc c th s dng trn cc giao thc iu khin tn ti (VD: RSVP, PIM ) Thnh phn chuyn tip s dng thng tin v th cha trong mi gi v thng tin lu tr trong cc thit b chuyn mch thc hin qu trnh chuyn tip gi. Mc d mi th m nhn cc th hin khc nhau tu thuc vo phng tin vt l (v d VPI/VCI, DLCI,...) nhng c ch chuyn tip c bn l khng thay i. Do d chuyn mch th c th hot ng trn bt k mt k thut lin kt d liu no.
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N TT NGHIP
4.3 Cc thnh phn

Chuyn mch th bao gm cc chc nng, thnh phn v thit b sau: a) Thnh phn iu khin: Thnh phn iu khin chu trch nhim to ra v qun l mt b cc th ti cc thit b TSR. Vic to ra mt th lin quan n vic cp pht v gn cho mt ch c th. ch ny c th l mt a ch my ch mng, a ch mng, a ch nhm a hng hoc ch l cc thng tin lp mng. Vic phn phi cc th c thc hin bi TDP hoc s dng trn cc giao thc tn ti trc. b) Thnh phn chuyn tip: Thnh phn chuyn tip dng th cha trong mt gi tin v thng tin ly t bng thng tin th (TIB) ca tng thit b TSR chuyn tip gi tin. c bit khi mt gi cha th thu c t TSR, th ny c dng lm kho xc nh mt thc th thch hp trong bng TIB. Mt thc th trong TIB bao gm mt th u vo, mt cho u ra v cc thng tin v lin kt hoc ng gi d liu. Khi c yu cu chuyn mch ng vi mt thc th trong bng TIB th th u vo cng vi cc thng tin lin kt khc c trao i vi th u ra v gi tin vi th mi tip tc c chuyn i trn ng truyn. Hot ng chuyn tip c minh ho nh hnh sau: Net 1
5
TSR
2 9
3
3
TIB
Net 2
ch Net 1 Net 2
Cng Nhn Cng Nhn vo vo ra ra 1 1 9 2 2 3 5 3
Hnh 4.2: Chuyn tip chuyn mch th

c) Chuyn mch th: Bao gm kin trc, cc giao thc v cc th tc gn cc thng tin lp mng vo cc th v chuyn tip gi s dng c cu trao i th.
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d) B nh tuyn chuyn mch th (Tag Switching Router-TSR): L thit b chuyn mch chy cc giao thc nh tuyn n hng v a hng, c kh nng chuyn tip gi tin lp 3, cng nh c cu to phn cng v phn mm h tr c ch tro th lp 2. Mt TSR c th phn phi cc th lin kt vi cc lung lu lng ca cc TSR ln cn v cc TSR c kt ni. TSR c th l cc b nh tuyn truyn thng, chuyn mch ATM, hoc cc thit b nh tuyn/chuyn mch. e) B nh tuyn bin chuyn mch th (TER:Tag Edge Router): L mt TSR t ti v tr vo hoc ra mng. TER c th chuyn tip gi tin lp 3, chy cc giao thc nh tuyn n hng, a hng chun. Khi mt gi tin lp 3 n b nh tuyn bin vo, TER c nhim v gn th cho gi tin bng cch c thng tin trong tiu ca gi tin v so snh vi bng TIB. T y, gi tin c truyn i da vo ni dung ca th va gn trn ng chuyn mch lp 2. Ti u ra mng, TER c nhim v loi b th v tip tc chuyn tip gi tin n chng tip theo trn ng n ch. f) Th ca gi tin (Tag):Th l mt trng trong tiu vi di c nh cha trong mt gi. Th c th mang gi tr l VPI/VCI trong t bo ATM hoc tiu DLCI trong PDU ca chuyn tip khung hoc shim tag trong mt gi ca chuyn mch th ( chuyn mch th th shim tag c chn vo gia phn thng tin ca lp 2 v lp 3) Hnh v 4.3 minh ho shim tag:
Payload IP Header Tag shim L2 Header
Tag (20)
COS (3)
S (1)
TTL (8)
Hnh 4.3: Tiu Tag shim

Tag shim l trng c di 32 bit trong 20 bit u tin dng cp pht th, 3 bit cho COS (Class Of Services), 1 bit cho ch th ngn xp, v 8 bit cho trng TTL(time to live).V tr ca tiu tag shim trong PPP hoc khung Erthernet ni chung c minh ho nh hnh v trn.
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g) Bng thng tin th (Tag Information Base -TIB): TIB l mt bng kt ni hoc tro th c cc TSR xy dng v s dng. Cc thc th trong TIB c cp nht bi cc th cha trong TDP hoc cc giao thc iu khin khc. Hnh v 4.4 minh ho mt TIB.
Cng vo Nhn vo Cng ra Nhn ra ch
1 1
9 2
2 3
5 3
Net 1 Net 2
Hnh 4.4: TIB

h) Giao thc phn phi th (Tag Distribution Protocol -TDP): TDP l giao thc iu khin ngang hng (peer) c TSR s dng gn th cho lung lu lng gia cc TSR ln cn hoc ngang hng trong mng chuyn mch. i) Ngn xp th (Tag stack): Mt trong nhng u im ca chuyn mch th l vic s dng ngn xp th. K thut ny tng t nh IP trn s ng gi IP, cho php mt gi tin c th mang nhiu hn mt th. Ti u vo mt mng, bng cch t mt th mc 2 trn mt th mc 1 tn ti, ti mng gi tin s c chuyn mch theo ni dung ca th lp 2. Khi ra khi mng, gi tin lp 2 s b loi b v gi tin khi ny c chuyn mch theo ni dung ca th lp 1 i trong mng chuyn mch th lp1.
Xt mt v d nh hnh v 4.5.
TSR TSR #1 #1 Gi tin X X TSR TSR #5 #5
A A X X
Gi tin Gi tin
Chuyn mch Chuyn mch gi tin da gi tin da vo th trn vo th trn nh ngn xp nh ngn xp
C C X X
Gi tin Gi tin
Gi tin Y Y
Hnh 4.5: Ngn xp th Trn hnh v: Mt gi tin c gn th X n TSR1, gi s ti y TSR #1 c yu cu s dng phng php ngn xp th, TSR #1 thc hin t thm mt th th hai (A) trn th th nht (X) tn ti to nn mt ngn
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N TT NGHIP
xp th. By gi, gi tin c 2 th v n c truyn i theo ni dung ca th pha trn nh xuyn qua mng chuyn mch. Gi s ti TSR #5, yu cu loi b ch ngn xp th, TSR #5 tin hnh loi b th nh v dng th lp 1 chuyn mch n TSR tip theo. Qu trnh xp th c th c s dng khi ng dng chuyn mch th vo nh tuyn phn cp .V d th mc 1 c gn vi b nh tuyn bn trong min (BGP),v th mc hai c th c cung cp cho b nh tuyn bn trong min(OSPF).
j) Lp chuyn tip tng ng (Forwarding Equivalence Class- FEC): Lp chuyn tip tng ng l mt chui cc gi c cng cc c im chung v c chuyn tip cng mt cch thc xuyn qua mng. V d, tt c cc gi c cng a ch mng ch c th xem l mt FEC n do , cc gi tin c gn vi cng mt th khi truyn qua mng. k) ng dn chuyn mch th (Tag Switch Path:TSP): L ng dn chuyn mch t bin vo n bin ra ca mng, xuyn qua mt chui cc TSR c to nn bi s lin kt mt FEC vi mt tp cc th.
4.4 Cc phng php cp pht th

Mt trong cc hot ng c bn ca chuyn mch th l cp pht, phn phi th v gn th. Th c phn phi bi cc giao thc TDP cng nh tn dng cc giao thc iu khin c sn. TSR s dng 3 k thut cp pht th l: downstream, downstream on demand, upstream.
4.4.1 Phng php downstream

Theo phng php ny, cc th c cp pht bi cc thit b TSR downstream v chuyn thng bo n TSR upstream gn nht. Phng php ny thc hin theo cc bc c bn sau y:
BNG NH TUYN
Thc th 1 Thc th 2 Thc th N
Lin kt th (Thc th 1, th =2) TSR Up stream TSR Dowm stream

Th ra =2
TIB
Th ra =2
TIB
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Hnh 4.7: Cp pht th theo phng php Downstream

- Vi mi thc th trong bng nh tuyn, thit b TSR downstream cp pht mt th v cp nht n thc th vo trong TIB. Sau , truyn mt yu cu lin kt th c dng <a ch ch, th> n thit b TSR upstream. - Khi thit b TSR nhn c yu cu lin kt th, n xc nh c chng tip theo trn ng n ch v TSR upstream s t th trn vo thc th tng ng v tr th ra.
4.4.2 Phng php downstream on demand

Cp pht th theo phng php Downstream on demand ging nh phng php Downstream nhng c s khc bit l qu trnh gn th ch c thc hin khi c mt yu cu c th t thit b TSR upstream. K thut ny ph hp nht cho cc thit b TSR cha cc thnh phn chuyn mch ATM. Bi v chuyn mch ATM c h tr mt tp cc th (cc gi tr VPI/VCI). Do vy, s thc hin chuyn mch th trn mi trng ATM s gn ging nh chuyn mch th v cc dch v ATM nguyn bn. iu ny c ngha l ton b th VPI/VCI c phn chia gia hai v gim hn na s th sn c dnh cho chuyn mch. Bi vy, n ch cp pht th ch khi tht s cn thit. Cc bc c bn ca phng php cp pht th Downstream-ondemand c minh ho nh hnh v sau:
BNG NH TUYN Thc th 1 Thc th 2 Thc th N Yu cu lin kt th (Thc th 1, th =?) Lin kt th (Thc th 1, th =2) TSR Up stream TIB
Th ra =2
BNG NH TUYN Thc th 1 Thc th 2 Thc th N
TSR Dowm stream

Th ra =2
TIB
Hnh 4.8: Cp pht th theo phng php Downstream on demand
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- Vi mi thc th trong bng nh tuyn, thit b TSR upstream sinh ra mt yu cu lin kt th v truyn n n chng tip theo trn ng n ch. - Khi mt TSR downstream nhn c yu cu ny, n cp pht mt th v cp nht vo bng TIB gi tr ny v tr trng th vo sau n truyn mt bn tin c dng <a ch ch,th> cho TSR upstream. - Khi TSR upstream nhn c bn tin yu cu lin kt th ca TSR downstream n t gi tr th vo trng th ra trong thc th tng ng ca bng TIB TSR upstream.
4.4.3 Phng php upstream

Trong phng php cp pht th upstream th th c cp pht bi thit b TSR upstream v c truyn qua lin kt im-ti-im n thit b TSR downstream.
BNG NH TUYN
Thc th 1 Thc th 2 Thc th N
Lin kt th (Thc th 1, th =2) TSR Up stream TSR Dowm stream

Th ra =2
TIB
Th ra =2
TIB
Hnh 4.9: Cp pht th theo phng php Upstream

- i vi mi thc th trong bng nh tuyn c cha a ch ch ca trm k tip c th lin lc c bng lin kt im - im th u tin TSR upstream s cp pht mt th. Tip n, n cp nht vo thc th TIB thch hp bng cch thay th th va c cp pht vo trng th ra ca thc th vi thng tin ca tng lp lin kt d liu. Tip n, n to ra mt yu cu gn th c ni dung <a ch ch, th>. - TSR upstream truyn yu cu lin kt th ti TSR downstream l trm tip theo trn ng ti ch. - TSR downstream nhn c yu cu gn th v t th vo thc th TIB u vo cho mng ch.
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4.5 Giao thc phn phi th

Giao thc phn phi th (TDP) l mt trong nhng giao thc iu khin c s dng trong cu trc chuyn mch th mang thng tin lin kt th gia cc thit b TSR tham gia chuyn mch. Tuy nhin cc giao thc iu khin c thit k cho cc mc ch c th. TDP hot ng da trn cc thit b TSR v TER n kt hp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn n hng v a hng thng thng. TDP hot ng c lp vi s kin (cc s kin) yu cu vic sinh ra v phn phi cc thng tin v gn th. Khi c mt cuc gi qua n ,TDP c th phn phi mt cch c hiu qu v tin cy thng tin lin kt th n cc thit b TSR.
4.5.1 Chc nng ca TDP

Chc nng c bn ca TDP l h tr cho s phn phi th, yu cu v gii phng thng tin lin kt th gia cc thit b TSR tham gia. TDP hot ng qua mt kt ni TCP c thit lp gia cc thit b TSR. TCP c s dng nh mt phng tin vn chuyn v cc l do sau y: Th nht TDP hot ng theo quan im l n ch tng cng cp nht nhng trng thi mi hoc thay i trong qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin. iu ny tng t nh khi nim v hot ng ca OSPF v BGP. Vi kin trc ny th thng tin phi c phn pht mt cch tin cy ti ch mt cch thch hp v theo ng th t. TCP cung cp kh nng ny v v th tt c cc bn tin TDP c truyn qua mt kt ni TCP. Th hai TCP cung cp mt phng tin vn chuyn tin cy do khng cn thit phi thit k cho TDP m bo c tnh nng ny nn cu trc TDP n gin hn nhiu. Hai thit b TSR mun trao i thng tin lin kt th vi nhau u tin chng phi thit lp mt kt ni TCP. Kt ni TCP ny l song hng v vy bn tin TDP c th truyn trong mi hng. Mi bn tin TDP bao gm di tiu c nh vi mt hay nhiu phn t giao thc thng tin(PIE) vi di thay i. Mt PIE bao gm mt hoc nhiu trng TLV. Kin trc tng qut ca gi TAP v kin trc ca hai PIE minh ha nh hnh v:
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Tiu ca TDP Tiu ca TDP TDP PIE TVL #1 TDP PIE TVL #1 TDP PIE TVL #2 TDP PIE TVL #2 Hnh 4.10: nh dng gi TDP Sau khi thit lp mt kt ni TCP, mt chui cc bn tin khi u c truyn i t cc thit b TSR ngang hng vo trong mt trng thi hot ng. By gi, cc TSR mi bt u dng TDP trao i cc bn tin gn th. Thng tin cho gn th c ng gi thnh cc cu trc TDP PIE v thnh khung vi mt tiu TDP c nh truyn trn cc kt ni TCP c thit lp. Nu kt ni TCP b mt th thng tin v gn th b loi b v cc th phi c cp pht li.
4.5.2 Cc kiu n v giao thc TDP

TDP PIE gm cc bn tin sau:
TDP_PIE_OPEN: L PIE u tin c mt TSR gi i cho cc TSR
ngang hng sau khi mt kt ni TCP c thit lp. Khi mt TSR nhn c PIE ny, n s ngay lp tc tr li bng TDP_PIE_KEEPALIVE hoc TDP_PIE_NOTIFICATION.
TDP_PIE_BIND: L PIE c mt TSR gi i khi mun gn th cho
mt lung lu lng no y. N c sinh ra da vo mt s kin (nh cp nht bng nh tuyn) hay p ng thnh phn TDP_REQUEST_BIND. Thng tin gn th c cha trong cu trc TLV v c th cha mt gi tr th, a ch mng hoc di. Cu trc ca TDP_PIE_BIND c minh ho nh hnh v 4.11.
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Type(0x200) Request ID AFAM
BLIST_LENGTH
di
BLIST_TYPE Binding List
Binding List Tham s tu chn
Hnh 4.11: nh dng TDP_PIE_BIND

Request ID: c s dng p ng TDP_BIND_REQUEST AFAM: Xc nh a ch ca lp mng cha trong cc yu cu gn th. BLIST_TYPE: Xc nh nh dng ca thc th BLIST trong BINDING_LIST. BLIST_LENGTH: di ca danh sch lin kt BINDING_LIST: Trng ny c di thay i cha mt hoc nhiu thc th BLIST c ch nh trong kiu BLIST_TYPE. Thc th BLIST thng thng bao gm mt gi tr th 32 bit v a ch mng n hng hoc nhm a ch a hng. Trong trng hp lu lng n hng, di a ch cng phi c ch ra. Gi tr s chng HC nh ngha kiu BLIST 5 v 6 c s dng ch s chng nh tuyn m mt gi tin c gn th c truyn i qua ng chuyn mch. TDP_PIE_REQUEST_BIND: c s dng yu cu gn th cho mt a ch mng ch. TDP_PIE_WITHDRAW_BIND: c TSR dng thng bo rng n khng cn s dng c ch gn th na trong phin lm vic . TDP_PIE_KEEP_ALIVE: c mt TSR dng thng bo vi cho cc TSR khc ch n. Nu qu thi gian nh trc (time out) th kt ni TCP b mt.
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TDP_PIE_NOTIIFICATION: Thng bo cho thit b TSR ngang hng rng c mt s kin ng lu . V d nh xy ra li lm thay i dung lng ca TSR cng nh trng thi hot ng. TDP_PIE_RELEASE_BIND: Thng bo gii phng kt ni UDP.
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CHNG 5: NG DNG CA CHUYN MCH IP
CHNG 5 NG DNG CA CHUYN MCH IP

5.1 Chuyn mch IP h tr lu lng a hng
Cc gii php chuyn mch IP ca bn hng xt chng trc u nhm mc ch chung l nng cao hiu qu ca mng, c gng thc hin chuyn mch cc lung lu lng IP thay v nh tuyn chng trn c s tng chng thng thng. Nhiu gii php khc nhau cng vi cc phin bn giao thc nng cp khc phc c cc nhc im trong vic cung cp dch v ca chuyn mch IP nh: Cung cp dch v trn c s QoS, CoS, h tr a hng, Trong chng ny s ch ra phng thc h tr lu lng a hng (multicast) ca cc gii php chuyn mch IP.
5.1.1 IFMP h tr lu lng a hng

Hot ng chuyn mch IP h tr lu lng a hng cng hon ton tng t nh trong trng hp h tr n hng. i vi gii php chuyn mch IP ca hng Ipsilon th cc bn tin i hng IFMP cng truyn ngc t cc nhnh ca cy phn pht i chiu mt lung vi mt kt ni o mi. Ch c mt s khc bit l a ch ch ca b nhn dng lung a ch nhm a hng: l a ch ca cc im nhnh ca cy phn pht. Hn na, giao thc qun l chuyn mch chung (GSMP) s phi tnh ton nhiu thao tc thm nhnh (ADD BRANCH) m s thao tc ny ty thuc vo s lng cc nhnh lung xung trong cy phn pht. Hnh 5.1 ch ra mt v d m IFMP h tr lu lng a hng:
IFMP IFMP
Bn gi
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Bn nhn
IFMP
(IFMP Ipsilon Flow Managerment )
Bn nhn Chuyn mch IP
Hnh 5.1: H tr lu lng a hng

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5.1.2 CSR v Multicast

ARIS c th h tr cho lu lng IP a hng. Trong mng con ATM th thit b CSR lung ln c th thit lp lin kt im-im, hoc lin kt im-a im ti mt hoc nhiu thit b CSR lung xung (hoc cy my ch). Cc thit b CSR lung xung l thnh vin ca mt nhm a hng v l cc nhnh trn mt cy phn pht a hng. Cng ging nh trong trng hp lu lng n hng, khi thit b CSR pht hin thy mt VC dnh ring u vo v mt hay nhiu VC u ra dnh ring v cc VC u ra ny u c cng mt b phn dng lung (mt i ch nhm a hng) th CSR thc hin tin trnh ghp ni VC, lc ng tt ni b trong CSR hnh thnh. Sau gi kch khi (trigger) s to nn cc kt ni o im-a im ca cy phn pht da trn s xut hin ca d liu a hng, c bn tin PIM-JOIN, cc bo co IGMP, hay cc bn tin MARS JOIN nu thit b CSR c mt khch hng MARS.
5.1.3 H tr a hng trong chuyn mch th

Thm vo vic h tr lu lng IP n hng, chuyn mch nhn cng c th h tr lu lng a hng. Mt cch c bit, mt nhn c lin kt vi mt cy phn pht a hng. Khi mt gi tin thu nhn c t mt thit b TSR hng ln th nhn s c dng ch ra mt hoc nhiu khon mc trong bng TIB. Cc khon mc ny lin kt vi cc nhnh xung trn cy phn pht. Qu trnh trao i nhn c thc hin v gi tin c truyn trc tip xung cy phn pht. Nu trong TIB khng c mt khon mc no trng hp th gi tin s b o thi. Phng thc chuyn tip a hng ny ca chuyn mch nhn rt n gin v t tc cao. Cng ging nh trng hp n hng, chuyn mch nhn tin hnh d tm khon mc thch hp trong bng TIB sau tin hnh tro gi tr nhn ca cc nhn . Vic kim tra RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding Chuyn tip ng ngc chiu) rt n gin nu khng c gi tr thch hp trong bng TIB gi tin s b loi. Qu trnh phn phi cc nhn i din cho cc nhm a hng c th do cc thit b TSR lung ln hoc lung xung m nhn. Thng thng thit b TSR lung ln la chn nhn v pht a hng ti cc TSR ln cn theo hng xung trong mng LAN.
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Mc d y l cch n gin nht nhng c mt s im cn xem xt. Mt thit b TSR hng ln cng c th c nhiu ngun a hng ln na, nn yu cu s nhn nhiu hn s nhn c phn pht chung. Mt khc nu c s thay i trong cu hnh mng th c th dn ti vic xut hin thit b TSR hng ln mi, do dod phi yu cu thc hin qu trnh gn li nhn. Nn qu trnh phn b v gn nhn xut pht t lung xung l thun li v thch hp hn, n cng hon ton nht qun vi thng tin ca cc node thnh vin nhm a hng vi qu trnh phn phi, n nh nhn trong nh tuyn n hng. Phng php ny cng cho php s dng cc bn tin nh tuyn a hng PIM thm phn thng tin ca nhn vo v n theo hng lung xung. Quan trng hn l khi c s thay i trong cu hnh mng dn ti hnh thnh thit b TSR mi th cng khng cn phi thc hin qu trnh gn li nhn.
5.1.4 ARIS v dch v a hng

ARIS c th thit lp cc ng chuyn mch cho lu lng a hng. Qu trnh thit lp mt cy pht im-a im chuyn mch c th xut pht ti gc hay ti node u vo. Cy c cc ng chuyn mch mng ton b lu lng a hng t thit b ISR u o ti tt c cc cc thit b ISR u ra u s dng chuyn mch trn c s phn cng trong cc thit b ISR trung chuyn. C ch s dng phn cng ci thin nhiu hn so vi nh tuyn a hng trn c s phn mm ca b nh tuyn. ARIS c lp vi bt k giao thc inh tuyn a hng c bn no. ARIS h tr cho cch thit lp theo d liu, mi cp (ngun, a ch nhm) trong cy phn pht c gc tai ngun yu cu nh yu cu trong giao thc DVMRP v PIM DM (PIM-DM). AIRS cng h tr cch thit lp theo bn nhn, cy phn pht dng chung i lp vi mi cp (*, a ch ngun) nh yu cu trong PIM-SM (PIM Sparse Mode)
5.2 Mng chuyn mch IP

Cc gii php chuyn mch IP xt chng 4 v chng 4 c c im khc nhau nn mi trng mng c th p dng cho cc gii php chuyn mch IP cng khc nhau. Vn l a m hnh no vo cu hnh mng no cho mng phc v tt nht. Phn ny s ch ra mt s mi trng c th trin khai cng ngh chuyn mch IP vo mng.
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5.2.1 Chuyn mch IP ca hng Ipsilon

Chuyn mch IP c th hot ng trong nhiu khung cnh mng khc nhau. Chuyn mch IP cng c th chuyn lu lng IP s dng qu trnh x l tng chng chun nn trong kha cnh ny n hon ton ging vi cc b nh tuyn IP chun. Tuy nhin, mc ch ca chuyn mch IP l phi tng tc lu lng IP m gii php ny phi yu cu cc ti nguyn chuyn mch cho mi lung v cc thit b cnh ti u vo v u ra phi c kh nng h tr IFMP. Mt khung cnh mng a ra l mng IP ca trng DH hay mng IP ca cng ty nh nh ch ra trong hnh 5.2:
Thit b cnh
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Thit b
Thit b cnh
Chuyn mch IP
Chuyn mch IP
Thit b
Hnh 5.2: Chuyn mch IP trong mt cng ty

Trong mi trng ny cc nhm lm vic trn c s Ethernet gn ti mng xng sng gm cc chuyn mch IP thng qua thit b cnh h tr IFMP. Cc server tc cao cng c th gn trc tip ti mng xng sng nh s dng mt b thch ng IFMP, v mng li l cc chuyn mch IP tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn mch nn thc t lu lng c chuyn mch s khng vt qu dung lng cc i ca cc ti nguyn chuyn mch trong mng. Tng thng sut s ty thuc vo dung lng chuyn tip qua cc thit b cnh u vo v u ra. Trong trng hp ring ny th kh nng h tr gii php IFMP cng tng t MPOA (a giao thc qua ATM) ngoi tr rng IFMP l mt giao thc iu khin. Mt khu vc khc m chuyn mch IP ca hng Ipsilon c th c li l ti cnh ca mt mng. Cc c ch chuyn mch c ng dng lm mt b phn loi lung, b nh dng lu lng nhn dng, gn nhn, hay
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phc v cc lung ring c bit, cho php truy cp nhanh hn hay chm hn khi i vo hay i ra khi mt mng xng sng ISP. Xem xt hai v d trong hnh 5.3:
Server
Chuyn mch IP
Mng
Chuyn mch IP Chuyn mch IP Server
V d 1
Mng
Head End
Chuyn mch IP
V d 2
Hnh 5.3: Cc dch v cnh (edge service) ca chuyn mch IP
Trong trng hp th nht, mt chuyn mch IP l u cui pha trc ca mt server, trong b phn loi lung c lp trnh nhn dng v nh nhn cc lung c u tin cao hn, cc lung ny s i vo mng ISP theo ng chuyn mch; ngc li, cc lung khc s c x l tng chng vi n lc ln nht (best-effort). Trng hp th hai l mt trng hp th v; mt modem bng rng ti nh ring h tr IFMP (cp hoc xDSL) dng chuyn bn tin i hng IFMP hng ti u cui (Head End), do c lung lu lng IP xc nh ti nh s nhanh hn.
5.2.2 Mng CSR

Thit b CSR c th trin khai hiu qu trong mi trng mng khc nhau. Xem xt trng hp u tin, khi c mt s lng ln cc b nh tuyn bin kt ni ti mt mng ATM chung. Thng thng phi yu cu mt li
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cc PVC (kt ni o c nh) cung cp hiu nng lm vic ti u gia bt k cp b nh tuyn u vo-u ra no. Tuy nhin, trng hp ny phi yu cu ti O(NP2P) kt ni o v mt mc tiu tn t l thun cc ti nguyn s dng trong b nh tuyn, trong cc thit b chuyn mch cng nh cc nhn vin hot ng lin quan. Vic thay th bng cc thit b CSR trong li ca mng s gim bt yu cu cho mng li VC, gim lu lng iu khin phi truyn qua mng v cn xut hin ti cc b nh tuyn m vn cung cp c kh nng thit lp mt VC trc tip (ng ng chuyn tt) gia bt k cp b nh tuyn u vo-u ra no. Tt nhin ng tt ch m rng khi no c cc c ch s dng thit lp n. Do , khung cnh l tng cho mi trng ny l yu cu cc b nh tuyn bin phi h tr FANP nh minh ha trong hnh 5.4
B nh tuyn (FANP )
B nh tuyn (FANP )
B nh tuyn (FANP ) B nh tuyn (FANP )
CSR B nh tuyn (FANP )
CSR B nh tuyn (FANP ) CSR
Mng ATM
B nh tuyn (FANP )
B nh tuyn (FANP )
B nh tuyn (FANP )
CSR Cell Switch Router
FANP Flow Attribute Notification Protocol
Hnh 5.4: Cc CSR trong mng ATM rng

Mt mi trng khc m c thit b CSR s c li l mng xng sng khu trng s m rng hay mng khu vc thnh ph. c dch v ATM nguyn bn v dch v chuyn tip IP cng tn ti. Mt v d v mt nhm cc khu trng s khc bao gm 10/100/1000 Ethernet chuyn mch gn ti mt trong bn v tr trung tm c thit b CSR qua cc lin kt ATM. Cc thit b CSR ln lt hnh thnh mt mng xng sng bng cc lin kt ATM chun hot ng ti OC12 v c th l OC48. Cc dch v ATM nguyn bn vn hu dng i vi mi khu trng s. Trong khung cnh ny lu lng IP
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c chuyn tip ln mng xng sng, v ty thuc vo kiu lu lng, cu hnh mng m lu lng c th chuyn thng qua mt ng nh tuyn tng chng chun hay c t ln mt ng chuyn tt chuyn mch t bo
3.2.3 Mng chuyn mch th

Chuyn mch th ph hp nht cho mng rng trn c s IP nh cc mng intranet kt hp hay cc mng ISP. Chuyn mch th c th trin khai bng phn mm trong cc b nh tuyn ang tn ti hay thm vo mt thit b iu khin thit lp cc ng chuyn mch ging VC trong mng ATM a dch v. V d v mt mng chuyn mch th c bn c mng ng trc (xng sng) gm mt s cc b TSR li v bao quanh mng ng trc l cc thit b TER. Mng ny khng ging vi khi nim v mt m my chuyn mch rng (Frame Relay hay ATM), m m my ny phc v nh l li ca mt s lng ln hn gm cc b nh tuyn cnh. Mng chuyn mch th ny c minh ha nh trn hnh 5.5
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP) B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
TSR TSR
B nh tuyn (TDP)
Chuyn mch nhn

TSR
TSR
B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP) B nh tuyn (TDP) B nh tuyn (TDP) B nh tuyn (TDP)
B nh tuyn (TDP)
TSR Tag Switch Router
TDP Tag Distribution Protocol
Hnh 5.5: Mng chuyn mch th

Chuyn mch th l mt v d v m hnh ng cp, v vy ch yu cu mt khng gian a ch v giao thc nh tuyn. Thit b TDP thm vo i chiu cc tuyn vi cc nhn v phn b cc nhn gia cc thit b TSR, n
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cng cung cp li ch v mt hiu nng lm vic v iu khin ng r m cc kt ni o chuyn mch khng yu cu Frame Relay hay ATM.
5.2.4 Mng ARIS

ARIS L mt gii php chuyn mch hng cu hnh, n ph hp nht cho cc mng din rng trn c s IP. Mc ch ca ARIS l lm gim nh nht khi lng cc ti nguyn mng yu cu chuyn mch tt c lu lng IP gia hai node bt k. C ngha l s s dng c nhiu ti nguyn mng hn (thit b chuyn mch hay b nh tuyn) cung cp cho cc dch v c bit khng mc nh. Nhng dch v ny c th l cc mng ring o (VPNs), cc lung QoS, nh tuyn r rng, cc ng ngm (tunnels), cc kt ni ATM nguyn bn,... Ni chung, ARIS cho php cc mng rt ln chuyn mch mt s lng ln lu lng IP kt hp nn nng cao c ton b hiu nng mng. ARIS ph hp nht vi kiu mng rng ISP a dch v trn c s h tng ATM. V d v mt mng ARIS ch trong hnh 5.6.
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
ISR
ISR
Chuyn mch ATM
Chuyn mch ATM
Chuyn mch ATM
ISR
Chuyn mch ATM
Chuyn mch ATM
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
B nh tuyn (ARIS)
Chuyn mch ATM
ISR Intergrated Switch Router
ARIS Aggregate Router-Base IP Switching
Hnh 5.6: Mng ARIS

Theo hnh th mng c cc thit b ISR h tr cho nh tuyn IP, cc dch v chuyn mch IP qua ARIS, v chuyn mch ATM nguyn gc. Cc b nh tuyn t ti ngoi bin mng c th chuyn tip cc gi ti lp 3 ti
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cc thit b ISR li, hay dng cc giao thc thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch xuyn sut t u vo ti u ra.
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KT LUN
T nhng g trnh by trn v chuyn mch IP ta c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau y: Do tnh n gin v mt k thut v khng cn thay i nhiu v phn cng khi p dng vo cc h thng hin c, chc chn chuyn mch IP s l gii php cho mng Internet ang i hi tc cao v cung cp cc dch v phong ph vi s lng khng l nh hin nay v trong tng lai. Chuyn mch IP chnh l s kt hp u im chuyn mch tc cao ca chuyn mch ATM vi cc giao thc iu khin n gin, do khc phc c nhc im cho chuyn mch ATM v nh tuyn IP. Thm vo , chuyn mch IP cn c th p dng c cho nhiu kiu mng khc nhau: t cc mng truy nhp n cc mng li dung lng ln. Tuy nhin, cung c nhiu l do m k thut chuyn mch IP cn cha c p dng rng ri. Mt trong nhng l do l gi thnh, v trong nhiu trng hp chuyn mch tn km hn nhiu s vi nh tuyn thng thng. Hn na, trong mt s trng hp, vic cung cp QoS s thc hin kh khn v c th gy ra tr, trt, Nhng cui cng, c th ni rng u im ca chuyn mch IP l khng th ph nhn, n s l mt cng ngh chuyn mch cho tng lai. Chuyn mch IP v ang l im tp trung nghin cu ca nhiu hng trn th gii nhm a cc sn phm ng dng chuyn mch IP vo hot ng trong cc mi trng mng khc nhau. n nghin cu v chuyn mch IP mi ch l bc u xem xt nghin cu v mt gii php chuyn mch mi, mt gii php then cht gii quyt cc vn nan gii ca mng IP hin nay. Do thi gian c hn v nng lc nghin cu hn ch nn n chc chn s c nhiu thiu st, em hy vng rng s c thy c v cc bn gip em c iu kin tip tc nghin cu su hn v lnh vc ny, gp phn nhanh chng a cng ngh chuyn mch IP ny vo mng Vit Nam.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Christopher Y.Metz, IP Switching Protocol and Architectures, McGraw Hill 1999 White, P., ATM Switching and IP Routing Integration: The Next State in Internet Evolution, IEEE Communication, April 1998 Newman et al, IP Switching: ATM Under IP, IEEE/ACM Transaction on Networking, April 1998 Daniel Minoli, Andrew Schmidt, Network layer switched sevices, Wiley computer Publishing, 1998 David E.McDysan, ATM Theory & Application, Signature Edition, 1999 Nguyn Quc Cng, Internetworking vi TCP/IP, NXB Gio dc, 2001 ThS Dng Vn Thnh, Cng ngh ATM v mng vin thng a dch v bng rng, Hc vin cng ngh BCVT Mt s trang Web: - www.ipsilon.com - www.cisco.com - www.atmforum.com - www.rfc.com
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Chuyen Mach IP

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CHNG 3................................................................................................39 CHUYN MCH IP.................................................................................39 3.1 nh ngha v cc thut ng.....................................................39

3.2 Cc m hnh a ch ca chuyn mch IP................................44

3.3 Cc m hnh chuyn mch IP...................................................45

3.4 Cc kiu chuyn mch IP.........................................................49

4.5 Giao thc phn phi th...........................................................65

5.2 Mng chuyn mch IP..............................................................71

KT LUN................................................................................................78 TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................79

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG

CHNG 1 GII THIU CHUNG

Hnh 1.1: Router th h u tin

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG

Hnh 1.2: Kin trc ca Router c cc ng bus dng switch

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG

1.2 ATM & IP a/ IP Internet Protocol

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG

b/ ATM Asynchronous Tranfer Mode

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG

Bng so snh cng ngh IP v ATM Cng ngh IP ATM

Bn cht cng ngh

1.3 IP over ATM

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

Data Link Physical

Hnh 2.1: M hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

Hnh 2.2: Cc kiu a ch IP

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

2.4 Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong IP

Hnh 2.3: Cc h thng t tr

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

2.4.1 nh tuyn theo vect khong cch

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

Hnh 2.4: nh tuyn vc t khong cch

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

2.4.2 nh tuyn trng thi ng

Hnh 2.5: nh tuyn trng thi ng

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

Router Group #1 Router Router

Router Group #2 Router Router

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

Version IP Address (0) (0) Metric

Routing domain Router tag

Address Family IP Address Subnet mask

Next-hop IP Address Metric (lp li 20 byte trc) RIP 2

(lp li 20 byte trc) RIP 1

Hnh 2.7: nh dng bn tin RIP

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

Routing domain Routing tag

Authentication information Authentication information Authentication information Authentication information

(lp li 20 byte trc)

Hnh 2.8: Gi RIP 2 cho nhn thc

* Cc vn v hi t v mt s gii php khc phc

SV Nguyn Quang Hiu - 2001VT

* Cu hnh mt min nh tuyn RIP: