March | April 2012 Feature title: Regional review on status and trends - Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

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feeding trial implemented with control commerBased on this statement, any perturba- reference, coated at two percent dosage In most cases, the small-scale rural farmers This is predominantly fish and in particular However, in view of the potential role feeding started in the country in late 1990s tion of the could play in food and nutrition the indigenous and ubiquitous species of are cial feed, with or without FPH supplementation aquaculture water quality, resulting from onto a nutritionally balanced Plant Based Feed owner/operators and practice extensive when semi-intensive shrimp farming of brackoverfeeding, overcrowding, water renewal tilapias and the African catfishes including farming. The more aggressive farmers, parsecurity, employment, wealth generation to (PBF), within two distinct experimental facili- (two percent dosage). See Figure 4. ish water started in the southeastern part of 1.0ml of a bacterial suspension consisting shortage or algae blooming, may have critical Clarias gariepinus. Brackish water aquaculture ticularly those living near large towns and who both small- and large-scale producers in both ties named C and D. the coastal area and in the beginning of last These facilities, consisting in two serials in 9x108 UFC of Aeromonas hydrophila was consequences on health & growth statuses of and marine fish culture, as well as the culture in most cases have other professional jobs, rural and peri-urban localities, as exemplified decade in fresh water, when Thai catfish farmof 24 tanks of 100l capacity supplied with injected into the fish abdominal cavity. There farmed species. in a few countries, the AU/NEPAD Food of crustaceans, date back to less than 2030 practice semi-intensive farming. Well-placed ing started getting popular. Two ammonia challenge trial were imple- thermo regulated and filtrated seawater; only were four replicates and 15 fish per replicate Security Summit in December 2006, in Abuja, years ago and production is concentrated in individuals, corporate companies and estates, Before that a few farms used rice bran and mented on Tra catfish (Pangasius hypophthal- a few countries tank heights. Fish of marine all of who operate large production units, for agreed to promote and protect fisheries and differ by their while the culture into facilities were inoculated and then monitored oil cakes mash from in aquaculture. mus), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), algae is recent innovation. dominate semi-intensive farming. aquaculture as strategic commodity alongside C, due to lower tanks, are more exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila symptoms for 10 days. Supplemental feeds in pellet form for semijuveniles (mean weight = 13g) in order to technicians work and visual contacts. Based The more intensive systems, for the most At the end of this period, average survival Producers in the region Socio-economic rice, maize and other strategic food products. intensive Peneaus monodon farming were on the significant differences observed part, are owned by the more control feed assess the impact of FPH on overall survival surveys and National Aquaculture Sector for rate of inoculated fish for dynamic and was mostly imported and a joint venture company average zootechnical performance indicators very high, which means that initial fish health rates. Overviews (NASOs) reveal that aquaculture enterprising farmers, as well as large corporate Farming environments started producing several thousand tonnes Basically, fish were fed for 10 weeks with producers in 4), this visual crop and live- ventures, with an influx of foreign capital and the The production of fish and shellfish through (see Figure SSA include disturbance stress status was really good before starting annually in the country. commercial diets, formulated with different stock farmers, but also civil servants, retired expertise that produce for overseas markets. disease challenge trial. aquaculture in SSA as described is limited obviously impacts fish behavior. However, semi-intensive Peneaus monolevels of fishmeal FM -, supplemented or not civil Thus, growth of fish reared in facilities C Despite this high survival rate, FPH servants, local businessmen and women, (FAO, 2009b; Ridler and Hishamunda, 2001). supcompared with the historical production in by Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine and don farming started and vanished like bubbles, is only at 67 percent of the average potential plementation significantly improved overall with FPH2 and FPH3 (1.8 percent in tilapia storekeepers and individuals with other jobs. Asia, Europe and even Latin America. Environmental Affairs, Seattle, USA aquaculture feed imports ceased to exist and diets & three percent in catfish diets). After growth observed for facilities D. This growth survival rates from 88 up to 98 percent Furthermore, women are involved directly Main production systems Aquaculture is not a tradition in most subthe joint venture company switched over retardation fishponds in several by a much Production At this macroscopic scale, it is difthose feeding periods, 10 tilapia and 20 catfish as owners of is mostly explained countries (p<0.02). systems and technologies in Saharan African countries. to producing low-cost aquaculture feeds for were distinctly placed in aquaria (n=4 repli- including feed intake, which may entirely be ficult to discuss how FPH has improved fish However, in a few countries, such as Benin, lower Benin, Cameroon, Cte dIvoire, the SSA show great diversity ranging from extenfishes. solved by PH supplementation. cates) for an ammonia challenge consisting in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, sive aquaculture in ponds, lagoons and coastal resistance to opportunistic pathogens. Ghana and the Mauritius, the peoples attachSince than pellets became familiar and In addition, through PH supplementation, a ment to capture fisheries load for 48 hours Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda (Abban et areas; semi-intensive farming in ponds and constant 150ppm TAN probably enabled We may, however, propose two different several companies and private farm owners growth rate is finally improved by almost lagoons and intensive culture using with a 100 percent/day water exchange rate. al., 2009; Rana et al., 2005; Satia, 1989). Some 20 and maybe combined, patterns. tanks, them to evolve traditional11forms of aquaschool enrolment, measles vaccination, the 2006 and in tertiary education it stood at only AO regularly conducts global and are now producing pellets for fish and shrimp Survival results are non-food grade livestock by-products; 2) First, FPH, thanks to its bioactive culture and various illustrated with Figure percent, due to a combined improvement of regional reviews of aquaculture use of insecticide treated bed nets, reduc- five percent in 2006 compared to 17 percent According to research report and management in acadjas, whedos studies (Abban et al, 2009; Rana et al., 2005) cages and recirculating aquaculture systems. funcin for developing countries and 25 percent surveys it was found that there are 100 feed- plant oilseed and grain legume meals; 3) cereal the FCR, by 10 percent on average. 2 and Figure 3. tionalities there is a growing interest in and barochois, etc, (Satia, 1989; Welcomme, have reported that most successful fish farmers In addition, (anti-stress and immunostimulant status and trends, most recently tions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the way they like. Most of the pellets for produced as feed contains more This benefit combination results, on aver- mostly), may have improved overall fish health Both FPH 2 and 3 had a positive impact on particularly the peri-urban producers have had integrated aquaculture and aquaculture in 1972; GTZ, 2002). prevalence rates in some countries and some the world (UNECA, 2008). junks than mills in Bangladesh that produce aquaculture by-product meals; and 4) miscellaneous produring 2008 and 2009. tein sources such in age, proteins, leaf nutritionally required proportional ingredients. one fish survival to high ammonia load challenge, primary or at least post-primary education. status before and/or during the challenge trial. Improvements were reported in feed and poultry feed together. Aquaculture is presently practiced as single-cell in a 28 percent growth rate improve-rice-based systems, for example, in Burkina aspects of gender equality. Improper feeds provided development index, this benefit environments, namely freshwater, Second, FPH may have been a natural source There are two main types of producers in Faso, Malawi, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, etc. all three being also protein concentrates, invertebrate meals, etc. However, very limited gains were made of the key human to a terrestrial ani- life It is clear that there is no specific study observed on fishmeal ment under normal conditions and almost The present regional review and synthesis However, protein 80 percent growth rate increase under visual of Anti Microbial Peptides, which the mal expectancy and the mean of which were emphasising sustainability/ feasibility of the end product of the eventual success of these free diet. water and marine waters, but most SSA, namely the owner/operator and owner/ Non-commercial producers undertake may have brackish As feedfor sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides an on poverty, eradication of hunger, maternal may cause harm to it or the animal can 54 potential feed resources disturbance conditions. metabolism, ammonia is the most common non-operator. Different groups of individuals extensive system, while farmers with the prinbeen effective against Aeromonas hydrophila. of the activities are concentrated in freshwater as fishmeal replaceto years and and provider has years in 2009, overview of major issues and trends in the mortality and addressing disparities due deny consuming the range 4477 an option based aquaculture, especially in Bangladesh. ment in aquafeeds will to change or modify to make it palatable. In a In fact, the production of aqua-feeds has and live-transportation appear also to be attracted by different aqua- cipal objective of generating wealth practice as compared to an average of 43.9 years which accounts for more than 95 percent by depend upon the gender income and disability. aquaculture sector over the past few years. At this macroscopic scale, most likely assump- Biochemical studies would be necessary to contoxicant in culture case of aquaculture once feed (sinking) is pro- been widely recognised as one It is more toxic under its unionized culture systems. _OffshoreMaric_Quarter_SplitAd_OMC_Quarter 20/02/2012 07:53 tonnage of the regions production in 2008. Recent estimates indicate that the per- decade ago. the semi-intensive and intensive systems. In The regional review reflects development tions may be the followings: FCR improvement firm one, or both, of these assumptions. Page 1 systems. of the fast- further development and use of improved expandvided, it is difficult to know that percentage of est However, child mortality has not declined in 42 of the 55 countries in SSA for which centage of the population living in extreme form NH3 as it easily diffuses across the gill probably reflects a ing feed being consumed by target animal. production was reported to FAO in 2008. poverty in SSA has almost doubled from in 27 SSA countries due mainly to prevent- agricultural membrane reducing outward flux of ammonia reduction of PBF industries in The production volume and value data have 200 million in 1981 to 380 million in 2005 able diseases and malnutrition. The under-five induced gut inflamexcretion. the The mortality rate decreased slightly from 185 per world, with been derived from the latest FAO-FISHSTAT (Ravallion and Chen, 2008). SSA unemploy- impact of poorer As a result, ammonia level in fish plas- mation and/or an annual growth in 1 000 live births in 1990 to 165 live births in plus database for 2009. Between 1998 and ment declined slightly from 8.5 percent quality feeds ma increases causing various physiological optimization of 2005 (UNICEF, 2008; UNECA, 2008). 2008, there has been a five-fold increase in 1997 to eight percent in 2007 and was To make things worse uneaten feed/ rates in excess responses, in many ways similar to anoxia gut flora while the particles partly used as fertiliser in aquatic eco- of 30 percent Progress in responding to HIV/AIDS, expected to rise sharply in 2009 as a result of production from 42,587 to 238,877 tonnes. symptoms and finally leading to neurotoxicity higher feed intake system and pollute the water other rapidly, has tuberculosis, malaria and body diseases per year (Tacon, The greatest catalyst for increased produc- the global recession (ILO, 2008). recorded with PH and fish death in most serious cases. MARICULTURE if water exchange is not practiced (Tacon, 1996). On the In the area of education, although primary generally been limited. tion has been the emergence and intensificaSeveral studies implemented on FPH have supplementation CONFERENCE2012 1996). In Bangladesh aquaculture most ponds basis of differDespite the positive outcomes recorded tion of private sector led small and medium- enrolment rate has been improving, the pridemonstrated their biochemical functionali- is certainly due to With fish farming output expected to reach 17-19 October are rain fed and hardly has any scope of water ent categories size enterprises and the expansion of large mary completion rate is an area of concern. in some countries in terms of growing inteties, including potent anti-oxidative properties. feed enhanced palclose to 120 million tons by 2020, the HILTON HOTEL of exchange. commercial ventures stimulated in some cases Between 1999 and 2006, the completion gration of HIV/AIDS concerns into national species, 25 Offshore Mariculture Conference Thus, it becomes possible to increase atability. IZMIR TURKEY two day conference plus visit to an offshore development plans and the increasing number by growing public support and the inflow of rate improved from 49 percent to 60 but Therefore, cost effective quality feed is a percent of total animals own anti-oxidative defenses thanks to fish farm will explore the progress and aqua-feed promust for aquaculture. the completion for girls was much lower. The of people receiving antiretroviral treatment foreign capital and expertise. FPH supplementation and, as a consequence, FPH prospects for offshore aquaculture in was (ART), UNAIDS (2008), into poorer duction In addition, the implementation of the gross enrolment ratio in secondary education Bad quality feed translated reported that HIV reduce expected adverse effects of exces- improve fish European and international waters. production performance, pollutes water bodin FAO Special Program for Aquaculture rose from 25 percent in 1999 to 32 percent in prevalence is apparently on the decline for shrimp and sive production of ROS -Reactive Oxygen resistance to ies, degrade eco-system and environment and far the region, but rates are still prawn. Development in Africa (SPADA), Species- resulting from anoxia like stresses opportunistic For details on how to submit an abstract may lead to out break of disease in aquaculhigher than in other world regions. The efforts and for the full list of topics to be covered, as well as the introduction of new induced by many chemical and physical dis- pathogens together with information on the conference, have been ture farms (Barua et al, 2011). The Kingdom of Swaziland has the production systems, for example turbances. Chronic stress, including details of sponsorship packages, It is very much difficult to find out the placed on the worlds highest rate of HIV: 26 percages and tanks previously untried because of conplease call the Events Team on time when formulated feed was introduced in use of by-prodcent of the population ages 1549 or unproven in SSA, accompanied tinuous secretion of Restoring feed intake and aqua farms of Bangladesh, but it is well known ucts from the is HIV positive. by the refinement of existing produccortisol, is harmful growth during stressful events +44 (0) 1329 825335 that during the introduction of semi intensive much larger and In SSA, HIV disproportionately tion systems have contributed to this It is a common practice to supplement as it leads to immuemail conferences@offshoremariculture.com affects young women. 1.6 Sources method supplementary feed was introduced. faster-growing development. aquatic feed with palatability enhancer during nosuppression and or visit www.offshoremariculture.com of livelihood and importance of Especially in shrimp farms located in Coxs terrestrial agricritical and stressful periods such as spawning, thereby increases aquaculture. Agriculture in cultural proTrends in social Bazaar used fishmeal, rice bran and different the risks of disease outweaning, wintering, oral antibiotic treatments. broad sense plays a dominant role development types of oil cakes as supplementary feed. duction sector, breaks. in most African economies as including: Progress towards meeting the tar1) Local farmer started to use this mixture an A disease chalImproving growth rates Figure 1: Aquaculture production and value in subimportant source of livelihood, but gets of the Millennium Development in 1987-1988. The Meghna Farm of Coxs terrestrial aniSaharan Africa excluding aquatic plants (19902008). A Protein Hydrolysate was formulated lenge was initithe role of aquaculture as a major Goals (MDGs) has been mixed. bazar Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture first used the pelleted feed in 1989. mal by-product to meet such needs and serve as an internal ated on juvenile Department, Fishery Information, Data and StatisticsBangla Fishfeed Ltd, first livelihood in all but contributor to manufactured meals resultSub-Saharan Africa continued Saudi reference for assessing newly developed FPH. Nile tilapia (mean Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software a few countries Bangladesh ing to make progress in a number of pelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, (Nigeria, Uganda, from the A total of 28 short term feeding trials (13- weight: 37.7g2.2) for fishery statistics time series. Rome (www.fao.org/ Madagascar, Mozambique) is processing (i.e. social development areas, with conIntegrated Fishery and Poultry Limited first still 21days) were implemented with this internal following a 42 days fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en) very small. crete gains in such areas as primary rendering) of introduced floating feed which is very costly.

Regional review on status and trends

Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa

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FEATURE primarily wealth generating enterprises, the production units could be further classified as small and medium enterprises (SME) and large-scale aquaculture. Whereas, the typical non-commercial extensive system is characterized by lowinput, low-output and very little or no value added and generally located in rural areas; in the semi-intensive approach the inputs amounts are increased and quality of inputs are in principle better; while small and medium enterprises and large- scale commercial aquaculture systems are to an extent vertically integrated, located in urban and peri-urban areas and are also characterised by higher levels of management, capital investment, higher levels of quality control and a more complex and structured market (Abban et al., 2009; Ridler and Hishamunda, 2001). Depending on the system, a variety of species are cultured in containment or holding only a few countries indicating the immense possibility for increased production if the full potential is realised by small-, medium- and large-scale investors and many governments were committed to the development of the subsector and helped the growth of the industry by removing constraints.

FEATURE

Salient issues

"The overarching objective should be to promote aquaculture as a viable wealth creating, undertaking, and laying emphasis on private sectorfrom capture fisheries now exported. A number of factors affect fish consumption or demand. These include income, prices of fish, prices of fish complements such as rice, tastes and nonprice factors that affect the transaction costs of purchasing and preparing fish, the availability of cold chains etc. In the absence of data, Delgado et al, (2003) used regression analysis and proxies for disposal income, cost of fishery products, changes in tastes and national differences in the tradition of fish consumption and came up with an aggregate increase of fish consumption of 2.7 percent per year or an additional 1.6 million tonnes of fish a year by 2015 just to maintain current consumption of 7.8 kg per person per year. Given the projected population increase (> than 2 percent a year), the growth rate in overall fish consumption and the stagnation in both the marine and inland fisheries, the question is not what would be the demand but where could supply come from to fill the gap. The expansion of commercial aquaculture is likely to be rapid particularly under the aegis of the Special Program for Aquaculture Development in Africa (SPADA) which aims to train approximately 28 000 in 20 target countries to produce an additional 259 000 tons of aqua-products per year within six years and if the enabling environment is provided by the public sector and the international climate is favourable, the production could even be higher. Small and medium enterprises, as well as large-scale undertakings will generate wealth in most cases through international trade but also contribute to food security at sub regional levels while small-scale aquaculture will contribute to food security and for national markets and possibly intraregional trade. By 2015 and assuming the SPADA initiative is fully embraced by the countries, aquaculture production from SSA would be more than 400 000 tonnes a year, but even this will be little in comparison to the demand.

Top producers
Nigeria is consistently the largest producer. In 2008, it accounted for 60 percent of production by quantity and 56 percent of the total value. Other major producers are Uganda and Madagascar (see Figure 2). These three countries together contributed 86 percent of the total production in SSA in 2008 (the first seven major producers account for 93.7 percent of total production in 2008 by quantity). The success of these three countries is attributed to the promotion of a private sector led strategy accompanied with increases in expansion and productivity driven by significant improvements in feed and improved technologies (tanks in Nigeria), aqua-feed production and utilisation in Uganda and farm management, as well as government policies in favour of the sector, for example divesting redundant and undeliverable services in Uganda and Madagascar. Strong growth was also exhibited by Ghana and Kenya (FAO, 2009a).

led initiatives with governments providing the enabling environment for growth"

Exports of aquaculture products in the continent are increasing and this is likely to have a positive impact on growth of the sector as organisations of producers and wholesalers continue to influence development in several aspects of the industry. However, trade in aquaculture products between regions is virtually inexistent because of low supplies, but also because of high costs due to poor infrastructure and insufficient trade facilitation. The role of producer organisations serving as a catalyst for aquaculture development and marketing

The way forward

On the whole, the demand for aquaculture products in SSA is high and the potential for further growth of the industry in the region is promising. Along with technical improvements, increased market opportunities are central to the sustainable development of aquaculture in SSA. The overarching objective should be to promote aquaculture as a viable wealth creating,

undertaking, and laying emphasis on private sector-led initiatives with governments providing the enabling environment for growth. The increased growth could be realised through improvements in technologies and resource use, 41 integration of aquaculture with other farming activities accompanied with appropriate policies and strategies in marketing and trade. A few of which are: Enlarging markets for aqua-products through improved market regulation framework and support services, by zoning areas for aquaculture and organizing producer organisations, by enhancing information flow, by assisting with establishing appropriate trade practices and trans boundary movement of aquatic products Expanding the consumption of aquaproducts through such strategies as by improving access while ensuring market competitiveness, or by demonstrating high quality control Developing strategies for value addition for aquatic products such as by demonstrating high quality control, improve biosecurity and aquatic animal health management and by under taking market/product-related research

Figure 2: Major aquaculture producers by quantity and value in sub-Saharan Africa (2008). Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software for fishery statistics time series.Rome (www. fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/ fishstat/en).

Potential for an increase in demand for aquaculture products

It is estimated that by 2015, the total annual fish consumption in SSA could be 1.52.0 million tonnes higher than in 2005 if fish supplies expand at an equal pace with demand. This would result from a yearly increase in volume of fish consumed by about three percent in volume terms (FAO, 2009b). Some 70 percent of the growth in demand comes from an increase in population, which means that demand growth is steady and large. Depending on the economic situation this could even increase more. This is due to high nutritional significance of fish products given that intake of red meat is relatively low. By 2015, neither domestic production from capture fisheries (marine and freshwater) nor local aquaculture will be able to provide the increased quantities of fish needed for human consumption. A part of this need may continue to be satisfied through increased imports of low-value species. Sub-Saharan Africa has been a net importer of fish for some time. Growing local demand will tend to increase this trade gap by pulling in more imports and retaining for local consumption some of the fish mainly
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012

facilities such as: earthen ponds, concrete tanks, raceways, pens, cages and racks. Production units or systems that are being promoted in the region include: enhancement/restocking, integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) and aquaculture in rice-based systems.

Regional aquaculture production, species and values

From a production of 42,587 tonnes in 1998, production in 2008 was reported to have risen to 238,877 tons with a value of US$665 million (see Figure 1). This converts into an average annual growth rate of 18.8 percent for the years 1998 to 2008. However, several countries registered negative growth during the period. The five-fold increase in production since 1998 has been limited to

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