Toan Cap Cap c1 - Chuong 4

B mn Tan- Thng k Khoa Kinh T HQG TP.
HCM 1
TCH PHN
I. Tch phn bt nh
1. Nguyn hm - Tch phn bt nh
F(x) gi l nguyn hm ca f(x) nu f(x) l o hm ca F(x), ngha l
/
f(x) F (x) = .
Mt hm s c nhiu nguyn hm, hai nguyn hm khc nhau ca mt hm s sai khc
nhau ng mt hng s.
Tp cc nguyn hm ca hm f c k hiu l f(x)dx
, v c gi l tch phn bt
nh.
2. Cc tnh cht c bn
1)
/ /
( f(x)dx) f (x)dx df(x) f(x) = = =

2) (f(x) g(x))dx f(x)dx g(x)dx =

3) f(x)dx f(x)dx =

Bng tch phn c bn :

1
x
x dx C, 1
1
+
= +
+

dx
ln x C, 1
x
= + =

x
x
a
a dx C
lna
= +

Ni ring:
x x
e dx e C = +

2
dx
arctgx C
1 x
= +
+

2
dx
arcsinx C
1 x
= +

2
2
dx
ln x x A C
x A
= + + +
+

sinxdx cosx C = +

cos xdx sinx C = +

2
dx
cot gx C
sin x
= +

2
dx
tgx C
cos x
= +

V d:
1)
1 1
2 2
1
xdx x dx x C
2
= = +

2)
2
2
dx 1
x dx C
x
x
= = +

3)
3 5
2 2
2
x xdx x dx x C
5
= = +

4)
3 3 7
2 4 4
4
x xdx x dx x dx x C
7
= = = +

5)
4 4 3
2
2 2 2 2
x dx x 1 dx dx x
dx (x 1)dx x arctgx C
3
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
= + = + = + +
+ + + +

3. Cc phng php tnh tch phn bt nh :
3.1 Phng php i bin s :
nh l
Nu f(x)dx F(x) C = +
th
/
f( (x)) (x)dx F( (x)) C = +

trong l hm kh vi lin tc.
1) Phng php i bin th nht :
t u = u(x) du =udx
B mn Tan- Thng k Khoa Kinh T HQG TP.HCM 2
f(x)dx = g(u).du v
( ) ( ) f x dx g u du =

Ap dng mnh trn ta tnh c ( ) g u du
. T suy ra ( ) f x dx
.
V d :
Tnh
3
I = sin . cos ? =
x xdx
t u = sinx, du = cosxdx

3 3
4 4
I = sin . cos
u sin
=
4 4
x xdx u du
x
C C
=
+ = +

2) Phng php i bin th hai :
t x = (t) dx = dt
f(x)dx = f((t)) dt =g(t)dt
Ap dng mnh trn ta tnh c ( ) g t dt
. T suy ra ( ) f x dx
.
V d :
Tnh
2
I = 4 ? =
x dx
t x = 2sint dx = 2costdt
2 2
2
I = 4 4 4sin .2cos
1 cos2
= 4 cos 4
2
= 2 sin2
x dx t tdt
t
tdt dt
t t C
=
+
=
+ +

Thay
2
x
t = arcsin , sin2t = 2sintcost = x 4
2
x ta c

2
x
I = 2arcsin 4
2
x x C + +
3) Phng php tch phn tng phn :
Gi s u = u(x) v v = v(x) l hai hm s kh vi . Khi :
udv uv vdu =

Quy tc
Cho P(x) l a thc , f(x) l hm s no .
1)
x x
f(x)e dx, at u f(x), dv = e dx =

2) P(x)sin xdx, a t u P(x) va dv = sinxdx =

3) P(x) cos xdx, a t u P(x) va dv = cosxdx =

4) P(x)lnxdx, at u = lnx va dv = P(x)dx

5) P(x)arcsin xdx, a t u arcsinx va dv = P(x)dx =

6) P(x)arccos xdx, a t u arccos x va dv = P(x)dx =

7) P(x)arctgxdx, at u arctgx va dv = P(x)dx =

V d :
Tnh cc tch phn sau :
1) ln
x xdx
2) arctgxdx

3)
2
x arccos xdx

4) xsin xdx

5)
x
e cosxdx

6) sin(ln x)dx

4) Tch phn cc phn thc hu t
Phn thc hu t l cc biu thc dng
P(x)
Q(x)
, trong P(x) , Q(x) l cc a thc.
Chng ta s dng phng php tha s bt nh phn tch mt phn thc
P(x)
Q(x)
bt
k thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin thuc mt trong cc dng sau m chng ta
bit cch tm nguyn hm.
1) Dng
m
dx
, m 1
(x a)

V d :
( )
2
dx 1
C
x 2
x 2
= +
+
+

2) Dng
2
2
dx
, x px q 0 VN
x px q
+ + =
+ +

V d:

2
2 2 2
1
d(x )
dx dx du 2 2u
2
arctg
1 3 1 3 3
3 3 x x 1
(x ) (x ) u
2 4 2 4 4
2 2x 1
arctg C
3 3
+
= = = =
+ +
+ + + + +
+
= +

( t
p 1
u x x
2 2
= + = + )
3) Dng
2
2
(Ax B)dx
, x px q 0 VN
x px q
+
+ + =
+ +

V d :

2
2x 3
dx
x x 1
+
+ +

2 /
(x x 1) 2x 1 + + = +
2 /
2x 3 (x x 1) 2 + = + + +

2 / 2
2 2 2 2
2
2x 3 (x x 1) 2 d(x x 1) 2dx
dx dx
x x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x x 1
4 2x 1
ln x x 1 arctg C
3 3
+ + + + + +
= = +
+ + + + + + + +
+
= + + + +

5 ) Phng php tha s bt nh :
V d 1 :
Cho
2
3 2
P(x) 5x 6x 1
Q(x)
x 5x 6x
+
=
+

Do
3 2
x 5x 6x x(x 2)(x 3) + = nn c phn tch

2
3 2
5x 6x 1 A B C
x x 2 x 3
x 5x 6x
+
+ +

+

T suy ra

2
5x 6x 1 A(x 2)(x 3) Bx(x 3) Cx(x 2) + + +
Ln lt cho x = 0, x = 2, x = 3 ta c
1 9 28
A , B , C
6 2 63
= = =
V d 2 :

2 2 2 2
5x 2 A B C Dx E
x 1 x 1
(x 1)(x 1) (x 1) (x 1) x 1
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + +

V d 3 :

2
2 4 2 2 3 4
6x 7x 2 Ax B C D E F
x 2
(x x 1)(x 2) x x 1 (x 2) (x 2) (x 2)
+ +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + +

V d 4 :

3 2 2
1 1 A Bx C
x 1
x 1 (x 1)(x x 1) x x 1
+
= +
+
+ + + +

Suy ra
2
A(x x 1) (Bx C)(x 1) 1 + + + +
Ln lt cho x = -1, x = 0 , x = 1 ta c
1 1 2
A , B , C
3 3 3
= = =
II. Tch phn xc nh
1. nh ngha
Cho f l hm lin tc trn [a,b].
Chia [a,b] thnh n on nh bng nhau bng cc im chia a= x
0
< x
1
<x
2
<< x
n
=b,
trong
i i 1
1
x x , i 1, n
n
= = ( gi l phn hoch u ).Trn mi on nh [x

i-1
, x
i
] , chn
im
I
ty .
Tnh tng
n
n 1 n i
i 1
1 1
S (f( ) ... f( )) f( )
n n
=
= + + =

Khi n + , S
n
tin v mt gi tr m chng ta k hiu l
b
a
f(x)dx
, l tch phn xc
nh ( hoc gi l tch phn ) ca hm f trn on [a,b], vi a l cn di , b l cn trn ,
b a l chiu di ca khong ly tch phn.
Lu : Hm di du tch phn l hm b chn.
2. ngha hnh hc
Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x[a,b ] th
b
a
f(x) dx
l din tch ca hnh thang cong gii hn bi

cc ng y = f(x) , y = 0 , x = a , x = b
V d :
Tnh din tch S ca hnh ellip
2 2
2 2
x y
1, a, b 0
a b
+ >
Do hnh ellip trn i xng qua cc trc ta nn din tch
a
2 2
0
b
S 4 a x
a
=

3. Cc tnh cht c bn
1)
b a
a b
f(x)dx f(x)dx =

2)
a
a
f(x)dx 0 =

3)
b c b
a a c
f(x)dx f(x)dx f(x)dx = +

4)
b b b
a a a
(f(x) g(x))dx f(x)dx g(x)dx =

5)
b b
a a
f(x)dx f(x)dx =

6) Nu f(x) g(x) mi x(a,b) th
b b
a a
f(x)dx g(x)dx

4. Cng thc Newton Leibnitz
Nu f lin tc trn [a,b] v F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm f trn [a,b] th ta c

b
b
a
a
f(x)dx F(b) F(a) F(x) = =

V d :
1) Tnh
1
0
sin(2x 1)dx +
.
Ta c
1 1
sin(2x 1)dx sin(2x 1)d(2x 1) cos(2x 1) C
2 2
+ = + + = + +

,
Suy ra
1 1
0
0
1 1 1
sin(2x 1)dx cos(2x 1) cos1 cos3
2 2 2
+ = + =

2) Tnh
2
2
0
cos xdx

Ta c :
2
1 cos2x x sin2x
cos xdx dx C
2 2 4
+
= = + +

Suy ra :
2
2
2
0
0
x sin2x
cos xdx
2 4 4
| |
= + =
|
\

5. Cc phng php tnh tch phn tng phn
1. Tnh tch phn bng nh ngha ,tnh cht v bng nguyn hm c bn
2. Phng php i bin s
Bi ton: Tnh ( )
b
a
I f x dx =
,
*Phng php i bin dng I
nh l . Nu 1) Hm ( ) x u t = c o hm lin tc trn on
[ ]
; ,
2) Hm hp ( ( )) f u t c xc nh trn
[ ]
; ,
3) ( ) , ( ) u a u b = = ,
th
'
( ) ( ( )) ( )
b
a
I f x dx f u t u t dt
= =

.
V d 1. Hy tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
1
2 3
0
5 I x x dx = +
b)
( )
2
4
0
sin 1 cos J x xdx
= +

Gii: a) Ta c
( )
( )
3
3 2 2
5
5 3
3
d x
d x x dx x dx
+
+ = =
( )
1
3
3
0
5
5
3
d x
I x
+
= +

( )
1
1 1
3
1 2
3 3 3 3
2
0
1 1
1 1 ( 5) 2
5 ( 5) ( 5) 5
1
0 0 3 3 9
1
2
x
x d x x x
+
+
= + + = = + +
+

4 10
6 5
3 9
= .
b) Ta c
2
4
0
(sin 1) (sin ) J x d x
= +

5
1 6
sin sin
2
5 5
0
x x
| |
= + =
|
\

V d 2. Hy tnh cc tch sau:
a)
4
2
0
4 x dx
b)
1
2
0
1
dx
x +

Gii: a) t 2sin , ;
2 2
x t t

(
=
(

.
Khi x = 0 th t = 0.
Khi 2 x = th
2
t

= .
T 2sin x t = 2cos dx tdt =
4
2 2
2 2 2
0 0 0
4 4 4sin .2cos 4 cos = = =

x dx t tdt tdt

.
b) t , ;
2 2
x tgt t

| |
=
|
\
. Khi 0 x = th 0 t = , khi 1 x = th
4
t

= .
Ta c:
2
cos
dt
x tgt dx
t
= = .

1
4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
1
. .
4
1 1 cos 4
0
= = = =
+ +

dx dt
dt t
x tg t t

Ch : Trong thc t chng ta c th gp dng tch phn trn dng tng qut hn nh:
Nu hm s di du tch phn c cha cn dng
2 2 2 2
, a x a x + v
2 2
x a (trong trong a l hng s dng) m khng c cch bin i no khc th
nn i sang cc hm s lng gic lm mt cn thc, c th l:
Vi
2 2
a x , t sin , ;
2 2
x a t t

(
=
(

hoc
[ ]
cos , 0; x a t t = .
Vi
2 2
a x + , t , ;
2 2
x atgt t

| |
=
|
\

hoc ( ) , 0; x acotgt t = .
Vi
2 2
x a , t { } , ; \ 0
sin 2 2
a
x t
t

(
=
(

hoc ;
cos
a
x
t
= [ ]
0; \
2
t

`
)
.
*Phng php i bin dng II
nh l : Nu hm s ( ) u u x = n iu v c o hm lin tc trn on
[ ]
; a b sao cho
'
( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) f x dx g u x u x dx g u du = = th
( )
( )
( ) ( )
u b b
a u a
I f x dx g u du = =

.
V d 3: Tnh
1
2 3
0
5 I x x dx = +

Gii: t
3
( ) 5 u x x = + .Tac (0) 5, (1) 6 u u = = .
T c:
( )
6
5
6
1 2 2 4 10
6 6 5 5 6 5
5 3 9 9 9 9
I udu u u = = = =

V d 4: Hy tnh cc tch phn sau bng phng php i bin dng II:
a)
( )
1
5
0
2 1 x dx +
b)
2
ln
e
e
dx
x x
c)
1
2
0
4 2
1
x
dx
x x
+
+ +

d)
2
2
1
(2 1)
dx
x
e)
2
3
3
2
cos(3 )
3
x dx

Gii: a) t 2 1 u x = + . Khi 0 x = th 1 u = . Khi 1 x = th 3 u = .
Ta c 2
2
du
du dx dx = = . Do :
( )
1 3
6
5
5 6
0 1
3
1 1
2 1 (3 1)
1 2 12 12
u
x dx u du + = = =

= 60
2
3
.
b)t ln u x = . Khi x e = th 1 u = . Khi
2
x e = th 2 u = .
Ta c
dx
du
x
=
2
2
1
2
ln ln 2 ln1 ln2
1 ln
e
e
dx du
u
x x u
= = = =

.
c)t
2
1 u x x = + + . Khi 0 x = th 1 u = . Khi 1 x = th 3 u = .
Ta c (2 1) du x dx = + . Do :
1 3
2
0 1
3
4 2 2
2ln 2(ln3 ln1) 2ln3
1 1
x du
dx u
x x u
+
= = = =
+ +

.
d)t 2 1 u x = . Khi 1 x = th 1 u = . Khi 2 x = th 3 u = .
Ta c 2
2
du
du dx dx = = . Do :
2 3
2 2
1 1
3
1 1 1 1 1
( 1)
1 (2 1) 2 2 2 3 3
dx du
x u u
= = = =

.
e)t
2
3
3
u x

= . Khi
3
x

= th
3
u

= , khi
2
3
x

= th
4
3
u

= .
Ta c 3
3
du
du dx dx = = . Do :

2 4
3 3
3 3
4
2 1 1 1 4
3
cos(3 ) cos sin sin sin
3 3 3 3 3 3
3
x dx udu u

| |
= = =
|
\

1 3 3 3
3 2 2 3
| |
= =
|
\
.
3.Phng php tch phn tng phn.
nh l . Nu u(x) v v(x) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc trn
[ ]
; a b th:

( )
' '
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
b
u x v x dx u x v x v x u x dx
a
=

hay
b b
a a
b
udv uv vdu
a
=

.
p dng cng thc trn ta c qui tc cng thc tch phn tng phn sau:
Bc 1: Vit f(x)dx di dng
'
udv uv dx = bng cch chn mt phn thch hp
ca f(x) lm u(x) v phn cn li
'
( ) . dv v x dx =
Bc 2: Tnh
'
du u dx = v
'
( ) v dv v x dx = =

.
Bc 3: Tnh
'
b b
a a
vdu vu dx =

v
b
uv
a
.
Bc 5: p dng cng thc trn.
V d 5: Tnh
1
ln
e
x xdx

Gii: t
ln u x
dv xdx
=

2
2
dx
du
x
x
v

2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1
ln ln
1 1 2 2 2 4 4
e e
e e
x e x e
x xdx x xdx
+
= = =

.
V d 6: Tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
2
5
1
ln x
dx
x
b)
2
0
cos x xdx
c)
1
0
x
xe dx
d)
2
0
cos
x
e xdx

Gii: a) t
5
4
ln
1
1
4
dx
u x du
x
dv dx
v
x
x
= =

=

=
. Do :

2
2
2 2
5 4 5 4
1 1 1 1
ln ln 1 ln 2 1 1 15 4ln 2
4 4 64 4 4 256
x x dx
dx
x x x x
| |
= + = + =
|
\

.
b) t
cos sin
u x du dx
dv xdx v x
= =

= =

. Do :
( )
2 2
0 0
cos sin sin cos 1
2 2
2 2
0 0
x xdx x x xdx x

= = + =

.
c)t
x x
u x du dx
dv e dx v e
= =

= =

. Do :
( )
1 1
0 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
x x x x
xe dx xe e dx e e e e = = = =

.
d) t
cos sin
x x
u e du e dx
dv xdx v x
= =

= =

2 2
0 0
cos sin sin
2
0
x x x
e xdx e x e xdx

=

.
t
1 1
1 1
sin cos
x x
u e du e dx
dv xdx v x
= =

= =

2 2
2
0 0
cos cos cos
2
0
x x x
e xdx e e x e xdx

= +

.
2 2
2
2
0 0
1
2 cos 1 cos .
2
x x
e
e xdx e e xdx

= =

*Cch t u v dv trong phng php tch phn tng phn.

( )
b
x
a
P x e dx
( )ln
b
a
P x xdx
( )cos
b
a
P x xdx
cos
b
x
a
e xdx

u P(x) lnx P(x)
x
e
dv
x
e dx
P(x)dx Cosxdx cosxdx

Ch : iu quan trng khi s dng cng thc tch phn tng phn l lm th no chn
u v
'
dv v dx = thch hp trong biu thc di du tch phn f(x)dx. Ni chung nn chn u
l phn ca f(x) m khi ly o hm th n gin, chn
'
dv v dx = l phn ca f(x)dx l vi
phn mt hm s bit hoc c nguyn hm d tm.
C ba dng tch phn thng c p dng tch phn tng phn:
Nu tnh tch phn ( ) ( ) P x Q x dx
m P(x)l a thc cha x v Q(x) l mt

trong nhng hm s: , cos , sin
ax
e ax ax th ta thng t
'
( )
( )
( ) ( )
du P x dx
u P x
dv Q x dx v Q x dx
=
=

= =

Nu tnh tch phn ( ) ( ) P x Q x dx
m P(x) l a thc ca x v Q(x) l hm s

ln(ax) th ta t
( )
'
( )
( ) ( )
du Q x dx
u Q x
dv P x dx v P x dx
=
=

= =

Nu tnh tch phn cos
ax
I e bxdx
hoc sin
ax
J e bxdx
th
ta t
1
cos sin
ax
ax
du ae dx
u e
dv bxdx v bx
b
=
=

= =

hoc t
1
sin cos
ax
ax
du ae dx
u e
dv bxdx v bx
b
=
=

= =

Trong trng hp ny, ta phi tnh tch phn tng phn hai ln sau tr thnh tch
phn ban u. T suy ra kt qu tch phn cn tnh.
II.Tch phn mt s hm s thng gp
1. Tch phn hm s phn thc
a)Tnh tch phn dng tng qut sau:
( )
2
0
dx
I a
ax bx c
=
+ +
.
(trong
2
0 ax bx c + + vi mi
[ ]
; x )
Xt
2
4 b ac = .
+)Nu 0 = th
2
2
dx
I
b
a x
a
=
| |
|
\
tnh c.
+)Nu 0 > th
( )( )
1 2
1 dx
I
a x x x x
,
(trong
1 2
;
2 2
b b
x x
a a
+
= = )

( )
1
1 2 2
1
ln
x x
I
a x x x x
=

.
+) Nu 0 < th
2 2
2
2
2 4
= =
+ + (
| |
| |
+ + (
| |
\
(
\

dx dx
I
ax bx c
b
a x
a a

t
( )
2
2 2
1
1
2 4 2

+ = = +
b
x tgt dx tg t dt
a a a
, ta tnh c I.
b) Tnh tch phn:
( )
2
, 0
mx n
I dx a
ax bx c
+
=
+ +
.
(trong
2
( )
mx n
f x
ax bx c
+
=
+ +
lin tc trn on
[ ]
; )
+) Bng phng php ng nht h s, ta tm A v B sao cho:

c bx ax
B
c bx ax
b ax A
c bx ax
n mx
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
2 2 2
) 2 (

+)Ta c I=
dx
c bx ax
B
dx
c bx ax
b ax A
dx
c bx ax
n mx
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
2 2 2
) 2 (

. Tch phn
dx
c bx ax
b ax A
+ +
+
2
) 2 (
c bx ax A + +
2
ln

Tch phn
2
dx
ax bx c
+ +
tnh c.

c) Tnh tch phn
( )
( )
b
a
P x
I dx
Q x
=
vi P(x) v Q(x) l a thc ca x.

Nu bc ca P(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca Q(x) th dng php chia a thc.
Nu bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x) th c th xt cc trng hp:
+ Khi Q(x) ch c nghim n
1 2
, ,...,
n
th t
1 2
1 2
( )
...
( )
n
n
A A A P x
Q x x x x
= + + +

.
+ Khi ( )( )
2 2
( ) , 4 0 Q x x x px q p q = + + = < th t
2
( )
.
( )
P x A Bx C
Q x x x px q
+
= +
+ +

+ Khi
( )( )
2
( ) Q x x x = vi th t
( )
2
( )
( )
A P x B C
Q x x x
x

= + +

.

V d 7. Tnh tch phn:
1
2
0
4 11
5 6
x
dx
x x
+
+ +
.
Gii:
Cch 1.Bng phng php ng nht h s ta c th tm A, B sao cho:
( )
{ }
2 2 2
2 5
4 11
, \ 3; 2
5 6 5 6 5 6
A x
x B
x
x x x x x x
+
+
= +
+ + + + + +

( )
{ }
2 2
2 5
4 11
, \ 3; 2
5 6 5 6
Ax A B
x
x
x x x x
+ +
+
=
+ + + +

2 4 2
5 11 1
A A
A B B
= =

+ = =

Vy
( )
{ }
2 2 2
2 2 5
4 11 1
, \ 3; 2
5 6 5 6 5 6
x
x
x
x x x x x x
+
+
= +
+ + + + + +
.
Do
1 1 1
2 2 2
0 0 0
4 11 2 5
2
5 6 5 6 5 6
x x dx
dx dx
x x x x x x
+ +
= +
+ + + + + +

2
1 1
2 9
2ln 5 6 ln ln
0 0 3 2
x
x x
x
+
= + + + =
+
.
Cch 2. V
( )( )
2
5 6 2 3 x x x x + + = + + nn ta c th tnh tch phn trn bng cch:
Tm A, B sao cho:
{ }
2
4 11
, \ 3; 2
5 6 2 3
x A B
x
x x x x
+
= +
+ + + +

( )
{ }
2 2
3
4 11
, \ 3; 2
5 6 5 6
A B x A B
x
x
x x x x
+ + +
+
=
+ + + +

4 3
3 2 11 1
A B A
A B B
+ = =

+ = =

Vy
{ }
2
4 11 3 1
, \ 3; 2
5 6 2 3
x
x
x x x x
+
= +
+ + + +
.
Do
1 1 1
2
0 0 0
4 11
3
5 6 2 3
x dx dx
dx
x x x x
+
= +
+ + + +

1 1
9
3ln 2 ln 3 ln
0 0 2
x x = + + + = .
V d 8:Tnh tch phn:
1
2
0
1
dx
x x + +
.
Gii:
Do
1 1
2
2
0 0
1
1 3
2 4
dx dx
x x
x
=
+ +
| |
+ +
|
\

t
( )
2
1 3 3
, ; 1
2 2 6 3 2
x tgt t dx tg t dt

(
+ = = +
(

Vy
( )
2
1
3 3
2
2
0
6 6
3
1
2 3 2 3 3
3
2
3
1 3 3 9
(1 )
4
6
tg t dt
dx
dt t
x x
tg t

+
= = = =
+ +
+

.
V d 9. Tnh tch phn:
1
2
3
2
0
1
x
dx
x
.
Gii:
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2
0 0 1 0
1 1 1
x x xdx
dx x dx xdx
x x x
| |
= + = +
|

\

2
2
1 1
1 1 1 3
ln 1 ln
2 2
2 2 8 2 4
0 0
x
x = + = + .
2. Tch phn cc hm lng gic
2.1.Dng 1: Bin i v tch phn c bn
V d 10: Hy tnh cc tch phn sau:
a)
2
2
sin2 sin7 J x xdx
;
b)
2
4 4
0
cos (sin cos ) K x x x dx
= +
;
c)
2
3
0
4sin
1 cos
x
M dx
x
=
+
.
Gii
a)
2 2
2 2
1 1
cos5 cos9
2 2
J xdx xdx

=

1 1 4
2 2
sin5 sin9
10 18 45
2 2
x x

= =

.
b) Ta c
( )
2
4 4 2 2 2 2
cos (sin cos ) cos sin cos 2sin cos x x x x x x x x
(
+ = +

( )
2
1 1 3 1
cos 1 sin 2 cos 1 1 cos 4 cos cos cos4
2 4 4 4
x x x x x x x
| | (
= = = +
|
(
\

( )
3 1
cos cos5 cos3
4 8
x x x = + + .
2 2 2 2
4 4
0 0 0 0
3 1 1
cos (sin cos ) cos cos5 co3
4 8 8
K x x x dx xdx xdx xdx

= + = + +

3 1 1 3 1 1 11
sin sin5 sin3
2 2 2
4 40 24 4 40 24 15
0 0 0
x x x

= + + = + = .
c)
3 2 2
4sin 4sin sin 4(1 cos )sin
4(1 cos )sin
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
x x x x x
x x
x x x
= = =
+ + +

2 M = .
2.2.Dng 2: i bin s hu t ha tch phn hm lng gic
2.2.1.Tnh
cos
dx
I
asinx b x c
=
+ +

Phng php:
t
2
2
2 1
x dt
t tg dx
t
= =
+

Ta c:
2
2
sin
1
t
x
t
=
+
v
2
2
1
cos
1
t
x
t
=
+

( )
2
2
cos 2
dx dt
I
asinx b x c c b t at b c
= =
+ + + + +

bit cch tnh.
V d 11. Tnh
4cos 3sin 5
dx
x x + +

Gii:
t
2
2
1 2
1
2 2 2 1
x x dt
t tg dt tg dx dx
t
| |
= = + =
|
+
\

2
2
2
2 2
2
1
1 2
cos 3sin 3 3 2
3 3
1 1
+
= =
+ + + +
+ +
+ +

dt
dx dt
t
t t
x x t t
t t

1
1
2
ln ln
2
2
2
+
+
= + = +
+
+
x
tg
t
C C
x
t
tg
.
2.2.2. Tnh
2 2
sin sin cos cos
dx
I
a x b x x c x d
=
+ + +

Phng php:
( ) ( )
2 2
sin sin cos cos
dx
I
a d x b x x c d x
=
+ + + +

( ) ( )
2
2
cos
dx
x
a d tg x btgx c d
=
+ + + +

t
2
cos
dx
t tgx dt
x
= =
( ) ( )
2
dt
I
a d t bt c d
=
+ + + +
tnh c.
V d 12. Tnh:
2 2
sin 2sin cos 3cos
dx
I
x x x x
=
+
.
Gii:Ta c
2
2 2 2
cos
sin 2sin cos 3cos 2 3
dx
dx
x
I
x x x x tg x tgx
= =
+ +

t
2
cos
dx
t tgx dt
x
= =
( )( )
2
1 1 1 1
ln ln
2 3 1 3 4 3 4 3
dt dt t tgx
I C C
t t t t t tgx

= = = + = +
+ + + +

2.2.3. Tnh
sin cos
sin cos
m x n x p
I dx
a x b x c
+ +
=
+ +
.
Phng php:
+)Tm A, B, C sao cho:
( ) ( ) sin cos sin cos cos sin , m x n x p A a x b x c B a x b x C x + + = + + + +
+) Vy
sin cos
sin cos
m x n x p
I dx
a x b x c
+ +
=
+ +
=
=

+ +
+
+ +
+
c x b x a
dx
C dx
c x b x a
x b x a
B dx A
cos sin cos sin
sin cos

Tch phn
dx
tnh c
Tch phn
C c x b x a dx
c x b x a
x b x a
+ + + =
+ +
cos sin ln
cos sin
sin cos

Tch phn
+ + c x b x a
dx
cos sin
tnh c.
V d 13. Tnh:
cos 2sin
4cos 3sin
x x
I dx
x x
+
=
+
.
Gii:
Bng cch cn bng h s bt nh, tm A v B sao cho:
( ) ( ) cos 2sin 4cos 3sin 4sin 3cos , + = + + + x x A x x B x x x
( ) ( ) cos 2sin 4 3 cos 3 4 sin , x x A B x A B x x + = + +
2
4 3 1
5
3 4 2 1
5
A
A B
A B
B
+ =

=

2 1 4sin 3cos 2 1
. ln 4cos 3sin
5 5 4cos 3sin 5 5
x x
I dx x x x C
x x
+
| |
= = + +
|
+
\
.
2.3.Dng 3: i bin s a v tch phn hm lng gic n gin hn
(Xem v d 17, 20, 21)
2.4.Ch : Nguyn hm dng ( ) sin , cos R x x dx
, vi ( ) sin , cos R x x l mt hm
hu t theo sinx, cosx
tnh nguyn hm trn ta i bin s v a v dng tch phn hm hu t m ta
bit cch tnh tch phn.
Trng hp chung: t
2
2
2 1
x dt
t tg dx
t
= =
+

Ta c
2
2 2
2 1
sin ;cos
1 1
t t
x x
t t
= =
+ +

Nhng trng hp c bit:
+) Nu
( ) sin , cos R x x l mt hm s chn vi sinx v cosx ngha l
( ) ( ) sin , cos sin , cos R x x R x x = th t t tgx = hoc cot t gx = , sau
a tch phn v dng hu t theo bin t.
+) Nu
( ) sin , cos R x x l hm s l i vi sinx ngha l:
( ) ( ) sin , cos sin , cos R x x R x x = th t cos t x = .
+) Nu ( ) sin , cos R x x l hm s l i vi cosx ngha l:
( ) ( ) sin , cos sin , cos R x x R x x = th t sin t x = .
3.Tch phn hm v t
3.1 .Dng 1: Bin i v tch phn v t c bn
V d 14. Tnh tch phn:
1
0
1
dx
I
x x
=
+ +
.
Gii
( )
( )
1 1
3
3
2
2
0 0
1
2
1 1
0 3
1
(
= = + = +
(
+ +

dx
I x x dx x x
x x
( )
2
2 2 2
3
=
V d 15:Tnh tch phn
1 3
2
0
1
x dx
x x + +
.
Gii:
1 1 3
3 2 4
2
0 0
2 2 1
( 1 )
15
1
x dx
x x x dx
x x
= + =
+ +

.
3.2.Dng 2: Bin i v tch phn hm lng gic
(xem v d 2)
3.3Dng 3: Bin i lm mt cn
Gm: i bin s t l ton b cn thc
Vit biu thc trong cn di dng bnh phng ng
V d 15:Tnh
=
1
0
2 3
1 dx x x I

Gii:

= =
1
0
2 2
1
0
2 3
. 1 1 xdx x x dx x x I

t t=
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 t x x t x = =
Ta c: xdx=-tdt, Khi x= 0 th t =1,khi x = 1 th t =0
Vy

15
2
5 3
) 1 (
1
0
5 3 0
1
2 2
=
|
|
\
|
= =
t t
dt t t I

4.Tch phn cha du gi tr tuyt i
Phng php:Chng ta phi ph du gi tr tuyt i
V d 16: Tnh
2
2
2
1 J x dx

Gii: Lp bng xt du ca
2
1 x trn on
[ ]
2; 2
x -2 -1 1 2
2
1 x
+ 0 - 0 +
Do
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 I x dx x dx x dx x dx

= = + +

3 3 3
1 1 2
4
2 1 1 3 3 3
x x x
x x x
| | | | | |
= + + =
| | |

\ \ \
.
4. Tch phn mt s hm c bit
1.Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc v l trn on
[ ]
; a a . Khi
( ) 0
a
a
I f x dx
= =
.
V d 17: Chng minh
2
2
2
0
4 sin
xdx
I
x
= =
.
Gii: t x t dx dt = = . Khi x=
2
th t = -
2
, khi
2
x

= th
2
t

=
Do : I=
I
t
tdt
=
2
2
2
sin 4

Suy ra : 2I = 0. Ta c
2
2
2
0
4 sin
xdx
I
x
= =
.
2.Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc v chn trn on
[ ]
; a a . Khi
0
( ) 2 ( )
a a
a
I f x dx f x dx
= =

.
Chng minh : Ta c
0
0
( ) ( ) ( )
a a
a a
I f x dx f x dx f x dx

= = +

(1)
Ta tnh
0
( )
a
J f x dx
bng cch t ( ) 0 x t t a dx dt = =
0 0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
a a
a a
J f x dx f t dt f t dt f x dx
= = = =

(2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c
0
( ) 2 ( )
a a
a
I f x dx f x dx
= =

V d 18: Tnh tch phn:
2
2
2
cos
4 sin
x x
I dx
x
+
=

Gii: Ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos cos
4 sin 4 sin 4 sin
x x x x
I dx dx dx
x x x

+
= = +

Do
1
2
( )
4 sin
x
f x
x
=
l hm s l trn ;
2 2

(
(

nn
2
2
2
0
4 sin
x
dx
x

v
2 2
cos
( )
4 sin
x
f x
x
=
l hm s chn trn ;
2 2

(
(

nn ta c:

( )
2 2 2
2 2
0
2 2
cos cos (sin )
2 2
4 sin 4 sin (sin 2) sin 2
x x d x
dx dx
x x x x

= =
+ +

Vy
1 sin 2 1
ln ln3
2
2 sin 2 2
0
x
I
x
= =
+
.
3.Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc v chn trn on[ ] : . Khi

=
+
=
dx x f dx
a
x f
I
x
) (
2
1
1
) (

Chng minh: t t= -x dt= - dx
Ta c f(x) = f(-t)= f(t); a
x
+1= a
-t
+1=
1
t
t
a
a
+

Khi x= - th t = ; x = th t =-
Vy

+
+
=
+
=
+
=
dt t f
a
a
dt
a
t f a
dx
a
x f
I
t
t
t
t
x
) (
1
1 1
1
) (
1
) (


+ =
+
+ =
I dx x f dt
a
t f
dt t f
t
) (
1
) (
) (

Suy ra

=
+
=
dx x f dx
a
x f
I
x
) (
2
1
1
) (

V d 19 : Tnh tch phn:
1
4
1
2 1
x
x
I dx
=
+
.
Gii:
t t= -x dt= - dx
Khi x= - 1 th t = 1 ; x =1 th t =-1
Vy

+
=
+
=
+
=
1
1
1
` 1
4
4
1
1
4
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
dt t dt
t
dx
x
I
t
t
t x

=
+
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
1 2
I dx x dt
t
dt t
t
Suy ra
1
1
5
4
1
1
1 1 1
2 2 5 5
x
I x dx

= = =

4.Cho f(x) lin tc trn on 0;
2
(
(

.Khi
2 2
0 0
(sin ) (cos ) f x dx f x dx

=

.
Chng minh:
t
2
t x dx dt
= =
Khi x = 0 th
2
t

= , khi
2
x

= th t = 0
Do
0
2 2 2
0 0 0
2
(sin ) (sin( ) (cos ) (cos )
2
f x dx f t dt f t dt f x dx

= = =

.
Nhn xt : Bng cch lm tng t ta c cc cng thc
*Nu f(x) lin tc trn
[ ]
0;1 th (sin ) (sin )
2
xf x dx f x dx

=

*Nu f(x) lin tc trn
[ ]
0;1 th
2 2
(cos ) (cos )

=

xf x dx f x dx

V d 20:Chng minh: I=
2
0
sin
sin cos 4
n
n n
x
dx
x x
=
+
.
.
Gii :
Tng t nh trn ta c:
I=
2 2
0 0
sin cos
sin cos sin cos
n n
n n n n
x x
dx dx
x x x x

=
+ +

=J
+) Vy I+J=
2 2
0 0
sin cos
sin cos sin cos 2
n n
n n n n
x x
dx dx
x x x x

+ =
+ +

Vy I=
2
0
sin
sin cos 4
n
n n
x
dx
x x
=
+
.
V d 21: Tnh tch phn:
2
0
sin
1 cos
x x
dx
x
.
Gii: t ( ) 0 x t t dx dt = = .
Khi
( ) ( )
( )
0
2 2
0
sin
sin
1 cos 1 cos
t t
x x
dx dt
x t

=
+ +

2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
sin sin
1 cos 1 cos
sin sin
1 cos 1 cos
t t t
dt dt
t t
x x x
dx dx
x x

=
+ +
=
+ +

2 2
0 0
sin sin
2
1 cos 1 cos
x x x
dx dx
x x

=
+ +

Vy
2
2 2
0 0
sin sin
1 cos 2 1 cos 4
x x x
dx dx
x x

= =
+ +

.

Bi tp ngh
Bi 1.Tnh cc tch phn sau
+
=
2
0
2 2
sin 4 cos
2 sin
)
dx
x x
x
I a

( H-KA-2006)
+
+
=
2
0
cos 3 1
sin 2 sin
)
dx
x
x x
I c

(H-KA-2005)
+
=
2
0
cos 1
cos . 2 sin
)
dx
x
x x
I e

(H-KB-2005)
=
2
4
2 sin 1
cos sin
)
dx
x
x x
I g

+
=
2
0
3
) 3 cos (sin
2 cos
)
dx
x x
x
I i

=
2
0
sin )
dx x x I b

=
2
0
2
. cos ) 1 2 ( )
dx x x I d

+
=
4
0
2 cos 1
)
dx
x
x
I f

+
=
3
4
2
cos 1 cos
tan
)
dx
x x
x
I h

=
4
0
2
. tan )
dx x x I k

Bi 2.Tnh cc tch phn sau
+
+
=
3
0
2
3 5
1
2
) dx
x
x x
I a

+ +
+
=
4
0
1 2 1
1 2
) dx
x
x
I c

dx x x I e
=
3
1
2 3
1 . )

+
=
3 2
5
2
4
)
x x
dx
I g

+
=
3
1
2 2
) 1 (
)
x x
dx
I b

\
|
+ =
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
) dx
x x
I d

+
=
3
1
3
)
x x
dx
I f

( )
+ =
5
3
2 2 ) dx x x I h

Bi 3. Tnh cc tch phn sau
+ =
1
0
2
) 1 ( ) dx e x I a
x

+
=
1
0
1
)
x
e
dx
I c

+
=
2
0
2
2
) 2 (
.
) dx
x
e x
I e
x

+ + =
0
1
3 2
) 1 ( ) dx x e x I g
x

+
=
2
1
2
) 1 ln(
) dx
x
x
I b

+
=
e
dx x
x
x
I d
1
3
. ln
1
)

=
3
2
2
). ln( ) dx x x I f

+ =
2
0
sin
. cos ) cos ( )
dx x x e I h
x

III. TCH PHN SUY RNG
1. t vn
Trc y ta tnh tch phn bt nh, xc nh nhng cha bao gi gp cc loi tch phn
sau:
a) Tnh phn c cn l cc gi tr v hn
2 2
0
x
2 2 p
1 2 0 1
x
x x / 2
2 2 2x
0
dx 1 dx dx
; e dx; dx; ; sinxdx;
x 1 x x x
x e 1
dx; dx; e dx; e dx;
(x 3) 1 e 2
+ + + + +

+ + + +

+
+ +

b) Tch phn c tn ti nhng im lm cho hm s f(x) khng lin tc
1 2 3
3
0 1 0 0 3
1 2 dx 1
; dx; ; tgxdx; dx;
x 1 x 1 x x(x 1)
+
+

c) Tch phn c cn l cc gi tr v hn v tn ti nhng im lm cho hm s f(x)
khng lin tc
1 0 1
2 2
3
0 1 2
1 dx dx dx
dx; ; ;
x 1 x 9 1 x x
+

2. Tch phn c cn v hn
M phng qua hm s f(x) = 1/x^2 [1;t] t dn ra v cng
l
l
a a
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
+
+
=

Nu gii hn trn l hu hn th ta ni
a
f (x)dx
+
hi t
Ngc li ta ni tch phn ny phn k.
Tng t
b b
a
a
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
=

V d: Tnh cc tch phn trn
3. Tch phn ca hm khng b chn
* f(x) xc nh v lin tc trong [a;b); ngoi tr ti b th f(x) khng lin tc(
x b
lim f (x)
= )
b l
l b
a a
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
=

* f(x) xc nh v lin tc trong (a;b]; ngoi tr ti a th f(x) khng lin tc(
x a
lim f (x)
+
= )
b b
l a
a l
f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
+
=

* f(x) xc nh v lin tc trong [a;b]; ngoi tr ti c thuc [a;b] th f(x) khng lin
tc(
x c
limf (x)
= )
b c b
a a c
d b
d c e c
a e
f (x)dx f (x)dx f (x)dx
lim f (x)dx lim f (x)dx
+

= +
= +

V d: Tnh cc tch phn trn
IV. Tch phn hm nhiu bin( Tch phn kp)
a) nh ngha
Ta nh ngha tch phn hm s mt bin
b
a
f (x)dx
l gii hn ca tng tch phn

Riemann:
n
*
k k n
k 1
f (x ) x S
=
=
. Vi
0 1 n
a x x ... x b = < < < = v
*
k
x l im ty thuc on
[ ]
i 1 i
x , x
.By gi ta cng dng cch ny nh ngha tch phn hm hai bin

R
f (x, y)ds voi R : a x b, c y d

Bc 1: Chia [a,b] thnh m on nh v chia [c,d] thnh n on. Dng cc ng thng
qua cc im chia trn phn hoch R thnh N=m.n nh( hnh ch nht nh) gi th k l
P
k
( k=1,2,,N).
Bc 2: Trong mi nh chn mt im bt k
( )
* *
k k
x , y . Lp tng tch phn
( )
N
* *
N k k k
k 1
I f x , y s
=
=
. Vi
k
s l din tch
k
P , tng
N
I , c gi l tng Riemann.
Bc 3: Ly gii hn ca tng I
N
khi N v
k
max s 0 . Ta vit:
( )
N
* *
k k k
N
k 1
R R max s 0
lim f x , y s f (x, y)ds f (x, y)dxdy
=

= =

b) Tnh cht
[ ]
R R R
R R
i) af(x,y)+bg(x,y ds a f (x, y)ds b g(x, y)ds
ii) Nu f(x,y) g(x,y) (x, y) th f(x,y)ds g(x,y)ds
= +

iii) Nu min R c tch thnh 2 min ri nhau R
1
v R
2
th
1 2
R R R
f(x,y)ds f (x, y)ds f (x, y)ds = +

* nh l: Nu f(x,y) lin tc trn min hnh ch nht R : a x b, c y d . Th
R R R
f(x,y)dxdy f (x, y)dxdy f (x, y)dydx = =

V d:
a)
R
(2 y)ds R : 0 x 3, 0 y 2

b)
2
R
x yds R :1 x 2, 0 y 1
. Theo x trc hoc theo y trc

c)
R
0 x 1
(x y)ds R :
0 y x

+

d)
R
y
x 1
(x 2y)ds R : 2
0 y 2

e)
2
R
y
ds R : y x , y x
1 x
= =

Toan Cap Cap c1 - Chuong 4

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Toan Cap Cap c1 - Chuong 4

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B mn Tan- Thng k Khoa Kinh T HQG TP.

= = ( gi l phn hoch u ).Trn mi on nh [x

l din tch ca hnh thang cong gii hn bi

m P(x)l a thc cha x v Q(x) l mt

m P(x) l a thc ca x v Q(x) l hm s

vi P(x) v Q(x) l a thc ca x.

l gii hn ca tng tch phn

.By gi ta cng dng cch ny nh ngha tch phn hm hai bin

. Theo x trc hoc theo y trc

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