3/19/2012

University of Khartoum Faculty of Engineering Electrical and Electronics department

-

Seminar about:

Steam Power Plant

Prepared by:

-Mohammed Abdullah Mohammed obaid 054066 -Mohammed AwadElkareem Mohammed 054070 - Hammam Hamed Mahjoub Abdurrahman 054091

3/19/2012

overview Plant
With:

parts

Mohammed Abdullah

3/19/2012

Steam power plant is an energy converter

Chemical energy
Thermal energy Steam energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy
3/19/2012 4

3/19/2012

Pollution

Low efficiency Position ( near the river) need cooling water

3/19/2012

3/19/2012

Main parts:

Furnace

Boiler

Generator

Condenser & Cooling tower

Chimney

Turbine

Heat Recovery parts:

Economizer Air Heaters

Deaerator

3/19/2012

- Fans - Boiler Feed water Pumps - Motors and Turbines (to drive fans, pumps..)

3/19/2012

Work cycle:

3/19/2012

10

- Power plants generate electrical power by using fuels like coal, oil or natural gas. A simple power plant consists of a boiler, turbine, condenser and a pump.

3/19/2012

11

Super heater

Boiler drum

Downcomer (water walls)

Fuel (coal)

forced draught fan

The hot airfuel mixture

Preheated air

3/19/2012

12

Fuel, burned in the boiler and super heater, heats the water to generate steam. The steam is then heated to a superheated state in the super heater.

3/19/2012

13

The steam is exhausted from the high pressure turbine, and reduced in both pressure and temperature, is returned to the boiler re heater . The reheated steam is then passed to the intermediate pressure turbine and from there passed directly to the low pressure turbine set

3/19/2012

14

After the steam leaves the turbine it is cooled to its liquid state in the condenser. The liquid is pressurized by the pump prior to going back to the boiler. Before that, it must went through:

Deaerator

3/19/2012

15

A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air and other dissolved gases from the feed water to steam-generating boilers.

3/19/2012

16

A deaerator takes advantage of the fact that The solubility of oxygen in water decreases as the water gets hotter. Then, recycling to the economizer: - Economizers help to improve boiler efficiency by extracting heat from the flue gases discharged from the final super heater section. Heat is transferred to the feed water, which enters at a much lower temperature than saturated steam.

3/19/2012

17

A simple power plant is described by a

Rankine Cycle.
3/19/2012 18

With:

Mohammed AwadElkareem

3/19/2012

19

The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid. This cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine.

3/19/2012

20

3/19/2012

21

The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. While many substances could be used in the Rankine cycle, water is usually the fluid of choice due to its favorable properties, such as nontoxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, and low cost, as well as its thermodynamic properties. The working fluid in a Rankine cycle follows a closed loop and is re-used constantly.

3/19/2012

22

One of the principal advantages the Rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point.

3/19/2012

23

By condensing the fluid to liquid, the work required by the pump consumes only 1% to 3% of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle.

3/19/2012

24

Processes of the Rankine cycle

3/19/2012 25

Ts diagram of a typical Rankine cycle operating between pressures of 0.06bar and 50bar
3/19/2012 26

There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, these states are identified by number in the diagram to the right. Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy. Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor.
3/19/2012 27

Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.

3/19/2012

28

Heat flow rate to or from the system (energy per unit time) Mass flow rate (mass per unit time)
Mechanical power consumed by or provided to the system (energy per unit time) Thermodynamic efficiency of the process (net power output per heat input, dimensionless)
Isentropic efficiency of the compression (feed pump) and expansion (turbine) processes, dimensionless The "specific enthalpies" at indicated points on the T-S diagram
The final "specific enthalpy" of the fluid if the turbine were isentropic

therm
pump,turb

h1,h2,h3,h4: H4s: p1,p2:

The pressures before and after the compression process

3/19/2012

29

Each of the first four equations is easily derived from the energy and mass balance for a control volume. The fifth equation defines the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle as the ratio of net power output to heat input. As the work required by the pump is often around 1% of the turbine work output, equation 5 can be simplified.

3/19/2012

30

3/19/2012

31

Real Rankine cycle (non-ideal)

3/19/2012

32

Rankine cycle with superheat

3/19/2012 33

In a real Rankine cycle, the compression by the pump and the expansion in the turbine are not isentropic. In other words, these processes are non-reversible and entropy is increased during the two processes. This somewhat increases the power required by the pump and decreases the power generated by the turbine.

3/19/2012

34

In particular the efficiency of the steam turbine will be limited by water droplet formation. As the water condenses, water droplets hit the turbine blades at high speed causing pitting and erosion, gradually decreasing the life of turbine blades and efficiency of the turbine. The easiest way to overcome this problem is by superheating the steam.

3/19/2012

35

Rankine cycle with reheat

3/19/2012 36

Rankine cycle with reheat

3/19/2012 37

In this variation, two turbines work in series. The first accepts vapor from the boiler at high pressure. After the vapor has passed through the first turbine, it reenters the boiler and is reheated before passing through a second, lower pressure turbine.

3/19/2012

38

Among other advantages, this prevents the vapor from condensing during its expansion which can seriously damage the turbine blades, and improves the efficiency of the cycle, as more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher temperature.

3/19/2012

39

Regenerative Rankine cycle

3/19/2012 40

Regenerative Rankine cycle

3/19/2012

41

The regenerative Rankine cycle is so named because after emerging from the condenser (possibly as a subcooled liquid) the working fluid is heated by steam tapped from the hot portion of the cycle

3/19/2012

42

On the diagram shown, the fluid at 2 is mixed with the fluid at 4 (both at the same pressure) to end up with the saturated liquid at 7. This is called "direct contact heating". The Regenerative Rankine cycle (with minor variants) is commonly used in real power stations.

3/19/2012

43

With:

Boiler control
Hammam Hamad
3/19/2012 44

3/19/2012

45

3/19/2012

46

3/19/2012

47

3/19/2012

48

3/19/2012

49

3/19/2012

50

3/19/2012

51

3/19/2012

52

3/19/2012

53

3/19/2012

54

3/19/2012

55

3/19/2012

56

3/19/2012

57

3/19/2012

58