3

(objective) (static)







(Postmodernists)

69

3.1

3.1.1 (Ancient Age)

(Thales, 624-546 B.C.) (Milesian School)



(analytic)
(speculate)

(Socrates, 469-399 B.C.)

(Dialectics)

70

(Plato, 427-347 B.C.)

2 (The Phenomenal World)

(The Ideal World)


(Ultimate Reality)

3.1.2 (Medieval Age)

(Gods illumination) ( , 2544, . 9)



3.1.3 (Modern Age)


(Renaissance)

(Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473 - 1543)

(Claudius

71

Ptolemaeus, 85 - 168) 2


(Johannes Kepler, 1571 - 1630)

(Francis Bacon, 1561 - 1626)

(Inductive)
(particular)


(individual substance)
(Empiricism)

(Rene Descartes, 1596 - 1650)

(Immanuel Kant, 1724 - 1804)

(John Locke, 1632 - 1704), (George Berkley, 1685 - 1753)
(David Hume, 1711 - 1776)
(Rene Descartes, 1596 - 1650) (Leibniz, 1646 - 1716)
(innate idea)

2

72

(Transcendental Idealism)



2






Noumena thingsin-themselves
(Phenomena) ( , 2548, . 84)













( , 2547,
. 1)

73

3.1.4 (Postmodernism)

( , 2545, . 65-70)

(Structuralism) (Post-structuralism)
(Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857 - 1913)



Semiology

(signifier) (signified)
(2545, . 21)

74

(signifier)
(signified)

(Claude Levi Strauss, 1908 - )

(myth)





(appearance)

( , 2545, . 44)
(Roland Barthes, 1915 - 1980)








(hermeneutics of signs)

75

( , 2551, . 118-119)





,



20
(discourse)



(Danaher,
Geoff, Schirato, Tony and Webb, Jen, 1999, p. 31)
3.2
(Michel Foucault, 1926-1984)
(Structuralism) (Post-Structuralism)
(Poitiers) (, 1975/2547, . 5-18)




.. 1951

76

(Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844 - 1900)

(Georges Dumzill)

Madness and Civilization (1961)








Madness and
Civilization
- (Clermont-Ferrand)
.. 1963 The Birth of the Clinic

(Georges Canguilhem)

(concept)
The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (1966)

77

The Archeology of Knowledge (and The
Discourse on Language) (1969)


(Foucault, Michel,
1969/1972, p. 11)
-

(Vincennes) .. 1970




.. 1975 Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of
the Prison



(norm)

(1976) The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An

Introduction

78

(, 1975/2547, . 16)
19




The Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality Volume 2 (1984) The Care of
the Self: The History of Sexuality Volume 3 (1984)



(Foucault, Michel, 1976/1978, p. 3)
.. 1970 .. 1980

.. 1984


3 6
1. The Order of Things: An Archeology of the Human Sciences (1970)
2. The Archeology of Knowledge (and The Discourse on Language) (1972)
3. (3.1) The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction (1978)
(3.2) The Use of Pleasure: The History of Sexuality Volume 2 (1985)
(3.3) The Care of the Self: The History of Sexuality Volume 3 (1986)
3.3


16

79

(Foucault, Michel, 1966/1970, p. 17)




(Foucault, Michel, 1966/1970, pp. 32, 55)
17 18


19

(a cause)
order of things (Foucault, Michel, 1966/1970, p. 53)

(Order of Things)
episteme episteme

episteme
episteme


(2542, . 4) episteme
(constitute) (identity) (significance)


(valorize)

80

(object of knowledge)





(Foucault,
Michel, 1966/1970, p. 387)
3.4



(Representation)





(Foucault, Michel, 1966/1970, p. 78)

(statements)





()

81

()
3.5 Las Meninas
Las Meninas Maids of Honor
Diego Rodrguez de Silvay Velzquez1 (.. 1599
.. 1660)
(reality and illusion) Diego
Velzquez
Las Meninas
Las Meninas
Diego Las Meninas


(Foucault, Michel, 1966/1970, p. 8)

Las Meninas

Las
Meninas

Diego Velzquez 4

( )

82

(Foucault,
Michel, 1966/1970, p. 16)
3.6
(margin)

(Rene
Descartes, 1596 - 1650) (Immanuel Kant, 1724 - 1804)


(
)




(discursive
formations) (Foucault,
Michel, 1966/1970, p. 43)




- (Claude Lvi-Strauss, 1908)

83

3.6.1

( )

(episteme)
(social practices)

(Foucault, Michel, 1969/1972, pp. 116-117)2

(propositions) (utterances) (speech acts)
(statements)

(meaningful)
3.6.2

...discourse [is] a group of statements in so far as they belong to the same discursive formation; it does not form a

rhetorical or formal unity, endlessly repeatable, whose appearance or use in history might be indicated (and, if necessary,
explained); it is made up of a limited number of statements for which a group of conditions of existence can be defined.

84

(
)




(Foucault, 1991, p. 63)

(Foucault, 1981, p. 67)






(, 1975/2547, . 11-12)

()



(Foucault, Michel, 1969/1972, pp. 48, 76)

85

3.6.3




? ?



(meaningful)


(Foucault, Michel, 1976/1978, pp. 92-93)

biopower

86

(Foucault, Michel, 1976/1978, pp. 1735)

biopower

biopower

3.6.4

87

(Foucault, Michel, 1976/1978,
p. 100)

88

3.7
(Aristotle, 384-322 B.C.)


(Form and Matter)

(self-conscious)
(Form)
(Matter)

( , 2550, . 157-169)







(2550, . x.3)
()

(narratology)

89

(convention)

(Discourse)




(Structuralism) (deconstruct)