HOOFSTUK 2/ CHAPTER 2

DIREKTE SPANNING / DIRECT STRESS

F l

DIREKTE SPANNING =

Las Dwars - snitarea

Force DIRECT STRESS = Cross sectional area

F N = = 2 = Pa A m

DIREKTE VORMVERANDERING / DIRECT STRAIN

DIREKTEVOR MVERANDERING = Verandering in lengte Oorspronklike lengte

DIRECT STRAIN =

Change in length Original length

m = m

Spanning = Konstante Vormverand ering

Stress Strain = E =

= Constante Pa Ratio = Pa

E = Elastisiteits modulus of Young se modulus E = Modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus

E= = F L A /

VORMVERANDERING STRAIN

D V D

B V

Gemiddeldeskuifspann = ing Averageshear stress =

Skuifkrag Area in afskuiwing Shear force shear area

V A

N m 2

= Pa

tan
tan
=

=
=

Koppel arm

Couple arm
tan in radians

BC

POISSON SE VERHOUDING POISSON RATIO

Laterale vormverandering Direkte vormverandering
Lateral strain Direct strain

Poisson se verhouding

Possons ratio

VEILIGHEIDSFAKTOR FACTOR OF SAFETY

Toelatbare werkspanni ng =
Allowableworkingstress =

Breek of Vloeispann ing Veiligheid sfaktor

Ultimateor yield stress Factor of safety

S u n

S n

HOOKE SE WET / HOOKES LAW

VORMVERANDERING IS DIREK EWEREDIG AAN DIE LAS WAT DIT VEROORSAAK / DEFORMATION IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOAD PRODUCING IT.
E =

E st = 208 GPa

DIESELFDE KONSTANTE VIR SKUIFVORMVERANDERING IS BEKEND AS SKUIFMODULUS / THE SAME CONSTANT FOR SHEAR STRAIN IS KNOWN AS MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
G =
Ultimate Tensile Stress = Maximum Load Original Cross sectional Area
Load at Fracture Original Cross sectional Area

Nominal Fracture Stress =

True Fracture Stress =

Load at Fracture Final Cross sectional Area

D1 D % A = D 12
2

2 2

100 1

% L =

L1 100 L1 1

TREKTOETS / TENSION TEST

ELASTIC
S P A N N I N G S T R E S S

PLASTIC RANGE E

C A B D

VERVORMING / STRAIN

TYDELIKE VERANDERING/ TEMPORARY CHANGE

OB = ELASTIESE GEBIED / ELASTIC RANGE A = EWEREDIGHEIDSGRENS/ LIMIT OF POPORTIONALITY (EINDE VAN REGUITLYN/ END OF STRAIGHT LINE)

PERMANENTE VERANDERING \ PERMANENT DEFORMATION.

AS DIE MATERIAAL BELAS WORD MET N LAS GROTER AS DIE BY B, ONTSTAAN PERMANENTE VERANDERING \ IF THE MATERIAL IS LOADED WITH A LOAD GREATER THAN THAT AT B PERMANET DEFORMATION WILL OCCUR.
C = VLOEIPUNT(BOONSTE) \ UPPER YEILD POINT. D = VLOEIPUNT( ONDERSTE) \ LOWER YEILD POINT. E = MAKSIMUM SPANNING \ MAXIMUM STRESS.

F = BREEKSPANNING \ FRACTURE STRESS.

PROEFSPANNING \ PROOF STRENGTH (Syt).

P

0,002

OMDAT BROS METALE NIE N GOED GEDEFINUERDE VLOEIPUNT HET NIE WORD EEN GEMAAK \ FOR BRITTLE MATERIAL THERE IS NO WELL-DEFINE YEILD POINT AND PROOF STRENGTH is USED. 0,2% PROOF STRENGTH

0,2 100

= 0,002
TEKEN N LYN PARALLEL MET DIE EERSTE REGUITLYN GEDEELTE VAN DIE SPANNINGS / VORMVERANDERINGS GRAFIEK. / DRAW A LINE PARALLEL TO THE FIRST STRAIGHT LINE OF THE STRESS / STRAIN GRAPH.

METALE IN SERIE / MATERIALS IN SERIES

l1

l2

F tot = F1 = F2
O

TOT

MATERIAAL IN PARALLEL MATERIALS IN PARALLEL

F1

F2
LOAD

F3

F1 + F2 + F3 = FTOT
/

tot

Single shear and double shear