CEMENT INDUSTRY

A RESEARCH REPORT PROJECT ON INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY

Submitted in partial fulfillment in the requirements For the award of the degree of

Master of Business Administration (2010-2012) (Mahamaya Technical University, Noida) By Nishant Bajpai Roll No. 1009470072 MBA 2nd Year GIMT, Greater Noida

Project Guide Ms. Deepti Tripathi

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Index

Certificate

Acknowledgment

Executive Summary

Contribution of Manufacturing Sector Industry Background Objective of the study

Research Methodology

Data Description

Limitations of the study Analysis & Discussion Recommendation Conclusion Refrences

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Acknowledgment

Perseverance, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any venture. So hereby, its my pleasure to record thanks & gratitude to the persons involved. First, I thank Ms. Deepti tripathi for her continuous support, stimulating suggestions and helping me all the time during my project. She always ready to listen & give advice. She was always there to meet & talk about my ideas. I am also greatly indebted to my friends & family members for being so supportive. Nishant Bajpai

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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India, being the second largest cement producer in the world after China with a total capacity of 151.2 Million Tones (MT), has got a huge Cement Company. With the government of India giving boost to various infrastructure projects, housing facilities and road networks, the cement industry in India is currently growing at an enviable pace. More growth in the Indian cement industry is expected in the coming years. It is also predicted that the cement production in India would rise to 236.16 MT in FY11. It's also expected to rise to 262.61 MT in FY12. The cement industry in India is dominated by around 20 companies, which account for almost 70% of the total cement production in India. In the present year, the Indian cement companies have produced 11 MT cement during April-September 2009. It took the total cement production in FY09 to 231 MT. .The key drivers for cement demand are real estate sector, infrastructure and industry expansion projects. Among these real estate sector is the key driver of cement demand. The demand for cement is closely related to the growth in the construction sector. Consequently, cement demand has been posting a healthy growth rate of around 8 per cent since 1997-98, propelled by the increased thrust on infrastructure development, and the higher demand from the housing sector and industrial projects. Cement is bulky commodity and cannot be easily transported over long distances making it a regional market place, with the nation being divided into five regions. Each region is characterized by its own demand-supply dynamics. With increase in infrastructure development activity with projects such as state and national highways, and global demand has led Indian cement industry to increase their production capacity. This in turn has attracted the top cement companies in the world to enter the Indian market and take the advantage of growth in demand.

Contribution of Manufacturing Sector towards the Indian Economy

Manufacturing: Brief Introduction
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The Indian manufacturing sector is the mainstay of entire Indian industry as manufacturing output constitutes over 75 per cent of the index of industrial production (IIP). Indian manufacturers have adopted a global mindset while carefully selecting their product segments. They are continuously working to achieve cost excellence and marketing capability which has even attracted foreign players to proactively develop India as their sourcing and manufacturing hub. India enjoys a competitive advantage on the global canvas owing to key reforms in taxation, infrastructure and clusters (like special economic zones [SEZs]) implemented by the Government, availability of reasonably-priced skilled labour workforce and a positive ecosystem. Moreover, the global trend to manufacture and source products in low-cost countries has gained pace in the past decade, particularly in skill-intensive industries, and India has been able to leverage on the opportunity to its best. Growth Trend The HSBC India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) - a measure of factory production -was at 56.6 in February 2012. The latest reading indicated a marked expansion of the Indian manufacturing sector which was spurred by new orders (that touched a 10-month high) and a rise in new export business for the month. The Indian manufacturing sector also showed moderate overall business sentiment in OctoberDecember 2011 quarter, as per the Industrial Outlook Survey conducted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for the quarter. The business expectation index (BEI), which acts as a barometer of the overall health of the manufacturing sector, stood at 110.1 for the assessment quarter while RBI expects it at 117.2 for the January-March 2012 quarter. The IIP for the Mining, Manufacturing and Electricity sectors for the month of December 2011 stood at 136.2, 190.7 and 149.8 respectively wherein manufacturing grew by 1.8 percent. In terms of industries, 15 out of the 22 industry groups (as per 2-digit NIC-2004) in the manufacturing sector have shown positive growth during the reported month. Manufacturing: Key Developments and Investments

Shanghai Electric, China's biggest power equipment company, is all set to establish a manufacturing facility in India. The company is in advanced stages of negotiations with French power major Alstom for a joint venture facility that would manufacture boilers for power projects Detroit-headquartered automaker Ford Motor Co will make India its manufacturing hub for small, low-cost cars that would cater to markets in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. The company will set up a plant in northwest India in 2014 that would entail an investment of US$ 1 billion and would have an annual capacity of 2, 40, 000 units. Ford's existing manufacturing unit in Chengalpattu is undergoing enhancements and is expected to be in full production mode by the end of 2012

Germany-based Hummel AG Group's subsidiary Hummel Connector Systems is establishing a manufacturing facility at Neelambur, near Coimbatore, entailing an investment of 3,00, 000 (US$ 3,94,360.03). Hummel produces cable glands, circular
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connectors, industrial enclosures, touch panels and electronics for medical, measurement and control technology In order to price its new offering competitively, Japanese bike-maker Yamaha is planning to manufacture its soon-to-arrive 250cc sports bike locally in India Japan-based electronics and durables giant Toshiba has commenced local manufacturing of selected TV models in limited numbers at a facility in Dehra Dun. In order to ramp up its volumes across various categories, the company is conducting a feasibility study to go-in for local manufacturing in a bigger way

Manufacturing: Government Initiatives The Indian Government is laying intense focus on developing the manufacturing sector. It has set itself a target to ensure that 25 per cent share of gross domestic product (GDP) growth comes from manufacturing by 2022 and eventually creating 100 million job opportunities to make the growth inclusive. Mr Talleen Kumar, Joint Secretary, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, has stated that there are five more National Manufacturing Investment Zones (NMIZs) which are being proposed apart from seven of them which are ready for execution in the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor. The Indian Government has also invited Italian industry to get involved in the proposed NMIZs. Mr Anand Sharma, Commerce, Industry and Textiles Minister, India, has had a meeting with Italy's Foreign Minister Mr Guilio Terzi di Sant' Agata recently. India and Italy have Joint Working Groups (JWG) which give their recommendations about infrastructure, manufacturing, innovation and science, information technology and pharmaceuticals. More JWGs on tourism, hospitality and agro-processing are being considered. The Government has also made certain recommendations for the manufacturing policy that would be unveiled during the announcement of 12th five year plan. The proposed manufacturing policy enlists the following recommendations:

Make amendments in duty structure to ensure equal opportunities to local manufacturers. In this regard, Government has proposed to impose 19 per cent duty on imported equipment for mega power projects. The cabinet has also agreed to give preference to indigenously manufactured electronic products (step-up value addition between 25-45 per cent in five years) in Government procurement Public sector enterprises (PSEs) should focus on areas that hold national importance, but look commercially unfeasible to the private sector because of the heavy investments and risks involved. For instance: aircraft production Ensure flexibility for entry and exit of public investment in the process of industrial growth by endorsing a single holding structure or new PSEs. The model is proposed to be a combination of a sovereign wealth fund, a single holding structure and the Government acting as a venture capitalist

Road Ahead According to a joint report tiled 'Made in India-the Next Big Manufacturing Export Story', prepared by industry body CII and McKinsey, manufacturing exports from India could increase
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from US$ 40 billion in 2002 to about US$ 300 billion by 2015. This would make India rake-in a share of approximately 3.5 per cent in the world manufacturing trade. Exchange Rate Used: INR 1 = US$ 0.0198 as on March 7, 2012 EUR 1 = US$ 1.314 as on March 7, 2012 References: Media Reports, Press Releases, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Reserve Bank of India, McKinsey repo

INDUSTRY BACKGROUND Pre Independence

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The first endeavor to manufacture cement dates back to 1889 when a Calcutta based company endeavored to manufacture cement from Argillaceous (kankar). But the first endeavor to manufacture cement in an organized way commenced in Madras. South India Industries Limited began manufacture of Portland cement in 1904.But the effort did not succeed and the company had to halt production. Finally it was in 1914 that the first licensed cement manufacturing unit was set up by India Cement Company Ltd at Porbandar, Gujarat with an available capacity of 10,000 tons and production of 1000 installed. The First World War gave the impetus to the cement industry still in its initial stages. The following decade saw tremendous progress in terms of manufacturing units, installed capacity and production. This phase is also referred to as the Nascent Stage of Indian Cement Industry. During the earlier years, production of cement exceeded the demand. Society had a biased opinion against the cement manufactured in India, which further led to reduction in demand. The government intervened by giving protection to the Industry and by encouraging cooperation among the manufacturers. In 1927, the Concrete Association of India was formed with the twin goals of creating a positive awareness among the public of the utility of cement and to propagate cement consumption.

Post Independence The growth rate of cement was slow around the period after independence due to various factors like low prices, slow growth in additional capacity and rising cost. The government intervened several times to boost the industry, by increasing prices and providing financial incentives. But it had little impact on the industry. In 1956, the price and distribution control system was set up to ensure fair prices for both the manufacturers and consumers across the country and to reduce regional imbalances and reach self sufficiency. Period of Restriction (1969-1982)

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The cement industry in India was severely restrained by the government during this period. Government hold over the industry was through both direct and indirect means. Government intervened directly by exercising authority over production, capacity and distribution of cement and it intervened indirectly through price control. In 1977 the government authorized higher prices for cement manufactured by new units or through capacity increase in existing units. But still the growth rate was below par. In 1979 the government introduced a three tier price system. Prices were different for cement produced in low, medium and high cost plants. However the price control did not have the desired effect. Rise in input cost, reduced profit margins meant the manufacturers could not allocate funds for increase in capacity. Partial Control (1982-1989) To give impetus to the cement industry, the Government of India introduced a quota system in 1982.A quota of 66.60% was imposed for sales to Government and small real estate developers. For new units and sick units a lower quota at 50% was affected. The remaining 33.40% was allowed to be sold in the open market. These changes had a desired effect on the industry. Profitability of the manufacturers increased substantially, but the rising input cost was a cause for concern. Post Liberalization In 1989 the cement industry was given complete freedom, to gear it up to meet the challenges of free market competition due to the impending policy of liberalization. In 1991 the industry was de licensed. This resulted in an accelerated growth for the industry and availability of state of the art technology for modernization. Most of the major players invested heavily for capacity expansion. To maximize the opportunity available in the form of global markets, the industry laid greater focus on exports. The role of the government has been extremely crucial in the growth of the industry.

Cement is one of the core industries which plays a vital role in the growth and expansion of a
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nation. It is basically a mixture of compounds, consisting mainly of silicates and aluminates of calcium, formed out of calcium oxide, silica, aluminium oxide and iron oxide. The demand for cement depends primarily on the pace of activities in the business, financial, real estate and infrastructure sectors of the economy. Cement is considered preferred building material and is used worldwide for all construction works such as housing and industrial construction, as well as for creation of infrastructures like ports, roads, power plants, etc. Indian cement industry is globally competitive because the industry has witnessed healthy trends such as cost control and continuous technology upgradation. Current Scenario The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of quality cement. Indian Cement Industry is engaged in the production of several varieties of cement such as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS), Oil Well Cement, Rapid Hardening Portland Cement, Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement, White Cement, etc. They are produced strictly as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications and their quality is comparable with the best in the world. The industry occupies an important place in the national economy because of its strong linkages to other sectors such as construction, transportation, coal and power. The cement industry is also one of the major contributors to the exchequer by way of indirect taxes Facts of Indian Cement Industry The Industry recorded an exponential growth with the introduction of partial decontrol

in 1982 culminating in total decontrol in 1989. The capacity, which was 29 Mn.t in 1981-82, rose to 219 Mn.t at the end of FY09. While it took 8 decades to reach the 1st 100 Mn.t capacity, the 2 nd 100 Mn.t was

added in just 10 years. India ranks second in world cement producing countries. It contributes to environmental cleanliness by consuming hazardous wastes like Fly

Ash (around 30 Mn.t) from thermal power plants and the entire 8 Mn.t of slag produced by steel manufacturing units.

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As a part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the cement Industry employs

around 0.1 million people and takes care of the social needs not only of the employees but also adopts several villages around the factories providing free drinking water, electricity, medical and educational facilities. The cement Industry produces a variety of cement to suit a host of applications

matching the world's best in quality. Exports Cement/Clinker to around 30 countries across the globe and earns precious

foreign exchange.
Statistics Figures in Million Tonnes Description January 2012 December 2011 January 2012 2011-2012 2010-2011

(Apr-Jan) Cement Production Cement Despatches 16.47 16.27 15.72 15.76 14.82 14.73 145.00 143.96 137.16 136.18

Source: Cement Manufacturers' Association

Technological Advancements Modernization and technology up-gradation is a continous process for any growing industry and is equally true for the cement industry. At present, the quality of cement and building materials produced in India meets international standards and benchmarks and can compete in international markets. The productivity parameters are now nearing the theoretical bests and alternate means. Substantial technological improvements have been brought about and today, the industry can legitimately be proud of its state-of-the-art technology and processes incorporated in most of its cement plants. This technology up gradation is resulting in increased capacity, reduction in cost of production of cement.

Major Players Ultratech Cement

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Century Cements Madras Cements ACC Gujarat Ambuja Cement Limited Grasim Industries India Cements Limited Jaiprakash Associates and JK Cements. Holcim Lafarge Heidelberg Cemex Italcementi

Foreign Direct Investment The cement sector has been gradually liberalized. 100 per cent FDI is permitted in the cement industry. Future Outlook Growth in domestic cement demand is expected to remain strong, given the revival in the housing markets, continued Government spending on the rural sector, and the gradual increase in the number of infrastructure projects being executed by the private sector. Thus, the trend in demand growth seen during the last five years is expected to continue over the medium term. Also, with Government targeting an over 8% GDP growth rate, cement demand should grow at 8-10% over the next few years. The industry may be expected to add another 130-135 million tonnes of cement capacity in phases during the period 2009-10 to 2012-13. Globalization of Indian Cement Industry
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The Globalization of Indian Cement Industry has helped the industry to restructure itself to cope up with the alterations in the global economic and trading system. The Indian cement industry is one of the oldest industries. It has been catering to India's cement requirements since its emergence during the British Raj in India. Though the majority of the players in the Indian cement industry were private sector organizations, the industry was highly regulated. With the rapid growth rate of the Indian economy after the 1990s, the infrastructural developments within the country has been tremendous. The increase in the construction activities has led to the increase in the demand for updated quality building materials and other allied products. Cement being one of the major elements in the construction work, there is a growth in the cement industry in India. The consumption of cement has increased in India by nearly 7.5%. With the globalization of Indian cement industry many foreign cement manufacturers are engaging themselves in agreements and deals with their India counter parts to have a share of the growth. Globalization of Indian Cement Industry includes several foreign companies engaging in mergers and acquisitions of Indian cement companies, like

Heidelberg Cement - Indorama Cement Ltd. Heidelberg Cement Company entered into an agreement for a 50% joint venture with the Indorama Cement Ltd., situated in Mumbai, originally possessed by the Indorama S P Lohia Group. Heidelberg Cement Company is the leading German cement manufacturing company. The Heidelberg Cement was set up in 1873 and has a long and prosperous history. Being one of the best in the world the Heidelberg Cement Company has its bases in different countries. The Heidelberg Cement Company has two manufacturing units in India. A grinding plant in Mumbai and a cement terminal near Mumbai harbor. A clinker plant is coming up in the state on Gujarat

Holcim Cement - Gujarat Ambuja Cements (GACL) Holcim Cement signed an agreement of 14.8% take over with the Gujarat Ambuja Cements (GACL). With new products, skilled personnel, superb management, and a outstanding market strategy gives this tie up good edge over the other competitors. Holcim Cement Company is among the leading cement manufacturing and supplying companies in the world. It is one of the major employers in the world; having a work force of 90,000.The Holcim Cement Company has units in excess of 70 countries all over the world.

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Italcementi cement - Zuari Cement Limited Italcementi Cement Company with the help of the Ciments Franais, a subsidiary for its global activities, has acquired shares of the famous Indian cement manufacturer - Zuari Cement Limited. The acquisition was of 50% shareholding and the deal was of about 100 million Euros. Italcementi Cement is the 5th largest cement manufacturing company in the world. The production capacity of the Italcementi cement company is about 70 million tons in a year. With the construction boom in India the company looks for a stable future. In 2001 the Italcementi cement entered the Indian market scenario. It took over the plant of the Zuari Cement Limited in Andhra Pradesh in southern India. The joint venture earned revenues of around 100 million Euros and an operating profit of 4 million Euros.

Lafarge India is the subsidiary of the Lafarge Cement Company of France. It was established in 1999 in India with the acquisition of the Tisco and the Raymond cement plants. Lafarge Cement presently has three cement manufacturing units in India. One of them is in Jharkhand which is used for the purpose of grinding and the other two are in Chhattisgarh used for manufacturing. The Lafarge Cement Company was set up in the year 1833 by Leon Pavin. Lafarge Cement Company situated in France is the leading cement producing company in the world. It has plans for increasing the cement production through technological innovations and maximization of the capacity of the plant. It has a large network of distributors in the eastern part of India. The Lafarge Cement Company is presently producing nearly 5.5 million tons of cement for the Indian cement market.

STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY

It is a fragmented industry. There are 56 cement companies in India, operating 124

large and 300 mini plants, where majority of the production of cement (94%) in the country is by large plants.
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One of the other defining features of the Indian cement industry is that the location of

limestone reserves in select states has resulted in its evolving in the form of clusters.
Since cement is a high bulk and low value commodity, competition is also localized

because the cost of transportation of cement to distant markets often results in the product being uncompetitive in those markets.
Another distinguishing characteristic comes from it being cyclical in nature as the

market and consumption is closely linked to the economic and climatic cycles. In India, cement production is normally at its peak in the month of March while it is at its lowest in the month of August and September. The cyclical nature of this industry has meant that only large players are able to withstand the downturn in demand due to their economies of scale, operational efficiencies, centrally controlled distribution systems and geographical diversification.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To analyze the evolution of cement industry. To compare the global market with Indian cement industry.
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To estimate the level and analyze the trends in market concentration in the cement industry.

To assess the profitability, liquidity and other financial ratios of the firms when compared to the industry.

To find out the efficiency and economic size of cement manufacturing firms.

Research Methodology
No field work in collection of primary data for the study and the study is going to be descriptive and analytical. Secondary information is obtained by the medium of internet, journals, articles and magazines. The five companies have been chosen based on market share, production capacity and net profits for the previous years.

Data Description
Only secondary data was collected from the internet, company websites, magazines and various articles. Capitalise databases have been the main source of information for company analysis. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY:
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The study is limited to the top five cement companies in India. Only three years data is used for comparing the performance of these companies. The financial ratios used for analysis of performance of each company are limited.

Analysis and Discussion

SWOT ANALYSIS a) Strengths:

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Second largest in the world in terms of capacity: In India there are approximately 124 large and 300 mini plants with installed capacity of 200 million tonnes. Low cost of production: due to the easy availability of raw materials and cheap labour. b) Weakness: Effect of global recession on real estate: The real estate prices are stabilizing and facing steady slowdown especially in metros. There are approximately one hundred thousand completed flats without occupancy in Bangalore. There has been drastic reduction in property prices due to reduced demand and increased supply. Demand-Supply gap, overcapacity: The capacity additions distort the demand-supply equilibrium in the industry thereby affecting profitability. Increasing cost of production due to increase in coal prices. High Interest rates on housing: The re-pricing of the interest rates in the last four years from 7% to 12% has resulted in the slowdown in residential property market. c) Opportunities: Increase in infrastructure projects: Infrastructure accounts for 35% of cement consumption in India. And with increase in government focus on infrastructure spending, such as roads, highways and airports, the cement demand is likely to grow in future. Growing middle class: There has been increase in the purchasing power of emerging middleclass with rise in salaries and wages, which results in rising demand for better quality of life that further necessitates infrastructure development and hence increases the demand for cement. Technological changes: The Cement industry has made tremendous strides in technological up gradation and assimilation of latest technology. At present ninety three per cent of the total capacity in the industry is based on modern and environment-friendly dry process technology and only seven per cent of the capacity is based on old wet and semi-dry process technology. The induction of advanced technology has helped the industry immensely to conserve energy and fuel and to save materials substantially and hence reduce the cost of production. d) Threats:
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Imports from Pakistan affecting markets in Northern India: In 2010, 130000 tonnes in 2011, 173000 Metric tones of cement was exported to India. This was done to keep the price of cement under check. Excess overcapacity can hurt margins, as well as prices.

PORTERS FIVE FORCES

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CONCENTRATION RATIO: Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)

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The H index is a far more precise tool for measuring concentration. Named after economists Orris C. Herfindahl and Albert O. Hirschman, it is an economic concept widely applied in competition law, antitrust and also technology management. It is obtained by squaring the market-share of each of the players, and then adding up those squares The formula for this index is:

Where, H = Herfindahl Index. si = Contribution of each individual firm to Industry sales. n = Number of firms Here %S stands for the percentages of the market owned by each of the larger companies, so that %S1 is the percentage owned by the largest company, %S2 by the second, and so on. n stands for the total number of firms you are counting. It can range from 0 to 10,000, moving from a huge number of very small firms to a single monopolistic producer. Increases in the Herfindahl index generally indicate a decrease in competition and an increase of market power, whereas decreases indicate the opposite. A HHI index below 0.01 (or 100) indicates a highly competitive index. A HHI index below 0.1 (or 1,000) indicates an unconcentrated index. A HHI index between 0.1 to 0.18 (or 1,000 to 1,800) indicates moderate concentration. A HHI index above 0.18 (above 1,800) indicates high concentration

MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE NORTH: TOTAL SALES for the year 2009 = Rs. 33589.02 Cr

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Name of the Company ACC Ambuja Cem. Birla Corpn. J K Cements JK Lakshmi Cem. Shree Cement UltraTech Cem.

Net Sales in Percentage Cr. (2011) 7,942.66 7,040.70 1,790.19 1,664.42 1,223.90 2,716.46 6,385.50 TABLE 4.1 (%) 23.64659642 20.96131414 5.329688095 4.955250257 3.643750249 8.08734521 19.0106767

GRAPH 4.2 HHI = 0.149173 HHI indicates moderate concentration that implies the size of the firm in relationship to the overall cement industry in North is medium.

MAJOR PLAYERS IN SOUTH: TOTAL SALES for the year 2009 = Rs. 11266.01 Cr Name of the company Andhra Cements Net Sales in Cr.(2011) 369.36 Percentage (%) 3.278534281
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Chettinad Cement Dalmia Cement India Cements Madras Cement Rain Commodities zuari Cements

1,137.67 1,758.68 3,358.34 2,530.90 1,111.01 438.72 TABLE 4.2

10.09825129 15.61049564 29.8094889 22.46491881 9.861610277 3.894191466

zuari Cements, 3.89 Rain Commodities, 9.86

Andhra Cements, 3.28 others, 4.98

Market S hare
Chettinad Cement, 10.09 AndhraCements Dalmia Cement, 15.61 Chettinad Cement Dalmia Cement India Cements India Cements, 29.81 Madras Cement Rain Commodities zuari Cements others

Madras Cement, 22.46

GRAPH 4.2 HHI = 0.186167 HHI indicates moderate concentration that implies the size of the firm in relationship to the overall cement industry in South is medium.

Life Cycle Analysis Cement is a typical cyclical industry, characterized by the boom-and bust syndrome. A huge potential market and rapid growth in the early stages lead to a surge in interest and a flurry of research. The projected growth rates point to a lucrative market. The buoyant markets and huge profits raked in by players tempt more players into the market. Capacities increase in excess of demand and a glut in capacity is created. Competition increases, prices fall and margins come under pressure. Capacity addition comes to a halt; weaker players shut shop or sell off to larger ones. Demand catches up and the cycle is repeated all over again. Perhaps, of all the cyclical
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industries, the Indian cement industry exhibits this boom-and-bust cycle most visibly. Buoyed by booming economy with amplified demand for enhanced infrastructure housing & commercial space, we believe the cement industry is showing the boom, at present. COMPOSITION OF CEMENT Cement is a mixture of limestone, clay, silica and gypsum. It is a fine powder which when mixed with water sets to a hard mass as a result of hydration of the constituent compounds. It is the most commonly used construction material. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT There are different varieties of cement based on different compositions according to specific end uses namely Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Pozolona Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement, White Cement and Specialized Cement. The basic difference lies in the percentage of clinker used. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): OPC, popularly known as grey cement, has 95% clinker and 5% of gypsum and other materials. It accounts for 70% of the total consumption. White cement is a variation of OPC and is used for decorative purposes like rendering of walls, flooring etc. It contains a very low proportion of iron oxide. Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC): PPC has 80% clinker, 15% pozolona and 5% gypsum and accounts for 18% of the total cement consumption. Pozolona has siliceous and aluminous materials that do not possess cementing properties but develop these properties in the presence of water. It is cheaply manufactured because it uses fly ash/burnt clay/coal waste as the main ingredient. It has a lower heat of hydration, which helps in preventing cracks where large volumes are being cast. Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFSC): PBFSC consists of 45% clinker, 50% blast furnace slag and 5% gypsum and accounts for 10% of the total cement consumed. It has a heat of hydration even lower than PPC and is generally used in construction of dams and similar massive constructions. White Cement:

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Basically, it is OPC: clinker using fuel oil (instead of coal) and with iron oxide content below 0.4% to ensure whiteness. Special cooling technique is used. It is used to enhance aesthetic value, in tiles and for flooring. White cement is much more expensive than grey cement. Specialized Cement: Oil Well Cement: is made from clinker with special additives to prevent any porosity. Rapid Hardening Portland cement: It is similar to OPC, except that it is ground much finer, so that on casting, the compressible strength increases rapidly. Water Proof Cement: OPC, with small portion of calcium stearate or non-saponifibale oil to impart waterproofing properties. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES There are two general processes for producing clinker and cement in India: a dry process and a wet process. In general, the dry process is much more energy efficient than the wet process, and the semiwet somewhat more energy efficient than the semi-dry process. The semi-dry process has never played an important role in Indian cement production and accounts for less than 0.2% of total production. Over the last decade, increased preference is being given to the energy efficient dry process technology so as to obtain a cost advantage in a competitive market. Moreover, since the initiation of the decontrol process, many manufactures have switched over from the wet technology to the dry technology by making suitable modifications in their plants. Due to new, even more efficient technologies, the wet process is expected to be completely phased out in the near future. In 1960, around 94% of the cement plants in India used wet process kilns. These kilns have been phased out over the past 46 years and at present, 96.3% of the kilns are dry process, 3% are wet, and only 1% are semidry process. Dry process kilns are typically larger, with capacities in India ranging from 300- 8,000 tonnes per day or tpd (average of 2,880 tpd). While capacities in semi-dry kilns range from 600-1,200 tpd (average 521tpd), capacities in wet process kilns range from 200-750 tpd (average 425 tpd).

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FIG 4.3 DRY PROCESS In dry process production, limestone is crushed to a uniform and usable size, blended with certain additives (such as iron ore and bauxite) and discharged on to a vertical roller mill where the raw materials are ground to fine powder. An electrostatic precipitator dedusts the raw mill gases and collects the raw meal for a series of further stages of blending. The homogenized raw meal thus extracted is pumped to the top of a preheater by air lift pumps. In the preheaters the material is heated to 750C. Subsequently, the raw meal undergoes a process of 26alcinations in a precalcinator (in which the carbonates present are reduced fed to the kiln. The remaining 26alcinations and clinkerization reactions are completed in the kiln where the temperature is raised to 1,450-1,500C. The clinker formed is cooled and conveyed to the clinker silo from where it is extracted and transported to the cement mills for producing cement. For producing OPC, clinker and gypsum are used and for producing PPC, clinker, gypsum and fly ash are used.

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WET PROCESS The wet process differs mainly in the preparation of raw meal where water is added to raw materials to produce slurry. The chemical composition is corrected and the slurry is then pumped to the kiln where evaporation of moisture, preheating, calcinations and sintering reaction takes place. The clinker is cooled and transported, as in the case of other plants, with suitable conveyors to cement mills for grinding. The wet process is more energy intensive, and thus becomes expensive when power and energy prices are high.

GRAPH 4.4

GOVERNMENT POLICIES Government policies have affected the growth of cement plants in India in various stages. The control on cement for a long time and then partial decontrol and then total decontrol has
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contributed to the gradual opening up of the market for cement producers. The stages of growth of the cement industry can be best described in the following stages: Price and Distribution Controls (1940-1981) During the Second World War, cement was declared as an essential commodity under the Defence of India Rules and was brought under price and distribution controls which resulted in sluggish growth. The installed capacity reached only 27.9 MT by the year 1980-81. Partial Decontrol (1982-1988) In February 1982, partial decontrol was announced. Under this scheme, levy cement quota was fixed for the units and the balance could be sold in the open market. This resulted in extensive modernization and expansion drive, which can be seen from the increase in the installed capacity to 59MT in 1988-89 in comparison with the figure of a mere 27.9MT in 1980-81, an increase of almost 111%. Total Decontrol (1989) In the year 1989, total decontrol of the cement industry was announced. By decontrolling the cement industry, the government relaxed the forces of demand and supply. In the next two years, the industry enjoyed a boom in sales and profits. By 1992, the pace of overall economic liberalization had peaked; ironically, however, the economy slipped into recession taking the cement industry down with it. For 1992-93, the industry remained stagnant with no addition to existing capacity.

GOVERNMENT CONTROLS The prices that primarily control the price of cement are coal, power tariffs, railway, freight, royalty and cess on limestone. Interestingly, government controls all of these prices.

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND NATURE OF COMPETITION INSTALLED CAPACITY

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India is the worlds second largest cement producing country after China. The industry is characterized by a high degree of fragmentation that has created intense competitive pressure on price realizations. Spread across the length and breadth of the country, there are approximately 130 large cement plants owned by around 52 companies and 365 mini-cement plants with an installed capacity of around 172.08mtpa . Large cement plants accounted for 94% of the total installed capacity in India. CAPACITY CLUSTERS Cement and its raw materials namely coal and limestone, are all bulky items that make transportation difficult and uneconomical. Given this, cement plants are located close to both, sources of raw materials and markets. Most of limestone deposits in India are located in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat, leading to concentration of cement units in these states. This has resulted in clusters. There are eight such clusters in the country and account for 81% of the cement capacity. There is a trade-off between proximity to markets and proximity to raw materials due to which some cement plants have been set up near big markets despite lack of raw materials.

GRAPH 4.5

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GRAPH 4.6

COST ANALYSIS The energy costs and cement freight costs are the two most important elements in the cost structure of a cement company. While, the share of energy costs has increased marginally, freight cost has experienced a decline in its share of total operating costs. The share of other costs (such as stores & spares, manufacturing overheads, and administrative expenses) has declined. The share of costs on account of material, repair and maintenance, employees and selling expenses have more or less remained stable.

GRAPH 4.7
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Power & Fuel The cement industry is one of the most energy-intensive sectors within the Indian economy. Clinker production is the most energy intensive step, accounting for nearly 75% of the energy used in cement production. In India, an estimated 90-94% of the thermal energy requirement in cement manufacturing is met by coal. The remaining is met by fuel oil and high-speed diesel oil. Despite recent increase in coal prices the industry has been able to control the expenditure on this account by investing in captive power plants freeing themselves from the tariff hike by SEB and reducing the energy consumption required to produce a tonne of cement. However, Government is planning to phase out supplies of subsidized coal to cement, steel and paper industry. The proposed decision if implemented could result in cost escalation of almost 3040%, as the prices of coal under auction system are 30-40% higher than the notified prices. COAL Coal is an important input in cement manufacture and accounts for 15-20% of the total cost. Coal serves a dual role in cement manufacture. Firstly, the heat value in coal provides the thermal energy required for the operation of the kiln. Secondly, the mineral content in coal (basically, silica content) acts as a constituent in clinker. Cement accounts for around 4.5% of India's coal demand. Consumption of coal for production of cement has not increased proportionately with cement production because of the switch to the dry process; efficiency improvements in cement kilns and the increased use of fly ash produced in power plants and granulated slag produced in blast furnaces of steel plants in the production of cement. However, over the years, there has been deterioration in the quality of coal. In particular, the ash content has increased implying lower calorific values for coal, and improper and inefficient burning, etc. Therefore, coal consumption has started to increase, resulting in higher fuel and transportation costs. In order to reduce these problems, the cement industry started implementing coal washeries, which reduce the ash content of the coal at the mine itself. Cement companies are also resorting to importing coal, or using alternative fuel such as lignite or petcoke. POWER Cement is a power intensive industry requiring on an average 90-105 units of power in the wet process, and 100-110 units of power in the dry process to produce one tonne of cement produced. Significantly power accounts for 15-20% of the variable cost of cement manufacturing. Cement manufacturing consumes power mainly for three purposes: raw meal
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grinding, kiln rotation and clinker grinding. Each stage accounts for roughly one third of the total power consumption. A dry process plant typically has an average connected load of 15 MW. Based on the present installed capacity of 172 mtpa of cement, the total industry requirement is roughly 2520 MW. This is just around 2% of India's total current power generating capacity. However, with the increase in the frequency of power cuts and rising power tariffs, many cement companies are meeting 60-100% of their power requirement through captive facilities. The captive power generation capacity of cement plants is presently estimated at around 1,800 MW. During FY2005, roughly 43% of the total domestic cement production was undertaken using captive power as against only 21% in FY1995. Thus, the share of cement production using captive power has only increased over the years. TRANSPORTATION Outward freight on cement is an important element in the operating cost of a cement plant. It accounts for around one third of the total variable costs. Most of the cement plants in India are located in and around the limestone clusters. These clusters are distant from the collieries and the markets for cement. Cement has an average lead of around 535 km. Thus, cement companies have to rely on extensive transportation for moving coal from the coal pitheads to the cement plants and for dispatching cement from the plant to the markets. Both coal and cement are of low value and bulky in nature, freight costs are considerably high for cement plants. Cement companies use both road and rail transport to transport cement and to receive coal. Although rail transportation is more economical for distances beyond 250-300 km, cement companies have started preferring road transportation even for longer distances because of insufficient wagon supply to the cement industry. Presently, Rail dispatches amount for about 33% while roads carry the balance 66%. The balance 1% is accounted by Sea transportation. The share of road over rail has only gone up over the years. For coal transportation, the dependence on rail network is still very high and accounts for around 70% of coal movement. Over the past 12-15 months freight cost on cement has jumped more than 20%. This was largely because of the Supreme Court ruling that banned overloading of cement trucks. Further increasing diesel havent helped the cause. This has induced many cement companies to shift a portion of their cargo to rail. However, with Indian Railways facing shortage of wagons, we do expect that it will gradually increase freight charges, which in turn could push up the freight cost again.
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RAW MATERIALS Cement is usually used in mortar or concrete. It is mixed with inert material (called aggregate), like sand and coarse rock. Portland cement consists of compounds of lime mixed with oxides like silica, alumina and iron oxide. There are three major raw materials for cement. A) LIMESTONE Limestone is the main raw material and is the source of calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate is burnt to obtain calcium oxide (CaO). Limestone is the most abundant source of CaO. Cement is the biggest limestone user in India accounting for over 75-80% of limestone produced in India. The composition of limestone used by the various sectors varies. For cement, the CaO content of limestone should be a minimum of 44%. Typically, 1.4-1.5 tonnes of limestone are required per tonne of clinker. Thus, for a 1 million tone cement plant, assured availability of cement grade limestone reserves of the order of 50-60 mt in the close vicinity is important. As on 31 March 2006, the country's estimated gross reserves of cement grade limestone stand at 97430 mn.t. Out of total limestone reserves, over 45% of the inventory of cement grade limestone is in the Southern region, followed by the Northern region with 21.84%, the Western region with 12.34% and the Eastern region with 15.82% and rest 3.64% with central region. Andhra Pradesh has the privilege of possessing about 31% of the country's total proved equilanet reserves of limestone.

GRAPH 4.8 B) GYPSUM

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Gypsum is used as a retarding agent. Ground clinker, on contact with water, tends to set instantaneously because of the very fast reaction between tri-calcium alluminate and water. In the presence of gypsum, the desired setting time can be achieved. Gypsum is added to the extent of 5% during the clinker grinding stage. Gypsum is naturally available in abundance in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamilnadu. C) GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GBFS) The other raw materials that are also used in the manufacture of cement are blast furnace slag (a waste product obtained from iron-smelting furnaces) and flyash (leftover ash from a thermal power station). Limestone contains about 52% of lime and about 80% of this lime is lost during ignition of the raw materials. Similarly, Clay contributes about 57% silica of which about 25% is lost during ignition. GBFS is obtained by granulation of slag obtained as a by-product during the manufacture of steel. It is a complex calcium aluminum silicate and has latent hydraulic properties. That is why it is used in the manufacture of Portland blast furnace slag cement.

4.9 TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Modernization and technology up-gradation is a continuous process for any growing industry and is equally true for the cement industry. The Indian cement industry today is by and large comparable to the best in the world in respect of quality standards, fuel & power consumption, environmental norms, use of latest technology and capacity. The productivity parameters are now nearing the theoretical bests and alternate means, like alternate fuels and raw materials have to be found to ensure further improvement in productivity and reduce production costs. Cement industry being energy intensive, the energy conservation and alternate cheaper, renewable and environmentally friendly sources of energy have assumed greater importance for improving productivity. The major challenges confronting the industry today are raging insecurity in indigenous fuel availability, perennial constraints like higher ash content, erratic variations in quality of indigenous coal and inconsistent power supply with unpredicted power cuts. Keeping these challenges in view, the efforts by the industry towards energy conservation and finding alternate cheaper, renewable and environmentally friendly sources of energy are given utmost importance. Review of Technological Status
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Process Profile The Cement Industry today comprises mostly of Dry Suspension Preheater and Dry-Precalciner plants and a few old wet process and semi-dry process plants. Till late 70s the Cement Industry had a major share of production through the inefficient wet process technology. The scenario changed to more efficient large size dry process technology since early eighties. In the year 1950, there were, only 33 kilns out of which 32 were based on wet process and only one based on semi-dry process. Today, there are 162 kilns in operation out of which 128 are based on dry process, 26 on wet process and 8 on semi-dry process.

Kiln Capacity and Size The economic unit capacity for cement plants in India till early sixties was about 300 TPD. In mid sixties this was standardized at around 600 TPD for both wet and dry process plants. About a decade later, i.e. from mid seventies, the new plants installed were of 1200 TPD capacity. The advent of precalciner technology in mid eighties provided an opportunity to the industry to modernize and increase the capacity of existing dry process plants, to convert plants from wet to dry process as well as to set up large capacity plants incorporating the latest technological advancements. This led to installation of single line kilns of 3000 TPD (1 MTPA) capacity and more. The present trend indicates the preference of still larger kilns of about 6000 TPD capacity and above. Already there are nine kilns of 8000 tpd capacity in operation and three kilns of capacity 10000 12000 TPD are under installation. The greenfield plants being installed now are based on most advanced and the best available technology. Average annual installed capacity per plant in India is about 1.2 MTPA as against more than 2.1 MTPA in Japan. This is due to blend of small and large plants coming up at various stages and still operating in India as against smaller plants having been decommissioned in Japan. Present Status of Technology A comparison of the status of the modernization in equipment and also the technologies absorbed or implemented by the Indian cement industry along with status of Global Technology is as under:

Low Technology Plants

Modern Plants

Global Technology
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Mining Material Handling Crushing

& Conventional

Computer aided

Computer aided

Two stage Dumpers/Ropeway/ Tippers

Single stage Belt conveyors

In-pit

crushing

& Belt

Conveying of Limestone Grinding

conveying Pipe conveyors, conveyors

Ball Mills with / without conventional VRMs Roll Presses VRMs, classifier with classifier Dry - 5/6 stage preheater High Multi Cooler Burner classifier Dry

Roll

Presses,

dynamic Horo Mills with dynamic

Pyro Processing

Wet Semi Dry Dry - 4 stage preheater - Conventional cooler - Single channel burner

- 6 stage preheater - Multi Channel Burner

Efficiency - High Efficiency Cooler Channel - Co-processing of WDF - Co-generation of power Low NOx/SO2

Blending & Batch-Blending Silos Storage Packing & Bag Despatch Process Control Plant Size, 300-1800 TPD Relay Logic / Hard Wired / PLC

emission technologies Continuous Blending - Continuous Blending silos - Bag - Bulk - DDC system 3000-6000 TABLE 4.3 - Multi-Chamber Silos - Dome silos - Bulk - Palletizing & Shrink Wrapping - DDC Neurofuzzy expert system 6000-12000

- Fuzzy Logic expert -

The directions in which the modernization activities are proceeding are as illustrated below: Mining For rational exploitation of the raw material source, a systematic mine plan is developed by cement plants. Computer-aided techniques for raw material deposit assessment to arrive at
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proper extraction sequence of mining blocks, keeping in view the blending operational requirements, are envisaged and put to use in number of units. Crushing Mobile crushers have come in use in some of the newer plants, keeping in view the split location of limestone deposits and long conveying distances. The mobile crushing plant is stationed at the mine itself and raw material is crushed at the recovery site. Grinding Vertical Roller Mills (VRM) has given the real breakthrough in the area of grinding. The VRM draws 20-30 % less electrical energy as compared to the corresponding ball mill system, apart from its ability to give much higher drying capacity. These mills can accept larger feed size and hence mostly be used with single stage crushing. VRMs are now being used in clinker and slag grinding and also as pre-grinder to existing grinding installations. Another breakthrough that has come with the application of high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) has been widely adopted in Indian cement industry. The HPGR is being used as pregrinder for upgrading the existing ball mill systems. Such installations could achieve an increase in capacity upto 200% and savings in power consumption to the extent of 30 to 40% as compared to ball mills. High efficiency separators are now widely used for better classification of product and help in increasing the mill capacity besides reducing the specific power consumption. The new classifier designs include two stage separation integrating primary and secondary separation. High efficiency separators are also used now with VRMs for further improvement in their performance. A new mill system called Horizontal roller mill has been developed which is capable of producing uniform raw meal and have advantages in processing raw materials containing higher percentage of quartz. Fuel Requirements and Alternate Sources of Energy Fuel Coal continues to be the main fuel for the Indian cement industry and will remain so in the near future as well. The industry is mainly using coal from various coalfields in the country. It is
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also procuring coal through open market and direct imports. Lignite from deposits in Gujarat and Rajasthan is also being used by cement plants. Pet coke has also been successfully utilized by some cement plants, mainly in Gujarat, Rajasthan and MP, thereby substituting main fossil and conventional fuel coal upto 100% in some plants. In the recent past, waste derived fuels including hazardous combustible wastes have also been tried due to economic pressures in cement manufacturing process owing to tough competition in domestic and global markets as well as ecological reasons on account of waste disposal and co-processing in cement rotary kilns being most effective mode of waste treatment.

Use of Industrial Wastes Cement plants in India utilized about 19% of flyash generated by power plants and 100% of granulated slag generated by steel plants (year 2005-06), as compared to almost 100% flyash and 84% of granulated slag in the Japanese cement industry. Recycling of Industrial wastes in manufacture of cement is highest in Japan followed by India.

Use of Alternate Fuels

Use of hazardous and refuse derived combustibles and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as fuel is common in countries like Canada, EU, Japan and Korea, but regulations do not yet permit in India.

CPCB is actively engaged in plant level trials in respect of wastes viz. used tyres, refinery sludge, paint sludge, Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge and Toluene DiIsocyanite (TDI) tar waste from petroleum industries and in formulation of guidelines for use of these wastes as fuel by cement industry.

Energy Management The industrys average consumption in 2005-06 was 725 kcal/kg clinker thermal energy and 82 kWh/t cement electrical energy. It is expected that the industrys average thermal energy
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consumption by the end of Year 2011-12 will come down to about 710 kcal/kg clinker and the average electrical energy consumption will come down to 78 kWh/t cement. The improvements in energy performance of cement plants in the recent past have been possible largely due to: Retrofitting and adoption of energy efficient equipment Better operational control and Optimization Upgradation of process control and instrumentation facilities Better monitoring and Management Information System

DEMAND AND SUPPLY SCENARIO OF CEMENT INDUSTRY DEMAND SOURCES Cement demand in the country emanates from three major sources viz. Housing Sector accounts for 60% of total cement demand, infrastructure projects 20% and industrial projects 20%.

GRAPH 4.9 DEMAND FROM RESIDENTIAL HOUSING SECTOR Housing demand accounts for 60% of total cement demand and 90% of total real estate demand. Housing demand has supported the cement industry even in times of low infrastructure or industrial demand.
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The growth in the residential real estate market in India has been largely driven by rising disposable incomes, a rapidly growing middle class, low interest rates, fiscal incentives on both interest and principal payments for housing loans and heightened customer expectations, as well as increased urbanisation and nuclearisation. A large proportion of the demand for houses, especially in urban centres such as Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi (Gurgaon, Noida) and Pune, is likely to come from high-rise residential buildings. Since this is a fairly new segment, the growth of the highrise segment will be faster as compared to the growth of the urban housing segment. The reasons for the construction of high rise apartment buildings are the lack of space in cities and proximity to offices and IT parks.

Growth Drivers
o

Favourable demography and higher disposable income

o Nuclear families and urbanization DEMAND FROM INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL SECTOR Commercial construction comprises construction of office space, hotels, hospitals, schools, stadiums etc. In India, most of the investment in this segment is driven by office space construction. Within office space construction activity, almost 70-75 per cent of the demand comes from IT/BPO/call centres. The other key demand drivers include banking and financial services, FMCG and telecom. This dependency on IT/ITES is expected to continue due to Indias emergence as a preferred outsourcing destination, despite China and Russia also emerging as strong contenders. The industrial and commercial sector comprises of all the major industrial set ups, commercial offices, IT & ITES parks and organized retail formats. The growth in the sector will translate into substantially higher demand for commercial space, adding to the overall investment in construction activities. CRIS INFAC, believes the growth in IT/ITES is likely to translate into construction investments of Rs 148 billion (118 million sq ft) by 2010-11 as compared with investments of Rs 74 billion (61 million sq ft) in the last 3 years. The investments are based on the manpower/workspace requirement in the sector.
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Retail boom to result in construction investments of Rs 112 billion over the next 5 years CRIS INFAC, estimates that retail spending in India in fiscal 2005 was Rs. 9.9 trillion, of which organised retail accounted for Rs. 349 billion, or approximately 3.5%. The organised retail segment in India is expected to grow at a rate of 25% to 30% over the next five fiscal years. The growth of organised retail is expected to be driven by demographic factors, increasing disposable incomes, changes in shopping habits, the entry of international retailers into the market and the growing number of retail malls. CRIS INFAC, believes the current spark in mall construction activity across India will result in around 105 million sq ft of mall space by 2011. This would translate into construction investment of Rs 112 billion over the next 5 years. The increase in disposable incomes, demographic changes (such as the increasing number of working women, who spend more, the rising number of nuclear families and higher income levels within the urban population), the change in the perception of branded products, the growth in retail malls, the entry of international players and the availability of cheap finance will drive the growth in organized retail. We expect cement consumption from this sector to register a CAGR of 9-10% driven by largescale construction activities. DEMAND FROM INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR The Indian economy is all set to grow at a pace of over 7% in the current fiscal. Increased emphasis on infrastructure development made it achievable. Infrastructure has been witnessing extraordinary growth across all sectors such as roads, railways, irrigation, power, water supply urban infrastructure, ports and airports. However, in order to achieve this kind of growth on a sustainable basis, a further impetus is required to be given to the Infrastructure development in the country. GOI, recognizing this fact has planned to spend around Rs. 13.2 trillion on infrastructure development for the next five year. However, this figure has been revised upwards to Rs.19.2 trillion. Out of total proposed expenditure, a construction activity are expected to account for more than 50% of total investment and is expected to be the biggest beneficiary of the surge in infrastructure investment over the next five years. Planning commission projected that the total spending by the central government, state government, PSUs and through the Public-Private partnership (PPP) would be around Rs19.3 trillion ($470 billion) for the next 5 years as against Rs. 7.7 trillion spend during Xth Five Year Plan, a jump of over 150%.

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This would imply a construction opportunity of over Rs.11.2 trillion for the next 5 years. In light of such huge expenditure on construction activities, the demand for cement from infrastructure sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 24-25%. Overall Demand Driven by a strong residential housing demand, growing industrial and commercial activities and the continued momentum in infrastructure investment, the cement consumption is expected to witness a CAGR of more than 12% in line with the economic growth because of the strong co-relation with GDP and the increased activity in the construction sector. We further believe that due to huge expenditure by GOI on infrastructure the proportionate demand from infrastructure sector will move northwards and we expect the total share of cement demand from infrastructure to be close to 25% in 2010. However, proportionate demand from housing sector will move southwards and will come down to around 55% while remaining 20% will be from commercial sector. DEMAND-SUPPLY MISMATCH Though India is the second largest cement manufacturer, it is among the lowest cement consuming countries. In India per capita cement consumption is 122 kg, which is far below the world average of approximately 320 kg. Hence, the cement industry has been in a surplus position since a long time. There exist regional surplus/shortages in the Indian cement industry. The oversupply is largely in the Southern and Northern regions. By contrast, there is a supply shortage in Eastern and Western regions. There is significant inter-regional movement of cement, which plays a crucial role in the regional demand-supply dynamics. Most of the cement movement across regions takes place from North to Central (3.35 mt), South to West (5.20 mt), Central to North (2.45 mt), and Central to East (2.51 mt).

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GRAPH 4.10

RISK & CONCERNS 1) RISING INPUT COSTS POWER & FUEL Prices and Quantity are regulated and are revised upwards regularly. Further, given the shortage of energy future de-regulation of coal sector could be a risk factor. Adding to this, electricity prices are also witnessing pressure. TRANSPORTATION COST Rising fuel cost resulting in higher road and rail transportation cost. 2) Lower than expected growth in demand

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Any lower than anticipated cement demand growth will result in overcapacity in the industry, thereby prices may head southwards. This will significantly affect earnings of cements manufacturers. 3) Large scale capacities addition in gulf countries Indias major cement exporting destination, Middle East, is adding huge cement capacities that are estimated to be around 70 mtpa. This will significantly affect Indias cement exports to gulf countries. 4) Access to Finance Cement is a capital-intensive industry; Rs.3500/tonne is required for capacity addition. Cement industry has planned huge capex in the coming years, for which they will require huge capital. However, rising interest rates have created concern for the industry.

ACC LIMITED: ACC Limited is India's foremost manufacturer of cement and concrete. ACC's operations are spread throughout the country with 16 modern cement factories, more than 40 Ready mix concrete plants, 20 sales offices, and several zonal offices. It has a workforce of about 10,000 persons and a countrywide distribution network of over 9,000 dealers. Since inception in 1936, the company has been a trendsetter and important benchmark for the cement industry in many areas of cement and concrete technology. ACC has a unique track record of innovative research, product development and specialized consultancy services. The company's various manufacturing units are backed by a central technology support services centre - the only one of its kind in the Indian cement industry.
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ACC has rich experience in mining, being the largest user of limestone. As the largest cement producer in India, it is one of the biggest customers of the domestic coal industry, of Indian Railways, and a considerable user of the countrys road transport network services for inward and outward movement of materials and products. Among the first companies in India to include commitment to environmental protection as one of its corporate objectives, the company installed sophisticated pollution control equipment as far back as 1966, long before pollution control laws came into existence. Today each of its cement plants has state-of-the art pollution control equipment and devices. ACC plants, mines and townships visibly demonstrate successful endeavours in quarry rehabilitation, water management techniques and greening activities. The company actively promotes the use of alternative fuels and raw materials and offers total solutions for waste management including testing, suggestions for reuse, recycling and co-processing. ACC has taken purposeful steps in knowledge building. We run two institutes that offer professional technical courses for engineering graduates and diploma holders which are relevant to manufacturing sectors such as cement. The main beneficiaries are youth from remote and backward areas of the country. ACC has made significant contributions to the nation building process by way of quality products, services and sharing expertise. Its commitment to sustainable development, its high ethical standards in business dealings and its on-going efforts in community welfare programmes have won it acclaim as a responsible corporate citizen. ACCs brand name is synonymous with cement and enjoys a high level of equity in the Indian market. It is the only cement company that figures in the list of Consumer SuperBrands of India. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The importance of Corporate Governance has always been recognised in ACC. Much before Corporate Governance guidelines became applicable and mandatory for listed companies; ACC had systems in place for effective strategic planning and processes, risk management, human resources development and succession planning. The Audit Committee in ACC was constituted as far back as in 1986. The Shareholders-Investors Grievance Committee was formed way back in 1962 and the Compensation Committee was convened since 1993. The Companys core values are based on integrity, respect for the law and strict compliance thereof, emphasis on product quality and a caring spirit. Corporate Governance therefore in ACC is a way of life.
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ACC is a professionally managed Company with a majority of its Directors being Independent Directors. The Board of Directors has always consisted of persons who are professionals in their respective fields and with unquestionable integrity and reputation. The role, responsibility and accountability of the Board of Directors is clearly defined. Members of the Board have full freedom to express their views on matters placed before them for deliberation and consideration. It is the continuous endeavour of the Board of Directors to achieve the highest standards of Corporate Governance through the adoption of a strategic planning process, succession planning for attracting, motivating and energizing human resources, identification of major risks and the way and means to manage such risks, an effective communication policy and integrity of Companys internal control systems. The Board of Directors are also constantly looking at ways and means to ensure that the most effective use is made of the scarce resources at its disposal and that the management and employees have the freedom to take the Company forward within the framework of effective accountability. The Annual Reports, press releases and other communication have always made full disclosures on various facets of importance to the stakeholders, particularly with regard to information relating to financial matters, companys operations/performance, stock movements etc.

GUJARAT AMBUJA CEMENTS LTD. Ambuja Cements Limited, formerly known as Gujarat Ambuja Limited is a major Cement producing company in India. The Group's principal activity is to manufacture and market cement and clinker for both domestic and export markets. The Company also operates a hotel through its subsidiary GGL Hotel and Resort Company. It has shown innovation in utilizing measures like sea transport, captive power plants, and imported coal and availing of govt. sops and subsidies to constantly check the costs. The company has entered into a strategic partnership with Holcim, the second largest cement manufacturer in the world. Holcim had, in January, bought a 14.8 per cent promoters` stake in the GACL for INR 21.4 billion.

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The Joint Venture between the public sector Gujarat Industrial Investment Corporation (GIIC) and Narottam Sekhsaria & Associates was the reason for confinement of the company. The company was incorporated in the year 1981 as Ambuja Cements Pvt Ltd and it was rehabilitated into a public limited company on 19th March 1983 as Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd, cement production is the role of the company in nature and a cost efficient cement manufacturer in the country. It is a National Quality ISO 9002 certified company, the only cement company have this so. It's also the first to receive the same and also have ISO 14000 Certification for environmental systems. The total cement capacity of the company is 18.5 million tonnes (MT), having five cement plants at Ambuja Nagar Gujarat (5 MT), Darlaghat Himachal Pradesh (6 MT), Upperwahi Maharashtra (2.5 MT), Rabriyawas Rajasthan (2 MT) and in Chhaattisharh West Bengal (3 MT). It is also having three Bulk Cement Terminals at Surat with a storage capacity of 15,000 tonnes has bulk cement unloading facility, Panvel with a storage capacity of 17,500 tonnes has a bulk cement unloading facility and in Galle 120 kms from Colombo, Sri Lanka. It handles million tonnes of cement annually. The port terminal of the company Muldwarka Gujarat, all weather port, 8 kms from Ambuja Nagar plant, handles ships with 40,000 DWT. Is also equipped to export clinker and cement and import coal and furnace oil. A fleet of seven ships with a capacity of 20500 DWT ferry bulk cement to the packaging units. The company's cement plant was commissioned in 1985, had set up in technical collaboration with Krupp Polysius, Germany, Bakau Wolf and Fuller KCP. The 12.6 MW diesel-generating sets were commissioned during the year, which were imported in the year 1988-89. The company got necessary approvals for setting up another cement plant with 1 million tonne capacity per annum at Himachal Pradesh in the year 1991. The Company undertook bulk cement transportation, by sea, to the major markets of Mumbai, Surat and other deficit zones on the West Coast. Transportation was to be carried out by three specially designed ships during the year 1992. During the year 1994, the company's Muller location 1.5 million tonne cement project with clinkeriation facility at site in H.P and grinding facility both at Suli & Ropar in Punjab was bespoken. In 1997, Kodinar plant of the company was originated its commercial production with an enhanced capacity. Ambuja Cements had set up a $20 million clinker Grinding unit in Sri Lanka in the year 1998. In the year of 2000 cement giants Larsen & Tubro (L&T) and Gujarat Ambuja Cements entered a unique agreement to reduce transportation costs in dispatching bulk cement in Gujarat and also in the same year the company has entered into an annual contract with a
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Soinhalese firm, Mahaveli Marine Cement, to supply around 2.5 lakh tonnes of cement. The company has kick started its operations in Sri Lanka with help of a cement terminal in the port of Galle, in the south of the island country, which was started by the company. The commercial production of Maratha Cement Works plant of the company was started in the year 2002, a new 2-million tonne Greenfield cement plant at Chandrapur, Maharashtra has started its commercial production on June of the year and the merger of Ambuja Cement Rajasthan with the company was happened in the same year. Again in the year 2004, the company merged Ambuja Cement Rajasthan with itself. In the last decade the company has grown tenfold. The first company in India introduced the concept of bulk cement movement by the sea transport. The company's most distinctive attribute, however, is its approach to the business. Ambuja follows a unique homegrown philosophy for successful survival. Ambuja is the most profitable cement company in India, and one of the lowest cost producers of cement in the world. The company's most distinctive attribute, however, is its approach to the business. Ambuja follows a unique homegrown philosophy of giving people the authority to set their own targets, and the freedom to achieve their goals. This simple vision has created an environment where there are no limits to excellence, no limits to efficiency, and has proved to be a powerful engine of growth for the company. As a result, Ambuja is the most profitable cement company in India, and one of the lowest cost producer of cement in the world. JK CEMENTS J K Cement Limited (JK Cement) is one of the largest cement manufacturers in Northern India and also the second largest white cement manufacturer in India by production capacity. It is an affiliate of the J.K. Organization, which was founded by Lala Kamlapat Singhania in the year 1994. The Company produces 53-grade, 43-grade and 33-grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) grey cement, Portland Pozzolana Cement ('PPC') under grey and white cement. JK Water proof is another product from JK Cements used for flooring, wall application and other specialized applications. The products are marketed under the brand names J.K. Cement and Sarvashaktiman for OPC products, J.K. Super for PPC products and J.K. White and Camel for white cement products.

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Jaykaycem Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of the company in the year 2006 and acquired land to set up a Greenfield Grey Cement plant at Mudhol, Karnataka. In the year of 2006-07, the company had sanctioned enhancement in working capital Facility (both funded and non-funded) to Rs. 105 crores from Rs.65 crores. Started all the captive power projects i.e. 10MW turbine, 20MW Petcoke based Captive Power Plant & Waste Heat Recovery power plant. The Company had acquired from IDBI the assets of Nihon Nirmaan Ltd at Gotan during the year 2009, for Rs.42 crores and decided to utilize this facility to produce Grey cement. From enhancing the domestic footprint, the company had taken steps to go beyond national boundaries. Entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Fujairah Municipality during November of the year 2009 in the United Arab Emirates, through the subsidiary J K Cement Works (Fujairah) FZC, to set up a 2.25 MTPA grey cement plant to service the steadily increasing demand in the GCC region. During the year 2009-08, the company formed a wholly owned subsidiary under the name and style of J.K.Cement (Fujairah) FZ to undertake the business of cement and investment in the state of UAE. This Company has formed another subsidiary company under the name and style of J.K.Cement Works (Fujairah) FZC under which it is proposed to set up a green field cement plant at Fujairah, UAE. The 10 MW of the Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant of the company was commissioned at Nimbahera in March of the year 2010.

Company Strengths J K Cement enjoys certain vital advantages that have helped them in becoming one of the leading names in the field of cement manufacturing in India and abroad. First the company has proximity to huge reserves of premium quality limestone, as essential ingredient for cement manufacturing. Based on certain studies undertaken, it is estimated that the limestone reserves of the company are sufficient to support the planned production capacity for approximately 40 years. Second the company has an extensive marketing network for grey and white cement both within and outside India. The company's distribution network for grey cement consist of more than 40 feeder depots, serviced by seven regional sales office located at Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. J K cement's white cement
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distribution network comprises of 20 feeder depots and 13 regional offices. Besides, the company also has a total of more than 4000 retail stores, 22 sales promoters and four handling agents. J K Cement Production Plants The company has three major production plants located in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The first plant of J K Cement was set up in Nimbahera, Rajasthan in the year 1975 with an initial capacity of 0.3 million ton per annum. With the incorporation of newer technology and modern equipment, the production capacity was enhanced to 2.8 million ton per annum. The Gotan unit located at Gujarat which manufacturers white cement started production commercially in 1984 with a production capacity of 0.05 million ton per annum. Currently the unit has a capacity utilization of around 75% and an operating profit of 30% consistently. The unit has ISO-9001:2000 QMS, ISO-14001:1998 EMS and OHSAS-18001:2005 recognition. J K Cement Products The major products of J K Cement are grey and white cement. The grey cement produced by the company Ordinary Portland cement or OPC and Portland Pozzolana Cement or PCC. The OPC range of products has three grades which are differentiated by their compressive strength, they consist of 43-grade, 53-grade and 33-grade OPC. The cement products are marketed and sold under the brand names of J.K. Cement and Sarvashaktiman for OPC products, J.K. Super for PPC products and J.K. White and Camel for white cement products. Some other products manufactured by the company consist of:

J K Wall Putty Grey Cement J K White Cement J K Water Proof

J K Cement's manufacturing unit at Nimbahera was chosen by the World Bank and the Danish International Development Agency as one of the four training centers in India to serve as the Regional Training Center in North India. The operation of the training center gives the company access to state of art training aids, live working models, and technical expertise developed by well known national and international cement producers.
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ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED UltraTech Cement Limited, a Grasim subsidiary was incorporated in 24th August 2000 as L&T Cement Limited, has an annual capacity of 17 million tonnes. It manufactures and markets Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement and Portland Pozzolana Cement. As part of the eighth biggest cement manufacturer in the world, UltraTech Cement has five integrated plants, five grinding units as well as three terminals of its own (one overseas, in Colombo, Sri Lanka). All the plants have ISO 9001 certification, and all but one have ISO 14001 certification, while two of the plants have already received OSHAS 18001 certification. The export market comprises of countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Export is a thrust area in the company's strategy for growth. The Grasim acquired 10 per cent stake in L&T in the year of 2001. During the same year the Durgapur grinding unit was came to existence. The Company bagged Indo-German Greentech Environment Excellence Award from the Greentech Foundation, New Delhi during the period
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of 2000-2001. The value of stake increased to 15.3 per cent by October 2002. The Grasim Board approved an open offer for purchase of up to 20 per cent of the equity shares of Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T) during the year 2002, in accordance with the provisions and guidelines issued by the Securities & Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Regulations, 1997. Again the Grasim increased its stake in L&T to 14.15 per cent in 2002 and the Arakkonam grinding unit was started. During the year 2003, the board of Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T) decided to demerger of its cement business into a separate cement company (CemCo). Grasim decided to acquire an 8.5 per cent equity stake from L&T and then made an open offer for 30 per cent of the equity of CemCo, to acquire management control of the company. The Company received State and Zonal level I prize for overall performance in Mines safety 2003-2004 Energy efficient unit award from CII. In 2004, L&T completed the implementation process to demerger of the cement business and the Grasim also completed open offer, with the latter acquiring controlling stake in the newly formed company UltraTech. Grasim acquired management control in July 2004 and the name of the company was changed to UltraTech Cement Limited with in 14th October 2004. The Company enhanced its capacity utilisation across its plants. Cement is an energy intensive industry with coal and power being the major cost contributors. Use of alternative fuels auctioned, while over Rs.600 crores has been committed for the installation of captive power plants throughout the year 2004-05. Narmada Cement Company Limited (NCCL) was amalgamated with the company in May of the year 2006. With an eye on the growing Ready Mix Concrete business, the Company has commenced setting up Ready Mix Concrete plants in various places in the country during the year 2009. The Captive Power Plants being set up at your Company's Units in Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Gujarat, are on track. It may be to go on stream between FY08 and FY09. UltraTechs subsidiaries are Dakshin Cement Limited and UltraTechCeylinco (P) Limited. As part of the eighth biggest cement manufacturer in the world, UltraTech Cement has five integrated plants, five grinding units as well as three terminals of its own (one overseas, in Colombo, Sri Lanka). These facilities gradually came up over the years, as indicated below: 2006 :: Narmada Cement Company Limited amalgamated with UltraTech pursuant to a Scheme of
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Amalgamation being approved by the Board for Industrial & Financial Reconstruction (BIFR) in terms of the provision of Sick Industrial Companies Act (Special Provisions) 2004 :: Completion of the implementation process to demerge the cement business of L&T and completion of open offer by Grasim, with the latter acquiring controlling stake in the newly formed company UltraTech 2003 :: The board of Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T) decides to demerge its cement business into a separate cement company (CemCo). Grasim decides to acquire an 8.5 per cent equity stake from L&T and then make an open offer for 30 per cent of the equity of CemCo, to acquire management control of the company.

INDIA CEMENTS The India Cements Ltd was established in 1946 and the first plant was setup at Sankarnagar in Tamilnadu in 1949. Since then it has grown in stature to seven plants spread over Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. The capacities as on March 2002 have increased multifold to 9 million tons per annum. The Founders Shri Sankaralinga Iyer was a pioneer of heavy industry in the South. Primarily a banker, he ventured into the field of industry with a rare devotion and confidence with the prime objective of developing major industries in the state. With his banking experience and interest in exploring the mineral potential of South India, he went ahead boldly with his scheme of building a cement plant in the vicinity of Thalaiyuthu, where extensive deposits of limestone were assuredly available. Shri Sankaralinga Iyer with his energy and drive gave the cement project a realistic form and content. Company Highlights
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The Company is the largest producer of cement in South India. The Company's plants are well spread with three in Tamilnadu and four in Andhra Pradesh which cater to all major markets in South India and Maharashtra.

The Company is the market leader with a market share of 28% in the South. It aims to achieve a 35% market share in the near future. The Company has access to huge limestone resources and plans to expand capacity by de-bottlenecking and optimisation of existing plants as well as by acquisitions.

The Company has a strong distribution network with over 10,000 stockists of whom 25% are dedicated.

The Company has well established brands- Sankar Super Power, Coromandel Super Power and Raasi Super Power.

Regional offices in all southern states and Maharasthra offices/representative in every district.

ACC LIMITED:
RATIOS Year 2011 ROE (%) ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO 0.78 0.10 22.93 33.96 11.10 0.88 0.09 39.20 27.47 10.80 0.93 0.17 24.28 31.19 11.58 29.36 26.08 35.12 Year 2010 Year 2009

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FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO 1.38 P/E RATIO 10.68

TABLE 6.1

1.46 7.81

1.53 14.00

ANALYSIS: RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO The ROE of the company decreased considerably from 2009 to 2010. This shows that company is unable to satisfy its shareholders by proper utilization of funds. The ratio increased in the financial year 2011. This means that the company was in a better position to satisfy its shareholders compared to the previous financial year 2010. CURRENT RATIO The current ratio in 2009 was 0.93 and it gradually decreased to 0.88 in 2010 and 0.78 in 2011. Since the ideal ratio is 2:1 so it signifies that the company is in a better position to pay the current debts with a margin of safety in current assets.

DEBT-EQUITY RATIO In 2009, the debt equity ratio was 0.16 and by 2010 it was 0.08 and by 2011 it is 0.10. So the debt equity ratio shows a decrease in the financial year 2010. This shows that the companys debt is decreasing, thereby making the company unfavourable in the view of the lenders i.e. the amount of debt used effectively by the company is declining from 2009 to 2010. But in the FY 2011, we can see that this ratio has increased to 0.10. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: In 2009, the interest coverage ratio is 24.28 which increased to 39.20 in 2010. This means that the companys debt burden got decreased to a great extent. But in 2011 it got decreased to 22.93. In the FY 2011, the companys performance declined considerably and the company is not generating enough profit to pay the interest to the debts. Consequently, the financial position of the company is growing weak.

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DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: The debtors turnover ratio was 31.19 in 2009 and it decreased to 27.47 by the financial year 2010 and then it again increased to 33.96 in the FY 2011. As we know that the debtors turnover ratio explains the number of times the debtors turned over a period of a financial year. Thus, by looking at the ratio in the FY 2011 we can say that the efficiency of management of debtors of the firm is growing high in comparison to the previous years. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO: The inventory turnover ratio was 11.58 in 2009, 10.80 in 2010 and then a slight increase to 11.10 in 2011. The inventory turnover ratio measures the velocity of conversion of stock into sales. In the FY 2009, the firm was managing its inventories efficiently which was then reduced in the FY 2010. But again in FY 2011 the company is able to control its inventories. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER: This ratio indicates the companys ability to generate net sales revenue from fixed assets of the company, such as property, building and other equipments. The higher the ratio, the better it is for the company. The above table indicates that the fixed assets turnover ratio of 1.53 in 2009 declined to 1.46 in the FY 2010 and consequently declined to 1.38 in the FY 2011 which shows the companys inability to generate revenue from fixed assets in the consequent years of its operations. The company, thus, has to utilise its fixed assets in order to maintain efficiency in revenue generation. PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO: Higher the P/E ratio, the more the market is willing to pay for each rupee of annual earnings. Companies with high P/E ratios are more likely to be considered risky investments than those with low P/E ratios, since a high P/E ratio signifies high expectation. From the above table, we know that the ratio has decreased considerably from the FY 2009 to the FY 2010. The reason for this decline was the economic downturn in the FY 2010. But in the FY 2011, the company recorded a rise in the ratio i.e. from 7.81 to 10.68 meaning that the company was in a better position as compared to the previous year.

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AMBUJA CEMENTS LIMITED:

RATIOS Year 2011 Year 2010 Year 2009

ROE ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO

20.04 0.156784 1.06 0.04 67.16 40.98

22.72 0.19387 1.15 0.06 37.33 38.22

29.02 0.316693 1.05 0.15 26.14 54.29

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AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO INVENTORY TURNOVER PERIOD FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO P/E RATIO
TABLE 6.2

8.91 9.52 38.34 1.29 13.66

9.55 9.31 39.21 1.29 7.88

6.72 12.92 28.25 1.31 13.32

ANALYSIS: RETURN ON EQUITY Return on equity is net profits to equity share capital. The ratio is decreasing each year which shows the company is unable to increase profits in accordance to the increase in shareholders funds. RETURN ON ASSETS It is always said that higher the ratio the better it is. When looking at the previous three years ROA has been decreasing. The reason for this is that the operating profit has been decreasing continuously though there has been increase in the total assets for past three years. CURRENT RATIO The current ratio of company, though declining from the year 2010, but it is still able to sustain the ratio above 1, which shows company is able to pay its liabilities. If the ratio slips down below 1, then company may face problems to pay its liabilities. The liabilities of the company are increasing every year, so company should take measures to reduce liabilities. DEBT-EQUITY RATIO The debt equity ratio shows a positive trend for FY09, FY10 & FY11. The ratio also below 1 for all the three years, which reflects companys dependence on the debt finance, is very low. The main reason behind decrease in ratio is, increase in total shareholders funds. The majority of financing of the company is done by equity, and at the same time risk factor is also reducing because they dont have to pay interest to the debenture holders. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO
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Interest coverage ratio shows how much revenue is being earned in relation to its finance cost. Ambuja Cements were unable to decrease the coverage period but on the contrary coverage period increased every year, which is not a healthy sign for companys growth. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO The debtors turnover ratio indicates the efficiency of the company to collect debts. The efficiency of the company decreased in FY10 & it increased in FY11. This shows the companys efficiency was increasing but due to economic downturn in FY10, companys efficiency declined. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD In 2011, the ratio has gone down which shows that the collection period has become more powerful and company is able to collect its money from debtors more efficiently when compared to the previous year where it was 9 days. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO The ratio shows how many times a company's stock is sold and replaced over a period of time. There is a difference in the percentage of ratio for FY10 as compared to FY09, but the ratio increased in FY11. A low turnover implies poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory. The net sales of the company increased considerably in the year 2011. So, accordingly there was an increase in the inventory turnover. INVENTORY TURNOVER PERIOD The ratio has gone down which shows that demand for the product in the market has increased which is a good sign for the company. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO This ratio indicates the companys ability to generate net sales revenue from fixed assets of the company, such as property, building and other equipments. A higher fixed asset turnover ratio shows that the company has been more effective in utilizing the revenue invested in fixed assets for generating net sales.

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The above table indicates that the change in the fixed assets turnover from FY09 to FY10 was just .02 but there was no decrease in FY11 as compared to FY10. So the utilization of fixed assets in FY11 was same as compared to FY10. P/E RATIO From the data above, we can see that in 2011 the ratio has increased significantly because of the increase in market price and earnings per share which is good for the company.

JK CEMENTS
RATIOS Year 2011 ROE CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD 0.16 1.79 0.64 5.28 34.02 11 0.34 1.66 0.84 7.77 30.36 11 0.34 1.87 1.31 6.15 28.25 10 Year 2010 Year 2009

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INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO

14.97 1.77

16.15 2.15

15.77 2.24

P/E RATIO

2.01
TABLE 6.3

4.40

5.80

ANALYSIS RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO The ROE of the company was same for the year 2009 and 2010 and it was at 0.34. But it has declined in the year 2011 and came to 0.16. The decline may be due to the economic slowdown which has affected almost all the companies. CURRENT RATIO Net working capital should always be positive. In short, the higher the net working capital, the greater is the degree of overall short-term liquidity. Means current ratio indicates the liquidity of the enterprise. Min. Expected even for a new unit in India is 1.33:1 therefore we can see that the ratios in all the years are well over 1.33 which ensures us that the company is in a good condition and has ample liquidity. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: The interest coverage ratio was 15.77 in 2009 which rose to 16.15 in 2010 so this proves that the companys debt burden got decreased to some extent. But in 2011 it decreased to 14.97. The performance of the company got declined in 2011 and the companys debt burden was increasing. DEBT EQUITY RATIO Debt equity ratio should not exceed 3:1 and it has not in the case of JK Cements. This means that the company has fewer debts which is good for the company. There is a sharp deterioration in this ratio so; we have to be on guard, as the financial risk for the company increases to that extent. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO:
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The debtors turnover ratio is increasing in from the past three years as it can be seen from the table. It was at 28.25 in 2009 and it increased to 30.36 in 2010 and then it gradually increased to 34.02 in 2011. The debtors turnover ratio is growing higher which implies that the efficiency of the company is increasing. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD: In 2009 the debtors velocity was only 10 days, but there was an increase of 1 day i.e. it became 11 days in the year 2010 and remained the same in 2011, which is good for the company. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO This should not be less than 9:1 and should if possible be higher and we can see that the ratios are well above 9 which clearly state that the company is doing good and is in a good condition and has converted its inventory into sales in a very efficient manner. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER: In 2009, the fixed assets turnover was 2.24, but it decreased to 2.15 in 2010. It again declined to 1.77 in 2011. As the companys fixed asset was increasing year on year hence its turnover was decreasing and also sales were not increasing in the same proportion.

P/E RATIO The P/E ratio is gradually declining for all the 3 years i.e. from 5.80 in 2009 to 4.40 in 2010 and then to 2.01 in 2011. This shows that the performance of the company is declining and the management should look into the causes that have resulted into the fall of this ratio.

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ULTRATECH CEMENT LIMITED

RATIOS

Year 2011

Year 2010

Year 2009

ROE ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT-EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO

0.27 0.17 0.61 0.62 11.84

0.37 0.23 0.65 0.74 19.31

0.44 0.23 0.7 1.08 14.43

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DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO INVENTORY TURNOVER PERIOD FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO

35.55 10 11.84 31 days 1.16

31.42 9 19.31 19 days 1.29

30.8 9 14.43 25 days 1.17

P/E RATIO

7.1
TABLE 6.4

9.74

12.37

ANALYSIS RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO The ROE of the company decreased each year from 2009 to 2011. This shows that company is unable to satisfy its shareholders by proper utilization of funds. The decline in return on equity ratio in FY11 was comparatively higher than that of FY10 because economic downturn also affected the profits of the company.

RETURN ON ASSETS RATIO In 2010, the assets and the profit of the company increased showing a consistent return of 0.23 as in 2009. But by 2011 it got declined to 0.17. Since there is a tremendous increase in total assets, the return on assets got declined. CURRENT RATIO The current ratio in 2009 is 0.7 and it gradually decreased to 0.65 in 2010 and 0.61 in 2011. Since the ideal ratio is 2:1 so it signifies that the company is in comfort to pay the current debts with a margin of safety for possible in current assets. DEBT-EQUITY RATIO: In 2009, the debt equity ratio was 1.08 and by 2010 it was 0.74 and by 2011 it is 0.62. So the debt equity ratio is decreasing constantly and it shows that the companys debt is decreasing,
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and so the company is not in a favourable position in the view point of the lenders i.e. the amount of debt used effectively by the company is declining from 2009 to 2011. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: In 2009, the interest coverage ratio is 14.43 which raised to 19.31 in 2010 so this proves that the companys debt burden got decreased to some extent and by 2011 it got decreased to 11.84. So the companys performance got declined by 2011 and the companys debt burden is increasing i.e the company is not generating enough profit to pay the interest to the debts and the financial position of the company is growing weak. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO: The debtors turnover ratio was 30.8 in 2009 and it slightly increased to 31.42 by 2010 and then it gradually increased to 35.55 by 2011. Generally debtors turnover ratio explains the number of times the debtors turned over a period of a financial year. The debtors turnover ratio is growing higher which implies that the efficiency of management of debtors of the firm is growing high when compared to the previous years.

AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD: In 2009 and 2011 the debtors velocity was only 9 days and it was favourable to the company and the bargaining power of the company was high when compared to 2011 were the debtors velocity was 10 days. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO: The inventory turnover ratio was 14.43 in 2009 and it got gradually increased to 19.31 in 2010 and then a steep decrease to 11.84 in 2011. Generally the inventory turnover ratio measures the velocity of conversion of stock into sales. Here from 2009 to 2010 the firm was managing efficiently the inventories and by 2011 the company is overstocking the finished goods intended for sale. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER:
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The fixed assets turnover was 1.17 in 2009 and it is increased to 1.29 by 2010 and by 2011 it got declined to 1.16. In 2010 there is a decrease in fixed assets and so the turnover gradually increased because the company effectively utilised the fixed assets while 1n 2011 the company had increased the fixed assets to 50% than the previous year but the sales revenue was not in tandem with the increase in fixed assets so the fixed assets turnover got declined to 1.54. PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO: The P/E ratio is gradually declining for all the 3 years i.e. from 12.37 in 2011 to 9.74 in 2010 and then to 7.1 in 2009. This shows that the performance of the company is declining and the management should look into the causes that have resulted into the fall of this ratio.

INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED

RATIOS ROE ROA CURRENT RATIO DEBT EQUITY RATIO INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD (days) INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO

Year 2011 0.14 0.135 1.42 0.68 7.49 11.55 34 10.35 0.89

Year 2010 0.20 0.185 1.88 0.96 8.69 12.44 32 11.87 1.01

Year 2009 0.21 0.15 2.20 1.55 4.28 10.43 36 11.29 1

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TAX BURDEN RATIO P/E RATIO

0.67 8.34
TABLE 6.5

0.75 10.51

0 9.66

ANALYSIS RETURN ON EQUITY RATIO Return on equity is net profits to equity share capital. The ratio is decreasing each year which shows the company is unable to increase profits in accordance to the increase in shareholders funds. RETURN ON ASSETS RATIO Though in FY10 there is an increase in net income of the company but in FY11 there is a decline on the net income so that also affects the ROA, because lesser the income there will be lesser rate of return on assets and also shows company inefficiency in utilization of assets. CURRENT RATIO The current assets of the company increased by 25% in the FY10 but still there was decline the current ratio because of increase in its liabilities by 127%. In FY11 the assets decreased by 1% but the liabilities increased by 17%, so there is a decline in current ratio. The current ratio of company, though declining every year from the year 2009, but it is still able to sustain the ratio above 1, which shows company is able to pay its liabilities. If the ratio slips down below 1, then company may face problems to pay its liabilities. The liabilities of the company are increasing every year, so company should take measures to reduce liabilities. DEBT EQUITY RATIO The debt equity ratio shows a positive trend for FY09, FY10 & FY11. The ratio also slips below 1, which reflects companys dependence on the debt finance has decreased. The main reason behind decrease in ratio is, increase in total shareholders funds. The majority of financing of the company is done by equity, and at the same time risk factor is also reducing because they dont have to pay interest to the debenture holders. The increase in shareholders funds in FY10 was about 50% while in the FY11 it was only 15%, so the decrease in ratio in FY11 was comparatively low.
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INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO Interest coverage ratio shows how much revenue is being earned in relation to its finance cost. India cements were unable to decrease the coverage period but on the contrary coverage period increased in the FY10. But in the FY11 the coverage period decreased to 7.49 from 8.6 which show a healthy sign for companys growth. DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO The debtors turnover ratio indicates the efficiency of the company to collect debts. The efficiency of the company increased in FY10 by 19.27% & it decreased in FY11 by 7.15%. This shows the companys efficiency was increasing but due to economic downturn in FY11, companys efficiency declined. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD The average collection period of the company reduced from 36 days to 32 days in FY10. This indicates the improvement in liquidity of the company. The average collection period of the company increased in the year 2011 by 5%. But the trend has not deviated and the change is nominal. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO The ratio shows how many times a company's stock is sold and replaced over a period of time. There is a slight difference in the percentage of ratio for FY10, but the ratio decreased by 14% in FY11. A low turnover implies poor sales and, therefore, excess inventory. The net sales of the company increased considerably in the year 2010. So, accordingly there was an increase in the inventory turnover. In the FY11 there was increase in net sales but the increase in inventory was also considerably higher due to which the ratio decreased to 10.35 from 11.87. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO This ratio indicates the companys ability to generate net sales revenue from fixed assets of the company, such as property, building and other equipments. A higher fixed asset turnover ratio shows that the company has been more effective in utilizing the revenue invested in fixed assets for generating net sales. The above table indicates that the change in the fixed assets turnover from FY09 to FY10 was just .01 but there was a decrease in FY11. So the utilization of fixed assets in FY11 was lower as compared to FY09 & FY10.
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TAX BURDEN RATIO There is no tax paid by the company in FY09 because during the previous year company made a loss of 262.53crores. In FY09 company had a profit of 46.57crores so company paid tax of 14.8crores in FY10. The tax paid by the company substantially increased in the year 2011, because there was a major rise in the profits of the company in FY10. P/E RATIO The dividend paid by the company in the year 2009 was 26.04crores. The dividend given by the company in the year 2010 was 56.37crores which is 116% higher than the latter year. So the share prices also increased. Though in the year 2011 the dividend paid by the company was at par, the share prices tumbled down because of economic downturn in the country.

INTERCOMPANY ANALYSIS:
RETURN ON EQUITY Return on shareholders equity is calculated to see the profitability of owners investment. The shareholders equity or net worth will include paid up share capital, share premium and reserves and surplus less accumulated losses. ROE indicates how well the firm has used the resources of owners. Industry Aggr. = 0.24 COMPANY ACC ltd Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd Ultratech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.1

ROE 0.267 0.188 0.157 0.27 0.14

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GRAPH 7.1

It is always said that higher the ROE is better for the company and when looked at the investors point of view. When compared with the industry average only ACC ltd and Ultratech Cement ltd is performing well. But in case of Ambuja Cements ltd this decrease is because of the decrease in profit after tax in the year 2011 when compared with the year 2010, though there was increase in sales in 2011. Similar is the case with both the other companies. This was because to keep up with the competition in the market the three companies had to reduce their prices by increasig the sales. RETURN ON ASSETS It shows how profitable a companys assets are in generating revenue. It gives an indication of the capital intensity of the company. Industry Aggr. = 0.178 COMPANY ACC ltd Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.2

ROA 0.188 0.16 0.121 0.17 0.135

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GRAPH 7.2

Here we can see that only ACC ltd could go in par with the industry average. And UltraTech is in close range with the industry average. Whereas in case other three companies though their total assets has been increasin gyear after year there was decrease in operating profit in the year 2011 when compared with 2010. Hence we can say as per investors point of view companies ACC ltd and UltraTech Cement ltd are the best companies to invest right now out of all the five companies.

CURRENT RATIO Current ratio indicates the extent to which a company can pay back its current and short term liabilities using its current assets. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 0.85 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.3

CURRENT RATIO 0.78 1.06 1.79 0.61 1.42

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GRAPH 7.3

The current ratio of companies ACC ltd and UltraTech Cement ltd is below the industry average that is because the current assets of the companies has gone down when compared to previous year, i.e., 2010. But for the other companies it is above the industry average. Even having higher current ratio is not good for the company.

DEBT-EQUITY RATIO Debt Equity ratio indicates the component of debt to the component of equity of a company. Higher the ratio, higher is the debt for the company and vice versa. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 1.60 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.4

D/E RATIO 0.1 0.04 0.64 0.62 0.68

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GRAPH 7.4

Here we can see that the debt equity ratio is less than the industry average which is good for the company as the percentage of debt component with respect to increase in percentage of equity component is decreasing for all the companies when compared with the previous year. But one point what needs to be taken into consieration is tax component as we know that debt acts as a tax shield to the company.

INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO Interest Coverage ratio indicates the number of times interest is covered by the profits available to pay interest charges. It is an index of the financial strength of an enterprise. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 6.29 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.5

INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO 22.93 67.16 5.28 11.84 7.49

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GRAPH 7.5

When comparing with the industry average, all the companies are having a higher interest coverage ratio. This shows that all the five companies are having enough cash to payoff their interests. ACC and Ambuja are having almost three and ten times more than the industry avrage respectively. This shows that the financial strength of both the companies. That is why both are still the major two players in this sector.

DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO This indicates the efficiency of collection of receivables and contributes to the liquidity of the system. but this depends upon so many factors such as, type of industry like capital goods, consumer goods capital goods, this would be less and consumer goods, this would be significantly higher. Conditions of the market monopolistic or competitive monopolistic, this would be higher and competitive it would be less as you are forced to give credit. Whether new enterprise or established new enterprise would be required to give higher credit in the initial stages while an existing business would have a more fixed credit policy evolved over the years of business. Industry Aggr. = 29.57 COMPANY ACC LTD DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO 33.96
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Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.6

34.02 40.98 35.55 11.55

GRAPH 7.6

This basically shows the quality of debtors the company holds. Except India cements the debtors turnover ratio is higher for all the companies when compared with the industry average. This indicates the speed with which debtors repay back their debt to the company. When looking at ratios of all the companies the speed with which their debotrs repay back their debt is high. AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD Average collection period is inversely related to debtors turnover ratio. Formula for average collection period = 360/receivables turnover ratio. Industry aggr. = 13

COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd

AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD 11 9 11 10 34

TABLE 7.7

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GRAPH 7.7

This basically shows the number of days the debtors takes to pay back their debt. Except India Cements ltd all the other four companies reduced the number of days when compared with the industry average, i.e., 13 days. Out of which Ambuja brouth down their average collectio period to 9 days w.r.t industry. This also depends on each companys policies.

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO Inventory Turnover ratio is a measure of how efficiently a company is able to manage its inventory and how it impacts the revenue for the firm. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 10.94 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cement ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.8

INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO 11.1 9.52 14.97 11.84 10.35

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GRAPH 7.8

This shows how efficiently the company could turnover the inventory into sales. Ambuja and India Cements are having inventory turnover ratio less than the industry average which is 10.94. While other three companies ACC, J K cements, and UltraTech Cement ltd are having ratios greater than the industry average which shows that these three companies are able to efficiently manage their inventories.

FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO Fixed Asset Turnover ratio indicates how well a company utilizes its fixed assets in generating the revenue. It is merely an index. Industry Aggr. = 1.06 COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO 1.38 1.29 1.77 1.16 0.89
TABLE 7.9

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GRAPH 7.9

All the four cement companies except India Cements ltd fixed turnover ratio is higher comopared to the industry average. In case of India cements ltd fixed turnover ratio is 0.89, i.e., 16% decrease when compared with the industry average. This shows that India Cements is not able to utilize their fixed assets efficiently. Whle comparing beetween the other four companies J K Cements ltd is having higher ratio of 1.77 which shows how efficiently the company is utilizing their fixed assets.

PRICE EARNING RATIO This indicates investors judgement or expectations about the firms performance. This shows the relationship between market value of the share and the EPS. The higher the PE the stronger is the recommendation to sell the share and the lower the PE, the stronger is the recommendation to buy the share. COMPANY ACC LTD Ambuja Cements ltd J K Cements ltd UltraTech Cement ltd India Cements ltd
TABLE 7.10

P/E RATIO 10.68 13.66 2.01 7.1 8.34

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GRAPH 7.10

For the investors to get a higher return on the shares they have actually invested, is better to sell when the P/E ratio is high and buy when it is less. We can see that ACC, Ambuja and India Cementsltd are having a higher P/E ratio when compared with other two, i.e., J K Cements and UltraTech Cement ltd. It is now the best time to buy the shares of J K Cements and UltraTech Cement ltd as their performance when compared to last year is increasing. And hence the P/E ratio will increase in the near future.

TREND ANALYSIS
PROFITABILITY TREND Profitability gives us the earnings available to the investors and owners of the company after taking into account all the expenses incurred during the business operations. Profitability is calculated as: Profitability (%) = Profit after Tax (PAT) / Net Sales

The trend in terms of percentage in profit of the companies are considered and analyzed over the period of study.

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ACC LTD: 2011 7942.66 1606.73 20.22912

TABLE 7.11

Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%)

2010 7165.79 1212.79 16.92472

2009 6880.66 1438.59 20.90773

GRAPH 7.11

AMBUJA CEMENTS LTD: 2011 7040.7 1218.37 17.30467

TABLE 7.12

Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%)

2010 6167.71 1402.27 22.73567

2009 5597.91 1769.1 31.60287

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GRAPH 7.12

J K CEMENTS LTD: 2011 1664.42 142.34 8.551928

TABLE 7.13

Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%)

2010 1595.56 265.17 16.61924

2009 1343.64 178.62 13.29374

GRAPH 7.13

ULTRATECH CEMENT LTD:

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Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%)

2011 6385.5 977.02 15.3006

TABLE 7.14

2010 5511.99 1007.61 18.28033

2009 4908.74 782.28 15.93647

GRAPH 7.14

INDIA CEMENTS LTD: 2011 3358.34 432.18 12.86886

TABLE 7.15

Net Sales PAT Profitability Trend (%)

2010 3044.25 637.54 20.94243

2009 2255.21 478.83 21.23217

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GRAPH 7.15

If we look at all the five companies, we can see that ACC ltd is performing well in comparison with other four companies. There is an increase in profitability trend when compared with the profits in the year 2011 and 2010. Whereas there is a decrease in profitability trend for all the other four companies when compared with the profits in the year 2011 and 2010.

In House R&D: This ratio provides an insight to the companys interest in developing new technology. R&D Focus (%) = R&D Expense / Net Sales ACC Ltd: 2011 3.25 7942.66 2010 3.29 7165.79 2009 3.05 6880.66
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R & D Expenses Net Sales

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R & D Focus (%)

0.040918

0.045913
TABLE 7.16

0.044327

GRAPH 7.16

Ambuja Cement Ltd: 2011 1.29 7040.7 0.018322 2009 0.25 6167.71 0.004053 2010 0.24 5597.91 0.004287

R & D Expenses Net Sales R & D Focus (%)

TABLE 7.17

GRAPH 7.17

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If we look at the above two graphs we can see that both ACC and Ambuja cements gives importance to R&D. For the last three years Ambuja cements has been constantly spending more money on R&D of the company whereas ACC reduced their R&D expenses in 2011 compared to the last year ,i.e., 2010. When we look at other companies, i.e., UltraTech cement ltd., India cements ltd, J K cements ltd they doesnt focus towards the R&D of their company and hence their R&D Expense is zero. GROWTH ANALYSIS The growth of the companies in a particular industry is calculated and analyzed on the basis of the industries sales growth rate, i.e., compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). Sn = S0 (1 + r) n Where, Sn = Net Sales during Year n or the last year considered for analysis. S0 = Net Sales during Year 0 or the starting year considered for analysis. r = Compounded Annual Growth Rate. n = Number of years the company is analyzed

ACC Ltd: For the year, 2011 20.11% 2010 25.74% 2009 29.37%

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GRAPH 7.18

Ambuja Cements Ltd: For the year, 2011 22.06% 2010 24.13% 2009 29.16%

GRAPH 7.19

J K Cements Ltd: For the year, 2011 36.21% 2010 45.61% 2009 55.85%
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GRAPH 7.20

UltraTech Cement ltd: For the year, 2011 19.65% 2010 20.61% 2009 23.53%

GRAPH 7.21

India Cements ltd: For the year, 2011 23.64% 2010 27.22% 2009 24.73%
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GRAPH 7.22

If we look at the growth of each company under the cement industry which is taken into consideration for the analysis, there is a decline in the percentage in growth. Though there is always an increase in sales for each company every year but the change in percentage of sales for a particular year compared to the previous year is always less.

FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

During FY09, the industry maintained volume growth of around 10% YoY. The industry added nearly 30 MT in FY09 over the previous year taking the total capacity to nearly 212 MTPA. India owing to its locational advantage has been catering to the cement requirements of the Middle East and the South East Asian nations. However, the exports were curtailed in FY09 in
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order to satisfy the domestic demand and contain inflation. While demand growth stood at 10% YoY, average industry cement realizations (average of price per bag of cement) were higher by about 5% YoY. The growth in realizations slowed down as additional capacities coming on stream eased the supply pressures. The overheated real estate sector has cooled off now. Considering the financial turmoil witnessed globally, financial institutions have tightened their credit norms. This cautious stance has led to a credit crunch and the same has impacted upcoming projects. On account of general economic slowdown and these issues, the demand for cement has moderated. However, stimulus packages announced by the government and agricultural income gave a fillip to the demand for the commodity. The industry volumes and realizations were higher during FY09 that boosted top line growth. However, cost of operation did also witnessed northward movement that exerted pressure on margins. The cement industry on an average maintains two months inventory of fuel and such costs. The crude prices have only started cooling off November 2010 onwards, the benefit of which should start flowing in starting quarter ended March 2011 onwards. Smooth supply of state grid power is another problem. To ensure smooth functioning of plants and lower costs, industry has opted to set up captive power plants based on coal. This has resulted in increase in demand for coal. But coal linkages for the industry are poor. Recently the ratio has dropped below 50%. So the players either have to purchase it from open market or import it. This has increased cost of operation. The industry had lined up huge capex plans with that depreciation costs have moved up. All of this dented profitability.

FUTURE OUTLOOK
Despite apprehensions about the impact of inflation and a slowdown in industrial production and overall economic scenario, the outlook for the cement sector remains positive in respect of growth in demand in the foreseeable future. Infrastructure and housing are still moving apace.
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However what is of concern to the industry are staggering rise in input costs and pressures to cap selling prices at the same time. Unless the industry is able to recover cost increases, through suitable adjustments in selling prices through rational economic considerations, the cement industry will be under pressure. Buoyed by the strong demand from realty and infrastructure companies in India, cement companies have embarked on massive expansion plans for the coming years. Indias cement industry is expanding capacity to meet increasing demand. The industry plans to invest around Rs 50,000 crore in order to increase production from 198 MTPA to about 275 MTPA over next two to three years. These capacities, according to such announcements, are expected to be commissioned over three-year period and may create an imbalance in demand and supply, resulting in impact on realization. A large number of foreign players are also expected to enter the cement sector in the next 10 years, owing to the profit margins, constant demand, and right valuation. Consolidation of the cement sector too will take place and cement plants producing less than 1 million tonnes will find it difficult to survive in this market. Cement companies will go for global listings either through the FCCB route or the GDR routes. The industry experts project the sector to grow by 9 to 10% for the current financial year provided India's GDP grows at 7%. With help from the government in terms of friendlier laws, lower taxation, and more infrastructure spending, the sector will grow and will take Indias economy forward along with it.

CONCLUSION
In the present scenario of hectic competition it has been seen that the biggest player in the market remains big and does not allow other companies to rise. The cement industry is expected to grow steadily in 2011-2010 and increase capacity by another 50 million tons in
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spite of the recession and decrease in demand from the housing sector. In the analysis it has been seen that the ACC LTD is over shadowing all other companies in terms of performance. During Financial year 2009 inflationary conditions enabled all to perform well and generate profits resulting in boom in share prices. In 2010 all companies underperformed comparatively due to economic downturn. During this period investors have an opportunity to gain by paying lower prices for shares and receiving high dividends in future. The effect of recession in 2010 could be seen in the year 2011 where the growth of the company has been decreased. But now slowly all the companies are picking up. So recommendations to other companies will include increasing their customer base and decrease their cost of productions and improve their performance with respect to credit sales, financial prudence and capacity utilization.

REFERENCES http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/industry-infrastructure/industrial-sectors/Cement.htm http://www.ibef.org/industry/cement.aspx http://business.mapsofindia.com/cement/

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http://www.icra.in/Files/PDF/SpecialComments/2010-January-Cement-Industry.pdf http://india.mapsofindia.com/indian-economy/major-economic-sectors.html http://capitaline.com/ http://www.jkcement.com/ http://www.indiacements.co.in/ http://www.ultratechcement.com/ http://www.gujaratambuja.com/ http://www.acclimited.com/ http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/manufacturing-sector-is-indias-largestemployer-census_10054253.html http://www.rrfinance.com/Research/Fundamental%20Research/Cement%20Industry.html http://www.emt-india.net/cement_code/2009/Chapter_2.html http://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/cement/ http://www.tradechakra.com/indian-economy/industries/cement-industry.html

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