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SANDEEP 08c31a0423

 Introduction about nanotechnology Introduction about nanoswitch

Computing the nano way

Types of nano switches applications

Advantages and disadvantages of

nanotechnology conclusion

Introduction about nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional

system at molecular scale. It is the science of small and deals with the properties of materials at the molecular or nanometer scale Nowadays electronics is mainly digital. This allows all numbers to be represented by their binary equivalents. Most electronic appliances are based on digital electronics, which in essence just required a lot of switches working together in an organized fashion

Introduction about nanoswitch

Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and more destructive. These can also become more accessible with nanotechnology. The existence of a voltage denotes 1 and the absence denotes 0.This allows all numbers to be represented by their binary equivalents Digital representation is used for storing

information in computers, tapes and disks and for transmitting information over telephone lines or broadcasting.

 Mechanical relay switches were the main

devices at the dawn of computer age. However, owing to limitations on their downsizing and operating speed, other devices have replaced them, first vacuum tubes and then semiconductor devices.

Computing the nanoway

Microelectronics and computing have advanced at an amazing rate over the past few decades, and at the heart of these advances has been the technology of the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) based integrated circuit.

However, high costs associated with construction of next generation fabrication facilities are prohibiting this technology. The search for alternatives to CMOS based computational machinery has led to the development of quantized atomic switch.

Types of nano switches

Quantized conductance atomic switch
Nanotube memory

Quantized conductance atomic switch

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was invented in1981 to generate topographical images of surface with atomic resolution.
This is a type of high-resolution microscope in which a small conducting probe scan slowly across the surface of the specimen An electrical signal is produced as a result of electrons moving between the sample and the probe by tunneling effect An electron cloud occupies the space between the surface of the sample and the conducting probe.

 Use of atomic mechanics and a radical type of nanodevice allows reduction of the size of the quantized conductance atomic switch (QCAS). The QCAS works by controlling the formation and annihilation of an atomic bridge at the crossing point between two electrodes.

It operates at room temperature and conducts electrons as well as ions. Both the features are of paramount importance for construction of a silver nano switch.

SILVER SULPHIDE ION ELECTRONIC CONDUCTOR

SILVER NANO SWITCH

The construction of a rewritable memory bit. QACS can be formed at each crossing point

when Ag2S -coated silver (Ag) wire is crossed by a platinum (Pt) wire.

 No difference has been observed between the

switching properties of QACS operating in vacuum and air. QACS can operate at 1GHz .Switching at 1MHz with alternate switching bias voltage of +or- 600mV which confirms that the QCAS can be operated as fast a electronic devices. By combining two silver-sulphide switches with resistors and capacitors, the basic logic operations like AND,OR and NOT can be carried out. An AND gate is made using two QCAS and a resistor. Input signals V1 and V2 are applied to the Pt wires and the output signal V (out) is taken from the Ag wire. According to the change in two input signals, formation and annihilation of atomic bridges are controlled at both QACS

 The efficiency of OR and NOT gates will reduce significantly when their inputs and outputs are connected to other logic gates in a large digital circuit .In order to avoid this problem, some way of amplifying the gate signals to be made.

CONFIGURATION OF AND, OR and NOT USING QCAS

NANOTUBE MEMORY
Nanotube random access memory (NRAM) are made by depositing arrays of carbon nanotubes,

called fabrics, on silicon chips.Carbonnanotubes are 50 times stronger than steel, yet 5 times less dense. These are highly elastic and resilient to heat, and have large surface area. If the nanotubes are fixed up and down to represent 0and1 states. These could in theory, provide the makings of a universal memory. This concept was the starting point of developing a nanotube memory.

 The design is quite simple. Nanotubes can

serve as individually addressable electromechanical switches arrayed across the surface of a microchip, storing hundreds of gigabits of information-may be even a terabit. An electric field applied to a nanotube would cause it to flex downward into a depression etched onto the chips surface, where it would contact either another nanotube or touch a metallic electrode.

Advantages of nanotechnology
The development of more effective energyproducing, energy-absorbing, and energy storage products in smaller and more efficient devices is possible with this technology. Such items like batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells can be built

smaller but can be made to be more effective with this technology. In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a boon since these can help with creating what is called smart drugs. These help cure people faster and without the side effects that other traditional drugs have

Disadvantages of nanotechnology
Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive

and developing it can cost you a lot of money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which is probably why products made with nanotechnology are more expensive. Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and more destructive. These can also become more accessible with nanotechnology.

CONCLUSION
What has changed in the industry's road map is the growing confidence in new technologies that make electronic switches from single molecules or even single electrons.
The development of nanoswitches has reached a point where it will be possible to manufacture them reliably at low cost.