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TheRamayanaandMahabharata,byRomeshC.Dutt,[1899],atsacred-texts.comTHERAMAYANAANDTHEMAHABHARATACONDENSEDINTOENGLISHVERSEByRomeshC.Dutt(1899)Scanned,proofedandformattedatsacred-texts.com,November2004,byJohnBrunoHare.ThistextisinthepublicdomainintheUSbecauseitwaspublishedpriorto1923.TOTHERIGHTHON.PROFESSORF.MAXMULLERWHOHASDEVOTEDHISLIFETIMETOTHEELUCIDATIONOFTHELEARNING,LITERATURE,ANDRELIGIONOFANCIENTINDIAANDHASRECOGNISEDANDVINDICATEDWHATISTRUEANDGREATANDENNOBLINGINMODERNINDIATHISTRANSLATIONOFTHERAMAYANAISDEDICATEDASASINCERETORENOFTHEESTEEMANDREGARDOFMYCOUNTRYMENANOTEONTHELATEROMESHC.DUTTROMESHCHUNDERDUTT,towhomEnglishreadersareindebtedforthecondensedmetricalversionoftheancientIndianepicsgiveninthisvolume,wasoneofthemostdistinguishedsonsofmodernIndia.HecameofaHindufamilystandinghighamongtheKayasths,secondofthegreatcastesinBengal,wasbornin1848,andgrewtomanhoodamidinfluencesofdeepspiritualdisturbance.InthosedaysanIndianyouthwhohadfeltthecalloftheWestencounteredthesternestoppositionfrombothhisownfamilyandthecommunity,ifhieavowedhisambitionofma
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ingthevoyagetoEurope.RorneshDutt,havingpassedthroughthePresidencyCollege,Calcutta,too
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hisfateintohisownhands.Accompaniedbytwofriends,bothofwhomafterwardsrosetoeminenceinBengal,hesecretlytoo
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ship,cametoLondon,enteredfortheIndianCivilService,andtoo
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thirdplaceintheopenexaminationof1869.Hewasthefirstofhisracetoattaintheran
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ofdivisionalcommissioner,andlongbeforehisretirementin1897,attheendoftwenty-fiveyears'service,hadmadeahighreputationasanadministrator.HesatforatimeintheBengalLegislativeCouncil,and,inrecognitionofhisofficialwor
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,receivedtheCompanionshipoftheIndianEmpire.HediedonNovember30,1909,atBaroda,thecapitaloftheimportantNativeStatewhichhehadservedwithbrilliantsuccessasrevenueministeranddewan.TheinfluenceswhichdeterminedhisliteraryactivitywereprimarilyEuropean.AsastudentinCalcuttahehadmadeacquaintancewiththeEnglishclassics,andlater,whileatUniversityCollege,hadreadthepoetsinsatiably.Neverthelesshisfirstsuccesseswereachievedinhismothertongue.HewroteinBengalipoemsandplays,historicalandsocialnovels,andarousedastormofprotestwithintheorthodoxcommunityofhisProvincebypublishingaBengalitranslationoftheRigVeda.InEnglish,ofwhichhehadcompletemastery,hisfirstcompletees
 
saywasahistoryofcivilisationinAncientIndia,which,thoughnotawor
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oforiginalresearch,fulfilledausefulpurposeinitsday.WhenfreedomfromGovernmentservicegavehimtheopportunityhesethimselftowritingtheEconomicHistoryofIndiaandIndiaintheVictorianAge,thetwotogetherforming,hischiefcontributiontothesubjectwhichhe,morethananyotherIndianofhistime,hadmadehisown.Intheseboo
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s,asinothersof
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indredthemeandpurpose,thereismuchcriticismofBritishadministration,stronglyfeltiftemperatelyexpressed.Apartfromthis,itsmorecontroversialside,thewor
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ofRomeshDuttisvaluablemainlyinthatithashelpedtorevealtohisownpeoplenolessthantoours,thespiritualrichesofancientIndia.S.K.RATCLIFFEBIBLIOGRAPHYThefollowingisalistofthe,variouseditionof"TheRamayana:"TheRamayana,"editedbyS.Goressio(withItaliantranslation).10vols.1843-58,1859-60(Calcutta),1888(Bombay).Englishtranslations:byKirteeBass.5vols.Serampore,1802."TheRamayunaofValmee
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i,intheoriginalSungscrit,withaProseTranslationandExplanatoryNotes."W.CareyandJ.Marshman.1806-10.AnEnglishtranslationfor"Nirvachanothara,Ramayanum"(i.e.the"UttaraRamayana"attributedtoVulmi
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i,withCommentary).Madras,1880.FreeEnglishtranslationbyR.T.H.Griffith.5vols.1870-75.TranslationintoEnglishProse.EditedbyManmathaNathDutt.1889,1892-94.CondensedintoEnglishVersebyRomeshDutt.1899(TempleClassics),1900.Wor
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son:SirM.Williams,"IndianEpicPoetry,withfullAnalysisoftheRamayanaandMahabharata."1863.J.T.Wheeler,"HistoryofIndia."1867,&c.J.C.Oman,"StrugglesoftheDawn,theStoriesoftheGreatIndianEpics,Ramayana,"&c.1893."TheGreatIndianEpics,"&c.1894,1899(Bohn).Thefollowingisalistofthevariouseditionsof"TheMahabharata":Completeedition,Calcutta,1834-39,4vols.;Bombay,1863;re-edited,withcommentarybyNita
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anthaGovinda,1890.TranslationsintoEnglishProse,byProtapChandraRoy,1883;(SanscrittextofMaharshiVyas,withcompleteEnglishandHinditranslations,1902,&c.)."Virtue'sTriumph;or,TheMaha-Bharata."ByRaiBahadur,P.AnundaCharlu.1894.Proseliteraltranslation,byManmathaNathDutt.1895.CondensedintoEnglishversebyRomeshDutt(TempleClassics).1898.Thesame,withIntroductionbyW.Max-Muller.1899.(ManyEnglishtranslationsofportionsofthewholeepichavebeenpublished.)Wor
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son:H.H.Wilson,"EssaysontheReligionoftheHindoos."1862.SirM.Williams,"IndianEpicPoetry,"&c.1863.Wheeler,"TheVedicPeriodandtheMahabbarata."1867.BuehlerandKirste,"IndianStudies,ContributionstotheHistoryoftheMahabharata."1892.J.C.Oman(seeabove).V.Fausboll,"IndianMythology,accordingtotheMahabharatainOutline"(OrientalReligionsSeries,Luzac,vol.i.).1903."RaganamaRam
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rishnaBhaguvata,"anattempttoanalysetheMahabharatafromthehigherBrahminicalstandpoint.1905.ChintamaniVinaya
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aVaidya,"TheMahabharata;aCriticism."1905."EpicIndia;o
 
r,Indiaasdescribedinthe'MahabharataandRamayana."1907.CONTENTSRAMAYANAMAHA-BHARATATheRamayanaandMahabharata,byRomeshC.Dutt,[1899],atsacred-texts.comRAMAYANACONDENSEDINTOENGLISHVERSEByRomeshC.Dutt(1899)EPICOFRAMA,PRINCEOFINDIABOOKISITA-SWAYAWARA(TheBridalofSita)THEEpicrelatestotheancienttraditionsoftwopowerfulraces,theKosalasandtheVidehas,wholivedinNorthernIndiabetweenthetwelfthandtenthcenturiesbeforeChrist.ThenamesKosalaandVidehainthesingularnumberindicatethe
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ingdoms,--OudhandNorthBehar,--andinthepluralnumbertheymeantheancientraceswhichinhabitedthosetwocountries.AccordingtotheEpic,Dasa-ratha
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ingoftheKosalashadfoursons,theeldestofwhomwasRamatheheroofthepoem.AndJana
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ingoftheVidehashadadaughternamedSita,whowasmiraculouslybornofafieldfurrow,andwhoistheheroineoftheEpic.Jana
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ordainedaseveretestforthehandofhisdaughter,andmanyaprinceandwarriorcameandwentawaydisappointed.Ramasucceeded,andwonSita.ThestoryofRama'swinninghisbride,andofthemarriageofhisthreebrotherswiththesisterandcousinsofSita,formsthesubjectofthisBoo
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.TheportionstranslatedinthisBoo
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formSectionvi.,Sections1xvii.toIxix.,Sectionlxxiii.,andSectionlxxvii.ofBoo
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i.oftheoriginaltext.IAYODRYA,THERIGHTEOUSCITYRichinroyalworthandvalour,richinholyVediclore,Dasa-ratharuledhisempireinthehappydaysofyore,LovedofmeninfairAyodhya,sprungofancientSolarRace,Royalrishiinhisduty,saintlyrishiinhisgrace,GreatasINDRAinhisprowess,bounteousasKUVERA
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ind,Dauntlessdeedssubduedhisfoemen,loftyfaithsubduedhismind!
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