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Prepared by:
Houston Advanced Research Center
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyMarch 2009
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The Sustainable Skylines initiative is a three-year partnership between the City of Dallas, theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the North Central Texas Council of Governments topromote sustainability within the City via voluntary programs which emphasize air qualityimprovements.The Sustainable Skylines Initiative (SSI) at EPA provides a framework that, when implementedin an area, can achieve measurable emissions reductions and promote sustainability in urbanenvironments. Under the SSI, an area can choose to perform projects from seven categories:central city livability, stationary and area sources, energy and climate change, land usetransportation strategies, diesel engines emission reduction, green building and green buildingdevelopment, and off-road/non-road sources (emission reductions).
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4800 Research Forest Drive • The Woodlands, Texas 77381 • http://www.harc.eduHARC is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization based in The Woodlands, Texas dedicated toimproving human and ecosystem well-being through the application of sustainability scienceand principles of sustainable development. HARC's mission is to move knowledge to action toimprove human well-being and the environment.
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Dallas Urban Heat Island Overview................................................................................................................................1The Dallas Urban Heat Island................................................................................................................................1Reducing Dallas Urban Heat Island Effects...........................................................................................................6Conclusions...........................................................................................................................................................8Options for Urban Heat Island Mitigation...............................................................................................................8Trees and the Dallas Urban Heat Island......................................................................................................................10Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................10Options for Dallas Trees: Summary.....................................................................................................................11Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................14 A. Tree Costs and Benefits.................................................................................................................................15B. Planting for Heat Island Reduction.................................................................................................................19C. Options for Trees and the Urban Canopy......................................................................................................301. Setting Goals..........................................................................................................................................302. Consolidate Outreach and Education....................................................................................................313. Obtaining Urban Forest Management Data...........................................................................................334. Funding for Tree Planting and Conservation.........................................................................................355. Incentives and Regulations....................................................................................................................36Cool Roofing and the Dallas Urban Heat Island...........................................................................................................42Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................42Options for Cool Roofing Actions: Summary......................................................................................................43Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................44 A. Thermal Effects of Roofing.............................................................................................................................45B. Cool Roofing Costs and Benefits...................................................................................................................46C. Cool Roof Technologies.................................................................................................................................49D. Options for Cool Roof Actions........................................................................................................................501. Increasing Awareness Through Outreach..............................................................................................512. Policies to Encourage Cool Roofs..........................................................................................................533. Incentives and Regulations....................................................................................................................54Cool Pavements and the Dallas Urban Heat Island.....................................................................................................56Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................56Dallas Cool Paving Strategies and Actions: Summary........................................................................................57Options for Cool Paving Actions: Summary.........................................................................................................58Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................59 A. Thermal Effects of Paved Surfaces................................................................................................................60B. Costs and Benefits of Cool Pavements..........................................................................................................62C. Cool Pavement Technologies........................................................................................................................70D. Cool Paving Strategies and Actions...............................................................................................................711. Increasing Awareness Through Demonstration and Outreach..............................................................712. Policies for Parking, Medians, and Freeways........................................................................................723. Incentives and Regulations....................................................................................................................73Endnotes ....................................................................................................................................................................76
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