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ELEMENTARY

GMMMAR

OP

THE LATIN LANGUAGE,

WITH A SERIES OF

LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND A COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS, WITH THE REQUISITE VOCABULARIES.

DR.

RAPHAEL KUHNER,
CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOVKK.

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN

J.

T.

CHAMPLIN,
IN

PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN

WATERVILLE COLLEGE.

BOSTON:
JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY.
1845.

Entered according

to

Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by

T. Champlin,
Court of Maine.

J.

in the Clerk's Office of the District

ANDOVER:
ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL, PRINTERS.

PREFACE
The
unrivalled reputation of KiJhner as a grammarian in both
it

the Greek and Latin languages, renders

unnecessary that any

apology should be made for presenting to the American public the

following translation of his Elementary Latin
its,

Grammar.

His mer-

before

Known

to

a few of our riper scholars, have lately been

made

familiar to all through the excellent translation of his

Greek

School

Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and

Taylor.

It is

understood

same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary Greek Grammar. It seemed but proper, therefore, that a beginning should be made towards bringing before the public some of the results of his gramalso, that the

matical labors (equally profound and ingenious) in the Latin lan-

guage.
state of

And

no one,

it

is

to

be presumed, who duly considers the

us, will

Latin learning

among

ning has been made with an elementary

ing Latin and a

deem it improper that a begintreatise. The publication,

within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ-

has done

new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax, much towards supplying American students with the gramBut with the exby Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted
designed to supply the place of a gram-

matical helps for studying the language critically.

ception of the Ciceronian
as
it is

to its purpose, is not

mar, nothing of importance has been pubhshed during this period to

supply the deficiencies for elementary instruction.

There

is

needed then, more

especially,

an elementary work on

Latin Grammar, which shall give a right start to our scholars and
put them in possession of the essential principles of the language in
the shortest and most effectual way.
ed, the present will
it,

Such a grammar,

it is

believ-

be found to be.
its

No

one can take a

class

over

without being impressed with

admirable order, precision and

adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction.

The

pupil

IV
will here find the

PREFACE.
most happy arrangement of
parts.,

each preparing

and most philosophical statement of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius and skill could invent, to aid the understanding and the memory.
the
for the following, the simplest

way

While

it

does not profess to embrace every minute principle of the

it

language,

preseijf s

a selection of principles so judiciously made, so

comprehensively stated
that
it

and so extended

withal, that

it is

believed,

will

be found

to contain quite as

many

principles, applicable

in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as

many much more

ordicollege.

extended grammars

certainly

enough

to

meet the demands of

nary students in the usual course of preparation for

The
is to
first

plan of the work, as given by the author,

is

briefly as follows.

Every grammatical form

or principle of syntax, as soon as learned,

be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations

from the Latin into the English, and then from the English into

the Latin.
tion,

To

prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla-

such forms of the verb as are requisite for constructing the sim-

plest sentences are given at the outset,

and a few simple rules of synlists

tax as they are required, while on almost every page,

of Latin

words with their

definitions are given to

be committed to memory,

most of which,

also,

are collected and arranged in alphabetical

Vo-

cabularies at the end of the book.

translation as possible,
ers

As many

of the examples for

were

slightly altered to suit the cases for

were selected unaltered from the classics, othwhich they were em-

ployed, and the remainder composed

to

embody

classical ideas

by the author, yet always so as and turns of thought. The examples in

English

may

be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing,

at the discretion of the teacher.

The

translation here presented

is

from the second edition of the

original work, published in 1844.

tion, the translator

Previously to receiving this edi-

lation of the

first

had completed, within a few pages, the entire transbut on comparing the two editions, the alterations
to

were found

to

be so great as

make

the last almost a

new work.

He

abandoned, therefore, his

first translation,

and commenced with

the second edition de novo.

tion of the

Although work a few months, no one,

he
is

this
it is

has delayed the publica-

presumed, will regret it,

when he

reflects, that

thereby put in possession of a vastly betbetter translation.

first

ter book,

and probably of a somewhat

During
editions,

the interval between the publication of the

and second

PREFACE.
the author had prepared a larger Latin

y
Grammar and been
all

ployed in teaching his elementary work,

daily emwhich prepared him for

edition.

making very important changes

cess, the

in

a second

By

this pro-

book has been brought

here appears.

to the high state of perfection in

its

which
is

it

Besides
all that

general office as a grammar,

it

designed to contain

the pupil will need during the

first

year or more of his study of the language, serving as grammar, reading-book and lexicon.

The adaptedness of such a book

fail to

to the

wants

of beginners, the experienced teacher will not

It

perceive.

should be stated, however, that while the translation has

been made from the second edition throughout, the translator has taken the hberty to introduce a few remarks and paragraphs (in one
or two instances with slight modifications) from the first edition, which had been omitted in the second, apparently, because they were considered more appropriate to the author's larger grammar to which
this

was

to serve exclusively as

an introduction.
this

The

different poit

sition

which the book

will

occupy in
appear a

country rendered

proper

that these should be retained in the translation, even though, in one

or two instances, they

eral plan of the work.

may

Jittle

inconsistent with the gen-

For the same

reason, the translator has ad-

ded three short Appendices, chiefly from KUhner's larger Latin

Grammar, of which

that

on Prosody, as

it

will be perceived,

is

de-

signed only for the scanning of

Hexameter

verse.

With regard
completing the

to the

er will be the best judge.

mode of using the book, the intelligent teachThe author, however, suggests that, after Etymology, the pupil should commence the more
it

simple of the Latin reading lessons in connection with the study of

the Syntax.

And

may be

added, that in some cases

first

it

will prob-

ably be found best, to take the pupil over the

turn and take

and perhaps the and then

re-

second Course, omitting the English exercises at

first,

them up
also,

in connection with a thorough review of the

whole.

Perhaps

a judicious teacher, following out the general

difficulties

plan of the author, of diminishing

bution, will

by

division

and

distri-

think best, with very young pupils in particular, to

first

omit some other things the

sequent reviews.

time over and take them up at subis

But whatever course

all that it

pursued in teaching the

book, a complete mastery of

contains should be aimed at

it

from the beginning, and should be actually attained before

left.

is

1*

VI

PEEFACE.

In conclusion, the translator would express his obligations to the Kev. Dr. Sears, of the Newton Theological Institution, who very
kindly listened to the reading of the greater part of the manuscript

and suggested such corrections as his superior knowledge of German enabled him to do, and to Mr. James H. Hanson, Principal of the Waterville Academy, who has given very important assistance in
correcting the sheets as they passed through the press.
Waterville College,
)

Feb. 1845.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ETYMOLOGY.
FIRST COURSE.
CHAPTER I.
Or THE Sounds ard Letters
Division of the Letters

of the Language.
1

Pronunciation of the Letters

CHAPTER II.
Of Syllables.
Of the Measure Of Accent Of the Division
or Quantity of Syllables

of Syllables

3 4 5

CHAPTER HL
Parts of Speech.
Partial treatment of the Verb
First Conjugation

Inflection

...

6
7-^11

Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation Fourth Conjugation

8 9 10
11

CHAPTER
Classification of Substantives

IV.

Of the Substantive and Adjective.

12 13
14 15 16 17

Gender of the Substantive Number, Case and Declension Gender and Declension of the Adjective
First Declension

Second Declension
Third Declension

1821

YJii

CONTENTS.
.
. .

Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension

Fourth Declension Fifth Declension

22

Comparison of Adjectives and Participles

25

CHAPTER.
Classification

V.

Of the Adverb.
and Formation of Adverbs

26

Comparison of Adverbs

CHAPTER
Personal Pronouns

VI.

Of the Pronoun.
28
"^ ^"

Demonstrative Pronouns
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns

on

Correlative Pronouns

CHAPTER
Of the Numerals

VII.

^^

CHAPTER
Table of the Prepositions

........
VIII.
.

34

SECOND COURSE.
Greek Nouns of the
First Declension

35 36
.

Of the Gender

of the Second Declension

Remarks on Particular Case-endings of the Third Declension Of the Gender of the Third Declension
Masculine

37

3840
38 39 40
41

Feminine Neuter Of the Gender of the Fourth Declension

.
. . .

THIRD COURSE.
CHAPTER
Classes of Verbs
I.

Of the Verb.
Tenses of the Verb Modes of the Verb
Infinitive, Participle,

Supine, Gerund and Gerundive

CONTENTS.
Persons and Numbers of the Verb

^
46
47 48 49 50
51

Conjugation

Formation of the Tenses

Conjugation of the x\uxiliary verb

Passive
Inflection of

Active of the Four Regular Conjugations

........... ..... ............ ...

5J/7M

Verbs

in io after the

Third Conjugation
.

Deponents of the Four Conjugations

Periphrastic Conjugation

52 53
54

Catalogue of verbs which vary

First Conjugation

in the

formation of their tenses from

the paradigms given in 50 and 51

........

55
55

Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation

69 57 58 60 61 68
69
70

Fourth Conjugation
Particular Irregular Verbs
1)

76
70
71

2)
3)

Possum Edo
Fero
Volo, nolo, male

4) 5) 6)
7)

.........
.

72

Eo
Queo, nequeo
Fio
.

73 74 75
76
77

Defective Verbs

Impersonal Verbs

78

CHAPTER
Preposition.

II.

Conjunction. Interjection
CHAPTER
III.

....

79

The Formation

of

Words

80

SYNTAX.
Sentence.
Subject.

Predicate

81

Limitation of the Subject and Predicate

82
83 84

Agreement Double Nominative

Classes of Verbs Tenses of the Verb

85 86 87
-91

Modes of the Verb

Of the Cases
Genitive

Accusative

Dative
Ablative

90
91

X
Remarks on

CONTENTS.

,
.

Construction of names of Towns

the use of the Prepositions
. . .

92 93
94

Of the Of the
Supine

use of the Pronouns use of the Numerals

95 9b 97
98

Infinitive

Gerund
Gerundive
Participle

99

.100

COMPOUND SENTENCES.
A, Coordinate Sentences
B. Subordinate Sentences Of the usp of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate Sentences
. .
.

101

102
103
104

I.

Substantive Sentences
A. Accusative with the
Infinitive
. .

105

108
105

B. Ut, ne, ut ne, ut non, with the Subjunctive C. Quo, quominus, quin, with the Subjunctive D. Quod, thatj with the Indicative
II.

106
107
108

III.

Adjective Sentences Adverbial Sentences

a.

......109
. . . .

110

114
110
Ill

Adverbial Sentences of Time

b.
c.

Causal Adverbial Sentences

Conditional Adverbial Sentences

112

d.
e.

Concessive Adverbial Sentences

Adverbial Sentences of Comparison
.
. .

113

.114
115
.

Of Interrogative Sentences Of the Form of Oblique Discourse

116

First Appendix.

Of Prosody Of Syllables
:

117
118

Hexameter Verse
Scansion

119

Second Appendix.

Of Abbreviations
Third Appendix.

120

Of the Roman Calendar

Collection of Latin Reading Lessons.

121

Vocabularies.

: ;

ETYMOLOGY.
FIRST COURSE.
CHAPTER
I.

Of the Sounds and Letters

1.
1.

of

the Language.

Division of the Letters,

as signs of
its

The Latin Language has

letters, viz. six

sounds,

twenty-five

NOPQRSTUVXYZ
Remark
:
;

abcdefghijklm nopq rs uvxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLM

t
:

vowels and nineteen consonants.

a) at the beginning 1. The capital letters are used only of a sentence, after a period, an interrogation or exclamation point and ^b) in proper after a colon (:), where the words of another are quoted names, as Romulus. The letter k is used in but very few words.

2.

The vowels

are either short or long'.

The
:

short vowels

are distinguished
ces.

by

*.y,

the long ones

The

sign u signifies, that the

by -, as a, a, perplavowel over which it

:

stands can be used either as short or long, as

3.

a.

The Latin Language has

oe.

the following diphthongs

ae.

au.

etc.

ei,

e. g.

aequitas, equity^ foedus, league^

aurum, gold^ Eurus, the east ivind, hei, alas.

Rem.
2.

When

ae

and

oe are to

be pronounced

separately, this is in-

dicated by two points (puncta diaeresis, points of separation) placed over the second vowel (e), as : aer, the air, poeta, a poet. The diphthong eu is found in only a few Latin, but in many Greek words, as: Eurotas

should be separated in pronunciation, as: In like manner, also, must ei be almost invariably pronounced separately, as: dei (pronounced, dei) of God, for ei as a diphthong occurs in but a very few words, as : hei, alas.
in general,

therefore, eu
deiis)

deus (pronounced,

God.

; ;

; ;

12
4.

PRONUNCIATION.

QUANTITY.

[^ 2, 3.

consonants, according to the greater or less influence of the organs of speech in their pronunciation, are

The

divided into
a)

Liquids

1,

m,

n, r

b) Spirants
c)

:*

h, s, v, j
f,

Mutes

b, c, d,
2.

g, k, p, q,

t,

x, z.

Pronunciation of the Letters.

y, ae^ oe, eu, is
k,

C
Ch

before

e, t,

other cases like

as

ceisus (selsus) cicer,

pronounced like s, but- in cymba, caecus,

ceu, coelum; but, caro (karo), collum, custos, clamor;

is

pronounced
:

like

k
:

Gu before a vowel in the same syllable likeg-ii?, as Ph like our/, as pharetra Rh as a simple r, as K-hea
;
:

lingua

Sch

like sk^ as
is

schola (skola)
like

Qu

pronounced

to, as

aqua
:

Sa before a vowel in the same

Ti before a vowel
(acshio).
is

syllable like siv^ as

like
shi^

suasor
actio

pronounced
(with the
:

as:

But if the

i is
ti

long^ the hissing

i

as

totius.

Besides,

sound disappears, short) is pronounced

without the hissing sound a) if there is immediately beAttius, ostium, mixfore the t another ^, an 5, or an x^ as
:

tio

b) in

Greek words as

Miltiades, tiara.

CHAPTER

n.

Of Syllables.
3.
1

Of

the

Measure or Quantity of

Syllables,

A
A

syllable is short by nature^

when
^3,{er,

its

vowel

is

short

and
2.

this short

vowel

is
:

followed either by another vowel or

deiis,

a single consonant, as
as
:

God^
loall.
is

father.
its

syllable is long by nature^

when

vowel

is

long,

mater, a mother, murus, a

Particularly, all sylla-

bles are long in

*

which

there

a diphthong, as: plausus,

Tr.

SpirantSy

i.

e. fetters

formed principally by the breath.

4.]

QUANTITY.

ACCENT.

13
into one,

applause^
as: lacus,

and in which two vowels are contracted

o/*

lake^

(contracted from lacuis, the original

short by

form of the genitive of lacus, a lake). 3. A syllable, which ends with a long vowel,
position^
i.

is

e.

by

the position of the vowel,

when

the follow-

ing syllable begins with a vowel, as: de in deamliilo,

praeacutus, very sharp.
4.

take a tualk^pro in proavu, a great-grand-father^ prae in

syllable with

a short vowel
is

is

long by position^

when
in the

this

short

vowel

followed by two or more conso:

nants, or

by j, or x, or z, as per in perdo alicujus but compounds oi jugiim^ the vowel before y remains
;

short, as

bijugus.

JT with a consonant, forms no

position,

as

stomachus, the stomach.

part,
:

The position before a mute tvith a liquid ( 1, 4), for the does not make the short vowel long, as cerebrum, the brain, arbitror, / thivk, locuples, rich. But in two cases the position of a mute with a liquid makes the preceding short vowel long: a) in compounds, as abrumpo, from db ; h) when one of the three liquids I, m, n, follows one of the three mutes: b, d, g, as: hiblus, agmen, a march (from dgo\ magnus, great.
Remark.
most
:

4.
1.

O/* Accent.^

Monosyllables with a vowel short by nature, are pro-

nounced with the acute accent ('), monosyllables with a vowel long by nature, with the circumflex accent (a), as: et, vir (viri), ut, dux (ducis) mos (moris), jus (juris), lex (legis), mons. 2. Dissyllables have the accent upon the penult, and indeed a) The acute accent, when the penult is short by nature,
; :

as: virum (i), ducem (u), homo mate is long, whether the penult (u) mores (o) bonae (6)

(o), arte;
is

or

when

the ulti:

long or

short, as

Musae
by

b) The circumflex accent, when the penult is long nature and the ultimate short, as mater (a), Musa.
:

3.
*

Words

of three or more syllables have the accent

This paragraph may be passed over, provided the teacher will see that the right pronunciation of the words is given in reading.


DIVISION OF SYLLABLES.

; :

14
a)

ACCENT.

[ 5.

Upon
:

the antepenult,
is short,

and indeed,

the

acute accent,

when

whether the last syllable is short or long, as homine, homines, hominibus, mediocris, tenebrae b) Upon the penult, and indeed, the acute accent, when both the penult and ultimate are long, as: acuto (u), amares
the penult
(a)
;

or

when
;

the penult is long only by position, in

which

case the ultimate

^but the circumflex accent, if the penult is lojig by amantes * nature and the ultimate short, as acutiis, amare
:

may be

either

long or

short, as

amantur,

Remark. The short monosyllabic enclitics (i. e. particles which always stand annexed to other words, and therefore lose their accent) que^ ve, lie, ce, met, etc. draw the accent of the word to which they are
attached from the antepenult to the ultimate, as : sc^lera sceleraqne, homines homin/sque, hominibus hominibiisque. But if the accent is upon the penult, the drawing back of the accent to tlie last syllable,
already long, or by its union with the but if the last syllable is short and ; remains so, the accent does not change syllables, as : scel6stus scelestiisque, sceltsta scel^staque, pleiique pleraeque pleraque, litraque uttakes place only
this
is

when

enclitic

becomes long by

position

dtque.
^ 5. Of the Division of Syllables.^ General Rule. Syllables end with a vowel, and begin with a consonant. When, therefore, a consonant stands
1.

between two vowels, as pa-ter, a-ma-mus.

:

it

belongs to the following- syllable,

2.

Subordinate Rule.

When

two

or three consonants,

with which a Latin word can begin, stand between the vowels of two syllables, they are to be joined to the second
syllable.

are

The most common combinations of consonants a mute with a liquid, and s with a mute or with a mute and a liquid, as: ma-gnus, great, ^-^i, fields, pe-stis,
:

plague,

a-stra, the stars.

In

all

other cases, the consonants

is

* That is to say, in general, if the penult not, the antepenult. Tr.

long

it

has the accent, but

if

t These rules for the division of syllables are drawn from the ancient grammarians and are generally observed in Europe. In this country, it is more common (and perhaps better, especially for beginners) to follow the analogies of our own language in dividing a Latin word into syllables. For a fuller account of the principles of division here adop,ted, see Appendix to Beck's Latin Syntax. Tr.

$ 6.]

PARTS OF SPEECH.

INFLECTION.
:

15

between two vowels are divided, as nis, a river, mon-tes, mountains.

Remark.
ponent
serted,
it is

an-nus, a year^

amcom-

compound word must be divided according

: :

to its

parts, as

ab-avus, a great-great-grandfather. If a letter attached to the first word, as prod-esse, to profit.

is

in-

CHAPTER m.
6.
1.

Parts of Speech.

Inflection,

The Substantive The Verb

e.

designates an object (a person or

thing), as: ma7i, ivoman, house.

2.

expresses an action (something which an

to

object does), as:

praise,
sleeps
3.
;

bloom, to dance, to sleep, to love, to

the

g. the

rose blooms;

boy dances;

the child

God

loves

men

the teacher praises the scholars.

The

Adjective expresses a property or quality, as:

e. g.

small, great, beautiful,

a small boy

a beautiful rose

great house.
4. The Adverb expresses the tvay and manner in which an action takes place, as beautifully, sweetly, e. g. the rose blooms beautifully ; the child sleeps sioeetly.
;

Rem.

1.

There are adverbs

also,

which express the

:

place where,

and

the time when the action takes place, as

5.
that.
6.

here, there, yesterday, to-day.

:

The Pronoun
The Numeral

points to an object, as

/,

thou, he, this

expresses number or multitude, as

one,

two, three, many, few.

7. The Preposition is a word which stands before a noun, and expresses the relations oi place, of time and other relations which an object sustains to an action, as the boy
:

stands before the house; the child laughs /or joy.

8.

The Conjunction
2.

is
:

a word which serves to connect

and, but, because.

words and sentences, as

Rem.

Besides, there are other words which are barely signs of emotion, and are called Literjections.
9.

By

inflection

we

understand the variation or modifica-

16
tion of a

PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.

[H

7, 8.

word

in order to express a particular relation, as

thou

lovest,

he loves, the child's clothes, the man's hat

of the substantive, adjective, pronoun an4 called declension, that of verbs, conjugation.

The

inflection

numeral, is The remaining parts of speech do not admit of inflection.

7.

Partial Treatment of the Verb,

All the verbs of the Latin Language are divided into four classes or conjugations, which are distinguished by the termination of the infinitive as follows:
First Conjugation
:

Second
Tliird

" " "

Fourth
8.

are as " " "

amdre,

to love,
to

ere

monere,

admonish,

ere
^ire

regere, to govern,

audire, to hear.

First Conjugation

amare,

to love.

PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.

PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.

h
2. 3.
1.

amo, Hove
amd.f, thou lovest

amor, 1
amdtur,

am

loved

amdris, thou art loved

he, she, it is loved

amdt,

he, she, it loves

2.
3.

amdmus, we love amdtis, you love

amant, they
love.

amdmur, we are loved amdmlni, you are loved

amantur, they are
loved.

Imperative,
2.
2.

amd,

love thou

amdte, love ye.

L Words
aro
1.

to he

learned
I.

and Exercises for

translation.
1.

I plough.
I.

orno

delecto

1 ddight.
/

I adorn. pugno 1. Ifight.

salto 1.

vexo

I annoy.

vigilo 1.

educo
iaudo

1, 1.

bring up.

I praise.
Vituperas.

tento

1.

I dance. I try.
Vigilamus.

I watch. / censure. vulnero 1. / wound.

vitiipero 1.

Laudo.
Pugnate.

Saltat.

Pugnatis.

A rant.

Lauda.

Tentat

saltare.

Delector.

Vulneraris.

Vexatur.

LaudaVitupera-

mur. mur.

Vituperamlni.

Ornantur.

Laudaris.

Educamlni.
Ornaris.

Educor.

Edilcantur.
Viglla.

Delectamur.
Saltate.

Saltatis.

Vul-

nerantur.
I watch.

Laudamini.

Thou

fightest.

He

ploughs.

We

praise.

You

censure.

*9.]

PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.

dance.

17
to fight.
I

They

Fight thou.

Praise ye.

They
They
praise.

try

am

praised.

Thou

art censured.

He

is

adorned.

We

are delighted.

You
art

are wounded.

They
is

are annoyed.

are praised.

Thou
praise.

brought up.
are adorned.

They

are censured.

We are
They

brought up.

You

We

He

wounded.

9.

Second Conjugation : monere,

to

admonish.

PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.

PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.

L
2.

3.
1.

2.

3.

moneo, admonish mones, ihou admonishest monet, he, site, it admonishes monemus, we admonish monetis, you admonish monent, they admonish.
Imperative,

moncor, /

am

admonished

moneris, thou art admonished monetur, he, she it is admonished

monemur, we are admonished monemini, you are admonished

mouentur, they are admonished.

2.

mone, admonish thou

monete, admonish ye.

2.

II.

Words

to be learned

and Exercises for translation.

rid^o 2.

D#beo

I rejoice. doceo 2. I teach, instruct, maneo 2. / remain. exerceo 2. / exercise. mordeo 2. / hite.
2.
2.

I must, ought, gaudeo

taceo 2.
et,

I laugh. I am silent.

terreo 2. IfrigJden,

fleo 2.

floreo

/ weep. 2. / bloom.
Taces.

raoveo 2. / move. pareo 2. / obey.

Ridet.

and.

si, if.

Doceo.

Gaudemus.

Exercetis.

Flent

Tace.

Manete.

Tacere debes.
Docentur.

Terreor.

Exerceris.

Movetur.

Docemur.
Moventur.
Sal-

Mordemini.
Florent.

Doces.
Manetis.

Tacemus.
Educaris

Doceris.

Parere debent.

Exercemur.
Parete.

et doceris.

Tacent.

Si paretis, laudamlni.

Si tacemus, laudamur.
et vulnerantur.

tamus

et

gaudemus.

Tentate docere.

Mordentur

I rejoice.

They
bitten.
silent.

laugh.

Thou exercisest. He weeps. We teach. You are Remain thou. Be ye silent. You must remain. Thou art frightened. He is instructed. You teach.
are moved.

silent.

We

We
We

must be

silent.

exercised).
instructed.

Rejoice ye.
I laugh.

You

are brought

am am I exercise my self (= am up and instructed. I am

I I

Obey

thou.

If thou obeyest thou art praised.

You dance and

ed.

rejoice.

try to teach.

We

are bitten and

wound-

If you

weep you

are censured.

2*

18

PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.

[HO.

10.

Third Conjugation : regere,

to

govern.

PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
1.

PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.

rego, I govern
regis, thou

regor, I
,

am

governed
it is

2. 3.
1.

govemest
it

regerwf thou art governed

regit, he, she,

governs

regitur , he, she,

r,

governed

regimus, we gov
regttis,

2. 3.

you govizrn

we are governed regvmi ni, you are governed

regurd\itr, they are governed.
-

regunt, th^y gov em.

Impera live.
2. 2.

rege, govern tho u

regite,

govern yi

TIT.

Words

to he learned fallo 3.

and Exercises for

translation.
3.

Bibo^i. I drink, cano i. I sing. cedo {J. I give way. defemio 3. / defend. diligo 3. / esteem, love. edo 3 I eat.
{

I deceit e.

pungo
vinco

laedo3. /Awrf
lego 3. / read.

scribo 3.
3.

I prick, sting. / write. / conquer^ vanwell.

HI, hadly.

ludo 3. I play. pingo 3. I pailit.

quish.

bene adv.
male, adv.

Scribo.
bite.

Legis.

Laedit.

Cantmus.
et bibe.

Editis.

Bibunt.

Pinge.

Scri-

Scribfire

debes.

Fallor.

Vinceris.

Defenditur.
Leglte.

Diligimur.

Pungimini.
tat
Pingis.

Laeduntur.

Ede

Lude.

Canere tenSi male

Defendimur.
scribunt.

Diligeris.

Vincimini.

Si vincitis, lauda-

mini.

Bene

Laederis.

Edunt.

Si cedis, vinceris.

ficribis, vituperaris.

Si bene pingltis, laudamini.

I sing.

Thou

eatest.

He
hurt.

drinks.

We

vi^rite.

You
I

read.

They

defend.

Write thou.

Paint ye.
is

You must

read.

am
is

esteemed.

Thou

art stung.

He

We

are deceived.

We

are vanquished.

You

defend.

Play ye.

They They try

esteem.
to read.

Eat ye and drink.

He

conquered.

You

paint.

They

are defended.

You

are esteemed.

If thou singest well, thou art praised. If you write well

He
If

writes well.

You
jou

are hurt

you are praised.

you give way

are conquered.

If you write badly you are censured.

HI.]

PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.

19

11.

Fourth Conjugation
Indicative.

audire, to hear.

PRESENT ACTIVE.
1.

PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.

audio,

/ hear
it

audior,
hears

/ am heard
it is

2. 3.
J.

audf5, thou htarest

audit, he, she,

audlris, thou art heard

audltur, he, she,

heard

audtmiw, we hear
B-uditis

2. 3.

you hear

aud imwr, we are heard audimlm, you are Jieard

audiuntur, they are heard.

audiunt, they hear.

Imperative,
2.
2.

audi, hear thou

audite hear ye.

Besides, the following forms of the irregular verb

sum

should be noted
est, he, she, it is,

sunt, they are,

erant, they were.

esse, to be,

erat, he, she, it was.

rV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.

Custodio
<lormio

4.

4.

erudio
ferio 4.

4.

Igtmrd. / sleep. I instruct.

ganio
punio

4.

nutrio 4.
4.

I chatter. / nourish.
I punish.
IJind.

lulcio

/ beat, strike. 4. I support.

Garris.

reperlo

4.

Heap. / come. vestio 4. / dothe, vincio 4. / bind, chain.

salio 4.

venio

4.

valde adv. greatly.

Erudio.
Salite.

Dormit.

Ferimus.
Dormite.

Punitis.

Saliunt.

Veni.
Si bene

Tento

reperire.

Vincior.

Custodiris.

Feritur.

Vestimur.

Nutrimlni.

Fulciuntur.
;

Audi.

Bene erudimur.
Bene

erudis, laudaris

si

male

erudis, vituperaris.

Si vinceris, yinciris.

Vestiuntur.
rrfimus.

Si male scribimus, punimur.

custodimlni.

Dor-

Salitis.

Bene erudiuntur.
Valde vituperamini
punishest.
thou.

Audite.

Vincimus.

Vincimus.

Valde ferimur.
I strike.

et punimini.

Thou

They

sleep.

Leap

He Come

leaps.
ye.

We

instruct.

You

chatter.
I clothe

They

try to

instruct.

myself (=

am

clothed).

Thou

art nourished.

He

supports himself

(=is

supported).

We
You

are bound.

You

are guarded.

They

are

beaten.

Hear
If

ye.

are well instructed.

He

leaps.

He

is

well

instructed.

you are vanquished, you are bound.

clothes himself

We

are well

guarded.
structed.

He

(=

is

clothed).

They

are badly in-

1 praise, I teach, I give

way,

I guard.

Thou praisest, thou

teachest,

20

SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.

[^

12.

thou givest way, thou guardest.

way, he

guards.

We

censure,

He praises, he we exercise, we
sleep.

teaches,
read,

he gives
sleep.

we

You

censure, you

exercise,

you read, you

They

censure,

they exercise, they read, they sleep.

thou, punish thou.

Adorn
ye,

thou, obey thou, write

Adorn

ye,

obey

write ye, punish ye.

write,

We

must adorn, we must obey, we must

we must punish. I am annoyed, I am bitten, I am pricked, I am bound. Thou art annoyed, thou art bitten, thou art pricked, thou art bound. He is annoyed, he
up,
is bitten,

he

is

pricked, he

is

bound.

We

are well brought

we

are greatly frightened,

we

are greatly esteemed,

we

are well

instructed.

You

are well brought up,

you are greatly frightened, you

are greatly esteemed, you are well instructed. They are well brought up, they are greatly frightened, they are greatly esteemed, they are

well instructed.

CHAPTER

IV.

Of the Substantive and Adjective.

12.
1.

Classification of Substantives.
( 6, 1.)
is

The

substantive
2i

called concrete^

when

it

designates

person or thing which has an actual and indelion,

it

pendent existence, as: nianj

abstract,
ity

flower army;
,

it is

called

on

the contrary,

when

signifies

an action or qual:

conceived of as independent of a subject, as

virtue,

tvisdom.
2,

The Concretes

are

a)

Appelative nouns,

when

they indicate a whole spe:

cies, or

an individual of a

class, as

man, ivornan,

floiver,

lion

b) Proper nouns,

when

they designate only single per-

sons as things which do not belong to a class, as: Marius,

Rome
c)
terial,

Material nouns,
as
:

when

they indicate the simple ma-

milk, dust, water,

gold;
they designate a number of
:

d)

Collective nouns,

when

single persons or things as one whole, as

fleet, herd.

ar?ny, cavalry,

13, 14.]

SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.

21

13.

Gender of the Substantive,

is

The Gender
English,
is

of Substantives, which

three-fold, as in

determined partly by their meaning' and partly by their endings. The rules of gender founded upon the endings will be treated of under the particular declensions.

With
1.

reference to the

meaning

the following general rules

obtain

Of the

masculine gender, are the names and designa*

tions of males, nations, winds, months,

most

rivers

and

mountains.
2.

Of

the feminine gender, are the

tions of females, of
trees,

most

countries, islands,

names and designatowns and

the letters of the

shrubs and small plants.

neuter gender, are the
all

Of the

names of

alphabet, the infinitive,

indeclinable words (excepting,

however, the names of persons from foreign languages) and every word used as the mere symbol of a sound, as

man
4.

is

a monosyllable.

Of

the

common

gender, are the

names

of persons

which have but one form for the masculine and feminine, as dux, a male or female leader.
:

1.

Nations, men, rivers, winds

These
2.

atid

months are

masculines.

3.

and town' These as feminine are found. Whatever cannot be declined

isles,

Women,

lands, trees

4.

of the neuter kind. is whatever can Include a woman and a man.

is

This

Common

14.
1.

Number, Case and Declension.

The

substantive and adjective have, like the verb,

unitij,

numbers, the Sing., which denotes a

which denotes
viz.:
1. 2.

3.

plurality,

and

six

two and the Plur., cases in each number,

Nominative, answering the question tuho? or what?

Genitive, answering the question, lohose ?

: ;

22
3.

FIRST DECLENSION.

[H 15,

16.

Dative, answering the question, to or for lohom ? or

lohat ?
4.
5.

Accusative, answering the question, ichom ? or lohat ? Vocative, the case of direct address
Ablative, answering the

6.

questions,
etc.

whence?

ivhere-

with ? whereby ? luhen ? at lohat time,

Remark.

The Norn, and Voc.

cases, casus ohllqui.

are called casus recti; the other Substantives and adjectives of the netder gender
alike.

have the Nom. Ace. and Voc.

2.

The Latin language

15.

hasj^t;e declensions.

Gender and Declension of the Adjective.

1.

gender,
filial

The adjective, in Latin, agrees with its substantive in number and case, as: filia bona, the good daughter,
bona, the daughter
is

est

good, ^Wus honus, the good

son, filius est honus, the son is good,

tear,
2.

heWum malwm,

the evil

helium est malum, the loar

is evil,

Hence, the adjective,

Still,

like the substantive,

has a three-

fold gender.

not

all

adjectives have separate forms

for the three genders, but

ings, viz.

many have only two distinct endone for the Masc. and Fem. and the other for the Neut., some, indeed, have only one form for all genders. 3. The declension of the adjective corresponds with the
three declensions of nouns.

first

16. First

Declension.

nine.
is

Nouns of the first declension ending in a are all femiThe feminine of adjectives of the second declension
declined like nouns in
a,

see

17.

Exceptions to this rule occur only out of regard to the general rules of gender ( 13.), thus, e. g. agricola, a husbandman, is Masc. so also are most names of rivers of this declension, as Matrona, the Mame, Trebia, Sequana, the Seine. But the names of mountains, as Aetna, Ossa, remain Feminine.
1.
:

Rem.

16.

FIRST DECLENSION.

23

Case-E n
Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Ablative
a ae ae

(]

in gs.

Plural

Nominative
Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Ablative

ae ariim
is

am
a

as

ae
is

Paradigms.
Singular.
Plural.

Nominative
Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Ablative

mensa,

the table

mensae,
mensl5,

the tables

mensae, of the mensae, to the

table
table

mensdrum, of the

tables

to the tables

mensdm,
menstf,

the table

table
the table.

mensd, by

mensds, the tables mensae, tables mensis, by the tables.

Rem. 2. As the Latin language has neither tlie definite article the nor the indefinite article a or an, mensa may signify either in a general sense table, or a table, or the table.
Rem.
3.

Some nouns
The
dative

are used only in the plural, as

nuptiae, a

wedding, nuptiarum, of a wedding.

ablative plural have the ending dhus (for is) a daughter, when they are to be distinguished from corresponding masculine forms, e. g. filiis et filiabus, to sons and daughters, diis et deabus, to gods and goddesses.
4.

Rem.
:

and

in

dea, a goddess,

filia,

Rem.

5.

Concerning Greek nouns of the

first

Dec. see

35.

V. Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

complaint,

translation.
3.

Agricola, husbandman.

querela,

gigno
duce.

beget,

pro-

aqua, wcder.

plaintive cry.

rana, a frog. ciconia, a stork. copia, abundance, wiMZh'-' terra, the earth.
tude.

pulchre, adv. beautiful-

herba, an herb.
planta, a plant.

coaxo 1. I croak. devoro 1. / devour.

turbo
1.

quam,
a,

hoiv

"

ab (with the

abl.)

by

procella, a storm.

noceo

2.

I disturb. / injure.
e. g. the

{a stands only before

Rule of Syntax.
is

Every sentence,

plant blooms, the

meadow

green, has

two parts

24
a)

SECOND DECLENSION.
The
subject,
; i.

[U7.
is as-

e.

the person or thing of wliich something

e. that

serted (the plant

b)

the meadow)
i.

The

predicate,

which

is

asserted of the subject {blooms

is green).

The
tive
;

subject

is

the predicate

commonly a substantive and stands in the nominais commonly a verb (e. g. blooms), or an adjective
to be (e. g. is green).

in connection with the verb

Rana
ranae.
rana.

coaxat.

Agricola delectatur querela ranae.

Cicoma nocet

Cicoma devorat ranam.

Plantae florent.
plantis.
!

rana, coaxa!

Aqua

turbatur a

Terra vestitur copia plantarum.

Procellae

nocent
tis

Terra gignit plantas.

plantis.

plantae,

quam

pulchre orna-

terram

Terra vestitur

The

plant blooms.

The herb of
the plant.

the })lant blooms.

injures the plant.

I love

O
the

plant

bloomest.

am

delighted with

(abl.)

The storm how beautifully thou plant. The frogs croak.

The
storks

The

plaintive cry of the frogs delights the

husbandmen.

injure the frogs.

The

storks devour the frogs.

frogs,

croak ye.

The water

is

disturbed by the frogs.

17.

Second Declension,

jectives)

and adend in the Nom. in us, er, ir, and um, of which those in ns, er, and ir are of the masculine and those in um of the neuter gender. For the exceptions see 36.

Words

of the second declension (substantives

Case-E n dings.
Singular

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

us

(er, ir)
i

um

Plural

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

i;

orum
is

Ace. Voc.
Abl.

um
e (er,
ir)
;

um

Ace. Voc. Abl.

6s;
i;
is

a a

U7.]

SECOND DECLENSION.

25

Paradigms.
Singular.

N. hortw5,

garden hom^of the garden horto^/.o the garden hoxium^the garden hortc, garden horio, by the garden
the

puer, the boy pueri, of the hoy puero, to the boy

puemm,

the boy

boy puer, puero, by the boy

ager^ the field agri, of the field agro, to the field a-grum, the field ager, O field agro, by the field

vir, the
virf,

of the

man man

viro, to the rnan

virwra,
vir,

t/ie man man

viro, by the

man.

Plural.
hortt, the

gardens pueri,

the boys

agrt, the fields

virf, the

men

bortorum,

of the pueroriim, of the agrorwm, of the x'ngriim, of the gardens men boys fields horiiSy to the gar- puri5, to the boys agTis, to the fields viTis, to the men dens horios, the gardens pu&Tds, the boys SLgros, the fields virds^ the men

hortt,

gardens pueri, boys agri, O fields virt, O men horUs, by the gar- ipneris^by the boys. agri5, by the fields viris^by the
dens.

men

war belli, of the war bello, to the war bellwm, the war bellwyn, O war
beWum,
the
hello,

bonw5, good bont bono

Singular. bona, good

boniim, good

bonae
bonrtc

boni

bonwm
bone bond

bonam
bona bona
Plural.

by the war.

bono bonitm bonwwi bono

bella, the

wars
of the

bello/w7W,

bont bonoriim

bona
bonarilTn

bona
bonorilm
bonf5

vmrs
be 11 15, to the
bella, the
bella,
be]lt5,

wars bom^ wars bono* wars boni

by the wars,

bom*

bont5 bonds bonac boni*

Singular.

bona bona
boni*.

free
liber

free
libera liberae liberae liberdjn libera libera

free liberwm
liberi

beautiful

beautiful

beautiful

liber?

libero

libero

liberiiw
liber

liberiim
liberwAre

libero

libero

pulcher pulchri pulchro pulchritm pulcher pulchro

pulchra pulchrac pulchrae pulchrawi pulchra pulchra

pulchrwm
pulchri pulchro pulchriim pulchrixm pulchro

liberae libgrS liberorttm liberdrwrn liberoriim

libgr?

liberie

liberis

liberie

Plural, pulchri pulchrac pulchrd pulchroriiwt pulchrdrtiz/i pulchroriim pulchri* pulchri* pulchri*

libero*
liberi

libera* liberae
liberi*

libera libera
libgri*.

liberi*

pulchro* pulchri pulchri*

pulchra* pulchiac pulchri*

pulchri pulchrd
pulchri*.

26

SECOND DECLENSION.

[$

17.

In like manner decline : Vir bonus, a good man, femina bona, a good woman, exemplum bonum, a good example, hortus pulcher, a beautiful garden, rosa pulchra, a probeautiful rose, ovum pulchruin, a beautiful egg, ager fecundus, the ductive fkld, vir liber, a free man, scriba bonus, a good scribe. Rem. 1. Most words in er reject the e in all the oblique cases except in the vocative singular, as ager, G. agr-i ; only the following retain
:

puer, G. pueri, socer, father-in-law, gener, son-in-law, vesper, evening, liberi, children, and the adjectives: asper, aspera, asperum, rough, lacer, torn, liber, /rec, miser, miserable, prosper, fortunate, tener,

the

g-er, as: frugifer,/rmY bearings Dexter, right, has both forms dexter, dextra, dextrum, G. dextri, dextrae; also, though less frequently: dexter, dextera, dext6rum, G. dexteri.-^ Rem. 2. The Voc. Sing, offlius, (a son) is fli and that of meus (my)

tender, QX\di

the

compounds of/er and

corniger, homed.

O mi fli, (but, O mea flia, O meum offidum). This Voc. in t found in proper names in \us, aius and eius, hence I (for 1e), Tulllus Tulli, Virgillus VirglU. Mercurius al (for aie), el (for eie), as MercUrl, Antonius Antonl, Gains Gal, Pompeius Pompei. Rem. 3. The word deus (God) is deus also in the Voc; in the pluN. dii, G. deorum, D. diis. Ace. deos, V. rfii, ral it is thus declined
is

mi, as

also, is

Abl.

diis.

Rem.
orum),

4.

The Gen.

plural of

e. g.

nummum

some nouns has the ending um (for (from nummus), of money, talentum (from talen-

tUm), of talents.

Rem. 5. Some Greek words, but rarely except in poetry, have the ending os (Ace. on) for the masculine and feminine, and on for the
newfer gender, as

Greek words in eus (one syllable) are Ilios, llion. thus declined: N. Orpheus (two syllables), G. Orphei, D. Orpheo, Ace. Orpheum, Voc. Orpheu (two syllables), Abl. Orpheo.
:

VI. Words
"Equua,
i,

to be

learned

and
a,

Exercises for translation.

m. horse.

molestus,
some.
varius, a,

um,<row6Zc- committo 3.
to.

I commit

frumentum, i, n. grain. granum, i, n. corn.

juba, ae,f. mane.

um,

various,

vireo 2. Ifourish.

curro 3. I run. hinnio 4. I neigh.

musca, ae,f.fy. colo 3. / attend to, cvl- celeriter, adv. swiftly. fecundus, a, um, protivate, honor, revere. in (with the abl.), in,
ductive.

upon.

Rule or Syntax. noun in the Gen., Dat, or Ace, which is connected with the predicate and limits it, is called the object ; e. g. in the sentence the man guides the horse, " man" is the subject and " horse" the object which limits " guides." When the noun is in the Ace. it is called
:

the suffering object (receiving the direct action).

Eqiius hinnit.

Juba equi

est pulchra.

Muscae sunt molestae equo.

17.]

SECOND DECLENSION.

27

Vir regit equum.

Agi'i sunt fecundi.

Equo pulchro delector. Eque, celeriter curre. Herbae agroriim sunt variae. Agricola committit
Agricola colit agros.
Agri,

agris grana frumenti.

tis
!

quam

pulchi'e vire-

In agris multae herbae florent.

The

field is productive.

The herbs of the

field are various.

field.

husbandman commits

the corns of grain to the

The The husband-

man

cultivates the field.

field,

Various herbs bloom in the

the horse
horses.
is

field.

how beautifully thou flourishest! The horses neigh. The mane of

beautiful.

Flies are troublesome to horses.

Men

govern

horses, run swiftly.

We

are delighted with (abl.) beauti-

ful horses.
I*'

Vn. Words
Deus, see Rem. 3. dea, see 16. Rem.
fill

to he learned

and

Exercises for translation,

mundus,
4.

magnus, a, urn, great. i, m. world. praesidium, i, n. pro- propitius, a, um, protedion, aid.
pitious, favorable.

us, see

Rem.

2.

filia,

see 16. Rem. 4. templum, i, n. temple. meus, a, um, see Rem. levir, i, m. hrother-in- benevolentia, ae, /. be2. nevolence. miser, era,erum,tDretchf law.
i,

socer,
laia.

gener,

i,

ed. m. father-in- carus, a, um, dear. improbus, a, um, toick- praebeo 2. / afford. exstruo 3. / build. ed. m. son-in-law.

Dii

mundum

regunt.

Deos

propitios collte.

Praebe, o deus bone,

miseris praesidium.
exstruuntur.

Dii improbos puniunt.

Diis et deabus templa

Filius leviri

Benevolentia deorum est magna.

bene

legit.

Socero est hortus pulcher.

eri

Boni

viri

bonis viris cari sunt.

Filia gen-

pulchre pin git

are propitious to men.

The gods

Good men

are dear to the gods.

* With regard to the arrangement of the words in forming a Latin sentence, the teacher must be the principal guide. The rigid laws of arrangement in the English language, allowed of but little being done in the way of Something, imitating the Latin arrangement in the English exercises. however, has been attempted in this way, which, together with a desire to preserve a strictly literal and grammatical expression of the thoughts, will account for the apparently awkward construction of many of the sentences. It may be suggested, also, that a close study of the position of the words in the Latin exercises, will very often guide the student in translating the English exercises. As to particular rules on this subject, it would not be proper, perhaps, to state more than the following, applicable where no emphasis rests upon any word in the sentence. In this case, 1) The predicate follows the subject, as in English, 2) the adjective, or noun in the Genitive, comes after its noun, \\) the verb follows the case or cases which it governs, But when these words 4) the adverb pricedes the word which it limits. are emphatic, the order in each case is reversed. For fuller directions on 514. this subject, see Krebs' Guide for writing Latin, 468 Tr.

28

THIRD DECLENSION.
are punished by (ab) the gods.
Afford,

[U8.
The world
is

The wicked
by

governed

(ab) the gods.

good gods, protection to the wretched.

The gods honor the temples. The gods love the good. O God, punbh tlje wicked. Write, my sons. Sons-in-law are dear to fathers-inlaw. God is propitious to good sons and good daughters. Write, my
son, paint,

my

daughter.

18.

Third Declension.
:

1.

The

third

Declension has the following case-endings

Plur.
IS
i

Sing.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

es JVeut. a

(ia)

um
es es

(ium) a
a
(ia)

ibus
(ia)

Ace. Voc.
Abl.

era, JVtut. like

Nom.

like the

Nom.

Ace. Voc.
Abl.

e(i)

ibus

Rem. 1. In the Nom. the pure stem is often changed. It may always be found, however, by removing from the Gen. is, the ending of
that case, as: rex, king, G. reg-is the stem therefore is reg. Also t, rf, fi and nt, are rejected from the stem in the Nom. before s, as : laus,
praise, G. laud-is,
is.

stem laud ; Salamis, G. Salamin-is, Atlas, G. Atlantof the stem, often passes over into s, as mos, custom, G. mor-is. Most masculines and feminines whose stem ends in n, have rejected this letter in the Nom. as leo, a lion, G. leon-is. Greek proper names whose stem ends in ont reject the t in the nominative, as Xenophon, Xenophont-is. Rem. 2. J^euters, as a general thing, present the pure stem in the Nom., as: exemplar, a pattern, G. exemplar-is. Still, variations from this are introduced into many words out of regard to the laws of euphony in the Latin language, as carmen, a poem (for carmin), G. carminis, ebur, ivory (for ehor), G. ebor-is, corpus, the body (instead of corpor\ G. corp6r-is, caput, the head (for capit), G. capit-is. When the stem of a Greek word ends in ai, the t is rejected in the Nom., as: poema (for pomat), a poem, G. poemat-is so also in the neuters cor, cord-is,
:

The

r,

(he heart, lac, lact-is, milk.

Rem.
37.
2.

3.

Concerning the endings

and

i,

a and

ia,

um and

ium, see

Concerning the gender^ the following general rules ob:

tain
1)
cr,

Of the
4.

masculine gender are the nouns in

o, or, 05,

and imparisyllahles^
Parisyllahles are

es.

Rem.

in the Gen. as in the

words with the same number of syllables Nom., as nubes, a cloud, G. nubis imparisyUa:

^ 1920.]
bles,

THIRD DECLENSION.
in the

29
Gen.

on the contrary, are words which have more syllables

:

tlian in the Noin., as

miles, soldier^ G. militis.

2)

Of

the feminine gender are

nouns

in, as^ is, aus,

it

us

(Gen.
3)

utis or udis), x, s

with a consonant before

^

and

pari-

syllables in es.

Of
4.

the neuter gender are

oris, eris, uris).

nouns in

a, e, c,

/,

ew, ar, wr,

ut

and us (Gen.

Rem.

For the exceptions

to these rules see

38

40.

19.

I.

The Nominative presents

goose (m.) anser
anseri*

tht

pure stem.
spur
(n.)

colour (m.)

father (m.)

S.N.
G. D. A.
V.

color

pater
patri*

co\bris

colon colorem
color
colore colore*

ansen'

patri

A.

anserem anser an sere

ansere*

patrew pater
patre
patre*

P.N.
G.

D.
A. V.

colorwm colduhus
colore*
colore"*

anserum
anserl6u5
ansere*

patrwm
patriftu*

patre*
patre*

an sere*
anserlhus

animal (n.) animal animali* animali animal animal animali animalla animaliwm animali6u* animal?a animalla
animaliftu*

calcar
calcari*

calcan
calcar
calcar
calcari

calcarta

calcarlMm
calcarl6i
calcarta
cal carta
calcartfeit*.

A.

Q.o\oYlhus

patribus

20.

II.

The Nominative presents

ing
to the laics
(wf.)

the stem

changed accord'

of euphony.
body (n.) corpus
corpori*
sea (n.)

name
S.

lion (m.)

Nom. and Voc.

nomen
nomini*

leo

mare
maris

Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative P. N. Ace. and V. Genitive Dat. and Abl.

leoni*

nomlm nomen
nomine nomina

leoni

corpdri

man*

leonem
leonc
leone*

corpus
corpore

mare
man* mar7a mar? um manbus.

corpora

nomlnwm
womlrulus

leonuwi
\e6inbus

corporMm
corponftit*

3*

THIRD DECLENSION.

[*21.

21.

III.

The Nominative adds

root if.)
city (/.)

s to the stem.

praise

(/.)

cloud (/.)

S.

Nom. and Voc.

radix
radicis

urbs
urhis

laus

nube-5
nubi-5

Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative P. N. Ace. and V. Genitive Dat. and Abl.

laudw
laudt

radici

urbi

nubi
nubewi

radicem
radicc
radices

urbcm
urbe
urbej?

laudem
laude
\dudes

radicwm
radicibus

urbZum urhlbm

]au(\um
\'dU(\ihtis

nube nube-5 nubi-wm

nuhi-bus.

Rem.

1.

Nouns

in ter

and

ber,

as: pater, /afAer, mater, mother, frater,

brother, as well as adjectives in ber

and
;

cer,

as: celeber, celebrated, acer,

sharp, reject the e in the oblique cases

see pater above.

in in a, as:

on or on, in good G. 6n-is; those, on the contrary, whose stem ends in Plato. Solo, Bito, G. on-is Xenophon, G. ont form their Nom., in the best writers, in on, as

Rem.

2.

Greek proper names

whose stem ends

prose, form their

Nom. almost always

;

Agamemno,
:

ont-ls.

VIII.

Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

vester, tra, trum, your, Dolor, oris, m. ^ain, suf- populus, i, m. people. tormentum, i, n. torture, praedico 1. / extol, fering. acerbus, a,um,j5wn^enf. tolero \. I endure. orator, oris, m. orator, imimus, i, w. soitZ, mint?, disertus, a,um, eZo^weni. succumbo 3. / sink

courage.

[quence. ignavus,

a,

um, indo-

under.
heavily,

lent, cowardly. ae, f. elograviter, adv. facundla, ae, f. Jluency praeclarus, a, um, noble. violently.

eloquentla,

tuus, a, um, thy. of speech. numSrus, i, m. number, noster, tra, trum,

quantity.

patienter, patiently.
our.

ob, on account

of

Orator est disertus.

tori paret

Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Ora-

populus.

Oratorem praedicamus ob facundlam.

!

orator,

quam
bltis.

praeclara est tua eloquentia

Ab
est

oratore populus regltur.

Do-

lores sunt acerbi.

Numerus dolorum
viri.

magnus.

Doloribus succumpungltis

Vir patienter tolerat dolores.

O dolores, quam graviter

Doloribus vincuntur ignavi

Bear ye the tortures of the pain. Thou sinkThe man endures the pain patiently. O pain, how violently thou stingest. A cowardly man is vanquished by (abl.) Orators are eloquent. The eloquence of the orator movies our pain. minds. The people obey the orators. Orators are extolled on acpain
is

The

pungent.

est

under the

suffering.

count of their fluency of speech.

orators,

how

noble

is

your elo-

quence

The world

is

governed by

(ab) the orators.

$22.1

THIRD DECLENSION.

31

22.

Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension,

The following paradigms present the forms of the three classes of adjectives of the third Dec. with one, two and three endings. Adjectives of one ending terminate in Z, r, s, a:, and participles (Present Participles only) in ns, G. ntis, as: amans, loving, G. amantis. For the irregular adjectives of the second Dec. unus, ullus, etc., duo and ambo, see 33.
Preliminary Remark.
:

Singular.
sharp.
(m.)
(f.)

Cn.)

delightful, (m. & f.) (n.)

greater.

(m.&f.)

(n.)

N. and V.

acer
acris acri

Gen.
Dat.

acris acris acri

acri

acre
acris aeri
acri

suavis suavis suavi

suave
suavis suavi

major

majus,

Ace.
Abl.

acrem acrem acre

acri

suavem suave
suavi
suavi

majoris majoris majuri majori majorera majus

majore

majore
1

Plural
N.V.&Ac.
acres

acres

acria

suaves

suavia

majores

majora

acrium acrium acrium suavium suavium majorum majorum Genitive D. &Abl. acribus acribus acribus suavibussuavibus majoribus majoribus.
Singular,
Plural.

Nom.

& Voc.

audax (m.f.
audacis audaci

n.) bold

Genitive Abl. Dat. Ace.

&

audaeem
decline
odor.,

(m./.),

audax

(w.)

audaces (m.f) audaeia (n.) audaciuni audacium audacibus audacibus audaces audaeia.

In like

manner

odor acer, sharp

odoris acris

aqua acris, sharp water, acetum acre, sharp vinaquae acris aceti acris [^g^'>'t
viridis,

campus
campi
viri

viridis,

green silva
[field,

viridis

silvae viridis

green pratum viride, green [wood, prati viridis [meadow^

vir major, greater

majoris

man, femina major, greater corpus majus, greater feminae majoris[70omn corporis majoris [body,

militis audacis

miles audax, bold sol- leaena audax, bold lion- animal audax, bold an[ess. animalis audacis [imal. [dicr, leaenae audacis

Remark.
and the Gen.

For the Abl. Sing, in i and c, the Nom. Plur. in ium and um, see 36.
to he

Plur. in ia

and

a,

IX. Words
Alacer,

learned

and Exercises for

litera-

translation.

cris, ere, lively, litterae, ture.

arum,/,
i,

virtus, utis,/. virtue.

vox, ocis,/ voice. m. scholar, consto 1. 1 consist in, of i, n. habeo 2. / have. gravis, e, severe, serious, fundamentum, incumbo 3. (with in and foundation. mortalis, e, mortal.
spirited.
fortis, e, brave.
'

discipulus,

immortalis, e,immortal. avis,

is,/, bird. inis,

is,

the ace.) / apply myself to.

omnis,
plur.

e, each, the
all.

whole,

homo,
hostis,

m. man.

m. enemy.

industria,ae,/. inrfiwfrj/.

mos,

oris,

m. custom.

non, not. ne fwith the

not.

Imper.)

pittas, atis,/.j9ie<i/.

32
Miles
forti

FOURTH DECLENSION.
animo pugnare
debet.

[^23.

Suavi avium voce delcctamur.

Pittas est funda-

Discipiili laus constat bonis

moribus

et acri industrla.

mentum omnium virtutum. Viri fortes non vincuntur doloribus gravibus. Ne cedrte hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animp in litteras iacumb^re debet

Homines corpora mortalia habent, animos immortales

23.

Fourth Declension.

Nouns
ings
:

of the fourth Dec. have in the

w,

Nom.

the

us and

of these the

first is

of the masculine

two endand the

last of \\\v

fgmimnr gender.

For

the exceptions, see 41.

Case-En dings.
Sing.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

us; MvJt. or us; us ui or u

u u

Plur.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

us;

Mut.

ua

uum
ibus

Ace. Voc. Abl.

um;
us;

u u u

Ace. Voc.
Abl.

us; us;
ibus

u^ ua

Paradigms.
Singular.
Plural.
1

N. G.
D. A. V. A.

fructM5 fructus

{vi.), fruit.

fructui or

fructum
fructus

cornw (n.), horn. cornus or u cornu cornu cornu

cornii

fructM5

corniid

fructMwm
fructlbus

corn uum corn ibus

corntltt

fructus

fructiw
fructl6u5

cornud
cornl6u5.

fructM

Rem. 1. The following words in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. have the ending ubus for Ibus : acus (f ), a needle, arcus (m.), a bow, artus (m.), a joint, limb, partus (m.), a birth, lacus (m.), a lake, pond, quercus, (f), fJie oak, specus (m.), a den, grotto, tribus (f ), a tribe, company, pecu (n.), cattle, (as a species), and veru (n.), a spit. Ficus (f ), us, ajigtree, forms the Dat. and Abl. Plur. according to the second Dec. ficis.
:

Rem.

2.

The word domus

domu5 domus donmi
domuwi
donid
is

(f )

a house,

is

declined as follows

Sing. N. V.

Gen.
Dat.

Plur.N. V. Gen.
Dat.

domii5

domimm and domorum

(\onubus

Ace.
Abl.

Ace.
Abl.

domes

rarely

domiw

domibus
the

The form domi

thus
:

used only in the meaning at home, at

tuae,

house

domi meae, domi

domi

alienae, ai my, thy, another's house.

23.]

FOURTH DECLENSION.
X. Words
to be learned

33
translatioru

and Exercises for

a,

um, hitter, indulgeo 2. /g^vc mycZ/* um, agreeable^ up to. frango 3. / hreak, break sensus, us, m. sense^ grateful. praedltus, a, um, (with doum. feeling. succumbo 3. / w'nfe nAh\.) endowed with. besiia, ae./. ammaZ. um, how der. vis (only Ace. vim and quantus, a, great. libenter, adv. with deAbl. vi) power force,
Luctus, us, m.
grief.

amarus,

lusus, us, m. sport.

gratus, a,

might,

puerilis, e, childish.
;

light.

voluptas, atis, /. pleas- sapiens, tis, tme ure. a wise man.

subst. suay Iter, adv. pleasantly,

vehementer, adv.
lently.

vio-

genus,
kind,

eris, n.

gender, evito
i>aro
est.

1.
^
.

I avoid. I provide.

Lusus pueris gratus

dulgent lusui.
viter

Genera lusus sunt varia.

Pueri libenter inlusus,

Vir gravis evitat lusum puerilem.

!

quam

sua-

animos puerorum delectas

Pueri delectantur lusu.

Sensus sunt

acres.
doloris.

Vis sensuum est magna.

Vir

fortis

non succumbit sensibus

Bestiae habent sensus acres.

!

sensus, quantas voluptates

hominibus paratis

Animalia sunt praedita sensibus.

The
brave

feeling of pain is bitter.

man

does not sink under

grief.

The power of grief is great. The The wise man endures grief
minds of men
!

patiently.

grief,
is

how

violently thou tormentest the

The wise man

not broken

down by

(abl.)

grief

The

sports of chil-

dren are agreeable.

There are various kinds of

sport.

The boys

give

themselves up to sports with delight

ish sports.

The

serious

man

avoids child-

sports,

how

pleasantly

you delight the minds of boys

In

(abl.)

sports the boys are delighted.

XI. Words

to be learned

and Exercises for

translation.
1.
1.

Fremitus, us, m. noise, tuus, a, um, thy. genu, us or u, n. knee, noster, tra, trum, our. tonitru, us or u, n. thun- vester, tra, trum, your,
der.

/ resound. / waver. permoveo 2. / move.

resono
vacillo

validus, a,

um,

strong,

vigor, oris, m. power.

horribllis, e, frightful,
terribilis, e, terrible.

fulmen,
ning.

inis, n.

light-

supplex,
a,

icis,

suppliant

antecedo 3. I precede. extimesco 3. 1fear. flecto 3. / bend. procu mbo 3. 1fall down.
in (with Ace.
in,

robur, oris, n. strength.

subst. the suppliant,

1.

and

Abl.)

multus,

um, much, indico

/ indicate.

upon.

many.
Tonitru
terribile

animos hominum permovet.

Fremitus tonitrus
Multi homines ex-

(tonitru) est horribllis.

Fulmen
tonitru,

antec6dit tonitru.

timescunt tonitru.

quam

horribllis est fremitus tuus.

Do-

34

FIFTH DECLENSION.
res6nat tonitru.

[$

24.

mus

cat robur corporis.

genua.

genua,

Genua virorum sunt valida. Vigor genuum indiMagna vis est genlbus. Supplices procumbuut in In genibus est magna vis. ne vacillate
!

The knee of man is strong. Power of the knee indicates strength of body. The knee has great power (== to the knee there is great In the power). The supphant bends the knee. O knee, waver not knee is great power. The thunder is terrible. The noise of the
!

thunder

is

frightful.

Lightnings precede the thunders.

thunder,

Fear thou
re-

not the thunder.

how

terrible is thy noise.

The house

sounds with

(abl.) frightful

thunderings (== thunders).

Xn.

JVords to be learned

and Exercises for

a,

translation.
'2.

Pin us, us,/ jnne.

puella, ae,/. girl.
Bagitta, ae./. arrow.
frater, tris,

perniciosus,
strudive.

urn,

cfe-

sedeo cingo

1 sit.

3.

gird,

sur-

timidus,
insignis,

a,
e,
1.

um,
/

timid.

round.

m. brother,

reinarkable.
build.

contremisco 3.
quake.

/<rewi6Ze,

Boror, oris,/ sister.

aedifico

imber,
piscis,

bris, ?m. rain.

is,

habito

1.

I dwell.
(with Dat.)

pingo

3.

/ paint; acu

m.Jish.

adjaceo
lie

2.

pingo, I embroider.
saepe, adv. often.

rex, regis, m. king.

by.

venator, dris, m. hunter, contorqueo 2.

hurl,

sub (with Abl.), under*

continuus,
tinux)us.

a,

um,

con-

shoot.

Aestate sub quercubus et in specubus libenter sedemus.

gis ornatur multis pinlbus, ficis et lacubus.

Hortus re-

Puellae acubus pingunt.

Oratores timldi saepe omnibus artubus contremiscunt.

Venatores ar-

cubus
trae

sagittas

contorquent
lacus.

Dornus

altitudo est insignis.

adjacet

Frater aedificat
in

domum.

Domui nosMagnus numerus est

domuum (domorum)
tinui.

urbe.

Domibus

perniciosi sunt imbres con-

Domos

regis chigunt multae pinus.

Oaks and pines surround our house.

ful house.
is

We
I

dwell in beautiful houses.

In the lake are fishes.

remarkable.
houses.

The king dwells in a beautiThe height of the house The king has many and beau-

tiful

tremble in

all

[my] limbs.

great lake lies by our

houses.

My

sisters
sit

embroider.

Many

houses are built in the city

My

brothers

in the

garden under oaks, and

my

sisters in grottos.

Many

arrows are shot by bows.

24.

Fifth Declension.

All nouns of the

fifth

declension end in the

Nom.

in es

and

are of the feminine gender.

; ;

*24.]

FIFTH DECLENSION.

35

Exceptions: MascuHtie are, dies, a day, and meridies, mid-day; yet when it signifies a definite day, a dayjbced upon or appointed, as dies dicta, dies constituta, a day appointed, also,
dies in the Sing, is feminine
:

when
still,

it

signifies length

of

time, as
it is

in both these

meanings

dies perexigua, a very short space sometimes used as masculine.

:

Case-Endings and Paradigms.

affair, thing.

day.
dies,

S.

N. es

PI.

es

S. res,
rei
ret

PI.

res

PI.

die-5

G.ei D.ei
A. em V. es A. e

erum
ebus
es es

rerum
rebiis

diei
diei

die'riim

die6:s
dic5
die-5

rem
res
re

res res

diem
die*
die-

ebus

rebus

diebvs.

Rem.

1.

The

c in ei,

the ending of the Gen. and Dat.

:

is short

when

a consonant stands before it, as stands before it, as: diei, faciei.

rei, fidei

but long

when

a vowel

all the cases of the Sing, and Plur. declension are destitute of the Gen., Dat. and Abl. Plur., these cases being supplied by the corresponding cases of synonymous nouns of the other declensions.

Rem.

2.

Only

res

and

dies

form

all

the other nouns of the

fifth

Xin. Words

to he learned

and Exercises for

translation.

ad versus, a, um, ad- dulcis, e, sweet. Spes, 6i,y*. hope. verse; res adversae, felicior, m. and^!, Sierumna, aef. hardship,
trouble.
vita, ae,/. life.

feli-

adversity,

cius,

n.,

oris,

more

certus, a,

solatium,
tion.

/ overwhelm. I refresh. conditio, onis, f. con- dubius, a, um, doubtful, amitto 3. / lose. humanus, a,um,/i7iman. oppouo S. I oppose. dition, state. facile, adv. easily. vanus, a, um, vain. tempus, oris, n. time.
i,

n.

consola- incertus, a,
tain.

um, certain. um, uncer-

fortunate.
afflicto 1.
1.

recreo

Spes incerta

et dubia est.

Vis spei est

magna

in

animis hominum.

Homines debemus

facile

indulgent spei vanae.

Spem

feliciorum

temporum non
animos mis-

amittere in aerumnis vitae.

!

spes, dulci solatio

erorum hominum recreas

sunt incertae et dubiae.

Spe vana saepe fallimur. Conditio rerum humanurum

Res humanae Reest dubia.

bus adversis opponite virtutem.

Ne

extimescite res adversas.

fallitis
!

res

humanae, quam saepe animos hominum

Animus

sapientis

non

afflictatur

rebus adveris.

36

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

35.

XIV. Words
Fides,
ship.
6i,

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

/ Jidelity.

rarus, a, u m,

rare.

servo

1. 2.

/ preserve.

amicitia,

ae, /. friend- serenus, a, um, bright, tutus, a, um, safe.

a,

debeo

/ owe. conquiesco 3. Ifndsatisfadion.

exemplum,i, n.exam/)Ze. verus,

fare.

um,

true.

salus, utis,/. safety, wel- tristis, e, lowery, sad.

succedo

3.

Ifollow.

avolo
ish.

1.

Ify away, vancall togeth-

cito, adv. swiftly.

ver, eris, n. spring.

cupide, adv. eagerly.

etiam, conj. also.

adventus, us, m. arrival, convoco 1. 1 er. portus, us, m. haven. incorruptus, a, um, un- exspecto 1.
corrupted.

modo
/
expect,

modo, now
life.

now.

await.

The

fidelity

of friends refreshes our minds in the hardships of

Examples
our friends

of true fidelity of friendship are rare.

To

the fidelity of

we owe
!

our safety.

The true friend

preserves [his] fidelity

also in adversity.
safe

fidelity,

thou providest for unfortunate

haven

In the

fidelity

of friends

we

find satisfaction.

men a The days

are

now

bright,

now

lowery.

are to

all

men
you

agreeable.

The arrival of the bright days of spring Lowery days follow bright days. We

eagerly await the bright days of spring.

O ye

beautiful days of spring,

how

swiftly

fly

away!
is

In

(abl.)

the bright days of spring

we

are

delighted.

Mid-day

bright.

On

(abl.)

a certain day, the soldiers

of the

city are called together.

25.
1.

Comparison of Adjectives and Participles,

the

There are three degrees of quality

1)

2) the son (pater est doct-ior

3)
all
:

The positive^ as The comparative^

:

man

is

learned (vir est doctus);

is

as

the father

more learned than

qumm fflius) ;

the

The superlative^ as Cicero was the most learned of Romans (Cicero erat doct-issimus omnium Romansuperlative, in

orum).
2.

The

Latin,

is

also

used
:

to

express in

general, a very high degree of a quality, as

doct-issimus^ thy father is very learned.
8.

pater tuus est

For indicating

the comparative

and
:

superlative, the

Latin language has the following forms a) For the comparative : tor, Masc. and Fern.,
b)

his,

neuter]

For

the superlative

isstmusy isstm,a, issimum.

^25.1
4.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PAETICIPLES.

37

These endings are joined directly to the stem, which all cases, by removing, in words of the second Declension, the Nominative-ending us, and in those

may

be found, in

of the third, the Genitive-ending

Laet-us, joiifvl
doct-us, learned

is,

as
Sup. \^eX-issimus,

Comp.

pudic-us, bashful^ modest

imbecill-us, feeble
lev-is, light
fertll-is, fertile

dives (G.

divit-is), rich

prudens (G. prudent-is),

prudent amaiis (G. amant-is),
loving
felix (G. felic-is),

happy

laet-ior, ius

doct-ior

pudic-ior
imbecill-tor
lev-ior
fertil-ior

divit-ior

prudent-ior

amant-ior
felic-ior

a,

um

dioci-issimus

YiudXc-issimus

imbecill-miwiiw
\ew-issimus
{erxW-issimus

AWxi-isaimus

prudent-i*5imi

amant-wMmiw
felic-mmw*
a,

5.

Adjectives in er have the ending rimus,

um

in the

superlative, as
miser (G. miser-i),
miser-ior, ius
a,

um

[unhappy) celer (G. cel6r-is),

celer-ior, ius

is,

e, [sim/l)

miser-nmw5,

a,

um
a,

celer-nmiw,

a,

um
{poor)

pulcher (G. pulchr-i),

ful) pulchr-ior, ius

um

{heauii-

pauper (G. pauper-is),

pauper-ior, ius

pauper-rimws,
a,

a,

um.

pulcher-rimiw,
:

um.

So also vetus, G. veter-is, old (Comp. veterior, ius, is rarely used) Sup. veter-rimus ; and nuper-us, a, um, recenty (Comp. wanting) Sup.
nuper-rimus.
6.

The

six following adjectives in

to the stem, viz
:

ilis

form the superlaslender^

tive

by adding limus
loiu,

facTlis, easy, difficTlis,

difficult, similis, like, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slim,

and humilis,
facil-is,

as:
C. facil-ior, ius
S. facil-Zmii5, a,

um.

7.

Compound

adjectives in dicus ficus

the comparative

by adding

entior, ius,

and volus, form and the superlative

by adding

entissimus, a,

um

to the root, as
S. msX^AiQ-entissimus

maledlcus, slanderous magnificus, magnifcent

benevolus, benevolent

C. maledic-eniior
magnific-en^ior

magmfic-entissimus
hcne}fo\-entissimus

benevol-enfior

; :

38

COMPAEISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

P25.

But those

in dicus

(i

long) are

compared

regularly, as

pudicus, bashful^ modesty pudic-ior, pudic-issimus. 8. Besides, the following adjectives of irregular compari-

son are

to

be observed

bonus, good malus, had

mel^oVf iuSj better

pej-or

S. optimus, a,

Mm,

best

pesslmus

magnus, great
parvus, small

maj-or

min-or plus (neutr.) more

plures (m.
(n.
)

maximus minimum
plurimus, most
plurimi^ most

multus, much

and

f.

),plura

more
S. nequissimus

nequam, wuhed
senex, old
juvenis,

C. nequ-ior,
,

sen-ior,

young

jun-ior
exter-iovj

wanting wanting
extremus, outermost
^

exterus, outward
inferus, helow

infer-ior^

superus, above
posterus, hind
9.

super-ior^
poster-ior,

infimus and imus^ lowest supremus, and summvs postrtmuSj Undermost

Finally, there are several adjectives of

which the posi-

tive is
(citra,

wanting,
this side)

e. g.
citer-ior, ius

on

citimus, nearest

(intra, within)

inter-ior, ius
ulter-ior, ius

intlmus, inmost
ultimus, last

(ultra, beyond)

(prope, near)

prop-ior, ius

proximus, next

Rem. 1. Instead of the comparison by terminations, the Latin language often expresses the comparative by the positive with magis This (more), and the superlative by the positive with maxime (most). periphrastic form is necessary in those adjectives which want the terminational comparative and superlative. Rem. 2. Some adjectives have a superlative but not a comparative
form, as: novus, new, novissimus; invictus, invincible, invictissimus. On the contrary, others have a comparative but not a superlative form, as diuturnus, lasting, diuturnior, maxime diuturnus procHvis, sloping^ inclined, proclivior, maxime proclivis especially, nearly all in "dis, llis, agllis, nimble, agilior, maxime agilis. dlis, bilis, as Rem. 3. To the adjectives which have not the terminational comparison, belong: a) those which have a vowel before the ending us, as;
: ; ; :

idoneus,

fit,

magis idoneus, maxime idoneus

plus, pious, affectionate

perspicuus, clear; egregius, excellent; necessanus, necessary all in, Icus, \mus, Inus, Ivus, orus, undus, andus, bundus, as
slippery
;

b) nearly

lubricus,

legitimus, lawful, matutinus, early, fugitivus, fugitive, canorus,

harmonious, venerandus, worthy of veneration, moribundus, dying c) no particular class, as almus, nourishing, canus, hoary, cicur, tam^f claudus, lam, compos, powerfvlj impos, impotent of curvus, bent^
several of
:

25.]

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

39

ferus, hiUd,

gnarus, acquainted with, mediocris, mediocre, inemor, mind-

fid

mirus, wonderful, par, equal, proedltus, endowed with, rudis, rude, finally, some, which, on account of their signification, admit of etc. no degrees; e. g. those which denote a material; those compounded
of,
;

with per, prae (except praeclarus)

and

suh, as

praedives, very

rich, subdifficilis,
:

somewhat

difficult

permagnus, very great, those having the ;

diminutive form, as

parvulus, tiny, vetulus, oldish.

XV. Words
neficence.

to he

learned

and Exercises for

translation.
a,

Beneficentia, ae,/. heluna, ae,

lux, lucis,/. light.

ratio,

munificus,
nificent

um, mu-

on is,/, reason.

the

nwon.

simulatio, onis,/. ^retence.

sol, solis,

secundus,
able;

a,

um,/avor-

natura,

ae,/

nature.

res secundae,

sa\)\entm,ae,f. wisdom,

m. swn.
a,

prosperity.

odium, i, n. hatred. amor, oris, m. love.

hirundo,
low.
liberalitas, atis,/ liberality.

sonltus, us, m. sound.

amabllis, e, amiable.
velox, ocis,
surijl.

accommodatus,
suited
to.

um,

inis,

swal-

nihil, indecl., nothing,

garrulus, a,

um,

chatter-

quam,

conj., than.

ing, loquacious,

quam beneficentia. Nihil quam sonitus. Nihil est Multi magis garruli sunt, quam hirundines. melius, quam sapientia. Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores, quam divites. In adversis rebus saepe sunt homines prudentiores, quam in secundis. Divitissimorum Simulatio amoris pejor est, quam odium. vita saepe est miserrima. Nihil est melius, quam ratio. Sol major est, quam terra luna minor est, quam terra.
Nihil est naturae hominis accommodatius,
est amabilius,

quam

virtus.

Lux

est velocior,

XVI. Words
Patria,
ae, /. native

to be

learned

and Exercises far

translation.
a,

adulatio, 6nis,y!/af<ery.

beneficus,
icent.

um,

6ene/*-

country.

poeta, ae, m. a poet.

similitudo, inis,/. simi- Graecus, a,

larity.

an ape. Syracusae, arum, /

simia, ae,/.

suus,

a,

um, Greek. um, his, her^

grum,
black,

valetudo, inis,

health.

its.

Syracuse.

affinitas, atis,/ relation- niger, gra,

corvus,

i,

m. a crow.
n. evil.

ship.

celeber, bris, bre, fre-

malum,

i,

virgo, inis,

a young

quented.

murus, i, m. a wall. Homerus, i, m. Homer, Lacedaemonius, i, m. a Lacedemonian

labor, oris, m. labor.

woman.
crus, uris, n. shin, leg.

bre vis,

e, short.

simplex,
2.

icis, simple.

beatus,

a,

um, peaceful, valeo

I am
3.

strong,

happy.

avail.

contemno

/ despise.

Omnium

beatissimus est sapiens.

Homerus omnium Graecorum

40
poetarum
cusae

CLASSIFICATION AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS.

est veterrimus.
et

26.

Adulatio est pessimum malum.

Urbs SyraPes-

maxima

pulcherrima erat

omnium Graecarum urbium.

simi homines sunt maledicentissimi.

In amicitia plus valet similitude

morum, quam
Nothing
is

affinitas.

God is the greatest, best and wisest The customs of the Lacedemonians were very simple. The horse is very swift. Crows are very black. The haven is very much frequented. The father is very benevolent and very beneficent. The king is building a very magnificent palace (=house). Young women should (= must) be veiy modest. The ape is very much like man. The leg of the stork is very slender. Nothing is sweeter than friendThe Lacedemonians were very brave. Light is very swift. ship. Nothing is worse than the pretence of love. The sun is very great The life of man is veiy short. The richest are often the most wretched. The poorest are often the happiest. The labor is very easy. The customs of men are very unlike. The king is very munificent. The worst men are often very happy. The best men are often despised by (ab) the worst. The health of my friend is very feeble. The garden of thy father is very beautiful. The labor is very hard. The
better than virtue.
-of all.

walls of the city are very low.

Most men love

their native countiy.

CHAPTER

V.

Of the Adverb.

26.

Classification

and Formation of Adverbs.

( 6, 4.)

1.

The common endings of adverbs

formed by annexing
e to

are e

and er

{iter) ;

those derived from adjectives of the second declenthe root of the adjective,

sion, axe

as: clarns, clar-e, liber (G. liber-i), liber-e, pulcher (G. pulchr-i), pulchr-e.

Only bene

(well)
e.

from bonus, and male

(badly), from malus have a short

2.

sion are formed,

Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declenby adding er to the stem of those in ans and ens, and iter to the stem of all others, as
clar-us, a,
liber, a,

um, dear^ renoumed um, (G. Iib6r-i),/ree

clar-c
lib^r-e

$27.]
pulcher, chra,

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
chrum
(G. pulchr-i)

41

pulchr-e

prudens (G. prudent-is), knowing

prudent-cr

amans

(G. amant-is), loving

amant-er
fort-iter

fortis (G. fort-is), brave

Audax
3.

(G. audac-is), bold, has audac-fer (for audac-lter).

Besides adverbs of the above-named endings, there

are a

number which have

the termination of neuter adjec:

tives in either the accusative or ablative case, as

multum,
,'>

micch,

plurimum, most, solum and tantum,

(and

ow/?/, facile, easily^

difficile

difficulter), 26;tYA difficulti/, lecens, recently

tuto, safely, raro, rarely, continuo,

immediately, cTehro, frecoel-

quently, falso, falsely, subito, suddenly, perpeiuo, continually,

4.
itus,

There are

still

other adverbial terminations, as

from heaven,
etc.

penitus, deeply, entirely; sensim, by detroops,

grees,

passm, everyivhere ; caterva^im, by

grega^m,

by flocks,

27.

Comparison of Adverbs,
for the comparative,

Adverbs derived from adjectives use

the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjectives

from which they are derived, and in the superlative change

us of the superlative of their adjectives into
laet-e, joijfvlly
e,

as

Comp.

\aet-ius

Sup laet-mime, most joyfully

.

doct-e, learnedly
lev-iter, lightly
felic-Iter,

doct-ius
lev-ius
feVic-ius

doct-issime
lev-issime
felic-issim^

happily

magnific-e, magnificently
simil-iter, alike

magnific-entitis
sinn\-ius

magnific-cn^wsi'mc

simil-Zme
optime, best
pessimje.

ben-e, well

mel-ius better

mal-e, badly

pejus

42

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

[^28.

CHAPTER

VI.

Of the Pronoun

a.

(Comp.

6, 5).

28.

I.

Personal Pronouns.

Substanti ve Personal Pronouns.

Singular.

Nom. 6g6,/
Gen. Dat. Ace.
Abl.
mei, of me mlhi, to me

tu,
tui,

thou

wanting
sui,

of thee

of himself herhimself etc.

tibi, to thee

self etc.
sibi, to

me, me me, by me

te, thee
te,

by thee

himself etc. se, by himself etc.

se,

Plural.

Nom.
<5en.

DOS,

we

vos,

you
sui,

wanting
of themselves

of \jls nostrum, of armng

us
nobis, to us

nostri,

of you vestrum, of among

vestri,

you
vobis
vos,
to

Dat.

you

sibi, to

themselves

Ace.
Abl.

nos, u^
nobis, by us.

you

se, themselves

vobis, by you.

se,

by themselves.

Rem.

1.

The Voc. of

all

the pronouns, if used,

is

like the

Nom.

The
etc.,
thee,

preposition

thus

cum (with), which governs the Abl., is joined to me, te, mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, unth me, wiih

wiih one's self with us, with you. Rem. 2. In order to give more emphasis to the personal pronouns, the syllable met is added to all the forms given in the above table, with the exception of tu and the Gen. Plur. of ego and tu, as egomet, te:

met, siblmet, nosmet, vosmet ;^to tu is added te : tute, thou thyself se is doubled to render it more emphatic sese. For the difference of meaning between nostri, vestri and nostrum, vestrum, see 94.

b.

Adjective Personal Pronouns or Possessive

Pronouns.
Adjective-personal pronouns are formed from the Gen. of Substantive-personal pronouns. They are called possessive,

of an individual of the

because they represent an object(B|as the possession first, second or third person.
comes mens, mea,

From

wiei

meum,

my. (For the Voc. mi see

iV.

tui

sui
nostri
vestri

Rem.

1.)

tuum, thy. suus, sua, suum, his, her, noster, nostra, nostrum, our.
tuus,
tua,

its.

vester, vestra, vestrum, your.

28.]

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

43

Remark 3. For giving greater force and emphasis, the ending pte joined to the Abl. Sing, of suits, as suopte manu, udth his (own, very) For the same reason also, met hand, suopte gladio (with his sword). (see Rem. 2) is joined to the oblique cases of suus, as suismet capitibus.
is
: :

XVII. Words
Magister,
tri,

to be learned

and Exercises for

translation.

m. teacher, aequalis,
i,

e. eqv^il.
e.

praeceptum,

n.

pre- SRlutAils,
[er.

salutary.

laboro 1. / labor. narro 1. I relate.

praeceptor,6ris, m.imcA-

canto 1. / sing. clamo 1. I cry. tractatio, onis, f. hand- impero 1. (with Dat.) / ling, pursuit. command, govern. ^ Veritas, atis,/ truth. imperium, i, n. comcept, principle.

/ call. I grieve. disco 3. / learn. ludo 3. I play.

voco
1.

doleo

2.

attente, adv. attentively,

inter, praep. (with Ace),

gratus, a, urn, agreeable.

iratus,
a,

mxind, dominion.

um,

offended,

between,

among.

angry.

Rule of Syntax. The personal pronouns in the Nom., 6g*o, tu, etc., when there is some emphasis to be placed upon them, hence especially in antitheses. The same is true of the possessive
are used only

pronouns, meus, tuus,

frater

etc., e. g.

meus

frater diligens est, <mw5 piger

but:

me amat

(not

frater

meus me

amat).

Ego

canto, tu clamas, amicus

vocat.

Nos narramus, vos

saltatis,

fratres laborant.

Ego

fleo, tu

rides, frater dolet.

Nos, praeceptores,

docemus, vos,

discipuli, discitis.

Ego

ludo, tu discis, soror acu pingit

Nos

scribimus, vos

legltis, fratres

pingunt.

Ego
;

salio, tu

feris,

puer

dormit
perare
tio

Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus

vos, boni

discipuli,

attente auditis praecepta nostra.

sibi

Virtutes inter se aequales sunt.

est.

maximum imperium
est.

litterarum nobis salutaris

Imnon est apud se. TractaVeritas semper mihi grata est.

Iratus

XVIII. Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

a,

translation.
3.

Modus,
vitium,

i,

m. measure, proximus,

um,

next,

obrepo

(with dat.) 1

manner.
i,

par, aris, equal.

creap up, steal upon.

acrlter, adv. spiHtedly.

n.

a fault.

dimico

1.

Ifight.

m. citizen. discordo 1. I am at va- per, praep. (with ace), parentes, ium, m. pariance with. through. rents. porto 1. / bear, carry. propter, praep. (with caput, itis, n. head. faveo 2. Ifavor. ace), on account of. cantus, us/fn^ong-. splendeo 2. / shine. de,praep. (with abl), of, redltus, iis, m. return. expeto 3. / strive to obconcerning, over, at.
civis, is,

tain.

Vitia nobis virtutum

vetis nobis.

nomine obrepunt.
te

Nos favemus
Mihi mea

vobis, vos fa-

Tu me

amas, ego

amo.

vita, tibi,

tua cara

est

Virtus splendet per se semper.

Cantus nos

delectat.

Parentes

44
a nobis diliguntur.
amat.
ter sese

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
!

[^28.

O mi fili, semper mihi pare Frater me et te Egomet mihi sum proximus. Tute tibi impera. Virtus propcolitur.

Suapte natura virtus expetitur. Gives de suismet Sapiens omnia sua secum portat Nos vobiscum de patris reditu gaudemus. Tu tecum pugnas. Oratio tua tecum pugDeus tecum est. Saepe animus secum discordat Hostes nobisnat.
capitibus dimicant.

cum

acrlter pugnant.

I relate, thou dancest, the brother labors.

We

sing,

you

write, the

friends call.

I,

the teacher, teach

thou, the scholar, learnest.

I write,

We

weep, you laugh, the brothers

er paints.

grieve.

thou readest, the brothI,

We
O

play,

you
;

learn, the sisters embroider.

the teacher,

instruct thee,

scholar

thou,
fight

precepts.

The enemies
right

good scholar, hearest attentively my Angry [men] are spiritedly with you.

not in

tJieir

mind

(=

by themselves).

God

is

with

us.

You

re-

joice with us at the return of [our] father.

I carry all

always obey
yours to

my [secrets] with myself. O my son and my daughter, me You love us, we love you. Our life is dear to us, you. Bad men are always at variance with themselves. The
!

pursuit of literature
us.

is

salutary to me.

Truth

is

always agreeable to

Our

parents love thee and

me

in (abl.) like

(=

equal) manner.
I favor thee,

Men

love themselves.

Virtue

is

beautiful in (per) itself

is

thou favorest me.

Our

native country

dear to us.
translation.
oris,
of.

XIX. Words
Cura, ae, /.
cern.
ira,

to he

learned

and Exercises for

care, con-

industrius, a,

um,

in-

immemor,
mindful
master

un-

dustrious, diligent.

ae,/. anger.
i.

mirus,

a,

um, wonder- potens,

a,

ntis,
of.

powerful,

desiderium,
ing, desire.

n. long-

ful, extraordinary.

perfidus,
icis,

um,

/aifft.-

impotens,

ntis, nofjsot^;-

conservatrix,
preserver.

f.

less.

erful, not

master

of.

absens, ntis, absent.

teneo

2.

hold, possess.

judex,

icis,

m. judge.

insiplens, ntis, unwise,

ango

3.

1 trouble.

benignus,

a,

um,

kind,

memor,^
of

oris,

mindful

Omnis natura
desiderium urbis,

est conservatrix sui (presei*ver

of

herself).

Mirum

meorum

et tui

me tenet

(longing after the

city, etc.).

Pater vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur (by thy remembrance of

him).
Ira est impotens sui.

Sapiens semper potens sui

est.

Vestri

cura

me

angit (concern for you).

Omnes homines

sunt benigni judi-

cessui.

brance of

Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua (thy rememus). Amicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens magno

$29.1

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
tui,

45
Amici sunt

desiderio tenetur mei, et

nostri

mi

frater, et vestri,

o sorores.

memores.

Multi vestrum mihi placent.

Plurimi nostrum te

valde diligunt.

The absent
[man]
is

father has a great concern /or us

(= of us).

The unwise
unmindful of

not master of himself.

The

faithless friend is

me.

(=

of thee) troubles me.

Your remembrance of me is very agreeable. Care about thee The most of you, my scholars, are diligent.
us love [our] native country.

The most of

29. II. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Singular.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

IS,

ea, id, Ae, she,

it ;

the

same
the

i-dem, ea-dem, i-dem, the very

same
ejus,

of him, same
him, her,
id,

her,

it;

of

ejus-dem, ofth very same

to the very same eun-dem, ean-dem, idem, the very same eo-dem, ea-dem, eo-dem, by the

ei, to

it ; to

the

same
the

ei-dem,

Ace.
Abl.

eum, eam,
same
eo, ea,

him, her,

it ;

eo, ly him, her,

it ;

by

the same.

very same.
Plural.
1

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

ii,

eae, ea, they

the

same

ii-dem, eae-dem, ea-dem, the

very same eorun-dem, earun-dem, eorundem, o/ the very same

eorum, earum, eorum, of them of the same iis (seldom eis), to them; to
the sarne

iis-dem (eis-dem),

to

tJie

very

same
;

Ace.
Abl.

eos, eas, ea, them

the

same
;

iis

(seldom mj, by them

the same.

by

eos-dem, eas-dem, ea-dem, the very same iis-dem (eis-dem), by the very
same.

Remark.
1) the

1.

The pronoun
it.

is,

ea, id

may

be translated as follows
e. g.
;

same (the one just mentioned); 2) Gen.

Dat., to him, to her, to
filius

filius ejus, his

or her

son.
e. g.

Ace. him,

her, it
to

Plur.

Nom.

they,

eorum or earum,
:

their son, Dat.

them, Ace. them

it

connection with a noun this, e. g. eum regem, this king; 4) he, shCf (who). In the oblique cases, it is distinguished from sui and suus in meaning, by not referring back, as they do, to the subject of the
sentence.

Gen.
3) in

46

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

[29.

Singular.

Norn.

istg, ista, istad, this, that

ill6, ilia, illud,

illi

thM

Gen.
Dat.

istius,

of this, of that
that

us,

of that

istI, to this, to

Ace.
Abl.

istum, islam, istud, this, that isto, ista, isto, by this, by that.

to that ilium, illam, illud, that

illi,

illo, ilia, illo,

by that.

Plural (after the II. Dec.)

N. N.

isti,
illi,

ae, a; ae, a
;

G. istorum, arum, orum G. illorum, arum, orum

D. and Abl. istis; A. istos, as, a D. and Abl. illis ; A. illos, as, a.
;

Singular.

Nom.|hIc, haec, hoc, Gen. hujus, of this

Dat.
huic, to this

this

ipse, ipsa,

ipsum, self

ipslus
ipsi

Ace. Abl.

hunc, banc, hoc, this

hoc, hac, hoc, by this.
Plural.

ipsum, ipsam, ipsum

ipso, ipsa, ipso.

N. hi,hae,Aacc; G. horum,harum, horum; D. and Abl. his; A. hos, has, Aace; N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa G. ipsorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. ipsis; A. ipsos,as,a.
;

2. The enclitic ce is joined to hie, haec, hoc in order to indemonstrative power : hicce, haecce, hocce, this here ; the From following forms occur most frequently hujusce, hosce, hisce. these forms connected with the interrogative particle ne we have hiccine, haeccine, hoccine, this ? but in general only after a foregoing c. Also from the connection of this ce with iste and ille we have the folillic, illaec, illuc ; Ace. isSing. N. istic, istaec, istuc lowing forms

Remark
its

crease

tunc, istanc, istuc

illoc
;

illunc, illanc, illuc

Abl.

istoc, istac, istoc

illoc, iliac,

PL N. and Ace. Neut

decline

istaec, illaec.

The student may

idem equus,
vitii

the

very same horse,

eadem

rana, the very same frog,

vitium, the very same fault, G. ejusdem equi,

iste vir, this

idem ejusdem ranae, ejusdem

this

man,

ista

femina,

this

woman, istud nomen,

name, istius

viri, istius

feminae, istius nomlnis

hie puer, this boy, haec puella, this girl, hoc praeceptum, this precept, hujus pueri, hujus puellae, hujus praecepti
ille

sensus, that feeling,

ilia

res, that thing, illud cornu,

titat

horn^

illius

sensus,
3.

illius rei, illius

cornus

(u).

Rem.
ista,

Hie, haec, hoc, refers to an object in the presence of the one speak;

ing, which pertains to the one speaking or which he calls attention to

iste,

of the one addressed or which pertains to the one addressed ; ille, ilia, illud refers to an object which lies remote from the speaker and forms a contrast with hie, haec, hoc.
istud refers to
the presence

an object in

</

29.]

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

47

XX. Words

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

Diligentia, ae, f. diligence, exactness.

dux, uc\s,m. leader, general.

mendax,
liar.

acis,

lying,

Xenophon, ontis, m. hebeto 1. / hlunt, enarum,/. a^e</er. Xenophon. feeble. memoria, ae,/. memory, carmen, mis, n. poem, firmo 1. / make firm^ scliola, ae,/. a school, addictus, a, um^ devoted strengthen. sententia, ae,/ opinion, to. vito ] / avoid. fidus, a, um, faithful. view. placeo 2. I please. scriptor, oris, m. writer, saevus, a, um, fierce, displiceo 2. / displease, auctoritas, atis, cruel. aufaveo 2. I am favorable
ignavia, ae,/. indolence.
litterae,
.

thority.

elegans, ntis, elegant.

atis, /.

to.

tarditas,

sloto-

iners,

ertis,

awkward, credo

3.

/ believe,

trust.

ness, indolence.

inactive.

Xenophon

est

elegantissimus
;

scriptor

ejus

libros libenter

lego.

Amicum

fidum babeo
;

ei

addictissimus sum.

Fratris

carmen valde
;

mihi placet

lege

id.

Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat

illam vita,
suavis-

hunc expgte.
sima
sunt.
Illi

Hae

litterae graviter

me

movent.

Haec carmlna

Isti

homini mendaci ne crede.

parent.

viro

omnes

favent.

Huic duci milites libenter Praeclarum est istud tuum praceptum.

displicet.

Haec
illud

sententia

mihi placet,

ilia
ille

Hoc bellum

est saevissi-

mum. Hie puer

praeceptum.
toritas est

industrlus est,
Iste tuus

iners.

Memoria teneo praeclarum

Ista vestra aucillius

amicus

est vir oj>timus.

maxima.
illi

Hujus

discipuli diligentia

kudo,

tarditatem

vitup&ro

schola est gratissima, huic molestissima.

to be

XXI. Words

learned

and Exercises for

tracto

translation.
1.

Fortuna, ae,//oriwne. clarus, a, um, clear, reAlexander, dri, m. Alexnowned. ander. Delphicus, a um, DelPompeius, i, m. Pomphic.
pey.

I pursue.

obsideo 2. / besiege. studeo 2. I strive.

fido 3.
d'lffido.

inimicus,

a,

um,^05<t7e;

I trust. I distrust.

subst. enemy. nosco 3. I am acquainti, n. deed. seditiosus, a, um, sedimeritum, i, n. desert. ed urlth, know. tious. agnosco 3. [understand. oraculum, i, n. oracle. Caesar, aris, m. Caesar, admirabilis, e, wonder- resisto 3. Iresist. imperator, oris, m. gensentio 4. / feel, think, ful.

factum,

eral.

laudabllis, e,praiseworthy.

judge.
quia, conj. because.

[.fr.

virtus, litis,/ bravery.

pro, praep. (with abl.)

1.

opus,

eris, n.

work.

expugno

1 capture.
die

Multi homines de iisdem rebus

sipiens

eodem

non eadem

sentiunt.

In-

eidem sententiae modo

fidit,

modo

difFidit.

Ipsi imperatori se-

ditiosi milites resistunt.

Animus

ipse se movet.

Virtus est per se ipsa

48
laudabilis.

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Saepe
nihil est

[^

30.

homini inimicius, quam

sibi ipse.

Omne
te ip-

animal se ipsum
ipsi.

diligit.

Carior nobis esse debet patria,

quam nosmet
:

Praeclarum

est illud

praeceptum oraculi Delphici

Nosce

sum.

Mendax saepe
is

sibi ipsi difFidit

Xenophon

a very elegant writer, I read him with very great de-

light (libentissime).

The

brother and his friend are very dear to me.

The

teacher praises and censures the scholars according to {pro with

abl.) their desert.

We

perceive

God from
[de

his works.
abl.)

We

honor [our]

parents, because their deserts to

with

us are very great.

it.

The
dis-

enemies besiege the

This book
pleases.
I
I praise the

city

and

strive to capture

read with delight.

This poem pleases me, that

The deeds of that great Alexander are extolled by (ab) all writers. Caesar and Pompey were very renowned generals to that, fortune was more favorable than to
industry of this scholar.
;

this

the bravery of this

is

and that [one] was wonderful.

leader
of the army.

The king himself

the

Thou

dost not always

judge the very same concerning the very same thing.

son pursue the very same literary studies
are

The

father

and

(=

literature).

The

virtues

of (per) themselves praiseworthy.

Man

loves himself.

[Thy] native country ought to be dearer to thee than

thou thyself

Understand yourselves.

Liars often distrust themselves.

30. III.

Relative Pronouns.

IV. Interrogative Pronouns.

Singular.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

quod, who, which cujus, whose, of whom, of which

qui, quae,
cui, to

quis{m. &/),.quid, who ? whaf^

cujus, whose ? of whom ? of what ?
cui, to

whom,

to

which

whom'^

to

whaf?

Ace.
Abl.

quern, quam, quod, whom, which

quern,

quam,

quid, ivhom ? what?

quo, qua, quo, by whom, by which

Plural.

quo, qua, quo, by whom, by what ?

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

'

Ace.
Abl.

which qui, quae, quae, who ? what ? quarum, quorum, quorum, quarum, quorum whose, of whom, ofivhich whose? of whom? of what? qiiibus, to whom, to which quibus, to whom ? to what ? quos, quas, quae, ivhom, which quos, quas, quae, ivhom? what? quibus, by whom, by which. quibus, by whom? by what?
qui, quae, quae, who,

quorum,

Rem. 1. The preposition cum is joined to the Abl., as: quocum, for which quicum is often used. Rem. 2. In quisquis [quaequae rare), 92ac9iac?( whoever, whatever) both pronouns are declined, as: quoquo, quibusquibiis, e. g. quoquo modo

30.]

RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

way
is

49
est,

res se habet, in whatever

ever
it is ;

the

thing has

itself;

quicquid id

what^

On

the contrary, in quicunque^ quaecunque, quodcunque (which-

soever, whatsoever) cunque

^M?, quae^ quod, as
:

barely annexed to the different cases

:

of

G. cujuscunque, etc.

Rem.

3.

Quis, quid, are

used

substantively, as
:

quis

scribit ?

quid

scribitiH' ?

So

also in the

Ace, as

quid agis

The remaining forms

;

do not differ from qui, quae, quod used interrogatively but qui, quae, quod in this case, is always an adjective, e. g. quern vides ? whom do you For the purpose of see ? quem houiinem vides ? what man do you see ? strengthening the interrogation, nam is annexed to the above mentioned interrogative pronouns, as: quisnam clamat ? who cries out thenf quidnam agis? what do you do then'^ quinam homo clamat.^ quaenam. mulier venit.^^ quodnam genus est.^ and so through all the cases.

XXII. fVords
Civitas, atis,/. state.
lex, egis,/. law.

to be

learned
a, a,

and Exercises for

translation.
1.

probus,
sanctus,
e,
1.

um, um,

upright,
sacred,

honoro

1 honor.

' mors, rtis, /. death. mitis, immaturus, a, um, wn- euro

mild.

gero 3. I carry on. succurro 3. / assist.

4.

(with
1.

ace.)

I ex'dudlo

listen to.

timely.

care for, look out for.

ardenter, adv. ardently y

eagerly.

Justus, a,

maleficus,

um, just. a, um,

devasto
evil ;

guberno
rule.

1.

I lay waste. / govern,

subst. evil-doer.

Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet.

jus imperium mite et justum
est,

Regi, cu-^

omnes

cives libenter parent.

Regem,
cives
cives,

cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt

Felix est rex,

quem omnes
et

amant.

rex, qui civitatem

nostram gubernas, honora bonos

!

terre maleficos, succurre miseris, exaudi probos

est

Acerba

immatura
est illud

mors eorum, qui immortale opus parant.

Beati sunt
Hostis,

Non semper
ii,

bonum, quod ardenter expetimus.

praeceptis regitur.
vastat.

quorum

vita virtutia

quocum bellum

geritur,

terram nostram

de-^

The

kings

who govern

the

states,

ought to look out for

(ace.)

the

welfare of the citizens.

just, all citizens

The

kings,

whose government
kings, to

is

mild and

obey with delight

The

whom

the laws are

sacred, are obeyed

by

all

the citizens.

are loved by

all

the citizens.

kings,

The kings are fortunate, who who govern our states, honor
the wretched, listen to the

the good citizens, frighten the

evil, assist

upright
land.

The

enemies, with

whom

you carry on war, lay waste our

XXIII. Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.
a,

Luscinia, ae, /. night- ij^eccki\im,\,n. sin, fault, honestus, ingale. opinio, onis, /. opinion. ous.

um, w/m-

50
falsus, a,

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

[$

31.

indulgeo 2. 1 am indulcogito 1. I think of. um, false. gent to. / torment. a, um, disa- excrucio repugno 1. I am repug- ago 3. / drive^ do, treat, greeable, ungrateful, dico 3. / say, tell. nant to. utilis, e, useful. ambulo 1. I go to walk, habeo 2. 7 have; me quaero 3. I seek.
ingiatus,
I
.

take a walk.

habeo, / have myself,

cur, why.

Quis me vocat ? Quid agis, mi amice ? Quis scribit has litteras ? Quid cogltas ? Quid ago? cur me excrucio? Quae amieitia est inter ingratos ? Quod carmen legis ? Quis homo venit ? Quis poeta dulcior est, quam Homerus ? Cujus vox suavior est, quam vox lusciniae ?

Quibus peccatis
Quicquid
tempore.
do.
est

facillime

indulgemus

honestum, idem est

utile.

Quicquid

vides, currit

cum

Quoquo modo
sayest

res sese habet, ego sententiam

veritati

meam

defen-

Quaecunque opinio
thou
?

repugnat, falsa
that

est.

What

Who

is

man ?
?

With whom does thy friend go

book readest thou
?

to

walk

Who is that woman ? Whom seekest thou ? What

In what-

To whom

dost thou write this letter ?

ever manner the thing has

itselfj

we

praise thy view.

31.

V.

Indefinite Pronouns.

1) quis, qua, quid,

any

one^

Ace. quem, quam, quid.

Nom.

any thing (substantively), Pi. qui, quae, qua; the re-

maining cases are the same as those of the relative qui^ quae, quod;<im, quae, quod, any one, any thing-, (adjectively), is declined like the relative qui, quae, quod; 2) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some one, something, (substantively).

ae, a;

Ace. aliquem, aliquam, aliquid,

aliqui, aliqua (aliquae

Nom.

PI. aliqui,

very seldom), aliquod, (used

adjectively).

PL

aliqui,

ae,,

a;

quaepiam^ quidpiam, any one, some one, any thing, some thing (i. e. any one, etc., indifferently from a larger number), used substantively ;qm^^mm, quaepiam, quodpiam, (used adjectively), G. cujuspiam, etc.; 4) quisquam, quicquam, (scarcely, hardly,) one, any one, any thing, used substantively; quisquam, (quaequam. rare), quodquam, used a^yec^iz;e/y, G. cujusquam, etc.; this pronoun is used principally in negative sentences
5) ecquis, ecqua, ecquod, lohether

3) quispiam,

any one

any

thiiig?

32.]

CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS.

61

used substantively ; ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, used adjectively, G. eccujus, etc.

things

quidam, quaedam, quiddam, ct certain one^a certain used substantively ; quidam, quaedam, quodam, used adjectively^ G. cujusdam, etc.; 7) quisque, quaeque, quidque, (as subst.)^ and quodque, (as adj.) each one^ each., G. cuj usque, etc. unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquidque (as subst.), and unumquodque, (as adj.), each one (to a man), G. uniuscujusque, etc.; quivis, quaevis, quidvis (as subst.), and quodvis (as adj.), any one, any thing you choose, without exception, G. cujusvis, etc. quilibet, quaelTbet, quidlibet (as subst.), and quodlibet (as adj.), any one, any thing you please, indifferently, G. cu6)
; ;

juslibet, etc.

8) alius, alter, ullus, wullus, neuter, see in

<5>

33,

Rem.

5.

XXIV. Words
Graecia, ae,y! Greece.

to be

kamed and

Exercises for translation.

d\gmta.s,a.t\s, f. dignity,

impendeo
inhaereo

2.

pecunia, ae,y! monei/.

locus,
i,

mens,
ing,

t\s,

f. understand-

2.

I threaten. I inJiere.

m. a place,

sit-

intellect.

adlmo

3.

tuition.

jus, uris, n. wfuit is just, tribuo 3.

augurium, i, n. presage, justitia, slg, f. justice. saecdlum, i, n. hundred futurus, a, um, future. years, an age. insitus, a, um, inborn,
terror, oris, m. terror.

idcirco, count.

/ take away. I give. adv. on this acif.

quasi, adv. as

Si mortem timemus, semper aliqui terror nobis impendet. Si cuipiam pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est Graecia parvum quendam locum Europae tenet Inhaeret in mentibus nostris quasi quoddam augurium futurorum saeculorum. In unoquoque virorum bo-

norum
que.

habitat deus.

Justitia jus unicuique tribiiit

pro dignitate cujus-

Cuique nostrum amor

vitae est insitus,

32.

Correlative Pronouns.

Under correlative pronouns are embraced all those pronouns which express a reciprocal relation (correlation) to each other and exhibit this relation by corresponding forms.

Thus

e. g.

52

OF THE NUMERAL.

P 32.
fndef. Relative.

Interrogative.
qualis, of

Demonstrat.
talis,

Indefinite.

Relative.
qualis,o/icAaf

what

of such
so
aliquantiis.

kind?
quantus, how great?
quot,* hoto many ?

a kind^such
tantus,

great
50 many totidem,*jwsf so many
tot,*

somewhat
great
aliquot,*

/cmrf, as quantus, as great

qualiscunque, of tchatever kind

quantuscunque, however great

1

qnot,*

as

some

many

quotunque*, or quotquot,* however

many.

XXV.
Bonum,
des.
i,

Jfords to be learned

and Exercises for

translation.
first,

n. the
is.

good,

respubllca, reipubllcae, princeps, ipis, m.

the state.

Aristides,

m. Jtisti-

prince.

[fault.

.grex, egis, nu

imitator, oris,
tor.

permultus, a, um, very pecco 1. I sin, commit a soleo 2. lam accustomed. much, many. exsisto 3. / exist, am. m. imita- fragilis, e, perishable. quod, conj. because, thai.
herd.
tot sunt sententiae.

Quot sunt homines,

cipum
exsistunt.

Non tantum malum est

hoc,

-quod peccant principes,

quantum

illud,

quod permulti

imitatores prin-

Quot genera orationum

Quales sunt duces,

sunt, totldem oratorum ge-

nera reperiuntur.
rex, talis est grex.

tales sunt milltes.

Qualis est
tales solent

Quales in republica sunt principes,

bona, quantacunque
sunt,
sunt, incerta

esse cives.
poris
et

Ne contemne homines

miseros, qualescunque sunt

Cor-

fortunae

ac fragilia sunt.
scrip-

Quotquot homines

omnes vitam amant.

Quotcunque sunt

^res, omnes Aristidis justitiam praedicant

CHAPTER

Vn.

Of the Numeral.
33.

Classification

and Tabular View of the Numerals,

Numerals ( 6, 6) according to their meaning, divided into the following classes

:

may

be

a)

Cardinals,

which answer the question, hoio many?

one, two, etc.
:

quot

as

* All these words are indeclinable and are used only in the plural, as ^uot homines sunt ? tothominumnumerus j aliquot hominibus ; tot homines, <luot video, so many men as I see; homines, quotcunque or quotquot video, <omnes boni sunt.

$33.]

OF THE NUMERAL.

|RB

Rem. 1. The first three cardinal numbers are declined (Remarks but from 4 to 100 they are indeclinable, while 5 and 6, pp. 56, 57) from 200 to 900 they are declined like the phiral of adjectives of three endings in i, ae, a. For mUle see Rem. 4. p. 56.
;

b)

Ordinals^
lohich in

which answer the question,

a series?
quotus?
as:

ivhich in order ?

firsts

second^

etc.

They

are all declined like adjectives of three endings

in W5, a, um,
c) Distributives,

which answer the question, hoio many a time ? how many a-piece ? quoteni ? as one by one, two by two, etc. d) Numeral adverbs, which answer the question, how
at
:

many
Rem.
2.

times ? quoties

as, once, tivice, etc.

:

The numeral adverbs

secundo
(for

mum

(rarely primo),

cundum'is very rare), place in order ? as in

:

derived from the ordinals ; viz. priwhich iterum is generally used setertium, quartum, etc., answer the question, what
;

the first place,

second place, etc.

e)

f)

Multiplicatives, which answer the question, hoiv many fold? quotuplex. They end mplex and are declined after the third Dec. as: duplex (for all genders), ^i<;o fold, double, G. duplicis. Proportionals, which answer the question, how many

times as great ? quotuplus

They end
as

in plus, pla,

plum, as

duplus,

a,

um,

tivice

g^reat, (as

something

else taken as a unit of measure).

All these classes of numerals, except the last two,

are merely

which

numeral adjectives and but

parison with the others,

in the following table.

used in comare exhibited in parallel columns

little

5*

54

NUMERALS.

[$33.

TABLE OF
Cardinal (how
1

many

?)

Ordinal (what one in order

1

?)

unus, a, um, one 2. duo, ae, o, two

1.
3.

primus, a, um, first secundus, second

tertius, third

ties, ia, three

4.
5.

quattuor,/oMr quinque,j?ce
sex, six

quartus, /oMr</i

quintuSj^/zA
sextus, sixth Septimus, seventh octavus, eighth nonus, ninth

6.
7.

septem, seven
octo, eight

8. 9.

novem, nine
decem, ten undecim, eleven duodgcim, twelve
tredecim, thirteen qadit\uoTdecim, fourteen

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

decimus, tenth undecimus, eleventh duodecimus, twelfth

tertius (a,

um) decimus

(a,

um)

qu\ndec\m^ fifteen sedecim, sixteen 17. septendecim, seventeen

15. 16. 18.
19.

quartus decimus, fourteenth quintus decimus, fifteenth sextus decimus, sixteenth

duodeviginti, eighteen undeviginti, nineteen

viginti, twenty

Septimus decimus, seventeenth duode vicesimus, eighteenth undevicesimus, nineteenth

vicesimus, twentieth

20. 21. 22. 28. 29. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 99.

unus (a, um) et viginti or v. un. tmus (a, um) et vicesimus (a, um) alter (a, um)et vicesimus (a, um)^ duo (ae, o) et viginti or v. d.
duodetriginta undetriginta
triginta

"duodetricesimus

undetricesimus tricesimus

quadraginta quinquaginta sexaginta septuaginta octoginla nonaginta

undecentum.

quadragesimus quinquagesimua sex age Sim us septuagesimus octogesimus nonagesimus undecentesimus

centesimus
c.

100. centum 101. centum et unus (a, um) or c. un. 102. centum et duo (ae, o) or c. d. 200. ducenti, ae, a 300. trecenti 400. quadringenti 500. quingenti 600. sexcenti 700. septingenti 800. octingenti 900. nongenti

(a,um) et primus (a,um)or c.pr.

c. (a,

um)

et alter (a,

um)

or c.alt.

ducentesimus
tiecentesimus quadringentesimus quingentesimus sexcentesimus septingentesimus octingentesimus

nongentesimus
millesimus

1000. 2000. 100,000. 1,000000. 2,000 000.

1

mille

duo milia 3000 tria milia, centum milia decies centum milia vicies centum milia.
;

etc.

bis millesimus

3000 ter m.

etc.

centies millesimus decies centies millesimus vicies centies millesimus.

Or vicesimus

(a,

um)

et alter (a,

um).

U31

NUMERALS.

06

NUMERALS
"
Distribu.

(how many
a,*^

at a time

?)

.Adverbial

(how many times

?)

one at a time bini, ae, a, two at a time terni, three at a time quaterni, /owr at a time quini,^c ai a time seni, six at a time septeni, seven at a time ocion],'eight at a time noveni, nine at a time
singtili, ae,

semel, once
bis, twice

I.

II.

ter, thrice

III.

quaier^ four times

IV.

quinquies^re times
sexies, six times septies, seven times octles, eight times

V.
VI.

VIL
VIII.

novies, nine times

decies, ten times undecies, eleven times duodecies, tice/ve times terdecies or tredecies

IX.

deni, ten at a time undeni, eleven at a time duodeni, twelve at a tim,e terni deni, thirteen at a time quaterni den\, fourteen at a time quini deni,^/i!eere at a time seni deni, sixteen at a time septeni, deni, seventeen at a time duodeviceni, eighteen at a time undeviceni, nineteen at a time
viceni, twenty at a time viceni (ae, a) singuli (ae, a) viceni (ae, a) bini (ae, a) diiodetriceni

X. XI. XII. XIII.

quatterdecies quindecies sedecies septiesdecies

XIV.

XV.
XVI. XVll.
XVIII.

duodevicies

unde vicies
vicies, twenty times vicies semel or semel et vicies vicies bis

XIX.

XX.
XXI. XXII. XXVIII.

undetriceni
triceni

duodetricies undetricies
tricies

XXIX.

XXX.
XL.
L.

quadrageni quinquageni sexageni septuageni octogeni nonageni undecenteni

centeni centeni (ae, a) singuli (ae,a) centeni (ae^ a) bini (ae, a) duceni
triceni

quadragies quinquagies sexagies septuagies

octogies

LX.

LXX. LXXX.
XC.
IC.

nonagies undecenties
centies centies semel centies bis ducenties trecenties quadringenties quingenties sexcenties septingenties octingenties

C. CI. CII.

cc.

quadringeni quingeni sexceni

septingeni octingeni

ccc. CD.
D.

DC.

DCC. DCCC.

nongeni
singula milia bina milia; 3000 terna m,, etc. centena milia decies centena milia vicies centena milia
^)

nongenties
millies
bis millies;

DCCCC.
3000 ter m.,
etc.

M. or do. I1M;I1IM.
CCc1d33. ccccloooa.

centies millies decies centies millies

vicies centies millies.

Singulus, a,

um

is

not used in the Singular.

if$

NUMERALS.
Remarks.

[$

33.

enter as one of the 1. The compound numbers into which 8 and 9 components, are expressed in a subtractive form, as 38, duodequadraginta, duodequadragesimus, 39 undequadraginta, undequadragesimus, 48 duodequinquaginta, duodequinquagesimus, 59 undesexaginta, unde:

sexagesimus, etc. 2. In the other compound numbers from 13 to 17, the smaller number Sedecim but from 20 to 100, either the is placed first without tt, as smaller number is placed first with et following it, or the larger without
: ;

et,

as

23

tres et viginti
tertius et

or viginti tres
tertius.

vicesimus or vicesimus

3. In compounding smaller numbers with hundreds and thousands, the smaller number follows either with or without et, as

or centum tres, 103 centum et tres centesimus et tertius or centesimus tertius.

If, however, such a number contains a unit and a placed last without tt, as

ten,

the unit

is

or quadringenti octoginta sex, 486 quadringenti et octoginta sex quadringentesimus et octogesimus or quadringentesimus octosextus gesimus sextus.

dux cum 4. Mille, a thousand (i. e. one thousand) is indeclinable, as mUle militibus but the Plur. milia (always of more than one thousand), is a neuter noun of the third Dec. and is followed by a noun in the 'Gen. case, as: tria milia hominum, cum tribus milibus militum. 5. The nine following numeral adjectives in us, a, um, and er, a, urn form their Gen. Sing, in all three genders in tus* and their Dat Sing.
:

in

i:

unus, ullus, nuUuSj

solus, totus, alius,
uter,
alter, neuter,
:

and the compounds of Uter, as

uterque, alteriiter

E. g. solus, a, um, G. soltus, D. soli. Alius has aliud in the neuter and in the Gen. alius (for aliius), in Dat. aUl. In the compounds: Titerque, utervis, utercunque, uterlibet, uter is declined and que, cunque,
etc. are

que

joined to the different cases, as utriusqne, utrlvis, utrumcunIn alteriUer (one of the two), commonly only uter is declined and alter is placed before it without change ; but sometimes both alter and uter are declined, thus
:

M^ralibet.

commonly:
occasionally
*
:

alteriiter,

alterutra,

alterutrum,

alter uter, altera utra, altfirum

is

G. alteriitrius, utrum, G. alterius utrius.

So

also alterius, not (as

inferred from the poets) alterius.

33.]

NUMERALS.
totus, a, urn, the whole,

57
uterllbet, utralibet,

Alius, alia, aliud, another

alter, era,

uUus,

a,

^rum,

<Ae

one

iinus, a,

um, any um, one.

one.

utrumllbet,
the two.

whoever,

'W^tcAever (you please

or the other of two.

uter, tra, trum, which

the

of

of

neuter,
er

tra,

trum, neith-

two ?

uterque, utraque,

of (he two.
a,

utercunque,

utracun-

utrumque,eacfe o/*f)ic
two^ both,

nullus,
no.

um, no one; que, utrumcunque,

alone.

solus, a,
6.

um,

whoever, whichever, of the two.

The numerals:

duo, two, ambo, both and

tres, three,

are declined

as follows

Nora, and V.

duo, two

Gen. D. and Abl. Ace.

duae, duo duorum, duarum, duorum

dudbus, duobus duo and duos, duas, duo

tres, three

N.
trium
tribus

tria

duobus,

tres,

tria
tria
is

So

ambo,

ae, o, both.

Like
PI.

declined the
:

of mille

milieu

XXVI. Words
Hora, ae,yi
7u)ur.

to be

learned
is,

and

Exercises for translation.

.

mensis,

m. month.
adis,y*.

pono

3.

1place, arrange,

sepono 3. I lay aside, annus, i, m. year. nux, ucis,y*. nut. jam, adv. already, now, calculus, i, m. a pebble, in promtu esse, to be in memoriter, adv. from Camlus, i, m. Charles. readiness. memory. codicilli, orum, m. writ- exspecto 1. / wait, paulisper, adv. a little, ing tablet. await. recte, adv. correctly. thalerus, i, m. dollar. respondeo 2. / answer, deinde, adv, then, there' cerasum, i, n. cherry. responsio, onis, f anupon. malum, i, n. apple. swer. denique, adv.fnaUy, pirum, i, n. pear. ad do 3. I add to. porro, adv. besides, prunum, i, n. plum. attendo 3. I give aiten- turn, adv. then, exemplum, i, n. examtion.
ae,y*.

summa,

sum.

hebdomas,

week,

pie.

Pater.

Si habes

Attende, mi decem mala,

fili

Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc

exemplum
;

tria

pruna,

unum

pirum, sex cerasa

pira, 6cto

et his ad-

duntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem

cerasa;
;

deinde

quinque mala, novem pruna, sedecim

pira,

undecim cerasa

turn duo-

decim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira,quattuordcim cerasa;

porro viginti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim
cerasa
;

denique quattuor et viginti mala,

unum

et viginti pruna,

duo

et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa: quot sunt mala.^ quot

pruna?
!

quot pira

quot cerasa

Carolus. Exspecta paulisper,

mi pater
;

Jam

responsio est in promtu.

Sunt

tria et

spetuaginta mala

unum

et sep-

tuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira;

novem

et septuaginta


68
cerasa.

NUMERALS.
P. Recte, mi Carole!
:

[$

33-

Jam

sepone codcillos et memoriter

Quot menses habet unus annus ? C. Duodecim. P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis ? C. Quattuor. P. Quot P. Quot C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. dies habet unus annus ? boras habet unus dies? C. Quattuor et viginti. P. Quot dies habent tres anni ? C Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot boras habet unus
mihi responde

annus ?

C.

ponis, quanta

Octo milia septingentas sexaginta. P. Si tres nuces quater summa exsistit ? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calcuC. Duodeviginti
tria

los ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis?

milia ducenti octoginta quinque.

P. Si septingenta quadraginta
?

milia trecentos quinquaginta duo thaleros bis ponis

C. Decies cen-

tum

milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor.

Father.

Give attention,

my

son

write

upon your

writing-tablet the

following

(=

this)

example: If thou hast 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears,

then 24

12 cherries, and to these are added 4 apples, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16

cherries
;

then 10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, 22 cherries

apples, 30 plums,

26 pears, 28 cherries; besides, 40 apples, 38 plums,

;

36 pears, 34 cherries
ries:

finally,

48 apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, 46 cher-

how many apples are [there] ? how many plums? how many Wait a little, my father alpears ? how many cherries ? Charles.
!

ready

is

the answer in readiness.

Father.

There are 146 apples, 142 plums,

Correctly,

154 pears, 158 cherries.

my

Charles

XXVII. Words
tant.

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

Incola, ae, m. inlmhi-

jor(natu)o7</cr, minor

annum
irrumpo

ago,
3.

/ am in

(natu) younger.
fides, ei, /. Jidelity
;

the year.
fi-

victoria, ae,/. victory,

/ make an

pretium,
terer.

i,

n. value.

dem

habeo, / have
a,

irruption.

assentator, oris, m.Jlat-

confidence in.

nunc, adv. now.

cognltus,

moderator, oris, m. gov- inf idus, emor. ful.

%(\UQS,\\\s,m. horseman,

a,

um, known, vix, adv. scarcely. um, wn/at7^- de (with abl.) of, concerning.

natus, a,

um, horn;

ex (with a&Z.)/rom.
post (with

pedes,

itis,

m. footman,

post Christum na-

pars, tis,/. part, side.

of et et, both and. societas, atis,/. alliance. Christ. [what ? neque, and not ; neque exercitus, us, m. army, quotus, a, um, what one. neque, neither nor. natus, us, m. hirth ; ma- ago 3. / drive, pass
after the hirth

tum,

ace.) after.

Quota bora est?

Decima.

Annus, quo nunc vivimus,

et

est millesl-

mus
Pater

octingentesimus quadragesimus tertius post Christum natum.

meus

agit

annum quartum

sexagesimum

(or

sexagesimura

34.]

PREPOSITIONS.
;

69
(or

quartun)

mater octavum

et

quinquagesimum
et
et
;

quinquagesimum oc(or

tavum)
tium)
;

frater

major natu tertium

tricesimum

tricesimum

ter-

frater

minor natu alterum

tricesimum (or tricesimum

soror minor vicesimum.

alter-

um)

soror major duodetricesimum

In urbe

sunt mille milites.

Duo

milia hostium

urbem

obsident.

The enemy makes an

10,000 soldiers.

irruption into our country

(= land),

with

A thousand soldiers

defend the

city.

28,000 footmen

and 13,000 horsemen defend the country.

(= is passing his seventy-fifth my mother in her sixty-second my older brother in his fortyfirst my younger brother in his thirty-ninth my older sister in her What hour thirty-fourth and my younger sister in her twenty-sixth. How old art thou? (= what year art thou is it? the eleventh hour. passing?), fifty-eight years old (= I am passing the fifty-eighth year).
father is in [his] seventy-ffth year
;

My
;

year)

Aliud

alii

placet (one thing pleases one

and another another), aliud

alii displicet.

Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortissimi.

Utrumque
ulli

est vitium

et

omnibus credere,
fidi

et nulli.

Perf idus homo vix

pretii (has

fidem

habet.

Unius

hominis amicitia habet plus

Soli

more

value),

quam multorum
cognita.

infidorum societas.

sapienti vera vis virtutis est

Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti erant.

vita

Nullius
;

hominis

ex

valde diligo.

omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos Amicus meus habet duo filios et duas filias.
{in)

ambo

We
[man].

trust to neither

of the two, neither to the wicked [man] nor the

flatterer.

The life of no man is more peaceful than the life of the wise God is the governor of the whole world. The father goes to
[his]
it

walk with

friends are as

two sons and [his] two daughters. were (quasi) one soul in two bodies.

Two faithful Two thousand

soldiers (gen.) defend the city.

CHAPTER
34.
1.

VIII.

Table of the Prepositions.

Prepositions governing the Accusative.

unto, according

Ad,

to,

propter, near by, on ac-

ante, before.
post, behind, after.

to,

for, at.
ai, &3/.
to, by.

count
er of

of.

apud,

penes, i^7A (in the

pow- secundum,
according

q/2er, oZowg*,
to.

juxta, next

some

one).

prope, near by.

ob, before, on account of.

versus, towards.

60
adversus and adver-

PREPOSITIONS.
cis, citra,

[^

34.

sum, against.
contra, contrary
to,

trans, over,

on

ultra,
side.

extra, beyond, without. on this side. on that side, infra, beneath, below. beyond, on that supra, over, above,

the contrary, against.

per, through.

erga, towards, [around,

circa,

inter, between,
intra, urithin.

among,

praeier, hard by, besides.

circum,

about.-

Rem. 1. Versus generally stands in connection with the prepositions ad or in ; the Ace. is placed between ad {in) and versus, as: in Italiam But with versus, ad Oceanum versus, toioards Italy, towards the Ocean. names of cities ad and in are omitted, as: Roman versus, towards Rome.
2.

Prepositions governing the Ablative.

by.

A, ab, abs, /rom,

de,

iprae,hefore,by reason of. sine, unthout.

before, for.

doum from,
of,

away ^ro,

clam, unthout the knowin

the

from,
over.
e, ex,

concerning, coram,

before,

ledge of.

presence of,
of, from.

tenus,

up

to.

out

cum,

urith.

Rem. 2. A and e never stand before a vowel or h ; abs is rarely used, Tertus is placed after the ^bl. most frequently before t For the forms mecum, tecum, quocum, etc., see 28. Rem. 1. and 30. Rem. 1,

3.

Prepositions governing the Abl. (in answer to the question where^) and the Ace. (in answer to the question, whither'?)
upon
;

In, c. abl. in, at, by,

into,

c.

ace.

super, over, concerning (generally

upon, against, towards.

with

ace. in

answer

to both ques-

sub, under.

tions).

subter, beneath, (generally with ace. in

answer

to both questions).

XXVIII. Words
Ripa, ae,/. &anfe. via, ae,/ way. castra, orum, n. camp, agger, eris, m. mound,
pes, edis, m.foot.

to be

learned

and Exercises for

effundo
high, deep.

translation.
3.

libertas, atis,/.yrcef/om.
altus, a,

I pour

out,

um,

discharge.

video

2. 3.

/ see.

fugio 3. Iflee.
pello 3. / drive, repel.

duco

/ lead.

munio

4.

Ifortify.

Promiscuous examples from

all the Declensions.

Frogs

live in the

water and upon

spiritedly against (in) the

enemy.

the land. The The enemies make an

(in)

soldiers fight

irruption into

our borders.
sit

In the

fields,

bloom various herbs.

In

(abl.)

summer we
among) the
Orators

with delight under oaks.

The enemies

flee

within

(=

walls.

Parents are loved by (ab) good sons and daughters.

35.]

GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.

61

The earth moves (= i extol on account of {^h) fiuency of speech. moved) around the sun. Repel cares from [your] minds. SuppliantsEloquence adorns those with (penes)fall down upon the knees.

we

whom
has
tue
all
?

it is.

Live thou according

to nature.

The
is

soldiers fight be-

fore (pro) the

camp.

The
is

river is discharged over the banks.

Virtue

[things] beneath (subter) itself.

Who

peaceful without vir-

Above

the city

a very high oak.

Below our garden a very

magnificent house

is built.

The army marches

fortify the

(iter

facit)

the soldiers against the city.

towards Rome. The general leads Near by the walls of the city, the enemies
build a high

mound around the city. The citizens fight The enemies flee spiritedly for the freedom of their native country. On account of virtue men are esteemed. The eneover the river. mies within the walls of the city fortify a camp. The love of parents towards [their] children is very great. Many men act contrary to (conOn this side of the city a camp is fortified tra) the precepts of virtue.
camp.

The enemies

Our

soldiers fight with the

enemies very

spiritedly.

by (ab)the enemies. -Frogs live within and without the water.

citizens

All the

were joyful concerning

(de) the victory

of our soldiers.
is

The

way, which leads from the

city

up

to

our garden,

very beautiful.

Avoid the man, who by reason of (prae) anger is not in his right mind (= with himself). Before (ante) our house are many pines, behind the
same,
is

a very beautiful garden.

feet.

Often
the

we do

not see that which

is

before (ante) our

beautiful fields.
ful besides the

Between
flee
?

city

and our garden are very

city.

The enemies
wise [man]

through the

Who

is

peace-

SECOND COURSE.
35.

Greek Nouns of the First Declension.

Several nouns adopted from the Greek, have in the

the ending, e Fern., as

Nom.

and

es IMasc.
first

The

declension of

these differs from the Latin

the Plur. they are the same.

Dec, only

in the Sing. ; in

! !

GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.

[^35.

Paradigms.
Feminine.
Sing. N. crambe", cabbage G. crambe*, of cabbage

Masculine.

D. A. V. A.

crarabae, to cabbage

crambe'n, cabbage

crambo,

cabbage

crambe", by cabbage.

Aeneds, Mneas Anahmes^ATichises Anchisae Aeneae Anchisae Aeneae Anchisen x\eneam Anchise Aened Anchise". Aened.

XXIX. Words
Aloe, es,/. the aloe.
Circe, es,/. Circe,
astutia, ae,/. cunning.

to be learned

and Exercises for

translation.

cometes, ae, m. comet,

planetes, ae, m. planet.

erraticns, a,

um, wanfenrfer.

dering.
tener, era,
1.

Boreas,

Epaminondas,

em rn,
I

coqua, ae, f.
cook

(female)

Gorgias, Pythagoras, celebro

celebrate.
abl.)

culina, ae,/. kitchen.

gloria ae, /. renown.
historia, ae,/. history.
Stella,

Orestes, Pylades, ae, abstineo 2. (with / abstain from. m. are proper names

and
crinitus,
hair.

remain

Latin.

ae,/

star.

/ whistle. antepono 3. I prefer. a,um, wiih long coquo 3. / cook.

as
in strideo 2.
pie,a6?i;. tenderly,piously.

nauta, ae, m. sailor.

Aloe est amara. Aloes herba est amara. Crambae est tenera herba. Cramben coqua in culina coquit O Circe, quanta erat astutia tua Crambe tenera delectamur. Boreas vexat nautas. Boreae procellae nautis perniciosae sunt. Boream fugiunt nautae. O Borea, quam ve-

hementer
ratica-

strides

Borea vexantur nautae.

Oresten
et

Planetes est Stella er-

Cometes

est Stella crinita.

Pyladen ob amicitiam
gloria
!

proedicamus.

Epaminonda, quanta
ab Aenea

est tua

Anchises pie

amatur ab Aena.

Pythagorae sapientia praedicatur.

!

Anchises,

quam

pie amaris

Epaminondam

et

Pelopidam omnes

scriptores celebrant.

Cabbage

is

tender.

The herb of cabbage

prefer

is

tender.

The

aloe

is

a bitter herb.

We
(abl.)

the tender cabbage to the bitter aloe.

Circe,

how by

thy cunning thou deceivest the minds of

men
great

We

abstain from the bitter aloe.

Gorgias had

{erat

with

dat.)

The cunning of Circe was great, .^neas loves Anchises Pythagoras we extol on account of [his] wisdom. O Orestenderly. tes and Pylades, how great was your friendship Concerning (de)
eloquence.
!

Orestes and Pylades, concerning Epaminondas and Pelopidas history

relates.

36.]

GENDER OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.

63

36.

Of the Gender

of the Second Declension.

Rule.

Us, er and ir are masculine^ But wn is of the neuter kind.

Exceptions.
towns and trees These aveftminine in use.
Isles, lands,

in us,

Also alvuSj cohfs, hunms, Vannus, ptriodus and carhdsuSy Dipthongus too and dialectus.

The

neuter has but three in usz

Virus, vulgus, ptldgus.

Alvus,

i,

/. belly.

periodiis,

'i,f.

period.

virus,

i,

n. juice, poison.
i,

colus, i,f. distaff.

carbasus, i,/. linen.

i.

vulgus,
pelagus,

n.

the

com-

humus,
earth.
,

i,

/.

ground, dipthongus,
thong.

/. diph-

mon people.
i,

n.

(a poetic

vannus,

i./. corn-fan.

dialectus, i,f. dialect.

word)

sea.

Remark. The following

( 13.) for

are jnasculine contrary to the general rule

as

countries,
also

towns and trees: Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus,

i,
:

Bosporus
trees in

plurals in
oleaster,
tri,

Delphi,
tree.

Delphorum
Besides,

er,

as

wild olive

tries, cities

are neuter, as: Latium,

and mountains in um (on), G, i, Saguntum, Pelion, Leuctra (drum.)

also names of names of counand plurals in a, G. orum

;

all

XXX.
Lingua, ae,
language.
silva, ae,/.

Wards
/.

to he

learned
i,

and

Exercises for translation.

ignavus,
a, um,incfoZe7rf,

iong-uc, pirus,

jomr-^ree.

a wood.

^ruwu^, \, plum-tree. ulmus, i, an elm.

avidus,
a,

lazy, cowardly.

ligneus, a, una, wooden,

of wood. g^n.), greedy. Aegyptus, i. Egypt. longus, a, um, long. Del us, i, I>eZo5 (island). frugifer,era,6rum/rui<- maturus, a, um, ripe, Rhodus, i, Rhodes (an early. ful.
cibus,
i,

m./oorf.

um, (with

island).

compositus,
apoplar.
cherry-tree.

a,

populiis,

i, i,

posed.

cerasus,
fagus,
i,
i,

fecundus,
ductive.

a,

beech-tree.

malus,

apple-tree.

humldus,

a,

um, slim. um, round. um, pro- stultus, a, um, foolish. compesco 3. / check, um, moist. curb.
a,

um, com- procerus,

rotundus,

a,

Vulgus
posita est.
silvis

est stultum.

Diphthongus

est longa.

Periodus bene comIn

Populi sunt procerae.

Ignavi populi facile vincuntur.

lign^ae.

sunt ulmi et fagi altae.

Vanni sunt

In horto nostro


64
magnus
est

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

[^

37.
et

numerus frugiferarum cerasorum, malorum, pirorum

prunorum.
In our garden are
trees

many

cherry-trees,

many apple-trees, many plum-

and many pear-trees. The foolish people (vulgus) are easily deDiphthongs are long. The periods are well composed. The ceived.
poplar
is

slim.

cowardly people (populus)

slim poplars.

is

easily conquered.
is

In

our

garden are

many

The

corn-fan

of wood.

Matura

cerasa, mala, pira,

pruna sunt

dulcia.

Virus est perniciosum.

Humus humida
lus est clara.
<est

varias plantas gignit.

Alvus est ciborum avida.

Dialecti sunt variae.

De-

Coli

sunt rotundae.

Carbasus

tenSra.

Avoid the pernicious poison. One language has many dialects. The linen is beautiful. Egypt is productive. These apples, cherries, plums and pears are beautiful. See those high elms and slim poplars. Rhodes was renowned. The distaff is round. The earth (humus) is
productive.

Check

the greedy appetite

{=

belly).

37.

Remarks on

the several

Case-endings of the Declension.*

Third

1.

Gen, Sing. Proper names in es often have in the Gen.

i

the termination
toteli,

instead of

is,

as

Ulixi, also, Pericli, Aris-

Neocli, Carneadi, etc.

Some Greek nouns

:

in o (but
lo,

only of the feminine gender) as

:

Argo, Sappho, echo,

have us in the genitive as echiis from echo, Argus from Argo (the remaining cases are like the Nom. or are formed with Latin endings, as Dido, -onis, -oni, -onem, -one.)
Greek nouns, sometimes, but generally only in poetry, retain their pecuterminations in Latin, viz.. Gen. os for is ; Ace. a for em^ or in (yn)^ en em ; Voc. i, y (from Nom, is, ys) for is, ys ; Abl. i for ide (rare). Plur. Nom. Neut. c (from Nom. Sing, ds) ; Gen. on for um (rare and only poetic) Dat. si, sin for dilms, tihus, ibus (rare and only poetic) ; Ace. a^for s. Thus: Gen. Sing. PaUdd-os {from Pallas), Panos (from Pan), Thety-os (from Thetys) ; Ace. Platona (from Plato), Lyr.orida, (from Lycoris), basin (basis), Parin (Paris), Thetyn ; Voc. Lycori, Coty ; Abl. Daphni for ide. Plur. Nom. Neut. mele, epe (from melos, epos) ; Gen. Chalybon (Chalybs) Dat. Drydsi (Dryas, ad\s), metamorphosesi ; Ace. Senonas (Senones), Cyclopas (Cyclops.) The Gen. eos, for is from Nom. is as baseos for basis is not classical, and from Nom. -eus only poetic, as Peleus, Peleos (in prose, Peleus, Pelei). Good prose rejects the Greek genitive-form in os ; the Ace. in a, in, yn, en is very rare in good prose, as Pana, aethera, Zeuxin, po&sin^ Sophoden. The Ace. Plur. in as is found in prose writers of the golden period of the Latin language, only in barbarous names, as Senonas, Mlobrdgas. Caes. Kuhner's Larger Latin Grammar.
liar *

for im, idem,

37.]

CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION.

Acc, Sing,
the ending

65
is

2.

The Ace. has

im
(for em).

in the following

nouns in
:

G.

t5,

First, invariably in
tussis, f.

amussis,/. a rwZe.
huriSf f.

ravis, f. Jioarseness.

a cough.
abun-

a plough-tail,

sinapis, /. mwsfarrf.

vis,f. force, power,

cannabis,/. Aernp.

sids,/. thirst.

dance, multitude.

Second, commonly in
febris,/.

a fever.

puppis,/. <^e sfcrn q/*a securis,/ an axe,

ship.

pelvis,/, a basin,

turrisj/.

a tower,

restis,/.

ro/7e.

Also in the following names of rivers

Albis, the Elbe,

Athesis, the Adig-e, Araris, the Saone, Liris, the Liris,

Ta-

mesis, the Thames, Tiberis, the Tiber, Tigris, the Tiger, Vi-

Weser (all Masc. according to 13) and finally, Greek nouns in is Gen. is, as basis, /. (a pedestal), basim, and in several words in is G. idis, as Paris, Parim, 3. Voc. Sing. The vocative of Greek nouns in s with a vowel before it, commonly drops the 5, as O Pericle but
surgis, the
;

in

also Pericles,
seus,

Socrate also Socrates,

Perseu also Per-

O Pan
:

also Paris.

The same

is

true of those in as

G.

antis, as

Atla

others in as, but with a different form of

the Gen., have the vocative like the nominative.

4.

Abl. Sing.
;

The

ablative
it

has the ending e in most

i,

nouns
riably
a)

but in a few

has the ending

and indeed inva-

In neuters in

e, al,

G.

dlis, ar,

G. ans, as marz, animae,

K, caloari.
tar),

But those

in ar, G* aris have

as

nectar (nec-

nectar e.
:

Exceptions
Caere, have

sal (salt), far,

and

the

names of towns in e,

as

Praneste,

c in

the ablative.
is

b) In
vis,
5.

nouns in
vi.

which always have im in the Ace. as

in
is

vim,

The following nouns

and
m. a

G.

is

have

oftener than

^,

or

e together
citizen.

civis,

ignis, m.fire.

pelvis,/,

basin.

clavis,/.

key.

navis,/. a ship.
neptis,

puppis,/. the stem,

febris,/. a fever.
fustis,

m. a dub,

daughter,

"

grand- securis,/ an axe. turris,/. a tower,

6*

66
Rem.
eral
i.

CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION.

1.

[$

37.

Also the names of rivers enumerated in No.

2.

have in gen-

6.

In the

Nom.

Ace. and Voc. Plur. neuters in

a,

e, al,

G.

^liSy ar G. aris have ia instead of

as

maria, animalia^

icalcaria.

7. In the Gen. Plur. the following

a)

Neuters in
has

e, aZ,

G.

dlis, ar,

G.

have ium instead of um: am, as marium, anima:

lium, calcarium.
place,

Lar, lar

(lar-is),

a household-god,
as
:

the fire-

Larum and Larium ;

and
is,

b) Parisyllahles in es

navium

(navis),

nu-

linter, a a dog, panis, bread, proles, an offspring, strues, a heap, vates, a prophet, juvenis, a youth^ and commonly, apis, a bee, volucris, a bird, have um; c) Monosyllables in s and x with a consonant preceding them, as mons, montium, arx, arcium ; (but, [ops] opes, poiver, has opum and lynx, /. lyncum) ; and the following [faux] fauces, the throat, faucium, glis, a dormouse, glirium^ lis, strife, litium, mus, a mouse, murium, nox, night, noctium. Strix, a horned oiol, strigium; on the contrary, dux, (a leader) has ducum, vox, the voice has vocum, nux, a nut has wt^ cum, and so of others with a vowel before the x; d) Words of more than one syllable in s, or x, with an r or w preceding them, as cohors, a cohort, cohortium, aliens, a client, clientium, quincunx, quincuncium ; commonly dX^o, parentium (p^irens), of parents, sapientium (sapiens), of loise men, adolescentium (adolescens), of the youth; finally, always, compedium (from compes, generally in the plural
:

bium, and in er

imber, rain,
but, canis,

boat, uter, leather hag,

venter, the belly

compedes), offetters
e)

For

the

tions) in as,

; on the contrary, pes, pedum; most part gentile nouns (national denominadtis, is, itis, as Arpinas, Arpinatium, Samnis,
:

Samnitium.

So

also nostras, optimas pendtes, as

nostra-

tium, finally, ci vitas, a state, civitatium.

8. In the Dat. and Abl Plur. Greek neuters in ma have mat4s more commonly than mat-ibus, e. g. po'ematis, instead

of po'ematibus.

37.]
9,

CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION.

67

ing rules
a)

Concerning the case-endings of may be given

:

adjectives^ the follow-

The AbL
memori

Sing, of

all
^,

adjectives,
:

even when used as

pari (from par),
(viz.

nouns, has the ending

fellci,

as
;

am,

facili^

(see

22.)

natdli

from natdlis

dies),

birth-day, Aprili from Aprllis (viz. mensis), April,

Decembri

from December,
Exceptions.

The

young man^
as
:

aedilis, edUcy
;

Abl. has e in the following cases: 1) Juvenis, a and the adjectives in is used as proper names,

Martialis, Martiale

2)

The

following adjectives of one ending

itis, rich,

caelebs, ibis, unmarried, dives,

cicur, uris, tame.

\guest.

princeps,
sospes,
ing.

ipis, chief,

hospes,

itis,

foreign^ a pauper, eris, poor.

itis,

compos,
impos,
deses,

Otis,
of.

powerful, pubes, eris, grou;n up.

safe, secure,
itis,

possessed
Otis,

im pubes, eris,
ing
:

beardless,

superstes,

surviv-

impotent,

particeps, ipis, partakof.

idis, idk.

3) Comparatives, as 4)

major, majus (greater) majore

Compounds of

corpus, color

and

pes, as

bicorpor (having two

bodies), bicorpore, discolor (variegated), discolore, bipes (two-footed), bi-

pede
5) Adjectives

of one ending used as nouns, as

sapiens, a vnse man,

infans,

child,

Pertinax, Clemens, Felix, Abl.

6) Participles in ns
i,

have as participles

c,

but as adjectives, generally

as

ftorente rosa, the rose blooming, in florenti rosa, in a blooming rose,

Norn. Ace. and Voc, Plur, Neut., have in adjecand participles, the ending ia, and the Gen. Plur, the ending ium, as acria, facilia, felicia, acrium, facilium, felib)
tives
:

The

eium

( 22.), hebetia,

ium (from
Ace
has

hebes).

Remark. In the strictly

Gen. Plur. homines.
in ium,

classical period, all adjectives

had the
old,

Plur. Masc.

which have the and Fem. in is, as omnia

:

veterum and all comparatives, as: complures, very many, ; several, has complwra and ia (Gen. always, complurium). Besides, the following have um in Gen. celer, sivift, consors, partaking of, degener, degenerate, dives, rich, inops, helpless, memor, immemor, supplex, supVetera,

Exceptions. Vetus,

majora, majorum (but plu^, plura has plurium)

pliant, uber, rich, vigil, watching.

in ceps and/ea:, as

To these may be adde<l comjjounds anceps, twofold, double, uncertain, G. PL ancipUum, artifex, skilful, artist, artificum; finally, all which have only e in the Abl., as : pauper, pauperum.
:

68

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

[$

37.

XXXI. Wards
The words

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

introduced on the three preceding pages, are omitted.

Fama,
Btatua,

ae, /. rfpori^ re-

fundamentum,
foundation.

i,

n.

exascio
ly.)

1.

hew (rough-

noun.

ae,/

statue.
i,

carpentarius.

lignum, i, n. ivood. m. a cos, otis,/ whet-stone,

quies, etis,

levo

1.

mitlgo
gate.

1 lighten. 1. / soften^

miti-

wheel-wright.

f quiet.
[iron,

funambulus,
dancer.

i,.

navigo ]. Inavigate. m. rope- durus, a, um, hard. argenteus, a, um, q/" 5i7- op\iugno 1. I assaidt.
ver, silver.

laurus, i,f. laurel.

faber, bri, m. artisan.

acuo

3.

Isharpen.
3.

ferreus, a,
1.

um, of iron, expello

I expel.

faber ligiiarius, carpen- dono edolo ter.

folium,
i,

n. leaf.

I present. incedo 3. I walk upon. 1. / hew properly, peto 3. I seek. sero 3. I sow. fashion.
faliit.

Echus vox saepe homines

vim
expellit.

^rgus navis fama

est

magna.

Vis

Sitim tolerare difficile est.

Faber lignarius ad amussim

Carpentarius hurim e
i

lignum exasciat
dura ulmo
edolat.

Hi pueri ad ravim clamant.

Agricola burim
regit.

Agricola c a n n a b

serit

Folia lauri tusssim levant.

Ftbrim quiete mitigamus.

Pater matri pel-

vim argenteam donat

altam turrim.

Funambuli per

restim incedunt.

Per Alhim,

Tamesim, Fisurgim, Tigrim multae naves navigant.

Seciirim ferream

Milites

oppugnant
statu-

cote acuimus.

Fundamentum

arum vocamus

basim.

Apes petunt
w^jie

sindpim.

The poems of Sappho

(error, oris)

very delightful.

of lo wei'c related by (ab)

many

poets.

The wanderings By (abl.) the echo

we
i,

are often deceived.

Against (contra) hoarseness, cough and fever,

2.) fitting

thou must apply (adhlbeo

n.)

(aptus, a,

um) remedies (remedium,

high tower.

The

soldiers defend spiritedly the

has a solid pedestal.

ter according to (ad)

The statue The wood (plur.) is hewed by (ab) the carpenrule. The carpenter handles (tracto 1.) the sharp
Soldiers must endure hunger (fames,
is)

axe with a

skilful

hand.

and

thirst patiently.

XXXII. Words
Porta, ae,/. gate.

to be

learned a?ul Exercises for translation.

eris, n. load.

onus,

incito 1.

I urge

on.

tragoedia, ae,/ ^og-erfy. nectar, aris,

n.

nectar, \-dh6ro 1. {with ab.) I suf-

humenis,
iot.

i,

m.

shx)ulder.

gubernator,
vigil, liis,
sal, alis,

oris,

(drink for the gods). m. pi- acQtus, a, um, sharp.

fer (fi-om something),

prospecto
forth.

1.

look

dignus,a,um, (with
m. watchman,
salt.

a6Z.)

m.

admiratio.oiiis,/ arfmtration.

abigo 3. / drive away. of. um, cold. claudo 3. / dose. sumnms, a, um, highest, occludo 3. J lock. mordax, acis, biting^, conspergo 3. / sprinkle.
frigidus, a,

worthy, deserving

37.]

CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION.

69
!

Socrdte,

quam

salutaris

erat

generi

humane

tua sapientia

Sophocle, tragoediae

tuae

summa

admiratione dignae sunt.

CaZcdn* incitamus equos.
cibos.

AUttf

quantum onus humeris

tare delectantur dii.

tuis

portas!

Nee-

Sale consperglmus

Hostes

vi in

urbem
ama-

irrumpunt.

Clavi porta clauditur.

Febri laborat rater.

Fusti abiglpatria

mus canes mordaces.

tur.

Igni coquimus cibos.

vigiles prospectant.

bono dvi

Ex

alta

turri

In puppi sedet gubemator.

Acuta

secitri

faber lignarius lignum exasciat.

(abl.) force.

Force expels force by

thou
art suffering

The customs of men

force.
(abl.)

are oftener

improved by admonition and example than by

When

(quum)

(=

sufferest)

from

a fever, abstain from cold

v^ater.

Themistocles,

Pericles,

O Socrates, your deserts relative to

The
pilot,

(de) the city

of the Athenians w^ere very great.

upon

the stern, governs the ship.

With
civil

(abl.)

a sharp axe

who sits we split

The

(diffindo 3.) the

wood

(plur.).

In a

war (bellum

civile) citizen

fights against citizen.

With

(abl.)

an iron key
(abl.) fire

we

lock the gate.

enemies lay waste the country with

and sword.

XXXIII. Words
Satira, ae,/. satire.

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation,

procure 1. Ifurnish, perago 3. / carry
through, perform. perstringo 3. I grazes
satirize.

aetas, atis,/. age.

Indus,

i,

m.

sport.

liiems, emis,/. winter,

a,

Romanus,
man. ingenium,
intellect.

i,

m. a Bo- longinquus,
tant.

um,

dis-

i,

n. genius,

publicus,

a,

um, public.
/
value, es-

docilis, e, teachable.

merx,

cis,/. wares.
oris,

aestimo
teem.

1.

veho 3. / carry, bring, sperno 3. I spurn.

sed, conj. bid.

mercator,

m. tra-

der, merchant.

Avus cum
vehit.

nepti ambulat.

Discipuli in schola

Mercator navi merces in longinquas terras non genere, sed bonis moribus, doclli inHostes
celeri

genio, et acri industria aestimautur.

pede fugiunt.

XXXIV. Words
coelum,
initium,
i,
i,

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

utis,/. i/oit/^.
e, youthjfvl.

Autumnus, i,m. auiwmn. nepos, 6tis,m. grancfeon. juventus,

n. the sky. n. beginning.
i,

parentes, ium, m. par- juvenilis,

ents.

senilis,
is,

e,

advanced,

gaudium,

n.joy.
i,

mensis,
n.

m. a month.
service^

aetas senilis, old age,

monumentum,

munus,

6ris, n.

exhilaro
delight.

1.

exhilarate,

monument. office, present. negotium, \,n, business, gelidus, a, um, cold. oblectamentum, i, n. de- insipiens, ntis, ununse.
light.

saevio 4.

I rage.

70

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

[^

37.

Mense Maitio initium est veris, mense Jnnio aestatis, mense Sepmense Decembri hiemis. Boni regis natdli omnis civiMense Jlprili coelum modo serenum est, modo triste, tas laeta est Mense JVbvembri gelldae procellae saeviunt. Juvenili aetate alacriore animo difRcilia negotia peraglraus, quam senili. A Juvendle, satirarum
tembri autumni,
scriptore,

Romanorum

vitia perstringuntur.

Ab aedile

ludi publici pro-

curantur.

A juvene
Words

saepe virorum praecepta spernuntur.

XXXV.

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

re-

Culpa, ae,/ guilt. acceptus, immodestia, ae, f. imceived.

modesty.
inflmiis, a,
i,

a,

um,

expers,

tis

(c.

gen.),

[humblest.

destitute of, unihout.

um,
(c.

lowest^

pertlnax, acis, obstinate,

dispar,
aris,

beueficium,
consilium,

n. kind-

clemens,
consors,

lis,

mild.
gen.),

unequal,

ness, favor.
i,
i,

tis

different.

n. counsel.
n.
effort,

sharing
exsors,

in.
(c.

domo
gen.),

etudium,

tis

study, zeal.

destitute of, without.

/ tame. 1 treat. atque, and; 2) as.

1.

tracto

1.

A sapiente bona praecepta discimus. Quicquid agis, sapienti consilio A Felice felld fortuna bellum gerltur. A Clemente dementi animo infimi homines tractantur. A Pertindce pertindd studio urbs defendiage.
tur.

The
man.
king,

grand-father

is

neat grand-daughter.

delighted by (ab) the little ^rand-son and the Old age ought to be, honored by the young
(abl.) his

A
it is

good boy, on
liis

birth day, is

delighted by
is

(abl.)

pre-

sents from (ab)

parents.
(ab) a

When
wise

the state

ruled by (ab) a wise

happy.

By

man

virtue is loved.

Virtus amatur ab
rationis experti.

homine

rationis participe,

contemnltur ab homine
Praecepior a

viro virtutis compote deus pie colltur.

discipulo beneficii accepti memori colltur.

Abstine amico beneficiorum

exsorti

acceptorum immemori.

Gaudemus amico omnis culpae

Virtus pari studio a princlpe et
colltur.

et

laborum nostrorum

consorti.

divlte, at-

que ab humlli
tractant.

et

paupere

Discipuli

dispdri

studio litteras

Magiii

viri

digni sunt gloria vitae suae superstite.

hospite
colltur.

De

sospite

amico gaudemus.

Hospes ab

Et

in impubere, et in

pubere aetate displicet immodestia.

XXXVI. Words
'Penna,Sie,f. feather.

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

rM%-e (of mountain),

emolumentum, i. n. wse,

campus, i, m. plain. advantage. saxum, i, n. rock. detrimentum, i, n. in- horreum, i, n. granary, vinum, i, n. loine. jury, disadvantage. jugum, i, n. yoke, top, venator, oris, m. hunter.

37.]

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

is,

71
I redound,
/ Aave

amnis,
river.

m. stream,

locuples, etis

(c.

abl.),

redundo
abhorreo
provideo
(keep).

1.

wealthy, rich.
f. rock. n.

volito 1. IJly around.

licen2. (ab)
to.

rupes,

\s,

petulans,

ntis,

agmen,
Jlock.

inis,

band,

tious.

an aversion
cipitis,

praeceps,
inis, n.

in-

2.

I foresee.

examen,
rete,
is,

swarm.
party-

dined, steep.

alo 3. / nourish, support

n. net, toil.
oris,

praecox, ocis, primature.

discolor,

tendo
1
.

3.

stretch,

ex-

colored, variegated.

occupo
sion

I take

posses-

tend.

hebes,

6tis, obtuse, dull.

of.

Venator

retla tendit.

Hebetia ingenia a litterarum studio abhorrent.

Onera sunt gravia. Horrea frumentis locupletia non sunt dulda. Cervus et equus sunt celena animalia. Disparia sunt hominum studia. Haec vina sunt Vetera. Majora emolumenta, quam detrimenta, a bestiis ad homines redundant
Saxa sunt praecipitla.
sunt.

Pira praececia

Cui plura beneficia debemus, quam

genera avium.

diis ?

Compliira [compluria] sunt

Good

scholars

keep the precepts of

[their]

teachers

with

(abl.)

thoughtful (memor) minds.

By
a

(ab) rational (rationis particeps)

men,

irrational (rationis expers) animals are tamed.

The
their

virtues of great
life.

men

are adorned

by

(abl.)

renown surviving

leads over (per) steep rocks (saxum).

The

ancient (vetus)

The way monuIn the

us.

ments of the Greeks and Romans are worthy of admiration.

blooming age of youth very many (complures) delights are afforded

The
life

life

of good and wise

men

has more and greater joys than the

of the wicked and unwise.

discolores.

Plurimarum avium pennae sunt

occupat.

Rupium juga
alunt.

hostis

Multorum juvenum animi sunt petulantes. Vatum animi futura provident. Nubes magnam imbrium vim effundunt. Lintrlum magnus in amne numerus Multa apum examlna per campos volitant. Multa agmina volUest. crum in silvis sunt.
Venatores

magnum canum numfirum

XXXVII. Words
Gallia, ae,/. Gaul.

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.
of,

pax, acis,/ ^cace.

via, ae,/.

ignorant
consultus,

unac-

tenebrae, arum,/.
ness.

rfarA:-

regio, onis,/. region.

quainted with.
a,

way.
a,

um

(c.

ars, artis,/ art.

viator, oris, m. traveller.

gen ),acquainted unth.

cupldus,a,
desirous.

frugea,

um, f fruit.

conscius,

um

(c.

um (c. gen.),
um,
(c.

gens, gentis,/. people.

improbltas, atis,/. mcA;edness.

gen.), conscious of. inscius,a, (c. gen.),

um

gnarus,

a,

72
gen.),
tvith.

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

(Kquaivied
a,

37.

^^^-^ versed
ful.

in, skil-

fertilis,

(c.

gen.), pro-

dudive.
a,

ignarus,

um,

(c.

plenus,
full.

um
a,

(c. gen.),

rudis, e (c. gen.), rude,

gen.), unacquainted
ivith.

ignorant

of.

studiosus,

um

(c.

remeo

1.

I return.

infirmus, a,

um,
um,

weak.
(c.

gen.), zealous;

stu-

que (always attached to

a word), and.

pauci, ae,
peritus,

a,

a few.

dious

sum

(c. gen.),

a,

I pursue

earnestly.

Ingrati nobis sunt homines, qui litium sunt cuptdi.

Divites

majorum

Haec regiofaucium plena est. Bonus discipulus litterarum artlumque est studiosus. Gallia frugum hominumque fertilis Sapientlum et bonorum hominum animi nullius improbitatis sunt est.

opum

avldi sunt.

conscii.

Samnitium gens

belli perita

erat.

JVostratlum pauci litterasi

rum

ignari sunt.

Civitatlum fundamenta infirma sunt,

cives belli
et

pacisque artium rudes sunt.

Arpinatlum cives erant Marius

Cicero

Marius

belli

artium, Cicero pacis artium gnarus erat.

Optimatium in

civitate auctoritas

magna

est, si juris

atque eloquentlae consulti sunt

JVocMum tenebrae viatoribus viae

insciis perniciosae sunt.

There are many (complures) kinds of

(gen.)

dogs.

In

(abl.)

the

month

[of]

November

great flocks of birds of passage (valucris adven-

Upon (in) the Thames, the titia) return from our regions to warmer. Weser and the Elbe there are a great number of great ships and small boats. The people of the Samnites were very brave. Boys of a lively
genius and happy memory, apply themselves zealously to
study of literature and the
citizens
arts.
(in)

the

The fame of Marius and

diflTerent.

Cicero,

of Jhrpinum (Arpinas) was

XXXVIII. Words
Capra, ae,/ goof.
custodia, ae, /. guardianship.

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

aedes, ium,/. AoMse.

celeritas, atis,
ness.

swift-

Romanus, man.
ingens,

a,

um,

Jf2o-

ntis,

very great,
in-

misericordia, ae,/. jw7y.

consuetude,

inis, /.

nundlnae, arum, /.
market,fair.
libfiri,

practice, intercourse.

immense. prudens, ntis,

telligent
; c.

ivise,

orum, m.
relation

children

cacumen, inis, culmen, inis, n.

foftitudo^Jnis, /.
ry.

n. top.
top.
&rirt;e-

gen. vers-

ed

in.
1.

(in

to their

frequenio'
nidifico
nest.

//re^wenf.

parents).

[ents.

1.

/ make a

consilium, i,n.wze5wre.

fatum,
tune.

i,

n. fate, for-

parentes, ium, w. ^aridon^us, a, \im, fitted.

tego

3.

cover.
less.

obscurus,
is,

a,

um,

oh-

minus, adv.

Achilles,

m,

Achilles.

scure.

37.]

CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

73

Caprae montium cacumina petunt

Multi corvi nidifYcant in altarum

Vocum miilta genera sunt. Glirium magnus est Ingens murium, numerus in horreis est. Strigium vox inniimerus. grata est. Roinanarum cohortium fortitudo ab omnibus scriptoribus Parentlum in liberos amor est magnus. Compedium fer praedicatur.

ardum culminlbus.

'

rearum onus grave

est.

Pedum

eeleritate Achilles insignis erat.

Pe-

natium custodiae aedes committuntur.

Homlnmn

iur'is

prudentium

consiliis

civitas regitur.

Alacfium

disci^-

pulorum ingenla ad litterarum stndia sunt idonea. Celehrium urbium Celerum equorum crura nundinae a multis hominibus frequentantur.
sunt tenera.

Amicorum

laboris nostri consortum consuetudine delecta-

mur.
era
est.

Homlnum omnis amicorum consuetudinis exsortum* fortuna

Degenerum
filiorum

mis-

patres

misericordia nostra digni

sunt

SuppUcum preces exaiidi. Urbs plena est locupletum homlnum. Hominum artificwn opera laudamus. Praedpitum montium juga nubibus teguntur. Andpitum fatorum via est obsciira. The captives are pressed by (abl.) the load of hard fetters. On (ad) the banks of the Rhine (Rhenus, i) are a great number of ancient (vetusThe works of the ancient (vetus) artists are tue) castles (arx).
worthy of admiration.
fortunes.

Human

life is full

of (gen.) uncertain (anceps)

friendship

The way leads over of men sharing in

(per) the ridge of steep rocks.

The

(consors)

all

our

toils

is

a very great

good.

Great presents from (gen.) the rich, often delight our minds less

than small presents from (gen.) the poor.

XXXIX.
Bivitiae,

Words

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

arum,/, ric/ie*. levltas, atis,/, levity. Centaurus, i, m.. centaur, pavo, onis, m. peacock.
do\\\\m,\.,n. gift, present, sors, rtis, f. lot. oraculum, i, n. oracle, Delphicus, a, um, Del-

immoderatus, a, um, intemperate.

optabllis, e, rfe^VaWc.

vigeo
ut, as,

2.

am

strong,

announcement. certamen, inis,

test, fight.

phic.
n.

active, vigorous.

con- moderatus, a,
perate.

um,

tern-

even as,

ita, 5aj.

thus,
est.

Cicurum elephantorum ars magna

multa a poetis narrantur certamlna.
chrae sunt.

Bicorporum Centaurorum

Discolorum pavonum pennae pul-

Homlnum virtutis compotum vita laudabllis est. Puerorum impuberum levitas a praeceptore coercetur. Ut hominum rationia participum vita moderata est, ita hominum rationis expertium immoderata est. Hominum glorlae suae superstUum sors non est optabilis. Puherum et corpora et anlmi vigent. Prudentioriim hominum consilio pa*

Or exsortium

is

doubtful.

; !

'

74
rere debemus.

MASCULINE.

[^

38.

Plunum hominum

animi

divitias

magis,

quam virtutem

expetunt.
horrent.

Compluflum discipulorum ingenia a litterarum studio abPoBmdtis delectamur.

Oracula Delphica similia sunt ob-

scuris aenigmdtis.

Who
ber of
cepts

is

not delighted by (abl.) the

surviving their fame
is

poems of Horace?
Obey,

The numthe pre-

men

very great.

O boys,

of wise and virtuous

(=

possessed of virtue, compos)

Many

of the tame elephants walk upon (per) a rope.

life

men As we pronounce

(praedico) happy the

plore the
life

of those

sharing in

friendship, so

we

de-

of those destitute of friendship.

The announcements of

the ancient prophets were often ambiguous (anceps) and like enigmas.

Determination of Gender according

*
^,

to the

endings.
38.

Masculine.

Of

the masculine gender are the

( 18.

nouns in
in es.

o, or, os^ er,

and imparisyllahles

Rem.
:

4.)
the

Examples. 1) O: le-o generosus, dol-or acerbus, a severe pain ; 3) Os

4)

magnanimous lion; 2) Or: A-os pulcher, a beautiful Jlower

Er

agg-er altus, a kigh

wall.

mound;

5)

Es

m imparisyllahles
1)0;

pai*i-c5

altuSy

a high

Exceptions.

1)0:
Feminine are echo, cdrOf Also nouns in do, go, U
:

Cardo,
;

inis,

m. a hinge.

caro, carnis,/.^c5^.

But mascidine : cardo, harpdgo, Margo too, and ordo, ligo, Together with concretes in lo.

echo, echus,/. reverberation, echo. harpago, onis, m. a grappling hook. ligo, onis, m. a hoe; mattock. margo, Inis, m. a margin, edge.
ordo, inis, m. order,
series,

rank.

Rem.

1.

The feminines

in io are either abstract or collective nouns,

as: actio, an action, legio, onis, a legion, natio, onis, a nation ; still some have acquired a concrete meaning, as regio, aregion, (originally, a directing or direction). The concretes in io are all masculine, as scipio, a staff, papilio, a bidterfly, pugio, a dagger.
: :

2)

Or:
gender
;

2)
is,

Or:
level

OP the feminine
The
n/cvier

Ador, orisn.
aequor,

spelt.

Barely, arbor, arboris

oris, n.

surface, (es-

has but four in or

cor.

pecially of the sea).

arbor, oris,/ a
tree.

Marmjor, aequor^ ador,

cor, cordis, n. the heart.

marmor,

oris, n. marble.

: ;

U8.]
3)

GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

Os:
o5,

7fi

3)

Os:

Of
t)s,

the feminine are in

:

Cos,
dos.

6tis,y*.

flint-stone, whetstone.

Only these two

cos

and

dos, 6tis,y. dowry, portion.

OS, ossis, n.

a bone^ and 6s, the face, These are of the neuter class.
4)

a bone,

{pi.

ossa, lum).

OS, oris,

n. the

countenance, brow,

mouth.

Er:

4)
in, er,

Er:

The

neuter has

many

Acer,

Ver, cadaver,

iter,

tuber,

Cicer, piper, siser, uber,

Zingiber, papdver, suber,

Acer,
siler, verber, spintker.

a maple-tree. cadaver, eris, n. a corpse. cicer, eris, n. a chick-pea. iter, itineris, n. a way, journey,
firis,

n.

inarch.
linter, tris,/.

But only feminine

is linter.

boat, skiff.

papa ver,

ris, n.

a poppy.
[res,

piper, eris, n. pepper.

siler, eris, n. the willow.

m).

5)

Es

imparisyllable
es.

siser, eris, n.

carrot (but pi. 5wc-

Impansyllables in

spinther, eris, n. a bracelet.

Give but one as neuter : aes But as feminine we have merces,

Quies, requies

suber, eris, n. the,cork-tree.

tuber, eris, n. tumor, hump.

and compes,

uber, eris, n. a dug, udder.

ver, eris, n. the spring.

Also, seges, teges, merges.

verber,

(commonly

plur. verbera,)

n. stripes, blows.

zingiber, eris, n. ginger.

5) Imparisyllables in
es.

Aes,

aeris, n. brass.

merges,

itis,/.

sheaf,

seges, etis,/. a crop.

teges, etis,/. a?nat

comi)es, edis,

f fetters,

quies, etis,/. quiet.

merces, edis, /. recom- requies, etis (ace. requicm),/, rest, relaxation. pense.
2. Contrary to the general rule ( 13.), some names of cities remain masculine, as Croto also, those in as, G. antis, as Taras, Tunes, etis, Tunis, and those antis, Tarentum ; those in es, G. etis, as in 165, G. wnfis, as SeHnus, untis.

Remark

in

XL. *Wbrds
Assyria,

to he

learned

and
a,

Exercises for translation.

existimo
].

ae,/ Assyria,
a
staff.

amoenus,
ant,

um, pleas-

I judge,

re-

senator, oris, m. senator.

scipio, onis, m.
legio, 6nis,y!

gard
a,

as.
1.

eburneus,
regius, a,

um, of judico
gard

I judge,

re-

legion.

ivory, ivory.

as.

imago,
caput,

inis,
is,

image.
n.

insigne,

n. badge.

resonus,

a,

um, royal. um, revera,

nomino
as.

1. I call. habeo2. I have, regard

itis,

head.

berating.

chief city.

superbus,

um, proud,

maneo

2.

/ remain.

aeternus, a, um, eternal.

magnificent.

76r

MASCULINE.
(Comp.

[$38.

84, 89. 5.)

Pavo vocatur superbus.

tur.

Hirundinem vocamus
aeterna.

Echo resona ab Horatio vocis imago vocaLegionuni Romanarum gloria garrulain.

caput Assyriae, iiominatur superba.

manet

Babylon,

Mala

consuetudo saepe homiiiibus exsistit perniciosa.

signe regium habetur.

Scipto eburneus in-

Regiones montium plenas judicamus amoenas.

Seiiatorum ordo existimatur sanctus.

The peacock we

call

proud.

Horace

calls

the reverberating

echo

the image of the voice.

Swallows are called loquacious.

Babylon, the

chief city of Assyria, writers call proud.

der of senators as sacred.

The
!

ivoi*y staff

The citizens regard the orwe regard as a royal badge.

Avoid,

boys, a bad practice

The

bravery of the
is

Roman

legions

is

extolled by (ab) writers.

This region

very pleasant.
translation.
a,

XL
Pugna
hattlt.

I.

Words
^

to be

learned

and Exercises for

uavalis,

naval natio, on is,/, nation.

origo, inis,/. origin.
]ia\n\io, onis,

firmus,

modestus,
est.

um,/rw* a, um, moda,

vacca, ae, f.
fluvius,
vitiilus,
i,
i,

coiv.

m. butter[thage.

m.

river.
calf.

Jiy.

opulentus,
erfid, rich.

um, pou)um,
pale^

m.

Carthago,

inis,

Carr,

vitulinus, a,

um, o/ caZ/. Croto,

agger,
part.

eris,

onis, m. Croton. pallldus, livid. m. a ram- amplus,a, um, spaa'oiw,

a,

extended, liberal.
oris,

sapidus,
con-

a,

um,

sapid,
rerf.

honos,

m. honor,

conspicuus,

a,

um,

ruber, bra, brum,

hostiWs, e, hostile.

" spicuous. post of honor. proceres, um, m. chief extremus, a^um,duter-

effundo, I pour forth.

men.

most, last.

Croto erat clams.

Carthago opulenta

erat.

Caro vitulina tenera

est.

Multarum nationum ac gentium origo obscura est. A deo omnia originem suam ducunt. Fluvius super extremum marginem effunditur, Portae cardines sunt firmi. Harpagone ferreo in pugna navali hostiles
naves petuntur.
Discolores papiliones sunt pulchri.

Milo (Milo, onis) was a citizen of the renowned Croton.

call

Writers

Carthage powerful.
(in)

The

origin of the

Roman

natioulis obscure.

Upon

the remotest margin of the river tMere are

many

trees.
is

The

hinges of the door are iron.

The

variegated butterfly

beautiful.

The

grappling hooks are of iron.

silva sunt.

Multae procerae arbores in

conspicui sunt.

Proceres

honorum

dignitate

Marmor estsplendidum. Corda rubra sunt. Camporum aequor amplum est. Ador maturum est. Mores hominum varii sunt. Dura cote acuimus securim ferream.
Sorores fratribus caraesunt.
Filia a parentibus

ampla dote donatur.

Durum

est os.

Juv6nis os

38.]

GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

esse debet

77
lintres in fluvio

modestum
sunt.

Ver nobis gratum est

est

Multae

Mater

liberis cara

Garruli sunt anseres.

Hostes circa urZingiber est

bem aggerem
sapldum.

altum exstriiunt
vitulo turgida

Cadavera sunt
ubera praebet

pallida.

Vacca

High
is

trees surround the

house of
pale.

my

father.

The udder of

the

cow

swollen.

The

corpse
city.

is

A high rampart is built by (ab) the eneis

mies around the

countenances of
cious).

The

heart

men

are various.

The bones are hard. The red. The goose is cackling (= loquaare praised, the bad are censured.
the spring over (per) the extended

The good customs of men

With

delight

we

take a walk in

(abl.)

surface of the pleasant plains.

Splendid marble adorns the palace

(=

house) of the king.

Whetstones are hard.

The

parents present

the daughter a liberal dowry.

The

pleasant spring exhilarates our

minds.

On

(in)

the

pond

in (gen.) our garden, are

many and

beauti-

ful boats.

XLII. Words
Camelus,
i,

to be

learned

and
a,

Exercises for translation.

m. camel.
i,

domesticus,
n.

um,

do-

pilosus, a,

um,

covered

condimentum,
seasoning.

mestic, private.

ivith hair^ hairy.

fessus, a,
i,

um,

ivearied.

pretiosus,

a um, pre-

membrum,
house).

n.

member,

hoiiestus, a,
orable.

um, hon-

dous,

costly.

paries, etis, m. wall, (of

crudelis, e, crud.
a,

nocturnus,
turnal.

um,

noc-

excolo 3. / cultivate.
infligo
inflict

celebrltas, at\s, f. concourse, multitude.

3.

(with dat) /

upon.
Siser est

Sorores meae^spinthera aurea habent

dulce.
Silera sunt utilia.

Iter est longura.

pilosa.

Camelus habet tubera

Crudelis

Subera sunt
Cicera parva
fusti

dura.

Piper est acre.

Papavera rubra sunt pulchra.

sunt
fligit

Acera sunt dura.

celebritate.

homo equo dura

Campi

verbera

in-

Orator non intra domestlcos parietes excolitur, sed in luce vitae

et

hominum

Aera

varia sunt

segete laeta ornan-

tur.

Compedes durae sunt

Laborum

requies grata est

Quiete noc-

turna

hominum

fessa

membra

recreantur.

Merces laborum honesta

existimatur.

of food

The sharp pepper and sapid ginger are regarded as the seasonings (plur.) The walls of this house are high. The brass is splendid. The carrot is sweet The cork tree is hard. Chickpeas are round. The ass endures hard blows patiently. Maple trees are hard. My sister has a golden bracelet Long is the way through precepts, short and effectual through examples. The red poppy fe beautiful. The willow is useful. Recompense for (gen.) labor (pi.) we regar^ as
7*

% ^

78
honorable.

FEMININE.
Nocturnal rest refreshes the wearied limbs of men.
Sleep
is

P 39.
Iron

fetters press tender feet.

an agreeable (gratus, a, um) relaxation

Joyful crops adorn
useful.

from

(gen.) cares.

the plains of the extended country.

The hump of the camel is hairy. The willow is

39. Feminine,
:

fejninine gender are nouns in as, is, aus, us, G. Mis or udis, x, those in s with a consonant before it and pari'
syllables ( 18.

Of the

Rem.
As:
;

4.)

in es.

Examples.
G.
litis,

1)

aest-a* calida, a
3)

pulchra, a beautiful bird

Aus

1-aits

warm summer; 2) Is: a\-is magna, great praise ; 4) f/s,

head of cattle, but with a conin parisyllables
:

udis: juvent-M5(utis) \aeia, joijful youth, inc-us (udis) ferrea, iron

anvil, pal-iiw, (udis) alta, deep pool, pec-its (udis), single

perns, pecoris (cattle)

5)

\u-x clara, clear light

6) .S

sonant before

it

hie-wi5 aspera,

rough winter

7)

Es

nub-es nigra, black cloud.

Exceptions.

l)^s:
Three are masculine in as: As, adamas and elephas, And one is neuter namely, vas.
Adamas,
as, assis,

l)^s:
m. a diamond. m. an as (a coin). elephas, antis, m. (commonly elephantus, i, m.) elephant.
antis,

vas, asis, n. a vessel, vase.

^)Is:
Masculine are these in is Panis, piscis, crinis, finis,
Ignis, lapis, pulvis, cinis, Orbis, amnis

2) Is:

Amnis,
axis,
is,

is,

m. a

river.

m. an axletree. oof-path, path. caUis, is, m. a f

is,

'

and

candlis,
glis, annalis,

canalis,

m. canal, water-course.

Sanguis, unguis,

cassis, generally plur. casses,

Fascis, axis, funis, ensis,

Fustis, vectis, vermis, Tnensis,
Postis,follis, cucUmis,

ium, m. hunter's net. [cabbage. caulis, is, m. a stalk, cabbage-stalk,

cinis, eris, m. ashes.
*'
is,

Cassis, collis,

collis,

coll is,

rSerUis, caulis, pollis.

crinis,
glis, iris,

is,

m. a hill. m. hair.
pulvis, eris, m. dust.

cuciimis, eris, m. a cu-

cumber.
ensis,
fascis,
finis,
is, is, is,

ignis,

is,

m. a dormouse, m.^re. m. a stone.

is,

sanguis, inis, m.
sentis,
is,

6/oorf.

m. a sword.

lapis, idis,

m. a bundle, m. the end ;

territo-

mensis,
orbis,

m. a month.
circle.

is,
is,

m. a

plur. borders,
ry.

foUis, funis,

is, is,

m. bellows. m. a rope, cable.

m. a club.

fustisj is,

m. bread. piscis, is, m. afi^h. claw. pollis, inis, m. fine flour vectis, is, m. a lever, (Nom. wanting). bolt. postis, is, m. a post. vermis, is, m. worm.

panis,

m. a bramble, generally plur. sentes, a thorn bush. unguis, is, m. a naU,

$39.

GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

70

Scrobis, is, a pit and torquis, a neck-cludn are mostly Masc. but sometimes Feminine.

3)X;
Masculine there are in ar, Fornix^ onyx and cdlix^
Varix, calyx, coccyx, oryx,

S)X:
Apex, icis, m. a tufl, summit, bombyx, ycis, m. the sUk-worm.
calix, icis,

m. a cup.
sJiell.

Tradux, hombyx, also sorix ;

calyx, ycis, m. a hud,

Add

most in ex, Grex, apex, codex, and murex,

to these

caudex,

icis,

m. trunk of a

tree.

climax, acis,/. a ladder, climax.

Gaudex, frutex, pollex, pulex, ; and then in ax All Greek nouns, except climax.
Sorex, vei-vex
frutex, icis, m.

coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo. codex, icis, m. a book.

fornix, icis, m. arch, vault.

a shrub, onyx, ychis, m. the onyx. sorix or sourix, icis, m. a kind of owl. oryx,yg\s,m. the gazelle. tradux, ucis, m. a vinegrex, egis, m. a Jlock, pollex, icis, m. thumb. branch. crowd. pulex, icis, m. ajlea. varix, icis, m. a varix. murex, icis, m. a pur- sorex, icis, m. Jieldvervex, ecis, m. a wether. ple fish, purple. mouse.
plur. a thicket.

general rule
4)

JRemark. Styx, Stygis, a river in the lower world, contrary to the ( 13.) is of the /emmi'ne gender.

Es parisyllable
ve-

4)

Es
is,

parisyllable

Masculine parisyllahles in es, Are only two: pdlumbes and

pres.

palumbes,
vepres,
is,

m. wood-pigeon. m. a bramble.

5) 5^ with

a consonant

before

it.

5) 5* with

a consonant
steel.

before

it.

Masculine are in' ons and ens, Fons, mons, pons, dens, confiiiens, Bidens, tridens, occidens, Rudens, torrens, oriens ;

bidens,

tis,

m. a hoe, mattock.
tis,

chalybs, ybis, m.

confluens,

m. a confluence.
tooth.

dens,
fons,

tis,
tis,

m. a

Two

in ops

and

ybs.

m. a fountain.

Hydrops

an<J chdlybs.

hydrops, opis, tmb^iBsy.

sun-iise, the east, east-

mons,
tain.

tis,

m. a moun(sc.
sol), tis,

torl^^lpcil amnis), a
torrent,

em

countries.

impetuous

occidens,

])ons, tis,

m. a bridge.
funis),
cable.
tis

sfream.
tridens,
tis,

m. sun-set, the west

western countries.

rudens,

(sc.

m. a

trident.

m. a rope,

oriens

(sc.

sol),

tis,

m
to he

XLIII. Words

learned
is,

and Exercises for

m. Tiber.

translation.
firis,/.
a,

Nummus,
aurum,
Albis,
i,

i,

m. money.

Tiberis,

Venus,

Venus.
nar-

n. gold.

anas, atis,/ a duck.

cassis, idis,/. helmet.

angustus,

um,

is,

m. Elbe.

row, contracted.

80
flavus, a,

FEMININE.

P
con-

39.

um,

yellow

occultus, a,
cealed.

um,

flaxen.
latus, a,

um,
a,

broad.

sordidus,

a,

um, foul.

gesto 1. / carry, hear, cresco 3. 1 grow. volvo 3. I roll ; volvor,

limpidus,

um,

cZear.

sacer, cra,crum, sacrec?.

I am

rolled, roll.

Anas

timida

est.

Veritas auro digna est.

Albis latus habet ripas

fecundas.

Tiberis est flavus.

Aprilis sacer est Veneri.

est.

As Romanus
aureum.

parvus est nummus.

Adamas durissimus

Vas

est

Im-

perator auream cassidem gestat.

tor in alto

Multae aves pulchre canunt.

Venapisces.

coUe occultos casses tendit

In patris hoito multi cucum6-

res crescunt.

Amnis

est limpidus.

Amnis

altus

multos

alit

Callis est angiistus.

Multi parvi vermes in sordido pulvere volvuntur.

Vectis est ferreus.

Validi sunt portarum postes.

The Elbe is broad. The worm is small. These paths are very narrow. Many fish are in that clear river. That gate has strong The ducks are timid. The general wears (= bears) a golden posts. neck-chain. This river is broad and deep. The cucumbers in the garden of my father, are ripe. Diamonds are very hard. The rivers
are clear.

These cucumbers are

ripe.

These

hills

are very high.

Upon that high hill the nets concealed by the hunter are spread. The helmet of the general is* q/* goZrf (= golden). These vases are very beautiful. In this wood are many birds. These bolts are of iron

(=

iron). Old age is strong, youth weak. These pools are very deep.

Anvils are

o/"

iron

(=

iron).

XLIV. Words
ry^

to be

learned and Exercises for translation.

triticeig,
a,

Bibliotheca, ae,/. lihra-

Apollo, ini^^. ApoUo.

um, of

Juno, 6nis,f. Juno.

ov'is, is,

wheat, wheaten.

chorda, &eif. chord,

columba, ae,/. dove.

ecclesin, ae, f. church,

densus,

r4y^ universus, a, f. sheep. whole. a, um, dense.

um,

the

asper, era, erum, rough. um, lofty, coWustrol.. I illuminate. um, wUd. rosa, ae,/. ^<^^^H frondosus, a, um, leafy, dilacero 1. / tear in musicus, i, m^KKcian. igneus, a, um, fiery. pieces. Vesuvius, i, m. T^u- lapideus, a, um, of excito I. I excite, raise, converto 3.' / turn vius. stone. sarmentum, i, n. twig, opimus, a, um, fat. around. [forth, branch. evomo 3. / emit, belch rapidus, a, um, rapid, solum, i, 71. the ground, tortus, a, um, twisted. tango 3. / touch.

excelsus, a,

India, ae,/. Ii^fM^L

ferus, a,

'

Leo teneram ovem ungue acuto dilacerat. Sanguis ruber est. Miles ensem ferreum gestat. Torquis est aureus. Sentes asperi sunt.
Scrobis est altus.

Panis triticeus est dulcis.

Universus

terrarum

orbis sole coUustratur.

Mensis Junius a Junone nomen habet.

Oc-

$39.]

GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

Lapldes sunt
duri.

81
in

cultus est caiialis.

excitatur.
est.

Ignis

magnus

monte

alto

Follis est plenus

venti.

Fustis est durus.

Funis tortus
cer-

Hostes in fines nostros irrumpunt.

Mors omnium malorum

tus finis ^st.

silvis

multi sarmentorura fasces portantur.

Poetae

Apollini flavos crines tribuunt.

les teneri sunt.
tur.

Vesuvius igneos cineres evomit.

Cau-

Terra circum axem suum

summa

celeritate converti-

The

teeth of the lion are sharp.

,The tender sheep are torn

is

in

pieces by (ab) the lions.

Man

has red. blood.

tender.

Axle-trees are round.

The sword
of life
is

is

sharp.

This cabbage

From

Vesuvius, fiery

ashes are belched forth.

uncertain.

Avoid ye the rough thorn-bushes.

(plur.) is

The end

The

soldiers defend our borders against (contra),

the enemies.

Flaxen hair

given to Apollo by (ab) the poets.

are twisted.

This bread

is

good, that bad.

The ropes

The sun

illu-

minates the whole circle of the world.

The

clubs are hard.

The

month

[of]

June

is

very pleasant.

The enemies

raised a great fire in the city.

that way.

The bellows are full of wind (gen.). The canals are concealed.
victorious

High stones surround

(victor, oris) general,

Bundles [of twigs] bound with laurd

(laureatus, a, um), with the

Romans, were a badge of a

y
justae.

Nox

est nigra.

Leges sunt

In excelso montis apice est

turris alta.

Pulices molesti vexant columbam.

Magnus avium grex

Timldos
sorlces

petit frutices frondosos.

Verveces opimi sunt.

petunt

avidi sorlces.

In India sunt multi bombyces.

Traduces teneros solo

Musiest

inserimus.

Murex est

pretiosus.

Varices sanguinis pleni sunt.

cus docto poUice tangit chordas.

pulcherrimus.

Oryges sunt
est.

velocissimi.

Onyx
est.

Alti sunt ecclesiae fornices.

In bibliotheca regis magCalix

nus optimorum codlcum numerus

est plenus vini.

Rosae calyx pulcher

The cups
(in)

are full of

wine

(gen.)
state.

The

nights are dark

(=

black).

Just laws are salutary to the

the plains are

My

father has

many

flocks of (gen.) sheep.

many books. On The shrubs are leafy.

beautiful.
(gen.).

In the church are high arches.

Onyxes are very

is

Silk-

worms

are very useful.

The

varix

full

of blood

Vine-

branches are tender.

very timid.
sus, a,

Purple-fishes are very costly.

Field-mice are

Husband-men have many wethers. um) thumb was a sign of favor (favor,

The depressed (presoris) to the Romans.

a,

The The

trunks of trees are full of branches

gazelle
is

(=

branchy, ramosus,

um).

very swift.

The wealthy husbandmen nourish many

flocks of (gen.) sheep.

::

82

NEUTER.

[^

40.

Nubes sunt higrae. Palumbes sunt timidi. Hiems est aspera. Limpidus fons in alto monte
torrentem pons lipideus ducit.

Vepres sunt densi.

est.

Super rapidum

Omnes

ferae bestiae duros et acutos

dentes habent. Durus est chalybs. Multi nautae ab exiremo oriente ad extremum occidentem navigant. Ru dentes torti sunt. Neptunus

magnum
twisted.
is

tridentem gestat.
is

The cloud
of stone.

black.

The wood-pigeon

is

timid.

The

cable

is

Dense brambles surround the

clear fountain.

This bridge

Many wares

are carried (vehere) by (ab) the traders, from

the remotest east to (ad) the remotest west and from the remotest west
to the remotest east.

Torrents are rapid.

tains are

The teeth of wild beasts are hard and The rough winter is disagreeable. Clear
Steel is very hard.

sharp.

foun-

upon

that high mountain.

40. Neuter,
:

Of the neuter gender are nouns in ut, us, G. eris, oris, uris.
e

a, e, c,

/,

en^ ar, ur,

Examples: \) A: poem-rt pulchrum, a beautiful poem ; 2) E: marmagnum, a great sea; 3) C: only la-c (lact-is), and ale-c (ecis), end in lac tepldum, warm milk, alec sapidum, salt Jish-brine this letter, as 4) L: fe-Z amarum, bitter gall; 5) En nom-en clarum, a renowned nam 6) Ar calc-ar acutum, a sharp spur ; 7) Ur : rob-wr (oris) magnum, greaf sfreng^^ ; 8) Ul: caput humanum, a human head; 9) Us:
:

gen-iis (6ris) clarum,

a renowned

race.

Exceptions

From the neuter are rejected, By the masculine accepted,

Furfur, uris, m. bran.

lepiis, oris,

m. a hare.

Two
With

in

I :

sol

and

sal,

lien,

enis, m. (ancient

form for

four in en

splen), the spleen.

Ren, splen, pecten, lien. Masculine too are three in ur

Furfur, turtur and vvltur Add to these two words in us

mus,
ren,

uris,

pecten,

inis,

m. mouse. m. comb.
plur. renes, kidney.

commonly
m.
m. sun.

sal, is,

salt, wit.

Lepus, leporis and mus. But feminine there is in Barely the single word

sol, is,

us,
telliis.

splen, enis, m. spleen.

tellus, uris,/. the earth.

turtur, uris, m. turtle-dove.

vultur, uris, m.

vulture.
cities in

Remark. Contraiy
e

to the general rule ( 13.) the

names of
;

remain

neuter, as

Praeueste, and besides, Anxur, Tibur

also, robur,

oris, live-oak.

;: ,

41.]

GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION.

and

83

XLV. Words
Liber, bri, m. 600^.
lector, oris,

to be

learned

Eizercises for translation.

light-

fulgur, uris, n.

pavidus,

a,

um,

shy,
red.

um, Mic. mollis, e, sojl. ry,jest. dentaXus, a, um, toothed, perrodo 3. / gnaw Hannibal, alis, m. Han- festivus, a, um, delicate. through.
l0por, oris,
a,

m. reader. ning. m. pleasant- Atticus,

rutllus, a,

um^Jiery

nibal.

jocosus, a,u m,facetious.

Calcaria sunt acuta.

Sol igneus

est.

Sal est sapid us.

Sales Plauti,
est.

poetae comici

Romanorum sunt,
Furfur

valde jocosi.

Splen tener
est rutilum.

Renea

humidi

sunt.

Pecten est dentatus.

Fulgur

Hannibalis

nomen

est clarum.

triticeus est

moUissimus.

Vultures saevi
valida.

unguibus dilacerant turtures pavidos.

Juvenum corpora sunt

Timidos

lepores venator quaerit in silvis, festivos lepores lector in libris.

Mures parvi saepe validos muros perrodunt.

The
ing.

sapid salt serves

is

(=

is)

for

many

dishes (== foods) for season-

Attic wit (plur.)

extolled by writers.

Vultures are destructive

to turtle-doves.

Mice are very small.

Hares are veiy
swift.

Turtle-doves and wood-pigeons

are very shy.

The warm sun

illuminates the

whole

circle

of the earth.

Combs

are toothed.

41.

Of the gender

of the Fourth Declension.

is

Us of the fourth

masculine

And u

is

of the neuter kind

there are in us

But feminine

Tribus, acus^ porticus^

Domus, idus and mamis.

Tribus, us,/,
fri&e,

com-

domus, us,/
palace.
idus,

house,

pany.
acus,
porttcus,

us,/ needle. us,/ por/ico.

uum,/

the Ides

May, July and Oct., but 13th of the other months),

manns,
us, f.

(15th day of March,

hand.

XL VI.
Anus,
law.
socrus, us,
us, old

Words
man.

to be

learned

and Exercises for

city.

translation.
a,

Juppiter, Jovis, m. Jupiter (ahl. Jove).

urbanus,
I

um, of

the

nurus, us, daughttr-inmotJier-in-

marmoreus,
rusllcus, a,

a,

um, of certo
the

I contend.
aut

marble, marble.

aut, or
er

law.

um, of
et

aut, eith-

or.

country.

Magnificam

regis

domum

amplae

marmoreae ornant

porticus.

Tribus sunt aut urbanae, aut rusticae.

In silva sunt multae

vetustae

84

GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION.

[Ml.

et altae quercus.

bonae.

Puella acutam

Anus sunt garriilae. Socribus carae sunt nurus acum perita manu regit Cum rusticis tribu-

bus certant urbanae.

The
pines.

magnificent palace
porticos.

of the king

is

adorned with

(abl.)

spacious

and marble

The

royal palaces are surrounded by

is

(abl.)

high

The The

portico

of the royal palace

very magnificent.

Dogs

guard our houses.

palace.

The king

is

building

(= builds)

a very magnificent

Ides are sacred to Jupiter.

Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions.

XL VII.
ambush.

Words

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation,

Vis, /.'power,force,
tity,

jecur, jecoris or jeciAquila, ae,/ ert^/e. noris, n. liver. insidiae, arum,/.snarcs,

nix,nivis,y!

qunn(forms only ace.

abl. vi
;

snow (abl. c).

vim and
etc.).

pi.

petulantia, ae, /. lictntionsness,

ness.

pectus, oris, n. breast.

tis,

vires, powers, virium,

wayward- Mars,
[cury.
i,

m. Mors.

sedes, is,/,

seat.
old,
;

clausus,
old
pi.

a,

Mercurius,
rusticus,
rustic.
i.

m. Mer-

s6nex,

senis,
{abl.

contentus,

um, shut a, um, um,

up.
(c.

m. farmer,

man,

sene

abl.), contented.

senes, senum,
i.

etc.).

promtus,
/.

a,

ready.

pratum,

n.

meadow,
ox,

supellex,

ectllis,

virldis, e, green.

bilis, is, /. bile.

householdfurniture,

bos, bovis,
pi. boves,

c.

cow

utensils [abl. -e. gen.

pi. -ium).

boum, bobus or bubus.

compleo 2. IfII. tumeo 2. 1 swell. pasco 3. I pasture.

Sapiens parva supellectile est contentus.

Divites

magnam

habent
In sene

copiam supellectilium.
coelum, terrae
Rustici
et

Juvenilis aetas viget corporis viribus.

valde displicet petulantia.

Hieme

terra nivlbus

completur.

Jove

maria reguntur.
greges

Jecinora saepe tument bile amara.

multos

boum

alunt.

Agricolae

bobus agros

arant.

Multi homines aliud clausum

lingua.

in pectore habent, aliud

promtum
alter

in

Primus hebdomadis dies appellatur dies Lunae,

Solis.

dies

Martis, tertius dies Mercurii, quartus dies Jovis, quintus dies Veneris,

Septimus dies

The powers of

the lion are great.

To

Jupiter the eagle

is

sacred.

There are various kinds of house-furniture (pL). Keep, O boys, in (abl.) memory, the precepts of wise old men. Modest manners (= customs) please in the boy, the young man and the old man. In the months November and December the clouds discharge a great quantity (vis) of
(gen.) rain (plur.)

and snow.

In the liver

is

the seat of anger.

Lions

42.]

CLASSES OF VERBS.

85

prepare snares for cows.

Upon

(in)

the green

meadows

are pastured

a great herd of (gen.) cows.

XLVIII. Words

to he

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

lavo 1. I wash. Praeniium, i, n. reword, voluntas, atis,/. will. principium, i, w. feeg-tn- casus, us, m. Jail, ca- immmeo 2. [threaten.
ning.
lamity, chance.
i,

eligo 3. I choose.

vincuhim,
chain.

n.

bond,

consensus, us, m. agreement.

quoudie, adv. daily.

hebd6mas,adis,/

tiJceA:.

arduus,

a,
1.

vitiositas, atis,/. vice.

appello

um, c?t/^jiZf. I calL

autem, conj. but. an (in questions),

or.

Certus amicus in re incerta cernitur.

praemium
immlnet.

Manus manum lavat. Honos Mors pro[)ter incertos casus quotidie nobis Omnium rerum a deo immortali principia ducuntur. Nulvirtutis
est.

him

est certius amicitiae vinciilum,

quam consensus
vitae viae
:

et

societas consi'-

liorum et voluiitatum

Duae sunt

virtutis et vitiositatis

alterutram eligere debes, o puer

Firm
are two
is

(=

certain) friends are seen in

life,

an uncertain thing.
;

There

ways of

of virtue and of vice

but leads to

troublesome and
is

difficult,

way of the one (alter) a peaceful life the way of

the
;

the other (alter)

easy and agreeable, but leads to a wretched

life

which way

(utra via
[that]

= which of
?

the

two ways) dost thou choose, [that]

of virtue, or

of vice

THIRD COURSE.
CHAPTER
I.

Of the Verb.

42.

Classes of verbs,

( 6,

2.).
:

a) Active verbs, or the

form expressing
as

activity, as

laudo,

floreo

those active verbs which take an object in the accu:

sative, are called transitive,

laudo puerum
:

all

other

active verbs are called intransitive, as

(alicui),

floreo,

dormio, pareo

gaudeo (de aliqua

re).

b)

Passive verbs, or the form expressing passivity or the

receiving of an action. 8

86
c)

TENSES.

MODES.

INFINITIVE, ETC.

[H 43, 44, 45.

Deponent verbs are such as have the passive form but

the active signification.

43. Tenses of the Verb,

I.

1) 2)

Present, am-o,

I love,

Perfect, am-a-vi, /Aai;e /ovec?;

II.

3) Imperfect, ani-a-bam, //oy^c?, ?;a5 /ovmo*,

4) Pluperfect, am-a-veram,
III. 5)

6)

I had loved; Future (simple), am-a-bo, I shall love, Future Perfect, am-a-vero, I shall have
Pres., the Perf.

loved.
princi-

Remark. The

and the two Futures are called

The Perf. in Latin, pal tenses, the others historical or narrative tenses. deus mundum is used in a two-fold way a) hke the English Perf as creavit, (God has created the earth) b) like the English Imperf in narrating, as Romulus Roman condidit, (Romulus built Rome). In the first case it is called the Perf present, and is considered as belonging to the principal tenses, in the last the Perf historical, and belongs to the
; : ; :

historical tenses.

44. Modes of the Verb.

I.

The
The

Indicative,
:

which expresses a
ivill

fact,

phenomenon,
is

reality, as
II.

the rose blooms, bloomed,

bloom
imagined,

Subjunctive, which expresses what

of,

supposed, conceived
loithstanding
III.

as

he

may
is

come, he might come not-

The
ivill,

Imperative, which
as
:

used in direct expressions

of the

hear thou, teach thou.

Supine,

45. Infinitive, Participle,

Gerund and Gerundive.

:

a)

Besides the Modes, the verb has the following forms The Infinitive, which is of an intermediate nature be-

tween the verb and the noun, as

re,

cupio

te

adspicetui,

I desire

to see thee

(comp. cupio adspectum

desire a sight of thee)

b)

c)

which presents the idea of the verb in an adjective, as puer scribens (the boy writing), filia amata (the daughter beloved) ; The Supine in um and u, which presents the idea of
Participle,

The

the form of

m6,

47.]

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.

&f
Ace.
the

the verb in the form of a

noun

in either the

or Abl. case, as: canes venatum duco,

to

take the dogs

hunt

(to

hunting,)

or,

res est

jucunda auditu^

thing' is

pleasant to hear (in the hearing)

d)

The Gerund, which also presents the idea of the verb under the form of a noun, and indeed, in all the cases, as Nom. scribendum est, ive (one) must ivrite^ Gen. ars scribendi, the art of ivriting, or to ivrite^ Dat..
:

scribendo aptus est^fit for ivriting, or to write^ Ace. with a preposition, inter scribendum^ while loritingy
Abl. scribendo exerceor,

/ am

exercised by

(in, etc.)

writing ;
e)

The Gerundive

(or Part. Fut.

Pass.),

which presents

an adjective form, precisely as the Gerund presents it in a substantive form, as

the idea of the verb in
epistola scribenda est, the letter is to be loritten,

and

so through

all

the cases.

Remark. The
finite or definite

Indicative, Subjunctive

and Imperative are

called the

verb, because they always refer to a definite subject;

Ger. and Gerundive, on the contrary, are called the because these forms, on account of their meaning, do not admit of such a reference.
the
Inf. Part. Su}3.

indefinite verb,

46. Persons

and Numbers of the

Verb.

has, like the noun, two numbers, Sing, and and three persons both in the Sing, and in the Plur., as /, thou, he (she, it) and lue, you, they, which are expressed by the endings, as: ^cnh-imus, ive write.
Plur.,
:

The verb

Remark. Those verbs which

are called Impersonal verbs, as
:

are used only in the third person Sing,

pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders.

47. Conjugation.

Conjugation

is

the inflection of a verb according to

its

The Latin Persons, Numbers, Modes, Tenses and Voice. language has/owr Conjugations, which are distinguished according to the ending of the Inf. as follows

FORMATION OF THE TENSES.

88
I.

48.

Conj.:
"

II.

III.

"
"
1.

IV.

are, as:
ere,

am-are, to love,

Characteristic: a
"

"

mon-ere,

to adjjionish,

e
e
i.

ere, "

reg-ere, to g-overn,

"

^ire,

"

aud-ire, to hear.

"

In parsing a verbal form, the beginner should accustom himself to observe the following order a) the person, b) the number, c) F.. g. the mode, d) the tense, e) the voice, f) from whot verb, g) the meaning.

Rem.

What kind of a verbal form is amdtis^ Aniatis is Sec. Pers. Plur. of the Indie. Pres. Act. from the verb amo, amavi, amatum, amare, to love. Rem. 2. Every verbal form consists of two parts, the stem, which
:

is

modifications,
teristic to

the ground-form of the verb, remaining unchanged through all its and the inflection-ending which varies to express the

number, person, etc. The last letter of the stem is called the characwhich the inflection-endings are joined sometimes with and sometimes without change. In the paradigms of the verbs, the characteristic and inflection-endings are printed in italics.
48.

Formation of the Tenses.

the remaining forms

In every verb there are four forms to be observed, from

which, by adding different endings,

are derived, viz.
1) Ind. Pres.
I.

all

Ad.

2) Ind. Perfect Act.

3) Supine.

4) Infinitive Act.

II.

amo moneo
rego

amavi

monui
rexi

amatum monitum
rectum auditum
:

amare

m on ere
regere
audire.

III.

IV. audio
A.

audivi

From

the

Indicative Present Active

amo

moneo

rego, capio

(I

take)

audio, as the stem, are derived

:

a) Indicative Present Passive

b) Subjunctive Present Active

amor; moneor; regor, capior; audior; and from this SubJ. Pres. Pass. : amem ;
audiam
;

moneam ;
c)

regam, capiam

amcr;
amabo

monear;

regcrr,

ca-

piar; audiar;
Fut. Active and Passive:

regam

[es, et, etc.),

;

capiam; audiam;
mone.bo
;

regar

(eris, etc.),

capiar

audiar;

amaior;
reg^;

Xfionebor
d) Indicative Imperfect Active

and Passive

6am, capieftam ; aud\ebam;

audif fear
e) Participle

amabar; mone6ar;
a mans
;

amkbam ; monebam ;

regeJar, capieftar

Present Active

moncTW ;

regerw, capierw

au-

diens

48.]

FORMATION OF THE TENSES.

;

89
mouendv^ ; regen-

f) Gerundive and Gerund : amarw^iw, amandum

dv^, c&piendus
;

aud'iendus,

B.

Injiniiive Active

amare

monere

regfire,

capere

audire, as stem,

are derived:
a) Imperative Active
:

ama
in
;

mone

rege, cape
Infin.

audi
:

Passive,
re
;

which agrees

form with the

;

Act

and amare
;

Imperat,
;

mone-

regere, capere

audire

h) Infinitive

Present Pass, of I,
III.

II.

and IV. Conj.

amari, moneri,

audiri; the
c)

Conj. adds to the stem the ending i; regi, capi;

Subjunct.

Imperf. Act.

caperem; audirewi;
C.

amarer; monerer;
amavi
;

and Passive : amarewi ; monerem ; regerem,

regcrer; caperer; audircr.
rexi, cepi; audivi, as

From

the Perfect Active:

monui

stem, are derived

a) Subjunctive Perfect Active
:

amaverim ; monuerim

rexmm,

ce-

perim

aud interim;
Pluperfect Active:

h) Indicative

amaveram; monueram; rexeram, cerexero, cepero

;

peram; audiveram
c)

Future Perfect

amavero
:

monuero
;

audivero
;

d) Infin. Perf.
t)

Ad.

amavisse

monuisse
:

rexisse, cepisse

audivmc ;

Subjunctive Pluperfect Active

amavissem ; monuissem ; rerisscm,

cepmem

audivissem.

D. From the Supine : amatum

monitum

rectum, captum

auditum,

as a stem, are derived

a) Partic. Perf. Pass.
b)
:

amatus
;

monitus

rectus, captus

audi^iw

Part. Fat. Act.

amaturus

moniturus

recturvs

audi^Mriw.

8#

90

CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.

[H9.

49.

Conjugation of the Auxiliary

esse, to be.

Verb, sum, fui,

This verb is extensively employed in forming the tenses of the verb in Latin, both by furnishing various endings to the stem of the verb, and by being joined to the participle of
the verb.

Thus e. g. amsiY-istis, you have loved, is composed of the stem amav and estis (you are), amav-eraw, of amav and eram, so by aj^amatus sumy I have loved, etc.
:

Indicative
Present.

Subjunctive.
si-ra,
sl-s,

su-m,

am
we are

may be
may
be

es, thou art

es-t, ke, she, it is

thou mayest be
be

Sit, he, she, it

su-inus,
es-tis,

sl-mus,
sl-tis,

we may

you are

you

su-nt, they are

si-nt, they

may be may be.

Imperfect.
gr-a-m, r7cas gr-a-s, thou wast
er-a-t, Ae, she,
er-a-tis,
it

es-sg-ra, I might be
es-se-s, thou mightest be
^

loas

er-a-mus, we were
er-a-nt, they

you were were

it might be es-se-nius, we might be es-se-tis, you might be es-se-nt, they might be.

es-se-t, he, she,

Perfect.

/ have been fu-isli, thou hast been fu-Tt, he, she, it has been fii-iinus, we have been fu-istis, you have been fu-erunt (ere), they have been
fu-i,

have been mayest have been fii-eri-t, he, she, it may have been] fii-6rT-mus, ?oe may have been fu-6ri-tis, you may have been fu-eri-nt, they may have been.
fu-eri-m, /
fu-eri-s, thou

may

Pluperfect.

fu-era-m, / had been fu-era-s, thou hadst been fu-era t, he, she, it had been fu-era-mus, we had been fu-6ra-tTs, you had been fQ-era-nt, they had been

fu-isse-m, [might have been fu-isse-s, thou mightest have been fu-isse-t, he, she, it might have been fu-isse-mus, we might have been fu-isse-lTs, you might have been fu-isse-nt, they might have been.

H9.1

CONJUGATION OP THE AUXILIARY VERB

mm.

91

Future Indicative.*
6r-b, / shall be 6r-i-s, thou wilt be
er-i-t, he, she, it will be

gr-I-miis,
6r-i-tTs,

we shall

be

you will be

6r-u-nt, they will be.

Future Perfect Indicative.*

fu-ero, / shall have been fu-eri-s, thou wilt have been fu-6ri-t, he, she, it will have been

fu-eri-mus,
fu-eri-tis,

we

you

shall have been will have been

fu-eri-nt, they tcilL have been.

Imperative.
2. gs, be 2. 3.

thou es-to, thou shouldest be es-to, he should be

2.
2. 3.

es te, he ye

you should be su-nto, they should be.

es-tote,

Present
Perfect

Future

Infinitive. esse, to be fuisse, to have been esse, to will he, (that something) will be. futurus, a, first of these forms is not used in English.

um

The

Participle.

Present

only: absent, absent, from

sum
Future
*

= praesto sum.
Fut
ia

ttiswrre ;

^x^esens, -present, ^rompraes

futurus, a,
Subj. of the

um, one who (what)

wanting.

toill, is

about to be, a\30,future.

following table of paradigms.

The

See Rem.

1 to the

Rem. 1. In the compound pro-sum (I benefit), in all the forms where pro-d-esse, a vowel follows pro, d is introduced between them, as pro-d-es, pro-d-est, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, pro-d-essem. Rem. 2. Besides the above-mentioned forms, two others occur, viz. forem (fores, foret, etc.), I would 6e, and the corresponding Infin. ybre in:

stead

offuturum

esse.

XL IX.
Absum,

Words

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

prodforis, adv. without.

abfdi,

abesse, prosum,

profiii,

I am absent, removed esse, / am useful, heri, adv. yesterday. from, heneft, (see Rem. 1). longe, adv. far. adsum, affui, adesse, concilio 1. / unite. peregre, adv. abroad. I am present. fera, ae,/. wild beast. quamdiu, adv. and conj. intersum, fui, esse, (c. ])ngna, (ie,f fght, battle. how long; so [as) dat.) to be in, present arma, orum, n. arms. long as.
at (something).
oratio, oiiis,

/.

speech, ubi, adv. where.

praesum,
before,

fui, esse,

lam

discourse.

preside
to.

over, mag'istrams, us,

dum, conj. while. m.mx^- msi, conj. unless.

quutri, conj. when, as,

attend

istrate, magistrcLcy.

Deus omnibus
silium domi.

locis adest.

Parvi pretii sunt foris arma, nisi est conii,

Contemnuutiir

qui nee

sibi,

nee

altSri

prosunt

Ut

92
magistratibus leges,

THE AUXILIARY VEEB 5Wm.

ita

[H9.
Ratio et oratio

populo praesunt magistratus.

conciliant inter se homines,

neque

ulla re longlus

absiimus a natiira

ferarum.
beati estis.

Ego

laetus

sum, tu

tristris es.

Si sorte vestra contenti estis,

Dum
erant.

ego, tu et amicus in schola erdmuSy sorores nostrae in horto

Quum

tu et Carolus heri

Quamdiu
tuus
erdmus.

tu et frater tuus
erat.

domi nostrae domi nostrae erdtis,

tu

erdlis^

ego peregre eram.

tu laetus eras, sed frater

tristis

Quamdiu
non

et pater aberdtis,

ego

et frater tristes

Cur
ites

heri in schola

diu tu et pater tuus

nostri

heri fueras,
I

Quia cum patre peregre fui. QuamSex menses abfuimus. Cur milpugnae non interfuerunt ? Quia longius abfuerunt. Ubi quum domi tuae eram ?
fuisti ?

domo

abfuistis ?

am

useful to thee,

and thou
sister

to

me.

are joyful.
I

If thou art contented with thy

Wherefore are you sad ? We While lot, thou art happy.

was

in the school,
I

my

was

iii

the garden.
)

As yesterday thou
in the school

wast at home,
yesterday
?

was abroad. because we were

Why
(perf.)

were (perf you not

abroad.

How long

hast thou been

absent from

Ten months (ace.) have 1 been absent (abl.) home? Where had you been yesterday, as we were in your house ? While we and you were in the school, our sisters were in the garden. While you and Charles were in Our house yesterday, we were abroad.
L.

Words

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

gen- antea, adv.
before.

Desum, defui, deesse, I am wanting.

obsum,
occupo
session
fui, esse,

aetas, atis, /. age^

eraiion.
(Inis),

postea, adv. afterwards,

am nemo

no-body^ nuper, adv.

lately.

against^ injure.
1.

no one.
a,

repente, adv. suddenly.

/ take pos- aegrotus,

seize.

of

avarus,

a,

um, um,

sick.

propterea, adv. for this

reason.

avari-

periculum, i, n. danger. [ble. quoeo (with compacious. praedium, i, n./arwi. tive), the so much invictus, a, um, tnmTiciadolescens, tis, m. atrox, ocis, the. terriblCf

young man,

yoxdh.

bloody.

Quamdiu
laetitia

felix eris, multi tibi

erunt amici.

Tota

civltas in

summa

fuerat,

quum
Ante

repente ingens terror

omnium animos

occupat.

Pugna
aetate

fuit atiocissima,

propterea quod utriusqne exercitus milites forbelli initium

tissimi fufirauL

in urbe fueramus.

Demosthenis
cujus praedio

multi oratores magni

et

clari

fuerunt, et

antea fuerant, nee

fui, in

post6a defuerunt

Ante

tres

annos apud amicum

iHiper per duo menses fueratis.

Haec

res

non

profuit nobis, sed ob-

49.]

THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm,

93
minora studia

fuit.

Quo minus
mea

honoris apud

Romanos
erit,

erat poetis, eo

fuerunt.
sorte

Si quis virtutis

compos

semper beatus

erit.

Quamdiu
etiam post

contentus ero, felix ero.

Qualis in alios

fueris, tales hi in te

erunt.

Si in hac vita
beati erimus.

semper

virtutis studios! fuerimus,

mortem

So long

as you shall be fortunate, you will not

want

friends.

The

upright always benefit the upright.

injured me, but benefited
If

My

enemies (immicus) have not

men

will

be virtuous, they will be happy.

lot,

So long

as

we

shall

be contented with our

we

shall

be happy.

If

men
fail

always shall haye been virtuous, the reward of virtue will not

them.

Rule of Syntax. In questions, to which the asker expects an answer by yes or no, the interrogative particle ne is attached to the word upon which the emphasis of the question is placed, as: Fuistine heri in
schola
?

wast thou in school yesterday

in schola,

Erasne
sapiens

quum

heri
erit?
?

domi tuae eram

Eram.

Miserne
tristis

erit,

quum pauper

Non
Cur
tibi

erit.

Laetusne, an

es?

Unusne, an plures sunt mundi

grotusne fuisti?

heri in schola

non

fuisti ?

Ae-

Non, sed quia cum patre peregre eram.

Deeritue

Fuerasne

nuper
bus

in horto nostro ?

hominum

laus, si

semper pro-

fueris ?

Were you

in school, as*

we were

at

your house yesterday ?

if
is

Yes
?

(= we were). Will the wise be unhappy, (= they will not be). No one of (gen.) us
wl\ich he

they shall be poor

the very

No
)

was (perf
Aristides

[as]

a young man.

same in old-age, Pelopidas was in (perf all

of Salamis (pugna Salami-

dangers.

was

in (perf) the battle

ma).

Poets not merely delight, but also benefit us.

I

Yesterday

was

(perf) at thy house, but thou wast abroad.

all

The
Thou,

avaricious in the abundance of

things, will be very poor.

thy father and thy mother have benefited us

much

(multum).

We,

you and your

were very joyful yesterday, as we were at your house. Were you yesterday abroad, as I was at your house ? Yes (= we were). While my brother was in the garden, I was in the
sister

school.
it).

Were our

soldiers in
at

the battle?

No

(:= they were not in

We
Our

were (perf) not

home
shall

yesterday, but abroad.

soul after death will be immortal.

So long as we

shall

be con-

tented with our fortune,

*

we

be happy.

Where had you been

cises,

For the reason of using as in this and many other places in these exerwhere when would seem to be required, see Synt. 110, 1, 1. Tr.

94
yesterday, as T

THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.

was
at

\k

49.

your house

We

had been abroad.

So long
to thee)

as thou hadst been fortunate, thou hadst had

(= there

were

many

friends.

The more modest thou

shalt be, so

much

the

more

agreeable thou wilt be to men.

will benefit me.

If I shall benefit others, they [also]

As
fit

(qualis) I shall

have been to
shall
life,

(in

with ace.) others, so

(talis)

they

will be to
us.

me.

If

we

have benefited others, they

shalt

[also] will

bene-

If thou, in this

have zealously pursued

virtue,

thou

shalt also, after death, be happy.

LI.
1,

Words
I

to be

learned
nescius,

and
a,

Exercises for translation.

igno- attentus,
live.

Cogito upon. dubito 1. I doubt. pondero I. I weigh,consider.

think, reflect

urn,

a,

um,

atten-

rant

scius,

non sum ne/ know perwell.

praeteritus, a,

um,pa^
little.

ftdly
gality.

eras, adv. to-morrow.

parsiniouia, ae, /. fru- parutn, adv, too

2.

provideo
c. dat.

I foresee;

\n'\\\s,

adv. previously.

look out for.

3.

mens,

tis,

/.

state

intelllf0

/ underover.

mind.
come.

of plane, adv. wholly. quidem, not inne

stand.

vectigal, alis, n. tax, in-

deed, not even.

turn, then.

repeto

3.

/ run

Bcio 4. / know.

victor, oris, m. conqueror.

non solum

sed etiam,

nescio

4.

/ do not know.

not merely, hut also.

Rule of Syntax.
sentence

In questions which

[indirect questions), the subjunctive* is

depend upon a foregoing always used, as: Narra

In indirect questions mihi, uh'xfueris, relate to me, where thou hast been. the enclitic ne is translated by whether, as: Dubito, laetusne sis, I doubt,

whether thou art joyful.

Non sum

nescius,
sis.

qua mente tu

et prius in

nos fueris,
tu

et

nunc

sis,

et

semper futiir us
animus
nescit.

Non eram

nescius,

qua mente

et prius in

nos

fuisses, et turn esses, et

semper futurus esses. Qualis sit animus, ipse Deus non est nescius, qua mente quisque sit. CogUa, quantum nobis exempla bona prosint. Prae gaudio, ubi sim, nescio. Non intelVigunt homines, quam magnum vectigal sit parsimonia. Non, quantum quisque prosit, sed quanti pretii quisque sit, pondera. Quo
quisque an'imo futurus
sit,

nescio.

Incertus eram, profuturusne

tibi essem.

Saepe ne
esselis, et

utile

quidem

est

scire,
sint,

quid futurum

sit.

Pecunia, honores,

valetudo quamdlu affutura

ubi fuissetis.

incertum
et

est.
i

Incertus eram, et ubi

JVdrro

tibi,

ubi

her fuerimus, et ubi eras

in piigna

futuri simus.

Dubitamus, fuerinine milites nostri

laude digni.

* As the subjunctive form is not so extensively used in English as in Latin, the Subj. must often be translated into English by the forms of the Tr. Indie, as will be seen in the following examples.

49.]
erat^
eraty

THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.

civesne nostri, an hostes in
ilia

95
victores faisaent,

Diibium

pugna

Dubium

profuissetne Alcibiades patriae suae, an ob/uisset.

),
;

What
certain.

to-day

be to-tnorrow,
I

we know but what will is and yesterday was (perf we know not. How long we shall be in this life, is unknew perfectly well, both of what state of mind towards us

you then were, and had been previously, and always would be
about to
be).
I rejoice,

(=

were

when

I think,

how much you have

will benefit
[it].

benefited
It

the state, both

ceitain,

now and

before,

and

still

was un-

where the enemies were and had been, and where they would

be.

Adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus

cipuli
!

Attenti este, dis-

Homines mortis memores

sunto.

Contenti estote sorte vestra

Parum provident multi tempori futuro, sed plane in diem vivunt Vir prudens non solum praesentia curat, sed etiam praeterita mente repetit et futura ex praeteritis provldet.
Scholars, not merely with (abl.) the

body

(plur.),

but also with the

mind
death.

(plur.),

should be in the school.

Man

should be mindful of

In school, you should be attentive,

scholars

Thou

shouldest be

contented with

(abl.)

thy lot!

Men

should always be mindful of the

precepts of virtue.

96

ACTIVE OP THE FOUR EEGULAR CONJUGATIONS.

[^50.

50.

AC
all

Of the four re^lar

Preliminary Remark.
1.

The

following paradigms need not

II.

be

A mo,

dwi,

amd<m, amdre.
:

Mon^o, monwi, xnonUum^ monere.

Characteristic
:

Characteristic

a long.

e long.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

amo,

admonish moncdwi, I may ad, amd-s, thou lovest ame-5, thou mayest moncsjtiiou admon- moncd5, thou maylove est admonish ishest
I love

ame-m,

may

love

monco,

amd-f, he, she, it am^-f, he, she, it loves may love amd-7nM5, we love ame-ww5, we may love amd-it5, you love amc-tw, you may love ama-n<, they love ame-nf, they may
love.
II.

moncf, he, she,

it

moncdf, he, she,

it

admonishes

monc^i^,

monemws, we monish you monish

moncnf,

ad-

ad-

may admonish monedmws, we may admonish monedtis^ you may admonish

they

ad- monewnf, they

may

monish

admonish.
II. Imperfect.

Imperfect.

amd-idTO, I loved, amd-rcm, f might monc6flm, I admon- monercrw, I might was loving admonish ished, was ad. love amd bdSy thou lov- amd-rc5, thou mone^as, thou ad- moerc5, thou edst, wast loving mightest ad. monishedst, was a. mightest love amd-//df, he, she, it amd-7-e<, he, she, raone6f, he, she, it monercf, he, she, it loved, was loving might admonish might love admonished, was a.

amd-6dwm5, we lov- amd-rcTnit^, we ed, were loving might love a.md-batis^ you lov- dimd-retls^ you ed, were loving might love
amd-^anf, they lov- amd-renf, they ed, were loving might love.
III.

xtionehdmtLS^

we

adad-

monished,were a.
xnonebdtis^

you

monished, were a. xwonebanty they ad- monercni, they might admonish. monished.were a.
III.

monercmw5, we might admonish monerc<^s, you might admonish

Future {Indicative).

Future (Indicative).

amd-fco, I shall love amd-ii5, thou wilt love amd-65^f, he, she, it will love amd-iir/m5, we shall love dLind-hltis^ you will love amd-6M7it, they will love.

monefco, I shall amonish monebis^ thou wilt admonish vaonebit^ he, she, it will admonish

monebXmus, we
monebltis.,

shall

admonish

will admonish monebunt., they will admonish.

you

IV. Perfect.

IV. Perfect.

amd-ut, I have lov- amd-(r^)r?m, I may monui, I have ad- mouMerm, I may have admonished ed monished have loved a,md-{vi)stl, thou amd-(we)ri5, thou rxionuisli^ thou hast monueris^ thou mayest have ad. hast loved admonished mayest have 1. amd-w<, he, she, it amd-(re)ri,he,she, montiif, he, she, it monucrif, he, she, it may have ad. has loved admonished i' may have 1. has amd-t>lmw5, we amd-(re)r?mw5, we monMi7nM5,we have monMcrim5, we may have ad. have loved may have loved admonished monuerUis^ you amd-(i)sft5, you amd-(c)r?f?5, you vdonuistis^ you may have ad. have loved may have loved have admonished monMC7m<, they dimd-{v)runt{vtre)^ amd-(?5g)7m<, they vcyoxiuerunt (ere), may have ad. they have loved may have loved. they have ad.

$50.1

ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.

97

TIVE.
Conjugations.
learned at once but in the order of the exercises which follow.
ill.

Rego,

rexi, rectum, regere.

:

IV. Audio,

audi??i, audifwrn, audire.

:

Characteristic

e short.

Characteristic

long.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

regOj I govern

regam,! maygovern aud?o,

regis, thou govern- rega5, thou est govern

reg^^,

I hear aud^am, I may hear mayest aud?5, thou hearest aud?a5, thou may-

est hear

he,

she,

it

regdt,

he,

she,

it

audW, he, she,

hears a-udimuSj
Siuditis,

it

a.adidt,

he, she,

it

governs. may govern regimus, we govern regdmus, we

may
we hear
hear

hear

may may may

audtaww5, we may
SLudMtis,

govern
regitis,

you govern

regdtis,

you

you hear

you may

govern regunt, they govern regant, they

govern.
II.

hear
emdtunt, they hear SLudiant, they hear.
II. Imperfect,

may

Imperfect.

govern- regerem, I might diudiebam, I heard audircm, 1 might was hearing hear ed, was gov. govern thou regebas, thou gov- regeres^ihou might- audie6a5,thou heard Audires, est, wast hearing mighesthear miffhe ernedst, wast g. est govern

legebam,

regebaty he, she,

it

regeret, he, she,

it

viudiebat, he, she,

it

audircf, he, she,

it

governed, was g. might govern regebdmus, we gov- regeremus, we

erned, were gov. migiit govern vegebdtis, you gov- regeretis, you erned, were gov. might govern regebant, they gov- regerentj they erned, were gov. might govern.
III.

heard,

was

h.

might hear
SLudlremus,

dindiebdmus.,
a.ndiebdtis,

we
you
they

we
you

heard, were h.
heard, were h.
diudiebant,

might hear
audiretis,

might hear
audirent, they might hear.

heard, were h.
III.

Future (Indicative).^

Future (Indicative).^

regam, I shall govern regc5, thou wilt govern regef, he, she, it will govern regemus, we shall govern regetis, you will govern regent, they will govern.
IV. Perfect.

aud?am, I shall hear audie^, thou wilt hear

audiei, he, she, it will hear audC7ftM5, we shall hear a.adietis, you will hear audien^, they will hear.

IV. Perfect.
audiri, .(aud?i)
1

have govern rexen'm, 1 may ed have governed xexisti, thou hast rexeris, thou may governed est have govern
text, 1
rexity

a,udi(v)erim, I

may

have heard Siudi(vi)sti, thou hast heard

audivit,

have heard 3.\3di(v)eris, thou mayest have h.

it

he,

she,

it

rexerit, he, she,

it

he, she,

a,udi{v)erit, he, she,

it

has governed may have gov. has heard rexhnus, we have rexertmus, we may a.adivimus, we governed have governed have heard
lexistis,

may have

h.

a.udi(v)erimus,
diVidi(v)eritis,

we may have heard

you

you have

xexeritis,

you may

a.udi(vi)stis,

you

governed

have governed

Texerunt (ere), they vexerint, they

may

have governed

have governed.

have heard may have heard audi (v) erunt (ere), a.udi(v)erintj they they have heard may have heard.

98

ACTIVE OF THE FOUR llEGULAR CONJUGATIONS.

U50.

I.

Amo,

dLinavi,

amatum^ amare.
:

II.

Moneo, monui, monitum, monere.

Characteristic
:

Characteristic

a long.

e long.

Indicj

lUBJUNCTIVE.
V. Pluperfect.
I

Indicative:

Subjunctive.

V. Pluperfect. monwgram, I had monuissem^ I might had a.md-(vi)ssem, I admonished might have loved have admonished a.md-(ve)rdSy thou a.md-{vi)sses, thou monwcm*, thou monuisseSy thou hadst admonished hadst loved mightest have 1. mightest have ad. aina-(?;e)raf,he,she, araa-(w)ssc<,he,she, monuerat, he, she, monulsset, he, she, it had loved it had admonish. it might have ad. it might have 1. dimd-{ve) ramus, we a.md-(vi)ssemus, we tnonuerdmus, we monuissemus, we had loved had admonished might have ad. might have loved
ama-(t?e)rdm, loved

you monuerdtis, you had admonished might have loved simd-(ve)rant, they amd-{vi)ssent, they monuerant, they had admonished had loved might have loved.
a.md-{ve)rdtiSj

you

a.md-{vi)ssetis,

monuissetis,

you
ad.

had loved

might have
monuisscnt,

they
ad.

might have

VI. Future Perfect.^ amd-(c^)rd, I shall have loved a.md-(ve)ris, thou wilt have loved a.md-(ve)rU, he, she, it will have loved a.md-{vg)rimus, we shall have loved a.md-{ve)rUis, you will have loved dimd-lvi)rint, they will have loved.
Imperative.

VI. Future Perfect.^

monuero,

I shall

have admonished

monueris, thou wilt have admonished mouuerit, he, she, it will have admon.

monuenmws, we shall have admonished monueritis, you will have admonished

monuerint, they will have admonished.
Imperative.

amd, love thou

amd-io, thou shouldest love VLind-to, he, she, it should love amd-fe, love ye a.md-t6te, you should love a.md-ntOy they should love.
Supine.
1) a.md-tum, in order to love 2) amd-iw, to love, be loved.
Infinitive.

mone, admonish thou

monefo, thou shouldest admonish moneto, he, she, it should admonish moncfc, admonish ye monetote, you should admonish monento, they should admonish.
Supine.
1)

moh^^Mm,

in order to

admonish

2)

momtu,

to

admonish, be admon.

Infinitive.

Pres.

amd-re, to love

Pres.

Perf
Fut.

amd-(vi)sse, to have loved Peif. Simd-turus, a, um, esse, to will Fut.

love,* (that one) will love.
Participle,

monere, to admonish monuisse, to have admonished moniturvs, a, um, esse, to will admonish, (that one) will ad.
Participle.

Pres. Fut.

ama-ns, loving
dimd-turus,
a,

um,

Pres. intending, Fut.

monens, admonishing
moniturus, a, urn, intending, wishing, about to admonish.

wishing, about to love.

Gerund,
Norn. dima-ndum est, one (we) must Gen. s.ma-ndi, of loving, or to love axna-ndo, to loving, or to love Dat. Ace. ama-ndum (e. g. arf), loving
Abl.
1.

Gerund.
N. monendum est, one (we) must ad. G. monendi, of admonishing, or to ad. D. moncnrfo, to admonishing, or to ad. A. monendum (e. g. ad), admonishing A. mone7tdo, by admonishing.
:

dima-ndo, by loving.

amaturus, moniturus* ') The Subjunctive Future is expressed periphrastically rectutus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I will love, thou wilt love, etc., or amaturus, etc., essem, / wjomW ^oce. ') Also the Future Perfect has no Subjunctive.

50.1

ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAL CONJUGATIONS.

99

lil.

Rego, rexi, rectum, regere.

Characteristic
:

IV. Audio, audiri, audtfwm, audtre.

Characteristic
:

e short.

long.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.

Indicative.

Subjunctive.
di\xdi{vi)ssem,
I h.

V. Pluperfect.

V. Pluperfect.

rexeram, I had rexissem, I might audi(r)gram, I had have governed governed heard rexeras, thou hadst rexisses, thou dindi{v)eras, thou mightest have g. governed hadst heard
Texerat, he, she,
it

might have
diVidi{vi)sses,

thou mightest have h.

rexisset, he, she,

it

audi(c)era, he,she, audi(?;i)55ef,he,she,

had governed might have gov. it had heard it might have h. rexerdrnus, we had rexissemus we audi (?5)erdmu5, we dMAi(vi)sse,mus, we governed might have gov. had heard might have h. rexerdtis, you had vexissetis, you a.\x(ii{v)erdtisy you dMdii{vi)ssetis, you governed might have gov. had heard might have h, rexerant, they had rexissent, they audi()crni, they dMdi{vi)ssent, they governed might have gov. might have h. had heard
,
j

VI. Future Perfect.^

rexero, I shall have governed rexeris, thou wilt have governed rexerit, he, she, it will have governed lexerijnus, we shall have governed rexerttus, you will have governed rexerint, they will have governed.
Imperative.^
rege, govern thou regito, thou shouldest govern regito, he, she, it should govern
regite,

VI. Future Perfect.^

audi(r) cro, I shall have heard
?i[xdi{v)eris,
a.vidilv)erit, he, she, it will

thou wilt have heard have heard aindilv)erimus, we shall have heard a.udi,{v)critis, you will have heard di\idi{v)erint, they will have heard.
Imperative.

audt, hear thou andito, thou shouldst hear

diudito, he, she,
it

should hear

govern ye

audi^e, hear
diuditote,
Sixidiunto,

ye

regitote,

you should govern

Supine.

you should hear

they should hear.
Supine.

reguntOj they should govern.

rectum, in order to govern 2) rec^M, to govern, be governed.

1)
Injinitive.

1) diuditum, in order to hear 2) audt^M, to hear, be heard.

Injinitive.

Pres.
Perf.

regere, to govern
rexisse, to

Pres.

audtre, to hear
aiudi{vi)sse, to

have governed

Fut.

recturus, a, um esse, to will govern,* (that one) will gov.

Participle.

Perf. Fut.

have heard

diuditurus, a, esse, to will hear,* (that one) will hear.

um

Participle.

Pres,

Fut.

regens, governing rccturus, a, um, intending,

Pres. Fut.

audicn*, hearing
Siuditurus, a,

wishing, about to govern.

um, intending, wishing, about to hear.

Gerund.

Gerund.
N. regendum est, one (we) must gov. G. regendi, of governing, or to govern D. regendo, to governing, or to govern A. regendum (e. g. ad), governing A. regendo, by governing.
^)

N. G. D. A. A.

SLadiendum est, one (we) must hear audicndi, of hearing, or to hear a.\idiendo, to hearing, or to hear ?iudiendum (e. g. ad), hearing.
R\xdiendo,
:

by hearing.

These four imperatives without e are to be noted die, duc,fac,fer, from: di *) The English language has no Infin. Future (to wil CO, duco, facio, fero. love) but uses in its stead the Inf. Present.

100

PASSIVE OP THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.

[^51.

51.
II.

PAS

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

amor,

am

loved

amer, 1 loved

may

be

amari5, thou art amcr?5(c), thou mayest be loved loved ama^wr, he, she, it amcfiir, he, she, it may be loved is loved amamiir, we are amc7ri'ur, w^e may monemwr, we admonished be loved loved

monger, 1 am ad- monear, 1 may be admonished monished moneris, thou art monSdris{e), ihou mayest be ad, admonished monefwr, he, she, monea^wr, he, she, it may be ad. it is admonished
are

amammt, you
loved

amem?nl, you may moncmmi, you are admonished be loved aman^wr, they are amcwiwr, they may monentur^ they are monSayitur, they may be admon. be loved. admonished loved
are
II.

moneamwr, we may be admonished monSdmini^ you may be admon.

Imperfect.

II. Imperfect.
I

might be mone^ar, I was admonished loved mone:bdris(e), thou a.mdbdris (e), thou dimdreris(e) thou mightest be 1. wast loved wast admonished a.mabdtur, he, she, a.mdretur, he, she, monebdtur^ he, she, it might be loved it was loved it was admon. amdremwr, we dLvadbdmur^ we mone^amwr, we might be loved were loved were admonished amarcminl, you a.mdbdminl, you monebdmini, you might be loved were loved were admonished amdrentur., ihey a.mdbantur, they monebantur, they might be loved. were loved were admonished
ama/yar, 1

was

amarer, loved

monerer, 1 might be admonished moncreri5(e), thou mightest be ad. moneretur, he, she, it might be ad.

moneremMr, we might be ad. moneremmi, you might be ad.

monerentur, they might be ad.

III. Future.

III. Future,

amaftor, I shall be loved dimdberls (e), thou wilt be loved a.mdbUur, he, she, it will be loved a.mdblmur, we shall be loved ama/nm?7ti, you will be loved dimdbuntur, they will be loved.

monebor,

I shall

be admonished

moneieris(e), thou wilt be admonished monebltur^ he, she, it will be admon. monebimur, we shall be admonished monebimini^ you will be admonished monebuntur^ they will be admonished

IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.

amatiis,
a,

sum, 1 have been loved es, thou hast been loved um est, he, she, it has been loved amati, sumus, we have been loved ae. estis, you have been loved sunt, they have been loved.

monitus. sum, I have been admonished es, thou hast been admonished a, um est, he, she, it has been ad.

momti, sumus, we have been admon estis, you have been admon. ae. sunt, they have been admon.

b) Subjunctive.

amatus, sim, I may have been loved monitus, sim, I may have been admon a, sis, thou mayest have been 1. sis, thou mayest have been ad a, um sU,he, she, it may have been 1, um si7,he,she, it may have been a amati, simiis, we may have been 1. moniti, simus, we may have been ad.
ae,

sUis,
sint,

you may have been

they

1. 1.

ae.

sitis,

may have been

sint,

they

you may have been may have been

ad. ad.

^51.]

PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.

101

SIVE.
III.

IV.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present. regar,
I

Indicative.
1.

Subjunctive.
Present.

regor, I

am govern-

may
thou

be audeor,

ed

governed
art regdris(e)^

regem,

rnayest be gov. regitur^ he, she, it regdtur, he, she, it audt^wr, he, she, it is governed is heard may be governed regimur, we are regdmur^ we may aud? mwr, we are heard governed be governed xegiraini^ you are regdmini, you may a.ndi7nini, you are heard governed be governed reguntury they are regantur, they may a,udiuntur, they are heard governed be governed.
II. Imperfect.

thou governed

heard aud^ar, I may be heard audtW^, thou art 3.udidris(e) thou heard mayest be heard
1

am

audiaiwr,
it

he,

she,

may

be heard

audittT/mr,

we may
you

be heard
a.adidmini,

be heard audianiwr, they may be heard.

may

II. Imperfect.

regebar, I

was gov-

regerer, I

erned
xege,bdris{e),

might be governed

diudiehar,

was

audircr, I might be
audi;rer?!5(e),

heard

thou vegereris(e)^ thou s.udiebdris(e), thou wast governed mightest be gov. wast heard

heard thou mightest be heard

xegebdtur^ he, she, vegeretur, he, she, a.ndiebdtiir, he, she, audtre/wr, he, she, it was governed it might be gov. it was heard it might be heard regebdmur^we were vegeremvr, we di\idiebdmur^ we audircTOMr, we governed might be gov. were heard might be heard regebdmlni^ you xegerernini^ you a.udiebd7ninij you SLudiremini, you were governed might be gov. were heard might be heard regebantur^ they regSrentur, they Siudiebantur, they diudirentur, they were governed might be gov. might be heard. were heard
III.

Future,

III.

Future.

regdr, I shall be governed

regerls{e), thou wilt be governed regetur, he, she, ii will be governed regemur^ we shall be governed rege/n?n.i, you will be governed regentur, they will be governed.

aud^ar, I shall be heard audien5(c), thou wilt be heard a.udietur, he, she, it will be heard a.\jdiemur, we shall be heard audjemmi, you will be heard audicnfwr, they will be heard.

IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.

rectus,
a,

um
recti,

ae.

sum, I have been governed auditus, sum, I have been heard es, thou hast been governed a, es, thou hast been heard est^ he, she, it has been govern'd um est, he, she, it has been heard sumus, we have been govern'd auditi, sumus, we have been heard estis, you have been governed ae, estis, you have been heard sunt, they have been governed sunt, they have been heard.
b) Subjunctive.

rectus,
a,

sim,
sis,

may have been govern'd

auditus, sim, 1
sis,

um
recti,

ae.

a, thou mayest have been g. sit, he, she, it may have been g. um simns, we may have been g. auditi, sitis, you may have been g. ae, sint, tliey may have been g. a

may have been heard thou mayest have been h. sit, he, she, it may have been h. simus, we may have been h. sitis, you may have been h. sint, they may have been h.

102

PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.

[551.

V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.

amatus, eram^
a,

um
amati,
ae,

had been loved monitus, eram, I had been admonished eras, thou hadst been ad, Iras^ thou hadst been loved a, um erat, he, she, it had been ad. irat^ he, she, it had been loved moniti, eramus, we had been ad. erdmuSy we had been loved ae, eratis, you had been ad. erdtis, you had been loved erantj they had been ad. a Srant, they had been loved.
I

b) Subjunctive.

amatus, essem, I might have been loved monitus. essem, 1 might have been ad. esses, thou mightesthave been esses, thou mightest have been admonished loved
she, it, might have been loved essemus, we might have been
esset, he,
it might have been admonished moniti, essemus, we might have been admonished essetis,y ovi might have been ad. ae, a essent,\hey might have been ad.

esset, he, she,

amati,
ae,

loved
essetis,

essent,

you might have been 1. they might have been 1.

amatus. ero,

I shall

VI. Future Perfect, {Indicative). monitus, ero, I shall have been admonhave been loved
ished
wilt
it

eris,
ertt,

thou
he, she,

have

been

eris,

thou wilt have been adhe, she,

it

loved
will

monished
have been have been
moniti,
erit,

will have

been

amati,

loved erimus, loved

erlils,

admonished

we
you

shall

will

have been
have
been

loved erunt, they will

loved.

we shall have been admonished eritis, you will have been admonished erunt, they will have been aderimus,

monished.
Imperative.

Imperative.

amare, be thou loved ama^or, thou shouldest be loved a.mdtdr, he, she, it should be loved amawitrat, be ye loved amamtftor, you should be loved dimantdr, they should be loved.
Infinitive.

monerg, be thou admonished monetor, thou shouldst be admonished monetor, he, she, it should be adra'd monemini, be ye admonished moneminor, you should be admonished monentor, they should be admonished.
Infinitive.

Pres. amdrl, to be loved Pres. Perf. a.mdtus, a, um esse, to have been Perf

monen, to be admonished monUus, a, um esse, to have been

loved
Fut. dimdtum irl,^ to will be loved, (that one) will be loved.
Participle.

admonished
Fut, monUum iri,^ to will be admonished, (that one) will be admonished.
Participle.

Perf. a.mdtus, a, um, loved Perf. monitus, a, um, admonished Fut. umandus, a, um, what should be Fut. monendus, a, um, what should be loved. admonished.

*)

amatum, monitum, rectum, auditum

are Supines

and hence cannot be de-

$51.]

PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REQUL^AR CONJUGATIONS.

103

V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.

1
|

auditus. eram, I had been heard rectus, eram, I had been governed eras, thou hadst been heard eras, thou hadst been governed a. a, erat, he, she, it had been g. erat, he, she, it had been heard

um
ae,

um
ae.

recti,

eramus,
eratis,

erant,

we had been governed you had been governed they had been governed

auditi.

eramus,
eratis,

we had been heard

erant,

you had been heard they had been heard.

|

b) Subjunctive.

rectus, essem, I
a,

um
recti,

ae,

might have been g. auditus, essem, 1 might have been heard esses, thou mighlest have been esses, thou mightest have been a, heard governed esstt, he, she, it might have um esset, he, she, it might have been heard been governed essemus, we might have been auditi. essemus, we might have been governed heard essetis, you might have been g. essetis, you might have been h. ae. C55e7ii, they might have beeng. essent, they might have been h. a
VI. Future Perfect^ {Indicative).
\

rectus, ero, 1
a, eris,

shall

have been gov- auditus,

a.

ero, I shall
eris,

have been heard

erned thou wilt have been governed

he, she,
it

thou wilt have been heard

he, she,
it

um
recti.

erit,

will

have been have been

um

erit,

will

have been

governed
erimus,
eritis,

heard
shall
auditi. erimus,

we

we
you
they

shall
will

have been
have

governed
ae,

heard

you

will

have been govhave been

ae,

eritis,

been

erned erunt, they governed.

heard
will

ermit,

will

have been

heard.
i

Imperative,
reg^re, be thou governed regifor, thou shouldst be governed regttor, he, she, it should be governed

Imperative.

reglvdni, be ye governed regl minor, you should be governed reguntor, they should be governed.
Infinitive.

audtre, be thou heard auditor, thou shouldst be heard auditor, he, she, it should be heard a-udimini, be ye heard SLuduainor, you should be heard a.ndiuntor, they should be heard.
Infinitive.

Pres. regi, to be Perf. rectus, a,

governed

um

Pres. audtri, to be heard esse, to have been Perf dLudUus, a, um esse, to have been

governed Fut rectum

heard governed. Fut. unditum iri,^ to will be heard. (that one) will be heard. (that one) will be governed.
iri,^

to will be

Participle.

Participle.

Perf. rectus, a, um, governed Fut. regendus, a, um, what should be go verned.

Perf. VLudltus, a,

um

heard

Fut.

a.xidiendus, a,

um, what should

be he ard.

clined.

That the English language has no

Inf. Fut.

has already been stated.

104

VfiRBS IN

OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

[k62.

52. Inflection

of verbs in To of the Third Conjugation.

capere, to take.

ACTIVE,

Infill,

PASSIVE,

Infiii. capi.
|

Indicative.
*2

Suhjunct.

Indicative.

Subjunct.
cap-i-ar

cap-i-o
cap-?s, cop-ii

cap-i-am cap-i-or
cap-i-as
etc.

cap-eris,

cap-Uur

cap-I-aris
etc.

cap-imus, capitis
cap-r-unt.

cap-lmur, cap-imlni
cap-i-untur.

cap-i-ebam

cap-erem cap-i-ebar

cap-erer

cap-i-am,

-i-es, etc.

cap-i-ar, -i-eris, etc.

cap-e, cap-ito, cap-Ue, cap-Uote,

cap-ere, cap-itor, cap-imini,

cap-i-unto.

cap-iminor, cap-i-untor.

Pres, cap-i-ens, Fut. cap-turus

Perf. cap-tus, Fut. cap- i-endus

Supine: cop-fwm,

cap-<M.

LII.
Decerto
elaboro
flo 1.
1. 1.

Words
/
{in c.

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

contend.
abl.)

/ labor (zealously). / blow, wave. iritro 1. (o. ace.) / go

into, enter.

/ interitus, us, m. destrucoccupy myself with. tion. numero I. I number. aptus, a, um,JUted. opera, ae,y! toil, labor. placldus, a, urn, gentle.
(c. dat.)

ram navo

somnus,
ventus,
i,

i,

m. sleep. m. loind.

vehemens,
pecially.

tis,

violent.
es-

potissimum,

adv.

liber, era,

erum,/ree.

libero

1. 1.

navo

/ deliver. / pursue some-

timor, oris, m.fear. cupiditas, atis,/. desire,

quomodo, in what manner,

passion.

how.

thing ardently; ope-

A) Active of the first Conjugation.

Quum milites urbem intra bant, omnes Quum in silva ambulabamus, vehemens
flabat.

cives timoris pleni erant.

ventus per altas

quercus

Quamdiu

tu in horto ambulabas, ego

navabam.

Dum
is

nos

placidus

Quomodo

libero

imperabit,

operam somnus recreabat, vos vigilabatis. qui non suis cupiditatibus imperat?
litteris

domi

Ad

quas res aptissimi erimus, in

felix,

iis

potissimum elaborabimus.

Quam-

diu eris

multos amicos numerabis.

Bonos semper laudabo,

50.]

FIRST CONJUGATION.

106

improbos semper vituperabo.

patriam ab interim
liberabitis.

Si acriter armis decertabitis, o milites,

Si virtutem amabis,

omnes boni

te

emabimt.

LIU. Words
Comparro
acquire.
1.

to be

learned

and Zeroises for

translation.
a,

prepare,

philosophia, ae, f. phi- jucundus,

losophy.

um, pleas^

ant, agreeable.

conjugo

1.

/ join

to-

career, eris, m. prison,

narratio, ouis,/. narrative.

gether, unite.

devoco 1. / call down. migro 1. / migrate. emlgro 1. I Tmve out. e\6\o 1. I fy out from,
escape.

adhuc, adv. stUl. [ally, perpetuo, adv. continutanquam, as if, as.

rus, ruris, n. country

ruri, in the country,

rure, from the country,

ace.

num, (an interrogative word used when a negative answer is

expected),
sible
is
it

rus, into

the

pos-

mterrogo 1. I ask. observo 1. / observe.

country.

thaf^

Ea

est

jucundissima amicitia,

quam

similitude

morum

conjugavit.

Vivunt

ii,

qui ex corporum vinculis,

tanquam

carcere, evolaverunt.

Socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e coelo.

tis

Quia semper

virtu-

praecepta observastis,
vigilasti ?

magnam vobis Jaudem comparastis.

Praeceptores meos semper amavi.

Cur per
Acriter

totem noctem

contra hostes pugnavimus.

terror

Quum

milites

urbem

intraverant, ingens

omnium civium animos

occupabat.

Narratio,

quam mihi nuper

exercitus
hostilis

narraveras, vehementer

me
eris.

delectaverat.

Quum
Si

urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus.

ornaveris,

animum
animus,

virtutibus
ita hi

semper beatus
?

Ut

alios

homines tractaverimus,
sit

nos tractabunt.
erit

Si quis te interrogaverit, qualis

num

dubia

responsio

Si perpetuo in hac vita virtutum servaveritis, etiam

eritis.

in altera vita beati

ipsam oppugnabunt
eris.

Quum Quum ego

learned

hostes agros devastaverint,

urbem

rus migravero, tu adhuc in urbe

LIV. Words
"Recito 1.

to be

and

Exercises for translation.

revoco
caussa,

1.

1 read to, I recall.

cause
;

ae, /.

supplicium, i, n. capi- scelus, eris, n. offence, crime. tal punishment, 2) (any severe) punish- quaestus, us, m. gain,
m^nt.
diligenter, adv. dUigentis,

abl. cau55d withg-en.,

on account

of.

Atheniensis,

m.

ly, carefully.

sophista, ae, m. sophist.

an Athenian.
approbatio, onis,
probation.

fortiter, adv. bravely,

Francogallus,

i,

m.
\man.

ap-

studiose, adv. zealously.

Frenchman.

\tation.

Germanus,

i,

m. a Ger-

ostentatio, onis,/. osten-

How many
called)

has the fear of the divine punishment reclaimed

!

(= re-

from crimes

The Germans have

fought bravely against the

106 French (== Frenchmen).

sued literature dihgently.

ACTIVE VOICE. So long

as

[^

50.

we

frequented school,

we

pur-

The Athenians

called those sophists,

who

for the sake of ostentation or gain

pursued philosophy.

To-morrow we

of our father. So long as you shall be number many friends. The more any one (quis) shall love virtue, so much the more peaceful he will be. The more zealously thou shalt occupy thyself with literature, so much the more
will celebrate the birth-day

fortunate,

you

will

agreeable wilt thou be to thy teachers.

shall

When

[their]

native country

be in danger, the citizens will fight spiritedly against the enethou shalt have treated others, so will they treat thee.

mies.

As

We

have

always loved our teachers.

Because thou hast always kept the precepts

of virtue, thou hast acquired for thyself great praise.

As

the hostile arfear.

my

were entering the

city, all

the citizens were

full

of (gen.)

You

have fought spiritedly against the enemies.

ted into the country, you will
shall
still

be

When we shall have migrain the city. When the hostile army
the city itself
will

have

laid

waste the

fields, it will assault

If

you

shall

have adorned [your] souls with

virtues,

you

always be happy.

As the enemies had assaulted the city, a great part of the citizens had already moved out. While thou wast watching, me gentle sleep refreshed. While we were taking a walk in the garden, you occupied
yourselves with literature.

The whole day

be very wretched.

have eagerly expected

city,

my

friend.

When

the enemies shall have assaulted the

the concarefully

dition of the citizens will

If I shall have

observed the precepts of

virtue, the

approbation of the good will never

be wanting
friend, as

to

me.

Scarcely hadst thou read to

me

the letter of the

lit-

he entered (perf }

my

house (ace).

If thou shalt pursue

erature diligently, I shall praise thee.

LV. Wards
Opto
1.

to be

learned
mihi
ious.

and Exercises for

/ am anx-

translation.

persano
ftctly.

/ wish. 1. / cure per1.

est,

utilitas, atis, /.

advan-

tage.
statio, oniSy f. post.

fabula, ae,/./a6/e.

postulo
turn.

/ demand. redamo 1. / love in

opera, ae,/. pains

re-

op-

animal,
being.

alis,

n.

living

eram do, I take pains,

occupy myself with. condiscipulus, i, m./eZlow-student.

rectus,

a,

um,

right

rogo \. I entreat, ask. supero 1. / surpass,

overcome.
evfenit, 4. it

conscientia recta, a

good
knowupten.

conscience.

me(\icus,\,m. physician,
happens.
cognitio, onis, /.

persaepe, adv. very ofut (with Subj.), that, in

conscientia, ae, /. conledge. sdousntss, conscience, honestas,

cura, ae,/. care
;

atis,

/.

order

tfiat.

See Syni.

curae

rightness.

106.

$50.]

FIRST CONJUGATION.
evfinit,

107
Vide, ne peccea
filii litteris dili-

Persaepe

ut utilitas

contra virtutis praecepta.

cum Omnes

honestate certet.

parentes optant, ut

genter operam navent.

scientiam servemus.
tractetis.

Ita vivere

debemus, ut in omni re rectam conadhibet, ut aegrotum persanet.

Omnibus
est,

viribus elaborate, ut litteras diligenter

Medicus

omnem curam
quam
ut

Nitc,

hil

magis mihi curae

animum

virtutibus

ornem.

Amo

ut

me

redames.

Cura, ut condiscipulos bonis moribus et diligentia

superes.

Dux

imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent.

erat,

diu scholam frequentabamus, nihil magis nobis curae

Quamquam ut

animos bonarum rerum cognitione ornaremus.

tristem

Heri ambulabam, ut

animum

exhilararera.

Exercitus noster acerrime pugnabat, ut

urbem ab
Every
the good.

interitu servaret.
it

living being looks to this (id agit), that

to take pains, that

may

preserve

itself.

You ought

you acquire

for yourselves the praise

of
I

You

love us, in order that

all

we may

love

you

in return.

labored (peif ) with

praise me.

[my] powers, in order that

this
state

my

teachers might

The laws of
(sibi).

demand,

that the citizens

should

obey them
fable.
I

I entreat thee, that

thou wouldst relate to

I

me

the

pursue literature very zealously, in order that

may

delight

my

parents.

We

ought always so to

live, that

we may

observe the pre-

cepts of virtue.

We
that

fought very spiritedly, in order that

we might
virtues.

save our native

country from destruction.

You were more

anxious for nothing, than

you might adorn [your] souls with

(perf), that the

The

general com-

manded

army might enter

all

the city (ace).

So long as
I

frequented the school, I labored with

[my] powers, that

might

adorn [my] mind with

(abl.)

the knowledge of literature.

LVI. Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

perturbo 1. / throw inscholastica, scholastic Accelero \.Iliasttn. to confusion. advento 1. / approach^ instruction. specto 1. / behold, con- multitudo, inis,/. mularrive.
castigo
1.

reprove,

template.

titude.

[tacking.

oppugnatio, onis, /. atcolloco 1. (in aliqua re) mitto3. 1 send, dispatch, ortus, us, m. rising. risus, us, m. laugh. I place, bestoiv (upon uva, ae,/. grape. argumentum, i, n. con- praepropere, adv. presomething). tents (of a book). congrego 1. / assemble. dpitately. [lously.
punish.

vasto

1.

1 lay waste.

delibero

1.
1.

explico

/ deliberate, auxilium, institutio, I explain.

relish.

i,

n. aid.

religiose,

adv. sa^upu-

gusto

1.

/ taste,

onis, f. instruction ; institutio

ubi,

where;
soon

when,

so

(as)

as.

Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quin, with the meaning that, takes

108
the subjunctive after
douhts,
:

ACTIVE VOICE.
non
dubito,

[^

50.

dubium non
107, 3.

est, it is

not doubtful^

/ do not douht^ nemo dubitat, nohody and quis dubitat ? who doubts ?
fortiter

See Syntax

Non

est

dubium, quin
sint.

cives, ubi patria in periciilo futura

sit,

pugnaturi

Quis

dubitat, quin e scholastica institutione pulcherri-

mus ad pueros redundaturus sit fructus ? Dubium non est, quin bonorum animi post mortem in sedem beatorum migraturi sint Non dubiNon dubitabam, quin vos to, quin milites nostri hostes superaverint.
patriam a servitute liberaturi
noster
tat,

essetis.

Cui dubium

erat,

quin exercitus

omnes

labores et

aerumnas

facile toleraturus esset ?

Quis dubi-

quin Hannibal contra

Romanos

fortissime pugnaverit

Non

dubi-

tabrtis,

quin ego vos semper amaverim.

Quis dubitat, quin bonos sem-

per laudaverimus, malos semper vituperaverimus ? Non est dubium, quin in omni vitae conditione fidem servaiitis. Non dubito, quin littfiris

maximam operam

navaris.

Nemo

dubitabat, quin hostes

erat,

urbem
in eo

expugnavissent.

Nemini civium dubium

quin pro patriae libertate

acerrime pugnavissetis.

Nemo

dubitabat, quin

omnem operam
hostes

collocavissemus, ut hostes superaremus.

Quum

urbem oppugNeargu-

nabant, non erat dubium, quin ingens terror

occupavisset.

omnium civium animos

illius

Nemo

dubitabat, quin tu risum ilium excitasses.

erat,

mini eorum qui aderant, dubium

quin recte de

libri

mento judicavissem.
It is

doubtful to no one of those w^ho are present, that concerning

(de) the character of that

man, thou hast judged

city.

correctly.

Nobody
to

doubts, that the enemies have taken the

It is

not doubtful, that

fruits)

from scholastic instruction the

the young.

fairest

advantages

(=

redound

Who

doubts, that

we

shall deliver the land

from servitude ?

Nobody
be
a laugh
?

doubted, that

all citizens,

so soon as their native country should

in danger,

would

fight bravely.

Who
army

doubts, that you have raised

will

Nobody doubts, hardships of war patiently.

the
city,

that our
It
is

endure

all

the

toils

and

not doubtful, that the

attacking of

has thrown

all

the citizens into confusion.

No

one of

(gen.)

us doubted, that our soldiers had overcome the enemies.

the

No

one of

Romans
(se).

doubted, that Hannibal had fought very bravely against

them

(in eo), that

doubts, that we have bestowed all pains upon this we might overcome the enemy ? Who doubts, that I have Nobody doubted, that we had always praised always loved thee ?

Who

the good, [but] had always censured the bad.

Who

doubts, that I

have kept
that

my word (=

fidelity)?

Nobody doubted,
virtue.

that thou hadst

it

occupied thyself earnestly with

literature.

To no one was

doubtful,

you had always kept the precepts of

50.]
Diligenter cura,

ACTIVE VOICE.
!

100

rebus judicate,o

piieri
fili,

Ne praepropere de mi amice, valetudinem tuam Ne dublta de animorum immortalitate Per! !

petuo servato, mi
ceptores.

conscientiam rectam

Discipulus amato prae-

Laudatote probos homines, castigatote improbos!

Omnes

homines amanto deum.

Look
ly

out carefully, friends, for your health

concerning

men and

things,

boy!

Judge not precipitateDoubt ye not concerning

!

the immortality of the soul (plur.)!

ers.

Scholars should love their teach-

Thou

shouldest praise

the upright, [but] reprove the wicked.

You

should always,

my

sons, preserve a

good conscience.

(Comp. Synt.

97.)

Parentes mei in urbem migraverunt habiiatum.

Legati in

urbem

nostram acceleraverunt auxilium postulatum

cives sui ex Italia
tes

Hannibalem invictum Hosrevocaverunt patriam ab hostibus liberatum.

legatos ad nos mittunt.

pacem postulatum

Exercitus hostilis ad-

ventavit agros nostros vastatum.

Ingens hominum multitude in urbem

congregatur ludos publicos spectatum.

Uva immatura
est toleratu.

est

peracerba gustatu.

Multa sunt dura

Sitis

toleratu.
facilis

Quaestio de animi natura difficillima est explicatu.

Pira dulcia sunt gustatu.

non

The

soldiers hastened (perf), in order to

relieve the

city

from

The ambassadors assembled themselves (== were assembled), in order to deliberate concerning the peace. The hostile army approached, in order to assault the city. To-morrow my
the siege of the enemies.

parents will go
[there]

(=
is

migrate) into (ace.) the country in order to dwell

through the summer.

ripe grape

sweet to
is

taste.

The

rising of the

sun

is

beautiful to

behold.

This thing

easy to explain.

LVII. Words
Duro
1.

to be

learned

and
i,

Exercises for translation.

ornatus, us,

/ endure, con1.

avaritia, ae,/. avarice.

m.

oma-

tinue.

momentum,
/ reproach
/
trace out,

n.

cir-

ment.
alienus, a,

exprobro
investigo

cumstance, particular,
officium, i,n. duty, service.

[one) for.
1.

exiguus,
odiosus,
teter, tra,

a,
a,

um, foreign, um, little. um, odious,

investigate.

mico 1. I glitter. obtempero 1. I obey. sxido \. I sweat. supplico 1. I implore.

calamitas, atis, f. misfortune.

jpoftio, ouis, f.

loss,

trum, foul.
adv.
espe-

coelestis, e, heavenly.

actio, onis,/. action.

praesertim,
dally.

drinking,

drink.

Luscinia cantans animos nostros delectat.

Coelum plenum

est stel-

10

110
larum niicantium.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

[^50.

Nullum vitium
et

tetrius

est,

quam

avaritia, praeser-

tim in principibus rem publicam gubemantibus.

Cogitantes coelestia,

haec nostra ut exigua

minima contemnimus.

Odiosum

est

genus

hominum
succurrit.

ofRcia exprobrantium.
est.

Ex

(after)

labore sudanti frigldae

aquae potio perniciosissima

Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti

Rei veritatem investigaturi omnia ejus momenta ponderare

Sapiens bona
sibi

debemus.
Ingens
tatura.

comparare studet perpetilo duratura.

Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in

unum locum

congregantur.

hominum
great
is

multitudo in urbem congregatur ludos publlcos spec-

How

the

wisdom of God who governs (= governing)

larks sing as they Jly

the

whole world!
virtue.

The

(=

flying).

Man

does not

love God, when he does not observe

(=

not observing) the precepts of

it

The power of

virtue is very great, since

fairest

adorns

(=

adorning)

the souls of
fits

men

with the
it

ornaments.

How great

are the bene-

of the sun, since

illuminates

(=

illuminating) the

whole earth

The

citizens fought spiritedly with the enemies,

who were assaulting

assault

{=

assaulting) the city.

The

hostile

(== intending to assault) the

citizens

city.

army came up in order to The invincible Hannibal, his

might
deliver

fellow-

(=

citizens) recalled

from

Italy, that he

(=
its

about

to deliver) his native country

from the enemies.

takes
the

Rule of Syntax.
:

The Gerund

same case as

verb.

In the Nom. with est and the Dat. of the agent, it should be translated by / [thou, he) must, ought, should, we (you, they) must, ought, should, one [ive) must, ought, etc. but without the Dat. of the agent by should (comp. Synt. 98.).
;
:

De animorum immortalitate nobis non est dubitandum. Obtemperandum est virtutis praeceptis. Propter belli calamitates multis civibus e patria in alienas terras migrandum est. Si beati esse studemus, diligenter nobis est elaborandum, ut in omni actione virtutis praecepta
observemus.

Quis

dubltat,

quin nobis pro patriae libertate pugnan-

dum

sit.

LVIII. Words
Avoco
1.

to be

learned
fortem),

and Exercises for

sion.

translation.
onis, f.

I call away. d\iu(]icoli. I distinguish.

I show my- occasio,

occa-

self [hraye).

nato 1. I swim. teneo 2. / hold, under- planities, ei,/. plain. praebeo, 2. / afford; stand. [lectics. idoneus, a^ un\, suited. praebeo me (e. g. dialectica, ae, /. dia- prudenter, adv. unsely.

Rule of Syntax. The oblique cases of the Gerund form the cases of the Infinitive the Ace, however, can be used only in connection with a preposition. Comp. Synt. 98.
;

51.]

PASSIVE VOICE.
JVatdre est utile, stvimming is useful.

Ill

Nom.

Gen. JVatandi sum peritus, /

am skilful in

stvimming, or
or to

to sivim

natan-

di ars utllis est, the art of

swimming

swim

is usefid.
difficult.

Ars

civitatern guhernandi, the art

Dat. JVatando

homo

aptus

est,

man

of governing a state is is fitted to swimming, or

:

to

swim.

Ace. JVatdre disco, / learn swimming or to swim, but ad naiandum homo aptus est, man is fitted for swimming or to swim.
Abl. JVatando corporis vires exerceiitiu*, by sivimming the powers of the body are exercised.

Navigare utilissimum
discipuli cupidi
periti

est,

sed ars navigandi est difRcillima.

Boni

sunt Htteras diHgenter tractandi.

Principes civitatis

esse

debent civitatem gubernandi.

Dialectica est ars vera ac

falsa dijudicandi.

Haec

planities

tuum dum.

natare doceo, gaudeoque,

pqgnando. Ego fratrera quod tam aptum se praebet ad natanapta

est
aliis imperandum. Virtus hompugnando milites urbem ab interitu

Pauci homines idonei sunt ad

Acriter

ines avocat a peccando.

liberaverunt.

To
art

govern a

state,

is

very difficult; [only] a few understand the

of governing a state wisely.

Avoid thou every occasion of

sin-

ning.
lect is

Thy

brother

is

very skilful in (gen.) riding.

thinking.

The human

intel-

nourished by

(abl.)

LIX. Words
CrucAO
\.

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

abl.
of.

I torment.
I improve.

person and
thing),

of effusus,

a,

um, unre-

cruciatus, us, m. torture.

/ deprive

strained.

emendo

1.

poena, ae, f. punish- piger, gra, grum, indoment.

lent, slothful.

nuntio 1. / announce. obscuro 1. / obscure. probo 1. / approve

morbus, i, m. incendium i,
gration.

disease.

benevole,

adv.

kindly,

n. con/la-

benevolently.

probor
please.

(c.

dat.)

hodie, adv. to-day.

spolio

1.

(with ace. of
B.)

ohVivio, onia, f. oblivion, decus, oris, n. honor.

misere, adv. loretchedly,

in a loretched way.

Passive or the First Conjugation.

Quum
ti

urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur,

omnium civium animi

ingen-

teiTore

occupabantur.

delectabare (delectabaris).

Dum ego cantando delectabar, tu saltando Quum pugna atrocissima erat, sol nubibus
virtus decore et dignitate sua

obscurabatur.

Quamdlu
virtutis

non

spoliabitur,

tamdlu homines
erunt.

compotes etiam in summis cruciatibus beati

justis poenis castigabuntur.

Malefici post

mortem

tractaverltis, ita

ab

iis

tractabimini.

Si

litteris

diligenter

Ut alios operam nava-

verimus, a parentibus nostris pulchris muneribus donablmur.

Quo

re-

112
ligiosius
virtutis

FIRST CONJUGATION.
praecepta servabo, eo magis dec probabor.
erat,

[f

51.

Quum
vos

urbs ab hostibus expugnata

ciabantur.

omnes

cives acerbissimo dolore cru-

Si liberi vestri bene a vobis educati erunt,

magna ad

laus redundabit.

As
love)

yesterday thou wast with me, I

was tormented by

(abl.) violent

pains, but to-day I

am

dehvered from them.

If thou lovest

(=

shalt

men, thou
is

wilt be loved
(abl.)

ed

men

obscured by

The remembrance of renownno oblivion. The wise will even then be

by them.

happy,

when

they shall be tormented by the severest (acerbus) pains.

While we delighted ourselves

(=

were delighted)

in (abl.)

song (Ge-

rund), you delighted yourselves in

The more scrupulously you shall observe the precepts of virtue, so much the more will you please God. As the victory of our army was announced, unrestrained joy prevailed (agitarij through the whole city. As
the dance (Gerund).
the city had been taken possession of by the enemy, at
(abl.)

the very

same time three

Christmas

conflagrations

were

raised.

Rejoice, boys, lo-morrow

(=

the birth day of Christ) will be celebrated, and by your

will
(fut.

good parents you

thou shalt please

be presented with
perf )
all

(abl.)

beautiful presents.
also please

If

good men, thou wilt

God.

The more

kindly I shall have treated others, so

much

the

more kindly

shall I also

be treated by them.
(abl.)

As thou

enteredst the house (ace.)

thou wast delighted by

the arrival of thy father.

LX. Words
Conformo
obsto
1.

to he

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

1.

Iform.

oppose,

am a

hindrance.

metus, us, m. apprehen- ignavia, ae,/ cowardice, otium, i, n. ease. sion,Jear. officio 3. / hinder, stand infirmitas, atis,/. weakin the way.
[tiniie.

praeparo
reporto
1.

J.

/prepare.

ness.

pergo 3. / go on, conI hear off. sollicito 1. I disturb. impedio 4. I prevent. soUicitus, a, um, dis- impedimentum, n. i,
turhed, apprehensive.

timidltas, atis,/. timidity.

divlnus, a,

um,

divine.

hindrance

expleo 2. Ifulfil. prohlbeo 2. I prevent.

mento

est,

hindrance.
constantia,
ness.

impedi- immanis, e, cruel. it is a terrestris, e, earthly. temere, adv. inconsiderately,

metuo
fear.

3.

apprehend,

ae, f.firm-

vnthout rea-

son.

Rule of Syntax.
after the

The conjunction g'Momiwtts with the Subj. stands verbs and phrases which signify a hindrance, and is to be
(Comp. Synt.
107, 2.).

translated into English by that.*

* Or more elegantly, often, by the prepositions, of, from, to, with a corresponding modification of the words which stand in connection with it. Tr.

$51.]

PASSIVE VOICE.
est,

113

Levitas animi miiltis pueris impedimento

quominus eorum
Mili-

mores emendentur

et ingenia litterarum studio

conformentur.

tum

ignavia obstabat, quominus hostilis exercitus superaretur.

Unius

ducis constantia obstabat, quominus cives ab immanibus militibus misere vexarentur.

Terrestrium rerum cura saepe prohibet, quominus

Infirmitas vocis et timiditas animi saepe
judicetur.

res divinae a nobis curentur.

oratori officiunt, pedit,

quominus laude dignus

Senectus non imTimidi-

quominus litterarum studia studiose a nobis

tractentur.

tas saepe impedit,

quominus animus noster contra

pericula,

quae nobis

imminent, praeparetur.

Weakness of voice stood in the way of your being accounted (= hindered you, that you should be accounted) a great orator. The firmness of the general alone prevents the citizens from being annoyed by
the cruel soldiers.

Already has

levity

been an hindrance

to

many

boys, that their manners should be improved and their minds be formed

that the hostile

by the study of literature. The cowardice of the army should be overcome.

soldiers hindered,

Rule of Syntax.
the Subj. by that not.

or apprehension, ne with the Subj.

After the words and phrases which express j/^ar is to be translated by that, and ut with
106, 3.).

(Comp. Synt.

Piger discipiilus
tuo,

ne a

te

semper metuit, ne a praeceptoribus castigetur. Mevituperer. Timeo, ut victoria ab exercitu nostro de hosSi

tibus reportetur.

tam

fortiter
iis

contra hostem dimicare pergimus,

Si officia vestra

non
ut

est periculum,
;

ne ab

superemur.

semper

reli-

giose expletis

ne metuite, ut omnibus probemini.

In metu eramus,

morbo

liberaremini.

Vehemens cura animos

Sollicitus

nostros sollicitabat, ne

ab hostibus vexaremur.
I

eram, ne in otio turbarer.

was

in apprehension that I should

I

be censured by thee.

apprein

hended, that

should be disturbed in

my

ease.

The

soldiers

were
off.

apprehension that victory over the enemy would not be borne

violent apprehension

A
anthy

(=

care) disturbs our minds, that we

may be
fulfilled
all.

noyed by
duties,

the'

enemies.

Why

did they apprehend, that they should

?

not be delivered from sickness

If thou hast

always

do not fear that thou may est not please (probor)

If our

army continues
(

to fight so bravely against the enemies, there is

it

no

= not)

fear, that

may be overcome by them.

Indolent scholars always

fear, that

they shall be punished by [their] teachers.

We

were

in ap-

prehension, that

we

should be accounted ungrateful by you.

out reason so oppressive an apprehension seized you, that

Not withyou would

be annoyed by the enemies. 10*

114

FIRST CONJUGATION.

[$51.

LXI. Words
Contamino
taminate.
1.

to be

learned

and

JEkercises for translation.

Icon-

ignominia, ae, /. ^tm)- aequus, a, iim, equal; miny. aequus animus,

i,

exoro 1. I prevail upon flagitium, hy entreaty. deed.

n.

foul

equanimity.
sceleratus,
a,

um,

migro
multo

1. c.

ace.

I trans-

proditor, oris, m. traitor.

wicked.
sancte, adv. sacredly,
sanctitas, atis,/. sacre^t-

gress.
1.

splendor, oris, m. splen-

1 punish.

dor.
civitas,
atis, f. citizen-

noto 1. I mark, brand, occo 1. / harrow. reparo 1. / repair.

ness.
sin, conj. but if

ship, right ship.

of

citizen-

Si industrius es, laudator ; sin piger, vitupei*ator

migraveritis,

Si leges civitatis
et-

multaminor

Ager justo tempore arator

!

occator

Pro-

diiores patriae civitate spoliantor

Vos, o scelerati cives, ignominia

!

notaminor

Leges divinae ab hominibus sancte observantor

Si quid

peccaveris, aequo

animo vituperare
contaminaminor
entreaty,

Exoramini, o mei parentes

!

mi

puer, delectare litterarurn studio

!

Precibus nostris exorare, o

judex

Ne

flagitiis

Be

prevailed

upon by

my

father

O my
to be

boys, delight
If

yourselves

(=

be delighted) in
fault (fut.
!

(abl.)

the study of literature.

you

have committed a
foul deeds.

perf ) allow yourselves

{=
but

be ye) cen-

sured with equanimity

Thou

shouldest not be contaminated with

;

If you are diligent, you will be praised

will be
fields,

if

you are

indolent,

you

censured.
at

Virtue should always be sacredly

observed.

The

the right time, should be ploughed

(fut.

and

harrowed.

If thou transgressest

perf) the laws of the state, thou

citizen, shouldst

shouldst be punished.

Thou,

wicked

be branded

with ignominy

LXII. Words
Adaequo
1 / appropinquo
.

to be

learned
1
.

and

Exercises for translation.

ZeveZ.

spero
violo

1.

/ ap-

proach.

1 hope. I violate. succenseo 2. 1 am

1.

humamtas,
manity.
offen-

atis,/.

hu-

pernicies,
lion.

ei,

destruc-

exstirpo

1.

extirpate.

ded.

extermino 1. / expel. fundo 1. Ifound. labefacto 1. / shake.

accido 3. I happen. dimitto 3. I dismiss.

efforesco 3.
3.

eximius,

a,

um,

distin-

guished, excellent.

muto
regno

1.

/ change^ ex- ruo

Iflourish, / rush.
i.

jam pridem,
since.

adv. long

cJiange.
1.

pueritia, ae,/. boyhood, reign.

interdlu, adv. by day.

I rule,

solum,

n, the

ground.

Melior est certa pax,

quam

sperata victoria.

Terra mutata non

51.]

PASSIVE VOICE.
Multa in hac
vita accidunt

115 non
in

mutat mores.

exspectata.

Omnes

dolores patienter tolerati

minus acerbi

sunt.

Dux

eximiam virtutem laudatos. Multi juvenes, tibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt.

ob prima pueritia a parendimittit milites

(J

The

friendship formed
(abl.)

disturbed by

(= united) between good nothing (= no thing). Dangers,

and wise [men]

is

which were not ex-

pected (=^ not expected)

by us, discompose our minds more (magis) JVhen thou art censurthan dangers which were long since expected.
ed

(=

having been censured) on account of a

(

fault,

be not offended at

the censurer

= the
(=

one censuring).

After the walls had been leveled

(=: the walls having been leveled) to the ground by the enemies, they
are repaired by the citizens.
they are obscured

By day we do

not see the

stars, because

they having been obscured) by the splendor of the

Bun.

(Concerning the Ablative absolute Comp. Synt. 100,

4, b).

Regnante Xerxe^), Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam

portaverunt.
ral).

re-

Inter bonos viros et

hieme-'),

deum

amicitia est, conciliante natu-

Appropinquante

multae aves mitiores regiones petunt.

Regibus exterminatis^), Romani liberam rempublicam fuudaverunt. Terra mutata^), mores hominum non mutantur. Legibus divinis sancte observatis"), vita nostra
Recuperata pace*), artes efflorescunt.
beata
erit.

While Numa Pompilius reigned, the Romans were very prosperous. While the larks sing, we go to walk over (per) the plains. While Augustus reigned, the splendor of the empire was the greatest. When
a just king administers the
state,

the laws also are just.

When

the

swallows migrate into milder regions, winter approaches.

After the plains were laid waste, the enemies assaulted (perf ) the
city.

When
is

the sacredness of the laws

is

violated, the

foundation of

the state

shaken.
raised.

When

the city had been taken, an

immense con-

flagration

was

LXIII. Words
Coerceo,
ui,

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

2.

itum

2.

deleo, evi,
destroy.

etum

pareo, ui 2. I obey,
obedient, follow.

am

restrain.

^) While Xerxes reigned, or under the reign of Xerxes. ^) Since nature forms (it). ^) When the winter approaches, or on the approach of winter. *) After peace is restored, or on the restoration of peace. *) After the kings had been expelled, or after the expulsion of the kings. ^) When the country has been exchanged, or after an exchange of countries. ') When the divine laws are sacredly observed.
:

116

PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS,

/ stand
2.

[^50.

pat6o, ui 2.

instruo,
to

uxi,

uctum

3.

conjuratio, onis,/. conspiracy.

upon.
valeo, ui,

furnish,

to

arrange.
3. to

itum

/ am

scribo, psi,
write.
4.

ptum

aditus, us, m. approach.

acies, ei,/. 1) edge; 2)

strong, well.

absumo, sumpsi, sump- esurio

/ hunger.

line-of-hattle.

tum
to

3. to

consume.

sitio 4.

/ thirst.
ae,/.

tenuis, e, thin.

cingo, nxi,

nctum
ctum

3.

corona, ae,/. garland.

quoad,

conj. so

long as,

surround.
xi,

membrana,
3. to

mem-

fere, adv. almost.

detego
detect.

brane.

probe adv.
i,

excellently^

excello, ui 3. to
tinguished.

m. eye. he dis- incendium, i, n. conflaoculus,

gration.

properly.

C) Parallel exercises for all the Conjugations.

a) Indicative Present, Imperfect

and Future Active of all

the

Conjugations.
ducis, erudis,

Laudo, exerceo, duco, erudio.

Laudat,
exercet,
ducit,

Laudas, exerces,

emdit.

Laudabam, exercebam,

ducebam,
Laudebat,

erudiebam.

Laudabas, exercebas, ducebas, erudiebas.

exercebat, ducebat, erudiebat.

Laudabo, exercebo, ducam, erudiam.

erudies.

Laudabis,
erudlet.

exercebis,

duces,

Laudabit,

exercebit,

ducet,

Gaudebam, quod

tu et pater tuus valebatis.

Dum

ego pin-

gebam,

tu scribebas, et frater legebat.

Milites nostri castra muniebant.

Hostes aciem instruebant.

Praeceptor gaudebat, quod vos ejus praeceptis parebatis.

legebamus, vos scribebatis

et sorores

acu pingebant.

Dum nos Quum hostes

Tibi

urbem nostram obsidione

placebas,
aliis

cingebant, cives earn custodiebant.

displicebas.

Dum

tu dormiebas, ego te custodiebam.

Omnes
vives.

boni legibus divinis semper parebunt.

Dum
praise,

tu dormies, ego te custodiam.

Virtutis

Quoad vives, bene honorem nulla

oblivio delebit.

Si virtutem coletis, aditus in coelum vobis patebit

We

we
lead,

exercise,

we
we

lead,

we

instruct.

You

praise,

you

exercise,

you

you

instruct.

They
you

praise, they exercise, they lead,

they instruct.
praised,

We
we

praised,

exercised,

we

led,

we

instructed.

You

you exercised, you

led,

instructed.

They

praised, they

exercised, they led, they instructed.

we

will lead,

will instruct.

will lead,

you

will instruct.

We will praise, we will exercise, You will praise, you will exercise, you They will praise, they will exercise, they
We
rejoiced, that (quod) thou

will lead, they will instruct.

wast well.

While we wrote, you

read,

and the brothers painted.

line-of-battle,

While the enemies were arranging the

fortified the

our soldiers

camp.

The

teachers rejoiced, that (quod) the scholars

50.]

ACTIVE VOICE.
their (eorum) precepts.
sister

117

obeyed
ing,
city

and the

embroidering.

While I was singing, thou wast learnWhile the enemy surrounded our

with a blockade,

we

guarded

you displeased.
shall live,

While you

slept,

you

will live

well.

You pleased yourselves, others it. we guarded you. So long as you While you shall sleep, we will guard

you.

b) Indicative Perfect Active of all

Laudavi, exercui,
erudi(vi)sti.

the Conjugations.

duxi,

erudivif^ Lauda(vi)sti,
*

exercuisti,

duxisti,

Laudavit,

exercuit,

duxit,

erudivit.

Graecia omnibus

artibus floruit.

Hostes aciem instruxerunt.

Milltes per

totum diem
Natura

sitierunt et esurierunt

Laudo

vos,

quod mentes
litteras

vestras in litterarum

studio probe exercuistis.

Multas

hodie scripslmus.

membranis vestivit. Duces cupiditates milltum coercuerunt. Bellum atrocissimum gessimus. Cur domQs vestrae parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis? Cur taciiistis? Bellum
oculos
tenuissimis
urbis nostrae opes absumpsit.

Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexit

Incendium totam

fere

urbem absumpsit.

have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instructYou have praised, you have exercised, you have led, you have instructed. They have praised, they have exercised, they have led, they have instructed. The general has arranged the line of battle before (ante) the city. The Greeks were (perf) distinguished by (abl.)
ed.

We

the glory of [their] arts

and

literature.

I praise

thee, that (quod)

I

thou

hast exercised thy

written the letter.
soldiers.

mind properly in The general has

the study of literature.-

had

restrained the passions of the

We
Why

have carried on a very bloody war.

hast thou been silent

Wherefore hast

thou adorned and hung (== clothed) the walls of thy house with garlands
? ?

The wars have consumed our

resources.

LXIV. Words
Convolo
specto
1.

to be

learned and Exercises for translation.

temeritas, atis,/ inconsiderateness, rashness.
to cultivate.

1.

Iflytogethhehold, have

excolo, olui, ultum 3.

er^ hasten together.

metuo, ui

3. to fear.

diu, adv. long time.

3.

in view.

negligo, exi,

ectum

vix, adv. scarcely.

caveo, cavi,
to be

cautum

2.

to neglect.

priusquam

{or

prius,

on

one^s guard,

expedio
finio 4.

4.

disentan-

quam)
.
. .

conj.

sooner
so

contemno,mpsi,mptum
3. to despise.

gle, get ready.

than.

educo,

xi,

ctum

3.

to

/ end, conclude, simulatque, conj. obedio 4. / obey. [as) soon as.

lead out.

118

PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

[^

50.

c) Indicative Pluperfect Active

of all

the Qonjugations.

Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, dux^ram, erudi(v)eram.

exercueras, duxeras, erudi(v)eras.

Lauda(v6)ras,

Lauda(ve)rat, exercuerat, duxerat

erudi(v)erat. Haec civltas diu floruerat, quia semper legibus paruerat. Vix Caesar aciem instruxerat, quum hostes in unum locum convola-

verunt.

Praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper

ceptis obedieratis.

Tu

nobis valde nocueras, quia temeritatem

totlJfi

eorum praetuam
Vix

non coercueras.

Incendium

fere

urbem absumpserat.
instruxit.

milites nostri castra muniverant,

quum

Caesar aciem
led,
led,

We

had praised,
praised,

You had

you had instructed. They had praised, they had exercised, they had led, they had instruct-' ed. Why hadst thou been silent ? Scarcely had the enemies arrangline

we had exercised, we had you had exercised, you had

we had

instructed.

ed the

of b/ittle, as Caesar led out (perf) the soldiers from the

the resources of our state.

camp.
cepts.

The war had consumed

Thou

hadst pleased thy teacher, because thou hadst always obeyed his pre-

You had

injured that [man] greatly, because you had not res-

trained your rashness.

d) Indicative Future Perfect Active
the Conjugations.

of all

Lauda(ve)ro,^ exercuero, duxero, erudi(v)ero.

ris,

Lauda(ve)ris, exercue-

duxeris, erudi(v)eris.

Lauda(ve)rit, exercuerit, duxerit, erudi(v)erit

Nisi virtutis praeceptis parueritis, adltus in coelum vobis

Divites
eritis, si divitias

non

patebit.

contempseritis.

Non

prius dormiemus,

quam

negotia nostra finierimus.

eritis.

Si cupiditates vestras coercuerltis, beati

Simulatque

litteras

scripserlmus, ambulablmus.
se expedient.

Quum
shall

milites

castra muniverint, ad

pugnam

We
cised,

shall

have praised,

"we shall have instructed.

we shall have exercised, we You will have praised, you

you
will

have

led,

will

have exerwill

you

will

have

led,

have instructed.

They

have

praised, they will have exercised, they will have led, they will have
instructed.
If thou shalt have
all.

thou wilt be loved by

despised riches.

Thou

obeyed (parere) the precepts of virtue, wilt be rich, if thou shalt 'have
have concluded
letter, I will

Not sooner

shall I sleep, than I shall

my

business

(plur.).

If thou shalt have restrained thy passions, thou

I shall

wilt be peaceful.
to walk.

So soon as

have written the

go

So soon

as the soldiers shall have got ready for battle, the

general will lead

them out of the camp.

^50.]

ACTIVE VOICE.

119

e) Subjunctive Present

and

Imperfect Active of all the Conjugations.

Curo, ut pueri mores emendem, corpus exerc6am,

animum

excolam,

mentem animum
bam,

erudiam.
excolas,

Curo, ut

piWi'i. rh3re[S

emenrffes, corpus exerceas,

mentem

^ei*ufl^as.*''^uro, ut

praeceptor pueri mores

emendet, corpus exerceat,

ut pueri

animum

excolat,

mentem

erudiat.

Cura-

mores emendarem, corpus exercerem, animum excolerem, mentem erudirem. Curabam, ut pueri mores emendares, corpus exerceres, animum excoleres, mentem erudires. Curabam, ut praecepmores emendaret, corpus exerceret, animum excoleret, menerudiret.

tor pueri

tem
vos,

Non

dubitamus, quin nobis fidem habeatis.

negligatis.

Moneo

ne parentium praecepta

Cavete, pueri, ne garriatis

Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectant, ut laboribus erudiant juventutem. Metuebam, ne vobis displicerem. Timebam, ne inimicus mihi noceret. Metuebam, ne taceres. Cur metuis, ne taceam ? Hostes timent, ne dux milites e castris educat.

We

look out [for

this],

that

we may

improve the manners of the

boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects.

We

look out [for

this], that

you may improve the manners of

the teachers

the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their]
intellects.

We

look out [for

this], that

may improve

the

manners of the boys, exercise

instruct [their] intellects.

[their] bodies,

cultivate [their] minds,

We

looked out

[for this], that

we might
that

im-

prove the manners of the boys, exercise

minds, instruct
[their] intellects.

[their] bodies, cultivate [their]

We

looked out

[for this],

you

might improve the manners of the boys, exercise

tivate [their]

[their] bodies, cul-

minds, instruct

[their] intellects.

We looked

out [for

this],

that the teachers might

improve the manners of the boys, exercise

minds, instruct
[their] intellects.

[their] bodies, cultivate [their]

doubt not, that thou hast confidence in me.

admonish

thee, that

thou shouldest not (ne) neglect the precepts of thy parents.

your guard, boy,

how (=

that, ne)

thou chatterest.

Be on The laws of the

in la-

Lacedemonians had
bors.

this in view, that they

might instruct youth

We

feared, that (ne)

we might
us.

displease you.

We
silent ?

feared, that

(ne) the
silent.

enemies might injure

We

feared, that (ne)

you might be

Why

did you fear, that (ne)

we might be
you.

The

ene-

mies feared, that (ne) the general might lead out the soldiers from the camp.
I fear, that (ne) I

may displease
?

Why dost thou

fear, that

(ne) thou

mayest displease us

120

PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

[$50.

LXV. Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

Constat 1. it is known, lenio 4. / relieve, soothe, aeger, gra, grum, sick puto 1. 1 believe, think, mollio ^.. / render pit(of the mind),
adspicio,
spexi,
spec-* > *ant^.(ibaie.
>

gnaviter, adv. zealoiisly.

turn

3. to look at.

nuntius,

ij

wi.

nSim.-

unde, adv. whence.

comburo, ussi, ustum consolatio, 6nis,y. consolution. 3. to burn up.

corrigo,
exi,

ectum

3.

longinquitas,

atis,

/.

to correct, improve.

length, distance.

f ) Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Active of

jugations.

all the

Con-

Nemo
bitat,

dubitat,

quin ego puerum semper bene educa(ve)rim, benevole

monuerim,
genter

diligenter correxerim, gnaviter custodi(v)erim.

Nemo

dudili-

quin puerum semper bene educa(ve)ris, benevole monueris,

correxeris, gnaviter
custodi(v)eris.

Nemo

dubitat, quin pater

puerum semper bene

bene educa(vi)ssem,

educa(ve)rit, benevole

monuerit, diligenter cor-

rexerit, gnaviter custodi(v)erit.

Nemo

dubitabat, quin

puerum semper
correxissem,

benevole

monuissem,

dilligenter

gnaviter custodi(vi)ssem.

Nemo

dubitabat, quin

puerum semper bene

educa(vi)sses, benevole monuisses, diligenter correxisses, gnaviter custodi(vi)sses.

ca(vi)sset,
(vi)sset.

Nemo

dubitabat, quin pater

puerum semper bene edu-

benevole monuisset, diligenter correxisset, gnaviter custodi-

Nescio, cur tacueritis.

Metmmus, ne

hostes

urbem combusserint.
leniveritis.

Narrate mihi, qua consolatione aegrum amici

dubito, quin
puniveritis.

animum

Non

dux temeritatem militum

Narrate
nobis,

coercuerit.

Nescio, cur

puerum

quid parentes scripserint.

Nescimus,

unde amici hunc nuntium audiverint. Non dubito, quin pueri praecepta mea memoria custodierint. Hostes timent, ne dux milites e Nesciebam, cur tacuissetis. Metuebamus, ne hostes castris eduxerit.

urbem obsidione cinxissent. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria custodivissetis. Non dubito, quin puerum bene educaturus Non dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercitiirus sit. Nesis. mo dubitat, quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint. Non dubitabam, quin longinquitas temporis dolorem tuum mollitura esset. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria servaturus esses.

Nobody
ly

doubts, that

v^^e

have always brought up the boys well, have

doubts, that you have always brought

kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected them, have zealous-

guarded them.

Nobody

up

the boys well, have kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected

^50.]

ACTIVE VOICE.

121
doubts, that the teachers

them, have zealously guarded them.

Nobody

have always brought up the boys

doubted, that

w^ell,

have kindly admonished them,

have carefully corrected them, have zealously guarded them.

v^^e

Nobody

had always brought up the boys

carefully corrected them,
that

well,

had kindly ad-

monished them, had

them.
well,

Nobody doubted,

had zealously guarded you had always brought up the boys

carefully corrected them,
that the

had kindly admonished them, had

the boys well,

had
al-

zealously guarded them.

Nobody doubted,

parents had

ways brought up
fully corrected

had kindly admonished them, had caresilent.

I feared, that (ne)
(abl.)

them, had zealously guarded them.

We

know

not,

why

thou hast been

the

enemy had burned

the city.

Relate to me, by

what consolation
not, that the

thou hast relieved the sick mind of thy friend.

doubted

general had restrained the rashness of the soldiers.

We

know

not,

why

thou hast punished the boy.

I

Relate to

me what
(abl.)

the father has

I

written.

know

not,

whence

the enemies have heard the news.

doubt not, that the boy has kept

my

precepts in

remembrance;
from the
doubted
feared, that
I

The enemies feared, that the general had led out the camp. We knew not, why thou hadst been silent.
the enemies had surrounded the city with
not, that thou
(abl.)

soldiers

We
We

a blockade.
I

wouldst bring up the boy well.

doubted not, that the

doubted
I

general would restrain the rashness of the soldiers.

that the

not,

enemies would surround the

city

with a blockade.

doubt

not, that length

of time will abate thy suffering.

g) Imperative

and Supine

Active of all the Conjugations,

Lauda, exerce, scribe, obedi.

Laudato, exerceto,

scribito, obedito.

Praeceptor puerorum mores emendato, corpora exerceto, animos excoIito,

mentes erudito

Tacete, pueri

Disce, puer

Ne

garrite, pueri

Liberi parentibus obediunto.

Coelestia
!

semper

spectato,

liumana con-

temnlto

Cupiditates coercitote
!

Puer, ne contemnito praecepta

madulpul-

gistrorum tuorum
tra hostes
!

Die, quid pater scripserit.

te

Educ

nos,

dux, con-

Venio

rogatum, ut

mecum

ambules.

cis est gustatu.

Cupiditates

difficlles

sunt coercitu.

Uva matura Haec regie

chra est adspectu.

Vox

lusciniae est suavis auditu.

Praise ye, exercise, write, obey.

You

should praise, exercise, write,

obey.

Teachers should improve the manners of the boys, should exminds, should instruct

ercise [their] bodies, should cultivate [their]

[their] intellects.

Be

silent,

boy

Learn,

boys
of

Do

not chatter,

boy!

The boy should obey

11

the precepts

[his]

teachers.

You

122

PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

[^

50.

should always regard heavenly, [but] despise

shouldst restrain the passions.

human

[things].

Thou

Say, what thou hast written.

general, the soldiers against the enemies.

to ask you, that

O We come, in order (Supine)

Lead,

you would go

to

walk with

us.

An unripe grape is pundifficult

gent to

taste.

The

rashness of the soldiers was

to restrain.

These regions are

h) Participle,

beautiful to look at

The

city is difficult to guard.

Gerund and

Infinitive Active

of all

the Conjugations.

Exercitus pugnans urbem

cernit.

intravii.

Animus, se non videns,

alia

Miles, se fortiter contra hostes defendens, laudatur.

castra muniverunt.

Hostes,

urbem oppugnaturi,
ra laudat
rus, quid

Sapiens bona semper placitu-

Hostes veniunt, urbem obsidione cincturi.

pater scripserit.
est.

Venio audituSensus
vi-

Ars navigandi
est ars

utilissima est.

dendi acerrimus
praeceptis virtutis.
ditates coercere
lites

Sapientia

vivendi.

Obediendum

est

Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student.

Liberi parentes suos colore debent.

Cupi-

debemus.

Mi-

urbem

custodire debent.
Souls, not seeing themselves,

The

soldiers fighting entered the city.

see other [things].

The

soldiers,

who defend

(=

defending) themselves
chatter

bravely against the enemies, are jjraised.

tering) in school, are troublesome.

Boys, who

(=

chatto as-

The enemies come wishing

sault the city.

Strive,

boys, to obtain goods, ever about to please.

to assault the city.

The enemies came wishing

difficult.

We
art

come wishing
is

to

hear what the friend has written thee.

The
is

of writing
is

very

By

thinking and learning, the intellect (mens)

to

nourished.

The

opportunity

hear {:= of hearing)

rarer than the opportunity

to see

(=

of seeing).

(Concerning the Ace. with the

Infin.,

comp. Synt.
that

105.)

Scimus,
world).

deum mundum gubemare (we know

God governs

the

Credo,

meum

consilium

tibi

placere

(I

believe that

my

plan

pleases thee).
castra munire.
cit,

Credo, fratrem pingere.

Audimus, hostes ante urbem

Quis nesConstat,

Audivi, milites nostrosacerrime pugnasse.

?

Socratem semper virtutis praeceptis paruisse

Ciceronem
Spero, vos

conjurationem Catilinae detexisse.

consilium

Credo, te dormisse.

meum

probaturos esse.
esse.

Credimus, ducem temeritatem mil-

itum coerciturum

Puto, patrem eras scripturum esse.

custodituros esse.

Omnes

cives sperant, milites

I believe, that

urbem

thou approvest

my

plan.

know,

that

you obey me.

I believe, that the father writes.

I believe, that

the boy sleeps.

The

51.]

PASSIVE VOICE.

128

brother relates to me, that thou hast approved

that the general has restrained
lieve,

my

plan.

the rashness of the soldiers.

We hear, We beRomans
I

that the father has written.

fortified

We

have heard, that the enemies

soldiers will

have

camp
I

before the

city.

I believe, that the

fight spiritedly.

hope, that the plan will please thee.

All

hoped, that Cicero would detect the conspiracy of Catiline.

that I shall soon hear this news.

hope,

LXVI. Words
Despero
augeo,
].

to be

learned

and Exercises for

nctum
3.

translation.

I despair.

jungo, nxi,
to

naturalis, e, natural.

xi,

ctum

2.

tojoin^ connect.
vivo, xi,

extemplo,
diately.

adv.

imme-

increase, enrich.

ctum
i,

3. to live.

deterreo 2.

/ frighten propositum,
[fU.
pose.

n.

pur- strenue, adv. vigorous'ly.

diffi-

from.
oppleo, evi,
conspicio,

etum 2. to exi, ectum 3.

difficultas, atis,
culty.

postquam,
thai.

conj.

ajler

to discover.

subitus, a,

um, sudden.
Conjugations.

i)

Indicative Present, Imperfect

and Future Passive of

all the

Laudor, exerceor, ducor, erudior.

diris.

Laudaris, exerceris, duceris, eru-

Laudatur, exercetur, ducitur, eruditur.

erudiebar.

Laudabar, exercebar,

ducebar,

Laudabare, exercebare, ducebare, erudiebare.

Laudabatur, exercebatur, ducebatur, erudiebatur.

bor, ducar, erudiar.

Laudabor, exerce-

Laudabere, exercebere, ducere, erudiere.

Lau-

dabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, erudietur.

We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed. You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed. They are praised, they are exercised, they are led, they are instructed. We were praised, we were exercised, we were led, we were instructYou were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were ed. instructed. They were praised, they were exercised, they were led, they were instructed. We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we shall be led, we shall be instructed. You will be praised, you will be exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed. They will be praised, they will be exercised, they will be led, they will be instructed.

Quum

in litteris

exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium

cognitione augentur.

Quum

subito periciiio terremur,

non debemus
erit,

extemplo de salute nostra desperare.

ab omnibus

Quoad

litteris

honos suus

Graeci et Latini scriptores in scholis legentur.

vixeris,
diligere.

Si

semper bene
delebitur.

Virtutis

honos nulla oblivione

Quum

urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, a civibus acriter defendebatur.

124

PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

you are exercised
in literature,

51.

When
(abl.)

your souls are enriched by

the kno.wledge of
(abl.)

many

useful things.

When

thou art frighten-

ed by

a sudden fear, thou shouldest not immediately despair of

thy safety.

The Greek and

Latin writers are read in the schools.

all.

If

you
city

shall

always have lived well, you will be esteemed by

The
by

which was assaulted by the enemies, was defended

spiritedly

the citizens.
k) Subjunctive Present

and

Imperfect Passive of all the Conjugations,

dil-

Pater curat, ut ego bene educer strenue exercear, probe excolar,

igenter erudlar.

Curo, ut bene educere, strenue exerceare, probe exco-

lare, diligenter erudiare.

Curo, ut puer bene educetur, strenue exer-

Pater curabat, ut ego bene educarer, strenue exercerer, probe excolerer, diligenter erudirer.

ceatur, probe excolatur, diligenter erudiatur.

Curabam,

ut

bene educarere, strenue exercerere, probe excolerere,

dil-

igenter erudirere.

Curabam, ut

filius

tuus bene educaretur, strenue

exerceretur, probe excoleretur, diligenter erudiretur.

Our

father looks out [for this], that

we may be

well brought up,

vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed.

father looks out [for this], that

Your

you may be well brought up, vigorously

Parents look out
[their] children (liberi)

exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed.

[for this], that the
[their]
[their]

manners of

may be improved,
out [for

bodies vigorously exercised, [their] minds properly cultivated,

understandings carefully instructed.

Our father looked

this], that

we

might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, proper-

ly cultivated, carefully instructed.

Your

father looked out [for this],

that

you might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cul-

tivated, carefully instructed.

The

parents looked out [for

this], that

the

manners of

[their]

children might be improved,

[their]

bodies

exercised, [their]

minds

cultivated, [their] understandings instructed.

Quis
studiis
tur.

nescit,

quam

praeclaris

fructibus animi

nostri

in litterarum

augeantur?

Timemus, ne

exercitus noster ab hostibus vinca-

Omnes

cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingere-

tur.

Lacedaemoniorum
Curae mihi

leges id spectabant, ut laboribus erudiretur

ut a te diligar.

juventus.

est,

Cives metuunt, ne castra ab

hostibus ante
I

urbem muniantur.

doubt not, that the soul

of
literature.

may be

enriched with

(abl.)

excellent fruit

in the study

We

feared, that our

army might be con-

quered by the enemies.

All citizens fear, that the city

(abl.)

may be

sur-

rounded by the enemies with

a blockade.

We

look out [for

$51.]
this], that the

PASSIVE VOICE.
youth

125

may be
fortified

instructed in (abl.) labors.

We
city.

are anx-

ious, that

we may

be esteemed by you.

The

citizens

apprehended,

that a

camp might be

by the enemies before the

1)

Indicative

and Subjunctive

Perfect, Pluperfect

and Future

Perfect

Passive of aU the Conjugations.

MiHtes ob fortitudinem a duce laudati sunt.

studiis gnaviter exerciti sunt.
est.

Pueri in litterarum

Conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta

vestiti

Oculi tenuissimis membranis a natura

sunt.

Cupiditates

militum a duce fortissimo coercitae sunt.

Tria bella atrocissima gesta

sunt inter Romanos et Carthaginienses. Quum rex urbem intrabat, omnium civiura domus coronis et floribus vestltae et ornatae erant. Maximo incendio tota fere urbs absumpta erat. Vix acies a Caesere instructa erat, quum hostes in unum locum convolaverunt. Non eris
dives, nisi divitiae a te

contemptae erunt.

Non

prius dormiemus,

quam

negotia vestra finita erunt.

Beati non

eritis, nisi

cupiditates vestrae a vobis coercitae erunt.

Simulac castra

munita, erunt, milites se ad

naturaii

pugnam

expedient.

Labor voluptasque
Multae urbes ab
erant,

quadam

societate

inter se juncta sunt.

hostibus combustae sunt.

Vix hostes conspecti

quum

milites a

duce e

castris in

aciem educti sunt.

Metuebamus, ne urbs ab hostibus

tibi

obsidione cincta esset.

nobis,

Die mihi, quid

a sorore scriptum
lenitus
sit.

sit.

Die

qua consolatione aeger amici animus

sit.

Die, cur puer

punitus
I

Metuo, ne milites subito periculo

(abl.)

territi sint.

have been tormented by

the most pungent pains.

The

en-

mies have been frightened by

lia^-been loved

(abl.)
all.

sudden

fear.

The

upright

man

and esteemed by
(abl.)

The
I

sick

mind of

the friend has

been soothed by
diers have

our consolation.

doubt not, that the passions

of the soldiers have been restrained by the bravest general.

The
not,

sol-

been led out of the camp by the general.

know

why
that,

the boys have been (subj.) punisLed by you.

(ne) the soldiers
I

We

apprehended,

had been frightened by

(abl.) tlie

sudden danger.

know

not what
the city

fear, that (ne)

may have been written you by the sister. We may be encompassed by (abl.) a blockade. The
(ante) the

enemies were discovered (perf ) before

After

gates of the city.

my

business (plur.) shall be concluded I will go to walk.

So
I

soon as the enemies shall be seen,

we

will get ready for battle.

doubt not, that riches have been despised by thee.

by the conflagration, many houses had been

We feared, that, consumed. We fear, that

v4.
*

many

cities

have been burned up by the enemies. 11*

126

PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

Imperative, Infinitive

[^

51.

m)

and

Participle Passive

of

all the

Conjugations.

puer, bene educare, strenue exercere, probe excolere, diligenter

!

erudire

puer, bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe excolitor,

!

diligenter eruditor

colitor, diligenter eruditor.

Puer bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe exSi quid peccaveris, aequo animo castigare.
proposito deterremini
!

Ne rerum difficultatibus a Ne vincimini cupiditatibus.

bi puniuntor. in litterarum studiis
!

Deus

pie colitor

Leges divinae ne contemnuntor.

Impro-

Temeritas ratione coercetor.

puer, strenue exercere

Bonus

discipulus studet laudari.

Boni

disci-

puli student exerceri in litterarum studiis.

Sapientes semper ratione

regi student.

Bonus

discipulus litterarum cognitione erudiri studet.

Puer, bene
Urbs,
sibi,

educatus, omnibus placet.

Hostes

territi

in castris manent.

obsidione cincta, multis malis vexatur.

Homo eruditus non

solum

sed etiam

aliis

prodest.

Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe

excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt.

Scimus,
ante

mundum
muniri.

a deo gubernari.

Audimus, castra ab hostibus

urbem
iri.

Constat, conjurationem Catilinae a Cicerone dedifficultatibus a proposito deterri-

tectam esse.

Speramus, vos rerum

tum non

boys, be ye well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly culti!

vated, carefully instructed

boys, you should be well brought up,

!

vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed

Boys

should be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cultivated,

carefully instructed.
(quid),

If you shall have committed a fault in anything

Be thou not frightened from Be ye guided by (abl.) reason. Be thou not overcome by the passions. The divine law should not be despised. The impious [man] should be punished. The passions should be restrained by (abl.) reason.
be reproved with equanimity.
(abl.)

thy purpose by

the difficulty of the thing.

boys, exercise yourselves

!

{= he
{=

ye exercised) vigorously in the

study of literature
scholar seeks
literature.
to

Good

scholars seek to be praised.

to

The good
(abl.) rea-

exercise himself

be exercised) in the study of

The wise [man]

seeks, always to be governed

by

son.

Good

scholars seek to be instructed in (abl.) the

knowledge of

literature.

Well-brought-up boys please

Cities
evils.

all.

The

frightened

enemy

remains in the camp.

encompassed by
Instructed
is to

(abl.)

a blockade are

annoyed by

(abl.)

many

men

benefit not merely

to

themselves, but others also.

The boy

be brought up well,

be

vigorously exercised, to be properly cultivated, to be carefully instructed*.

50

52.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.
before the
believe that

127
city.

We hear, that a camp is fortified by the enemies We hope, that the conspiracy will d| detected. We
have not been frightened from our purpose.

we

LXVII. Words
cohaereo,

to be

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

3.

Careo2.(c.abl.)/t^anf. haesi, hae-

caplo, cepi,
to take.

captum
3.

machinatio,
diuturnus,
nefarius, a,
a,

onis, /.

machination, artijke.

sum

2.

to

hold tobe in

duco,
lead

xi,
;

ctum
(as

to

um, long
execra-

gether.

2) to believe, to

continued.

jaceo, ui 2. to

lie,

account

some-

um,

ble. thing). a low state. permaneo, mansi, man- caussa, ae, / a reason, stabilis, e, stable, firm. cause ; ea caussa, ob nimium, adv. too much, sum 2. to last. eam caussam,ybr this eo, adv. on this account. torpeo, ui 2. to be torpid,

inactive.

reason.

nam,

conj.for.

DJ Exercises to the Second Conjugation

a) Active

in particular.

of the Second Conjugation.

(that), see

(Concerning the conjunction quod

Synt.

108.)

Multa sunt admirabiha, sed

nihil

magis,

quam quod

ita

stabilis est

mundus

atque tarn praeclare cohaeret ad permanendum.

me
te,

deterruit a proposlto,

quod civium nefariorum contra

valetis.

tiones timebam.

Gaudeo, quod tu et pater tuus

Non ea res me machinaNon vitupero

litterae

quod tuum

tibi

consilium

maxime

placet

nam

plurimi nihil rectum,

nisi

quod

placuit sibi, ducunt.

diuturnum bellum jacebant.

Vehementer dolebdmus, quod Laudo te, quod mentem tuam

ob

in littera-

rum studio tam probe exercuisti. Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt. Magna laude digni estis, quod malef icos deterruistis, quomlnus nefaria
consilia contra

rempublicam caperent. Ob eam caussam

Ingens in urbe
laetitia erat,

aliis

displicebas,

quad

tibi ipsi

placebas.

quod milites fortis-

simos se praebuerant.
per legibus paruerat.
ignavia torpebatis.

Haec

civitas ed caussa

diu floruerat, quod sem-

Eo me

deterrueratis a proposito

meo, quod

Tu

nobis ea re nocueras, quod temerltatem tuam

tibi

non coercueras.
I rejoice, that
ers.

Gaudebant parentes, quod ego

placueram.

thou hast always followed the precepts of thy teachthou and thy father were well.
us,

I rejoiced, that

On

this

account

(eo)

he has displeased

because he pleased himself too much.

This
all

thing has frightened

me

from

my

purpose, that thou hast wanted

(tenere)

courage.
opinion.

rejoice,

that

you have maintained

well your

We

praise you, that

you had always obeyed the precepts of

! !

128
your parents.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

60

52.

We

grieve, that thou hast displeased thy teacher.

The

father rejoices, that [his] sons

ha^always shown themselves

diligent

scholars in school.
thee.

have grieved, that

my

counsel has displeased

The

teacher praised me, that I had obeyed his precepts.

We

grieve, that

we have

not obeyed the precepts of our parents.

L XVIII.
Placo
veto,
1.

Words
1.

to be

learned

and
si,

Exercises for translation,

2.

I appease.
itum
to

persuadeo,

sum

nervus,
sinue.

i,

m. nerve^

ui,

(c. dat.), to

persuade^

convince. impius, a, um, impious. forbid. pigritia, ae, /. slothful- nullus, a, um, no one audeo, ausus sum, ness. audere, to dare. nullus non, every one. pru- praesens, ntis, present. emineo, ui 2. to be end- prudentia, ae, dence, unsdom. nunquam, adv, never. nent.

jubeo, jussi, jussum 2.

to bid,

satis, adv.

enough.

command.
et

Legi divinae

humanae omnes

parfebunt, qui

secundum naturam

vivere studSbunt.
tibi

Si virtutis praeceptis semper parebis, in coelum

Si ignavia torpebitis, praeclaris rebus

aditus patebit.

nunquam

eminebltis.

Si virtute carebimus, bonis non placeblmus.

Si cupidita-

tes vestras coercueritis, in virtutis via

nunquam

vacillabitis.
iis

Quo

quia

magis mentem litterarum studio exercuerit, eo magis

delectabltur.

Quo
mos

plura beneficia parentibus nostris debuerimus, eo gratiores aniin eos habere debebimus.

Si milites nostri fortes se in

pugna

praebuerint, victoria

non

erit

dubia.

ture, so

The more we shall have exercised our minds in much the more shall we be delighted by
shall not

the study of litera(abl.)

the same.

If

you

have obeyed the precepts of

virtue,

you

will not please

good men.
tion to

If thou shalt have

shown

thyself an upright

wilt please all the good.

If I shall have afforded refuge

man, thou and consola-

my

enemies, they will restrain their anger against me.

!

Vide, ne ob pigritiam a praeceptoribus castigere

Illud tenete, nervos atque artus esse sapientiae,

Parete, pueri

non temere credere

Pueri mentes
litteris

Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum

exercento!

Ut ocul us, sic animus, se non videns, alia cernit. Metus est opinio magni mali inipendentis, et aegritudo est opinio magni mali NuUi non ad nocendum satis virium est. Acerrimus ex praesentis. omnibus nostris sensibus est sensus videndi. Prudentia ex providendo
est appellata.

Lex

est recta ratio in

jubendo
tibi,

et vetando.

Liberi

parentibus parere

debent.
et

Persuadeto

tuum consilium mihi

vehementer et placuisse,

semper placiturum esse

50

52.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.
!

129

See [to it], that, on account of [your] slothf^jlness, Be silent, boys you are not censured by your teachers. Thou shouldest obey thy parents and teachers. The boy should exercise [his] mind in literature.

presents.

The impious should not dare The citizens feared the

to

appease the anger of

God by
is

threatening danger.

Youth

thing, destined

(= about)
to be

ever to please, never to displease.

LXIX. Wards
Concito
ejulo
1. 1.

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

2.

I raise.

torqueo,

rsi,

rtum

exercitatio,

onis, f,

/ complain. exercise, practice. to twist, torment, torreputo 1. / consider. ture. seditio, 6nis,y*. sedition. commoneo 2. / remind, video, vidi, visum 2. impetus, us, m. attack. commoveo, ovi, otum to see; videor, I am ohltus, us, m. departure,
2. to move. edoceo, cui,

seen, seem.

death.

ctum

2.

concordia, ae,^/tarmony.

pristlnus, a,

um, ybrmer.
diligent.

to instruct, inform.

diligens,

tis,

misceo, miscui, mistum

orinixt[im,tomix,disturb.

discordia, ae,y! discord,

fuga, a.e,f. fight.

continuo, adv.forthivith, sedulo, adv. bibsily.

moeror,
2. to

oris,

m. grief,

mirif ice, adv. wonder,

perterreo

frighten,

crudelitas, atis,/. crttcZty.

fully,
con/, afoo.

put in fear,

quoque,

b) Passive of the Second Conjugation.

(Concerning the temporal conjunction quum (when,

as), see

Synt.

110. 1.)

Quum

docemur, tacert dehemus.

Quum

optdmus, ne respublica mis-

ceatur, civium

concordiam omnibus modis servare dehemus.

eris,

Quum

in

schola diligens

dubitahisne, quin

bonus discipulus a praeceptori-

bus habeare

Quum nobiscum

reputamus, quantis et

quam

praeclaris

fructibus animi nostri in litterarum studiis augeantur, mirifice delecta-

mur.

Quum magnorum

virorum laudes legimus, optamus, ut eadem

gloria nos

quoque digni habeamur.

Quum

militum crudelitas ducis

Litterae,

consilio co&rcebdtur, tota civitas laeta erat.

quum ob bellum

diujacuerunt, nunc, recuperata pace, eo acriore studio exercentur..

Quum

hostes

urbem oppugnaverant, omnes

acerbissimae
te

cives

opplebantur.

Quum

calamitatis

nuntio terrebar,

maximo timore omne

meum

perfugium ac solatium in

collocatum esse existimdbam.

Quum
animo,

tristissimo de amici carissimi obitu nuntio graviter, commovebdre

etiam nos moerore opplebdmur.

atque

Quum

de culpa nostra a parentibus

commonebdmur, acerbus dolor animos nostros occupdbat.

litterae in civitate nostra forebunt, ejus

Quum

artes

splendor augebUur.

Quum

milites nostri de
bunt.

hostium adventu edocebuntur, pugnandi ardore^c^dejvidbo,

Ne

turn

quidem

quum

acerbissimis doloribus torquebor.

130

SECOND CONJUGATION.
hostium impetu perterrehiminiy urbi nostrae

50

52.

Quum

magnum

periculuni

imminebit.

sunt.

Quum milites seditionem condtassent, ducis consilio et virtute coemh* Quum hostes terrlti essent et jam in fugam se dareni^ dux eos Quum exercitus de hosmonuit, ut pristinae virtu tis memores essent. tium adventu edoceretur^ continue summo pugnandi ardore JlagrdvU. Ne tum quidem ejuldvi, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquerer.

When
is

thou art taught, thou oughtest to be

silent.

The wise [man]

When good scholars are exercised in literature, they are delighted. When I see by how great pains thou art tortured, I am deeply {= violently) moved (commoveo). When you consider by (== with) yourselves, how many (quot) and how
happy, even

when he

is

tortured.

great (quantus) toils

for

yoi^ good

(=

welfare);

and cares have been bestowed by your parents you ought to be moved by (abl.) gratitude.

When

thou shall see

rejoice.

thou wilt
fortune,

how actively I am exercised in the Latin language, As we were pressed by the severest (acerbus) mis- ^
abl.)

we

placed (coUoco) our whole hope in {in with

our friends.

As

enemy seemed to approach the city, each one (unusquisque) of the citizens was filled with fear. As you were informed of the arAs I read the life of rival of the enemies, you were not frightened. Agricola, I was violently moved within (animus). As thou wast tortured with severe pains, I was filled with pity. As the cruelty of the soldiers was restrained (subj.) by the wisdom
the

and firmness of the general, [there] was (perf) great joy in the city. As the city was assaulted (subj.) by the enemies, all the citizens were put in fear (perf) As the camp of the enemies was moved (subj.), we exulted (perf). As we were frightened from (subj.) our purpose by
the difficulty of the thing, thou hast recalled us to the same.

As

was moved

news of the death of my friend,* thy pity was very agreeable to me. As thou se'emedst (subj.) to desert us, I was grieved (perf) very much. When the army ^all be infc-med of the arrival of the enemies, it will burn with a desire to fight (gen. of Ger.). Wise rpen will be
(subj.)

within (animus) by the sad

happy, even
fear

if

tortured by the bitterest pains.

When we shall be put in

thou wilt not even

by

tfie

attack

&f^. eneniies,

great danger will threaten our.city.

virtue),

If thou shalt be

yifeious(= partaking of

then complain, wheti thou shalt be tortured by the severest pains.

Ne rerum
Milites,

difficultatibus

a proposito deterrere

Milites,

ne hostium

impetu perterremlni!

puer, strenue exercetor in litterarum studiis!

ne inani timore oppleminor!

Leges

civitatis

ne discordia

50

52.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.
!

131

civium miscentor
verunt.

Territis hostibus, nostri milites victoriam reporta-

Be ye
thing.

not frightened from [your] purpose by the difficulty of the

Soldiers,
!

you should not be put

in fear

by the attack of the

It

enemies
is

The

evil passions

should be restrained by the reason.

known,

ened

(=

powers of the body and of the soul are strengthincreased) by exercise.

that all the

LXX.
/ turn
confligo,

Words

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

atis,/. j9cr-

Versol. /fwm; versor, surgo, surrexi, surrec- perversitas,

myself^ find

tum
sugo,

3. to arise.
xi,

verseness.
3. to

myself^ live.
xi,

ctum
i,

pravitas,

atis,

/. per-

ctum

3.

suck, suck out.

verseness, wickedness.
eatable

Ifight.
decerpo, psi,
to

pomum,
ptum
3.
off.

n.

paene, adv. nearly,

most.

<il-

pluck
3.

fruit; plur. /rmV. pavor, oris, m. fright,

trepidation.
lac, ctis, n. milk.

protlnus, adv. forthurith.

statim, adv. immediate'
ly.

pergo, perrexi, perrec-

tum
tinue.

to

go, con-

nutrix, ids, f. nurse.

ut, conj. just as, as.

E) Exercises to the Third Conjugation

a) Active

in particular.

of the Third Conjugation.

ut, ubi,

(Concerning the temporal conjunctions postquam,

simulac, see Synt.

110, a.)

Hostes, uhi
turhaverunt.

primum

nostros equltes conspexerunt, (eos) celeriter perte perrexlmus.

Ut surreximus, proilnus ad

Simulatque lu-

cem

adspeximus, in

omni continuo
paene

pravitate et in

summa opinionum
errorem suxisse

perversitate versamur, ut

cum

lacte nutricis

videamur.

Postquam Caesar aciem

Ut nostri
SimUlac

locum

convolaverunt.

omnes hostes in unum cum hostibus confiixerunt, magnus eos

instruxit,
scripsi,

occupdvit pavor.

litteras

cum

fratre

amhuldvi.

Post-

quam amicum
Uhi

in

hortum duxero, dicam

Ut

tibi,

quid pater mihi scripserit.

poma

decerpsenmus, edemus.

surrexistis, statim

ad negotia vestra

accedere

debetis.

LXXI. Words
Exploro
propulso
1.

to he

learned
elicio, ui,

and

Exercises for translation.

3. <o

/search 0M<,

itum

recipio,

cepi,

ceptum
se reci-

examine.
1.

draw

out, elicit.
xi,

3. to receive, 3. to

allicio, exi,

I repel. ectum 3.
allure
;

coquo,
to

ctum

pere, to hetake one^s

self back.

cook.

draw

to,

but,

ningo, xi

3. to

snow.

restinguo, nxi,

nctum

132
3.
to

THIRD CONJUGATION. er^^ '

extinguish,

[^

50

52.

out.

relinquo, liqui,

put coenf, ae,/. a meaL pluviosus, a, um, rmny. sollicitudo, mis,/ 5oZia- heaXe, adv. peacefully. lictiim tude. antequam, conj. before
tempestas, atis,/. w>eafAer,

3. to leave behind, desert.

that, ere, before,

storm.
:

(Concerning the particles of time

priusquam and antequam, see Synt.

110, 3.) a)

Priusquam animum tuum

sit,

sollicitudlne

angas

et crudes, explo-

rare debes, quid

b)

quod

te

angat et cruciet.
et
litterae

Priusquam bellum atrocissimum gessimus, artes

potentissima fuit

in

civitate nostra floruerunt.

sumpsit,
pluviosa.
c)

Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes abAntequam ninxit, tempestas fuit valde

Non

beate vivetis, antequam

omninm

cupiditatum ardorem

res-

tinxentis.
edetisj
te

Non

dives eris, jsnWg-uam divitias contempseris.

coxerit.

Non prius
quam
se

quam coqua coenam

Non prius

te

illi

relinquent,

ad misericordiam

allexerint.

Exercitus noster non prius

elicuerit.

domum

recipiet,
d)

quam hostes ad pugnam

Hostes propidsati sunt, antequam

urbem

obsidione

cingerent.

Milites nostri

urbem

liberaverunt,

priusquam

eam

hostes combussissent.

Dies

obrepsit hostibus,

priusquam aggerem

exstruxissent.

LXXII. Wards
Contraho,
to
xi,

to be
3.

learned

and Exercises for

donee,
as,
i,

translation.
conj. so [as]
until,

ctum

figura,

ae, /. figure,

long

draw together. demo, mpsi, mptum,

to take

form.
3.

until that,

eonjuratus,
spirator.

m. a con-

even until.

away.

dum,

conj. while, so {as)

as,
until,

describo, psi,
to describe,

ptum
ictum
to

3.

point out.
3.

m. sword. mathematicus, i, m.
gladius,
i,

long
that.

until

stringo, inxi,
to

mathematician.

quoad,

conj. so {as)

long

touch upon,
(a sword).

geometrlcus,
geometrical.
nobllis,
e,

a,

um,
re-

as,

until,

until that,
that.

draw

even until

cop'm, ae,f. abundance

plur. troops.

known,

tsundiu, adv. so long as.

nowned.
:

(Concerning the particles of time

dum, quod, donee, see Synt.

110. 4, 5.)

Dum

ego

scribebam,, tu legebas, et frater ludebat.

Dum
vives,

nos canebdtuis

mus, vos discebatis,

gratus vives.

et sorores

pingebant.

Quoad

omnibus

Homines, dum

docent, discunt.

Archimedes,

nobilissi-

mus
tius,
legit,

mathematicus,

dum

in pulvere figQras

georaetricas descrlbit atten-

Syracusae a Romanis expugnatae sunt.

conjurati gladios strinxerant.

Dum

consul

litteras

Dum

dux aciem

instrUit, hostis

totam urbem cinxerat.

Cicero omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae

50

52.]
detexisset.

THIRD CONJUGATION.
Exspectamus, dtim nobis
dicdtis,

133
quid paren-

conjurationem
tes scripserint.

Milites cupide expectabant,

dum dux

se e castris con-

tra hostes educeret.

tiam
sero.

elicuisti.

Tamdiu interrogasii, quoad omnem meam sentenTamdiu manebo, dum omnem sollicitudinem tibi demp-

While I was singing, thou wast learning, and the sister was paintWhile we were writing, you were reading, and the brothers were playing. So long as Cicero lived, he occupied himself with
ing.

So long as I live, I shall be mindWhile the general arranged the army in order of battle, the enemies had drawn together all [their] forces. Wait, until we tell you, what the father has written. The general waited, until the enemies had placed the army in order of battle. I waited, until thou saidst to me what the father had written. As soon as I had arisen (perf ), I went (perf immediately to you. After Caesar had led out (perf.) the soldiers, the enemies arranged [their] army in order of battle. As soon as we shall have written, we will take a walk with you. As soon as thou art arisen, thou oughtest
[navo operam
ful
c.

dat.) literature.

of this kindness.

to

go (accedere) forthwith
)

to thy business.

Before the enemies had

city.

drawn together (perf

their troops,

Caesar had captured (perf) the

Thou

wilt not live peacefully, before thou shalt have extinguished the
all

ardor of

passions.

You

will not

be

rich, before

you

shall

have de-

spised riches.

My

friend will not leave thee, before he shall have

moved (=
battle.

allured, cdlicere) thee to

sympathy.

Our

soldiers will not

betake themselves home, before that they have allured the enemies to

Before

we

trouble and torpient our

[it]

ought to,inquife what

order of battle.

may

enemies were repelled

the conflagration.

(perf),

mind with solicitude, we which vexes and troubles us. Tho before they had arranged the army in
be,
us, before

Night overtook (perf)

we had

extinguished

L XXIII.
Separo
divide.
1.

Words
separate,

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

m.
arcanus,
secret.
a,

fabricator,

oris,

um,
i.

secret

framer.
feci,

arcanum,

n.

benefacio,
3. to

factum sermo,
spexi,
to

onis, m. conver-

do

well.

sation, speech.
afFabilitas, atis, /. qffability.

ceteri, ae, a, the rest

circumspicio,

perfectus, a,

um,

per-

spectum
maledico
praedico
vesper,
3.

3.

look
dat.)

fed.
ante, adv. before, rather.

around, regard.
(c.

comltas, atis,/. courteousness.

facultas, atia,f.foLCulty

I reproach. 3. 1foretell.
ri,

quantop^re, adv. how much.

simpliciter, adv. simply.

plur. means.

m. evening.

12

134
Ignis

THIRD CONJUGATION. urbem absumpsit.

[^

50

52.

Mihi crede, nunquam vir perfectus fortimae Fac, lit ante circumspicias, quiNimium ne crede colori buscum edas et bibas, quam quid edas et bibas! Die, quid patri scripseris O stulte, ne praedic futura Ne credlte mendaribus Pueri,
maledixit.
! !
!

strenue litteras discitote

tis

Puer
!

in schola attendito

Principes civita-

concordiae consulunto

Difficile dictu est,

quantopere conciliet ani-

mos hominurn
verum quidem
amicus mihi

comltas afFabilltasque sermonis.

dicenti,

Mendaci homini, ne
tibi

credere solemus.

Venio

dicturus,

quid

scripserit.

Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi-

nem

separavit a ceteris animalibus,

quam

dicendi facnltate.

Ex

disdi-

cendo maxima ad nos redundat voluptas.

cendo animos nostros

Optiraus est orator, qui

et docet, et delectat, et permovet.

Mores puero-

rum

se inter

et cogitando alitur.

ludendum simplicius detegunt. Hominis mens discendo Tamdiu discendum est, quamdiu vivas. Pulchrum
Scisne, patrem scrpisisse
?^

est e virtute (conformably to virtue) vivere.

Quis

scit,

se

ad vesperum esse victurum ?

Speramus, nos vobis arca-

na

elicituros esse.

Eat and drink thou, moderately.

Trust ye not too

much

to color.

Do

thou well to try friends.

Tell me,

what the
to

father has written

thee.

Boy, thou shouldst zealously learn

It is

literature.

The boys should

u),

be attentive in school.

incredible

say (Sup. in

how

bravely

our soldiers have fought with the enemies.

Lying men we are not

even accustomed to believe, when they tell the truth (part.). We mrgp, in order to tell (= wishing to tell) thee, what our brothers have written
(subj.) us.

By

diligently learning (gerund), scholars acquire for

them-

selves the approbation of [their] parents

and

teachers.
.
.

y
LXXIV. Words
Urgeo,
ursi,

to be

learned
to

and
;

Exercises for translatwn.

ursum

2.

3.

break

mola
3.
to

wanting ;
neglect.

c.

dat.

to

to press, oppress.

frangere, to grind.
frigo,
xi,

conjungo, nxi, nctum

3. to

ctum

mola, ae, /.
vigilantia,

mi'W.

[lance.

join {together).

roast, parch.

ae, /.

vigi-

expingo, pinxi, pictum, insculpo, psi, ptum 3. to engrave. 3. to paint out, draw. fingo, finxi, fictum 3. ungo, xi, ctum 3. to
to form, feign.

gladiator, oris, m. fencer,

gladiator.
a,

novus,

um, new.
conj. because.

anoint.

profecto, adv. surely.

esse, to he

frango, fregi, fractum

desum,

fui,

quoniam,

b) Passive of the Third Conjugation.

qiwniam, (Concerning the conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, 11J.)
(heca.use), see (h

Synt

Quia semper e

virtutis

praeceptis

vixisti,

ab omnibus

diligeris.

Ci-

50

52.*!

THIRD CONJUGATION.
inopia urgebantur, quia

135
facultates bello ab-

ves

summa

omnes eorum
dictum
est,

sumptae
vigilantia

erant.

Quoniam de hac

re satis

est,

jam accedamus
consilio et

ad novam.

Cicero pater patriae appellatus

conjuratio Catilinae

quod ejus
oi^^es-

detecta

est.

Omnes

angebantur,

quia metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur.

Multae fabulae a poetis

fictae

sunt.

Gladiatores uncti decertabant

Apud Homerum omnia

Omnibus
in

ita

descripta sunt, ut quasi expicta videantur.

est,

animo quasi insculptum

quae conjuncta

esse

deum.

fecto laudanda,

cum

virtute sunt, et,

quae

Omnia suntprocum vitiis (so.

maga duce e castris

conjuncta sunt), vituperanda.

Quoad urbs
fallarj^
!

obsidione cingebatur,

no metu angebamur.
noster vinceretur.

Milites cupide exspectant,

dum
quam

contra hostes educantur.

Cave, ne

Timebamus, ne exercitus
ut a te diligar.

Nihil magis mihi curae est,

Si ceditis, metuo, fte"*vincamini.

Non
vives,

dubito, quin fortiter a militibus

defendamur.
yor occnpavit.
noster,

Quum

milites nosiri conspicerentur, hostes ingens pa-

Quoad honeste

omnibus
vincetur.

diligere.

Exercitus

quoad bonus dux

si officiis

ei praeerit,

non

Ab omnibus
ego de

con-

temnemini,

vestris deerltis.

Quamdiu

tu aberis,

te an-

Si tam fortiter pugnare pergemus, non vincemur. Postquam hostes conspecti erunt, nostri milites e castris educentur. Postquam hordeum frictum erit, molis fragetur. Ubi poma decerpta

gar et cruciabor.

erunt, a nobis edentur.

Take
reason.

care

(=

be on thy guard), that thou

be deceived.

art

not troubled without

I fear tliat(ne)I shall

We are

more anxious

for

nothing than that

that

we

shall be

esteemed by you.
It

If we give way, I fear

(accidit), that

we

shall

be conquered.
I

often

happens

the good

are injlired by the bad.

was

troubled, because I feared that I should

be deceived.

We

feared that the city would be burnt up by the enemies.

All desired (opto), that the conspirators might be discovered.

We waitdid

ed anxiously, until

we were
?

led against the enemies.

The enemies

not doubt, that we should be conquered.

shouldst be injured by us

Why didst thou fear, that

thou

blockade, you were oppressed with great want.

was surrounded by a So long as the enemies were seen, our [soldiers] remained in the camp. So long as the war was carried on, literature was in a low state. So long as the enemies besieged the city, we were troubled with great fear. As, lately,
So long
as the city

thou wast sick, thou wast very

to fight so bravely,

much
shall

troubled.

If

you

shall continue

you

will not

be conquered by the enemies.

So

long as you shall be absent,

we

be troubled concerning (de) you.

Thou wilt be despised by all, if thou shalt neglect {desum) thy duties. Our soldiers will not be conquered, so long as a good general shall

136
preside over them.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

50

52.

Homer

will

always be read in the schools.

As

soon as the

letter shall

be written,

we

will take a
it

walk with you.

with the

When

the

army

shall

be led out from the camp,

will fight

LXXV.
Administro
age,

Words
1.

to he

learned
xi,

and

Exercises for translation.

.3.

/ man- detraho,
to

ctum ctum

lucrum,

i,

n.

gain, ad-

draw away, remove.

xi,

vantage.
existimatio, onis,/. ctimation, opinion.

perpetro
praesto,

1.

I perform,
itum or
(c.
to.

distraho,
to

3.

perpetrate.
iti,

draw asunder,
xi,

waste.

atum
adduco
move.

1.

dat.) to

tingo,
color,

ctum

3.

to

obsessio, 6ms, f. siege. faclnus, oris, n. deed,

be superior
3. to

form.
ele"

foul deed.
appetitus, us, m. desire,

lead

to,

elegantia, ae, /.

gance.
ae, /. /orfwne

longing.

como, compsi, comp- fortuna,

diversus, a,
different.

um, diverse,

tum 3.
3. to

to

comb, adorn.

plur. gifts

offortune.

consumo, mpsi, mptum ]uxuria, ae,f. luxury.

consume.
xi,

finitlmus, a,

um,

neig-^-

conveho,
together.

ctum

3.

miseria, ae, f. misery, want.

sight, providence.

boring.
nitidus, a,

um,

splendid,
e,

to bear together,

bring providentia, ae,f.fore- innumerabilis,

merable.
3.

rnnw-

destruo,

xi,

ctum

curriculum,
course.

i,

n. circuit,

tantopere, adv. so much,

to destroy.

Regere ratione!
sed
virtutis studio

Ne

angltor,
!

amice!

cives,

ne

lucri cupiditate,
!

regimlnor

Animi

appetitus ratione reguntor

Ju-

v^nis, litterarum

busta urbe,

morumque elegantia tinctus, omnibus placebit. Comomnes cives maxima miseria vexantur. Romani multis

rebus praeclare gestis

summam sibi comparaverunt gloriam.

est.

Cofttemp-

ta virtute, vita beata nulla

Multi homines, omnibus fortunis per

luxuriam consumptis

et distractis,

reliquam vitam miserrime agunt.

Dempta omni

sollicitudine, laetitiae
fuit

indulgeamus

Isocrates in di-

Terso genere dicendi nitidus

contra hostes eduxit.

et

comptus.
finitlmis

Frumento ex

Aciem instructam dux regionibus in urbem conCaesar,

Stric-

vecto, cives urbis obsessionem acquis animis exspectaverunt

contractis copiis in
to gladio,

unum

locum, hostium impetum exspectavit.

dux

milites contra hostes eduxit.

Urbs, obsidione cincta,

est,

multis malis urgetur.

Gloria detracta, quid

quod

in
?

hoc tam ex-

igiio vitae curriculo tantis

nos in laboribus exerceamus

Si bona existimatio divitiis praestat, et pecunia tantopere expetitur

quauto gloria magis est expeteuda

Justitia propter sese

colenda

est.

Certum
Quis

est,

universum

mundum

divina providentia regi et administrari.

}

ignorat, innumerabiles

urbes a Romanis destruclas esse

Om-

[^

50

52.

FOURTH CONJUGATION.
nimquam spe mercedis adductum
iri,

137
ut facimis

nes sciunt, viros bonos

aliquod perpetrent.

Be thou not conquered by the passions. Be ye governed by reason. Thou shouldst not be governed by the desire of gain, but by the purYou should not be troubled, friends. The divine law suit of virtue.
should not be despised.
Parents should be honored by children.
I

hope

that all solicitude will soon

be taken away from thee.

The

ora-

tions of Isocrates

were splendid and adorned.

The

soldiers believed,

that the troops of the

enemies would be drawn together.

see

The

soldiers

having been led out of the camp, fought (perf ) bravely with the enemies.

In Homer,

we

all

things not described, but, as

all

it

were,

painted out.
loith

Who

does not know, that

I

the virtues are connected

each other (inter se).

hope, that you will be led to

my

views.

LXXVI. Words
Degusto,
1.

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

/ taste. gestio 4. / demean mymnt ; plur. demencontingo, tlgi, tactum tary principles. self, am transported. 3. to touch ; contin- sepelio, ivi, ultum 4. aequltas, atis, /. equity. git, it falls to my lot. jucunditas, atis, /. deI inter, hury.
licet 2. it is permitted.

servio 4.

/ serve.

lightfulness,
hleness.

agreeaaccu-

minuo,

ui,

utum 3. / diless.

iracundia, ae,/. irasdhility,

minish, Tnake
fastidio,
4.
(c.

anger.
i,

accuratus,
rate.

a,

um,
a,

ace.)

/ numerus,

m. number
n.
eZe-

feel disgust, spurn.

2) harmony, rhythm,

grammaticus,
grammatical.

um,

elementum,

i,

F) Exercises to the Fourth Conjugation in Particular.

Sic vive cum hominibus, tanquam deus videat Cave, ne et videt. tanquam parva fastidias grammatica elementa! Philosophiae servire debemus, ut nobis contingat vera libertas. Nullus dolor est, quem non
;

longinquitas temporis minuat ac molllat.

quam

ut

Nihil magis mihi curae obediam praeceptis magistrorum meorum.

est,

Quum milites nostri castra muniebant, hostes aciem instruebant. Dum urbem nostram custodiebamus, hostis eam oppugnare non audebat.

Celeritas

equltum nostrorum impediebat, quominus hostis se ad

pugnam expediret. Quum milites ducem sepelirent, ingens luctus omnium animos occupavit. Litterae tuae mihi tam gratae fuerunt, ut laetitia plane gestirem. Semper operam navavimus, ut orationem nostram verborum numerorumque jucunditate condiremus.
Nihil vos impedivimus,

quominus negotia vestra

Scisne, cur

finiretis.

Nescivi,

cur tantopere

laetitia gestires.

hunc puerum puniv^rim?

tibi,

Nescio, unde hunc nuntium audiveritis.

Dicam

cur

domum

nos-

12*

138

FOURTH CONJUGATION.
et

50

52.

tram coronis ornaverinius

puerum.
Placebas praeceptoribus
di^ras.
est.

vestiverimus.

Die, cur ferierltis

hunc

tuis,

quia

semper eorum praeceptis obe-

Vix

milites nostri castra munierant,

quum

hostis conspectus

Jam

laetitia

gestieramus,

quum

repente tristissimus nuntius ani-

mos

nostros

summo moerore

opplevit

Quum

milites

totum diem
iis

siti-

vissent et esurivissent,

ne nocte quidem

quieti indulgere

licuit.

Quum
runt.

hostis se

ad pugnam expedivisset, milites nostri

laetitia

gestie-

Non

prius dormiam,

quam

negotia

mea

finivero.

Quum

exercitus

castra muniverit, se
fastidies,

ad pugnam expedlet.

Si grammatica elementa
tibi

nunquam accuratam
si

linguae Latinae cognitionem

compa-

rabis.

Si quid novi audiverimus,

curabimus, ut brevi

sciatis.

Non

dubitabam, quin,
serviturus esses.

semel philosophiam degustavisses, toto animo ei Ne garri, puer! Audite, pueri: si praeceptoribus
!

vestris obedieritis, a parentibus vestriiS praemiis ornabimini dito praeceptoribus

!

Puer obe-

Homo

ne

servito cupiditatibus

Milites

urbem

custodiunto

Puer, in scholis garriens, molestus

est.

Bonus

discipiilus

praeceptis magistrorum obedire studet.

Quis

nescit,

semper Ciceronem toto

est, ut

animo philosophiae
esse fastidituros.
ii,

servisse

Spero, vos grammatica elementa non

est ira in

Prohibenda

puniendo.
sint,

Optandum

qui praesunt rei publicae, legum similes

iracundia, sed aequitate ducuntur.

quae ad puniendum
est,

non

Legendi semper occasio

audiendi non semper.

Terra

vestita est floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus.

bus

custoditor.

Urbs a Speramus, urbem a militibus custoditum iri.

is

militi-

To good

parents, nothing

a source of greater care

[est

with dat),

than that they

may

instruct their children in (abl.) literature.

!

Be on

your guard, boy, that thou dost not chatter

punished the boy, be-

cause he chattered. As the enemies were discovered, our soldiers were transported with (abl.) joy. So long as I was in school, I was anxious (= it was for a care to me), that I might obey the precepts of

to

my teachers. Many with their whole soul, have given themselves up (= served) philosophy. Often already has length of time abated

the severest sufferings.

teachers.

We

have kept

in

memory
I

the precepts of our

Tell me,

whence

thoigjgaaj^ heard this news.

doubt not, that the

teachers have punished/lfejj^s with

(abl.) justice.

The

soldiers

had
the

hungered and
ready for

thirsted the

whole day.

Scarcely had our soldiers got

battle,

when

the enemies were discovered (perf .).

As

50

52.]

FOURTH CONJUGATION.
city, all

139

king entered into the

the citizens had adorned

(^

clothed) the

houses with flowers and garlands.

enemies had already

fortified

The soldiers did not doubt, that the [their] camp. I knew not whence thou
^
Length of time
this

hadst heard this news.

The good
will

will

always obey the principles of virtue.

suflTering.

abate

thy

The

precepts of our teachers are always

kept in

(abl.)

remembrance.

When
If

you

shall
shall

have heard

news,

you

will

be transported with joy.

we

always have obeyed the

principles of virtue, the approach to heaven will stand

open

to us.

Serve wisdom, not the passions.

shouldst not rage against [in
c.

Do

not

chatter,

boys.
soldier.

ace.) the

enemies,

Thou You

should obey [your] teachers and parents.

The

scholar should keep

the principles of his teacher in remembrance.

their passions.
to the teacher.

Men

should not serve

The

boys, who chatter (part.) in school, are troublesome

city.

Soldiers ought (oportet) to guard the

hope that

length of time will abate thy suffering.

Hast thou heard, that the

in order to (sup. in

enemies have
guard the

fortified the

camp ?

We
is

come

um)

city.

thoughtless boy
virtue.

difficult

to instruct (sup. in u).

We

must (gerund) serve

140

DEPONENTS OF THE POUR CONJUGATIONS.

53.

[53.

DEPO

Of the four
1.

Hortor, hoxXatus sum, hortdri.

Characteristic
:

II. Vereor, vexltus

sum,
:

vereri.

a long.

Characteristic

e long.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.
horte-r, I

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.
vere-dr, I

hortor, I exhort

may

ex- vereor, I rever-

may

rev-

hort
hoxid-ris^ thou ex- horte-ri5(e), thou hortest. mayest exhort hortd-iwr, he, she, horte-fwr, he, she,
it

erence verc-ri5, thou rev- verg-dHs(c) thou mayest rev. erencest

ence

vere-fwr,

he,

she, vere-diar, he, she,

it may exhort it may reverence exhorts it reverences hortd-mwr, we ex- hortc-wmr, we may yere-mur^ we rev- veve-dmur, we may reverence hort exhort erence hortd-??wf , you ex- horte-rn?ni, you vere-mini, you rev- vere-dw^ni.) you may exhort hort may- reverence ence horta-ntwr, they ex- horte-Kiitr, they \ere-nlur^ they rev- vere-antur, they hort may exhort. may rev-erence. erence

II. Imperfect.

II. Imperfect.

hortd-^dr, I exhort- hortd-rer, I might ed, was exhorting exhort hoTtd-bdris{e), thou horid-rer1.s(e), thou exh., wast exh. mightest exhort hortd-^dZwr,he, she, hortd-reiwr, he,she, it exh., was exh. it might exhort hortd-^dmur, hortd-rcr/mr, we exh., were exh. might exhort

vere-iflr, I reveren- vere-rcr,

might
thou

reverence ced, was rev. yere-bdris(e), thou yeTe-reris{e)

reverenc'dst,wast

'

hortd-^/drnint,

exh., were exh. hortd-bantur, they exh., were exh.

III.

you hortd-remiwi, you might exhort

horidrentur, they

might exhort.
^

mightest rev. r vere-bdtur, he, she, vere-retur, he, she, it might rev. it rev. was rev. vere-bdmur^we rev. vere-rcmwr, we might reverence were rev. vere-bdmini^ you yeie-rem1,ni, you might reverence rev. were rev. \ere-bantur., they yere-rentur, they might reverence. rev. were rev.
III.

Future [Indicative).

Future (Indicative).^

hortd-bor, I shall exhort hortd-bSris{e), thou wilt exhort horid-bitur^ he, she, it will exhort hortd-bimur., we shall exhort hoi id- biminii^ you will exhort hortd-buntur, they will exhort.

yere-bor, I shall reverence yere-beris{e), thou wilt reverence yere-bitvr^ he, she, it will reverence yere-bimur, we shall reverence yere-himlni, you will reverence vere-buntur., they will reverence.
Perfect.

IV
horta-tus,
a,

a) Indicative

um
horta-ti,

ae.

sum, I have exhorted es, thou hast exhorted est, he, she, it has exhorted sumus, we have exhorted cstls, you have exhorted sunt, they have exhorted

veri-tus sum, I have reverenced a, es, thou hast reverenced est, he, she, it has reverenced

um
a

veri-ti,

ae,

sumus, we have reverenced estis, you have reverenced sunt, they have reverenced

b) Subjunctive.
horta-tus, sIm, I
a,

sis,

may have exhorted thou mayest have ex.

it

veri-tus, sim, I
a,
sis,

um
horta-ti,
ae,

sV, he, she,

may have

ex.

um
veri-ti,

simus,
sltls,

we may have exhorted

you may have exhorted sint, they may have exhorted.

ae,

may have reverenced thou mayest have rev. it may have rev sit, simus, we may have rev. sitis, you may have rev. sint, they may have rev.
he, she,

y
DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
141

^53.]

NENTS
Conjugations.
III.

Fungor, funcfu5 sum, fungi.

Characteristic
:

IV. Partior, pdniitus sum, parttri.

Characteristic
:

c short.

long.

Indicative.
I.

Subjunctive.
Present.

Indicative.
1.

Subjunctive.
Present.
parti-or,
di-

fung-or, I

manage fung-ar,I may manage

fung-ari5(c), thou

part?-or, 1 divide
parti-ri5,

may

di-

fung-er?5, thou

thou

managest

mayest manage

videst

vide parti-dm(e), thou mayest divide

inng-ltur^ he, she, fung-afwr, he, she, parti-^r, he, she, parti-d^M7-, he, she, it divides it may divide it may manage it manages partt-rnur, we di- parti-d77mr, we fung-^mwr, we fung-am^r, we may divide may manage vide manage fung-dwim, you partl-mTni, you di- psLxii-dmlniy you fung-imtni, you may divide manage may manage vide parti-aniur, they ]^a.r ti-untur, they fung-Mwf r/r, they fung-aniwr, they may divide. divide manage may manage.
11. Imperfect.

II. Imperfect.

fung-ebar, I man- fung-erer, I might part?-c6a?',ldivided, parti-rer, 1 might aged, was m. manage was dividing divide fung-e/;dr/5(e),thou fung-erer is(e), thou parti-e^ttri5(e),thou partt-rem(c), thou managedst,was m. mightest manage mightest divide dividedst, was d. fung-e6diMr,he,she, f ung-ereiMr,he, she, part?-e^dZur-,he,she, parti-reZwr, he, she, itm., was m, it, might manage it divided, was d. it might divide fung-ebdmur^ we fung-eremr/r, we parti-rewwr, we psLTii-ebdmur, we managed, were m. might manage might divide divided, were d. fvLng-ebdvUni, you fung-^rer/i?/ii, you psiTii-ebdmlni, you parti-rernJm, you managed, were m. might manage divided, were d. might divide fung-ebantur, they fung-ercreiwr, they pdiTti-ebantur, they parti-rentur, they managed, were m. might manage. divided, were d, might divide.
111.

Future

(^Indicative.

III.

Future (Indicative.)^

manage fung-m5(c), thou wilt manage fung-etur, he, she, it will manage fung-cmur, we shall manage fung-e^mm, you will manage
fung-ar, I shall
fung-cTifMr, they will

part?-dr, 1 shall divide parti-eri5(c), thou wilt divide parti-c^wr, he, she, it will divide parti-C7Mr, we shall divide parti-cmim", you will divide parti-cnfur, they will divide.

manage.

IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.

func-tus,
a,

5M771, I

65,
est^

have managed thou hast managed

he, she,
it

partl-tus.

sum, I have divided es, thou hast divided

est,

ura
func-ti, ae,

has managed

um
partl-ti,

he, she,

it

has divided

sumus, we have managed estis^ you have managed sunt, they have managed.

ae,

sumus, we have divided estis, you have divided sunt, they have divided.

b) Subjunctive.

func-tus, sim, 1
a,
sis,

um
func-ti,

ae,

partl-tus, sim, 1 may have divided may have managed a, sis, thou mayest have divided thou mayest have m. um sit, he, she, it may have d. sit, he, she, it may have m. partl-ti, simus, we may have divided simus, we may have m. ae, sitis, you may have divided sitis, you may have managed a sint, they may have divided. sint, they may have managed.

142

DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.

[53

horta-tus, erdm^ I
a,

um
horta-ti,

ae.

had exhorted irds., thou hadst exhorted ^rdt., he, she, it had exhorted Srdmus, we had exhorted erdtis^ you had exhorted erant, they had exhorted

veri-tus, eram, I had reverenced a, eras, thou hadst reverenced erat, he, she, it had rev.

um
ae,

veri-ti,

eramus,
eratis,

erant,

we had reverenced you had reverenced they had reverenced.

b) Subjunctive.

horta-tus, essem,
a,

J might have exhorted veri-tus, essem, 1 might have rev. thou mightesthave ex. a, esses, thou mightest have rev. um e5se/,he,she,it might have ex. um es5c<,he,she,it might have re V. horta-ti, essemus, we might have ex. veri-ti, essemus, we might have rev, ae. essetis, you might have ex. ae, essetis, you might have rev, essent, they might have ex. a essent, they might have rev

esses,

vr Future

Perfect {Indicativey
veri-tus, ero, I shall have reverenced eris, thou wilt have rev. erit, he, she, it will have rev veri-ti. erimus, we shall have rev. eritis, you will have rev.

horta-tus, Sro, I shall have exhorted a, erts, thou wilt have exhorted erit, he, she, it will have ex. horta-ti, erimus, we shall have ex. ae, eritls, you w ill have exhorted a irunt, they will have ex.

um

um

erunt, they will

have rev.

Imperative.
hortd-re, exhort thou hoxid-t6r, thou shouldest exhort horid-tor, he, she, it should exhort

Imperative,
vere-re, reverence thou vere-^or, thou shouldest reverence \ere-tor, he, she, it should reverence

hortd-m?nl, exhort ye hoxtd-minor, you should exhort hortd-nfor, they should exhort.
Infinitive.

vere-mlni, reverence ye vere-mlnor, you should reverence veve-ntor, they should reverence.
Infinitive.

Pres. hortd-rl, to exhort Perf. hoxid-tus, d, ww, esse,

to

have

Pres. vere-ri, to reverence Perf. ver-Uus, a, um, esse, to have rev-

exhorted
Fut.

enced

hortd-turus, d, um to will Fut. veH-turus, a, um, esse, to will exhort^, (that one) will exhort, reverence'^, (that onej will rev.
Participle. Participle.
'

Pres. horia-ns, exhorting Perf. hortd-w5, d, um, having exhorted Fut. 1) Act. hovXd-lurus, d, um, intending, wishing, about to exhort Fut. 2) Pass, horiandus, d, um, what

Pres. were-ns, reverencing

Perf. yerl-tus, a, um, having reverenced Fut. 1) Act. weri-turus, a, um, intending, wishing, about to reverence Fut. 2) Pass, vere ndus, a, um, what

should be exhorted.

should be reverenced.

Gerund.

Gerund.
N. G. D. A.

N. horta-7irfi/.m est, one (we) must ex. G. horia-ndi, of exhorting, to exhort D. horia-ndo, to exhorting, to exhort A. horla-ndam (e. g. a</),exhorang,
to exhort A. horta-nrfo, by exhorting.

vere-ndum

est,

one (we) must rev.

yexe-ndi, of reverencing, to rev. vere-ndo, to reverencing, to rev. vere-ndum (e. g. ad), reverencing, to reverence A. vexe-ndo, by reverencing.

Supine.
Ace. hoxid-tum, in order to exhort Abl. hortd-iw, to exhort, be exhorted.
I)

Supine.
Ace. vexi-tum, in order to reverence Abl. ven-tu.to reverence, be reverenced.
wanting.

The Subjunctive of both

the futures

is

See Remark

1)

and

2) to $

50. 2) Set

$53.1

DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

V. Pluperfect.
a)

143

Indicative.
partl-tus, eram, I had divided eras, thou hadst divided

func-tus, eram^ I had

a,

um
func-ti,
'ae,

managed eras^ thou hadst managed erat^ he, she, it had managed eramus^ we had managed eratis, you had managed erantj they had managed
1

urn
partl-ti,

erat, he, she, it

had divided
divided

eramus,
eratis,

we had

ae.

erant,

you had divided they had divided.

b) Subjunctive.

func-tus, essem,
a,

might have managed

partl-tus, esserrij 1
a,

esses,

uin
func-ti, ae,

thou mightest have m. esset, he,she, it might have m essemus, we might have m. esscds, you might have m. essentj they might have m.

um
partl-ti,

ae.

might have divided thou mightest have d. esset, he,she, it might have d. esseinus, we might have d. essetis, you might have d. essent, they might have d.
esses^

VI. Future Perfect (Indicative).

func-tus, !cro, I shall have managed partl-tus, ero, 1 shall have divided a, a, eris, thou wilt have divided eris, thou wilt have managed um erit, he, she, it will have man. um crit, he, she, it will have d partl-ti, erimus, we shall have divided func-ti, erimuSj we shall have man.
ae,
eritis,

you will have man. erunt, they will have man.

Imperative.

ae,

you will have divided erunt, they will have divided

eritis,

Imperative.

fung-^rc, manage thou fung-itor, thou shouldest manage fung-i^or, he, she, it should manage i'ung-imini, manage ye

fung-trnmor, you should manage i'ung-untor, they should manage.

Infinitive.

thou thou shouldest divide pa.rti-tor, he, she, it should divide pa,rti-mlni, divide ye parti-mwior, you should divide psitti-untor, they should divide.
parti-re, divide
parii-tur,
Infinitive.

Pres. fung-z, to manage Perf. func-<M5, a, um, esse, to have

Pres. partl-ri, to divide Perf. partt-tus, a, um, esse, to have

managed
Fut.
{yxnc-turus, a,

divided
esse, to will Fut. (that one) will man.

um,

pa.rti-t1irus, a,

manage^,

um, esse, to will divide^, (that one) will divide.

Participle.

Participle.

Pres. fung-ens, managing Perf. func-fw5, a, um, having

Pres. pdiTii-ens, dividing managed Peif. partl-iM5, a, um, having divided Fut. 1) Jict. func-tiirus, a, um,, intend- Fut. 1) Act. pa.rii-turus, a, um, intend ing, wishing, about to manage ing, wishing, about to divide Fut. 2) Pass, fnng-endus, a, um, what Fut. 2) Pass, pairii-endus, a, um, what should be managed. should be divided.

Gerund.
N. G. D. A.

Gerund.
N. pa.Yii-endum est, one (we) must d G. pa.rVi-endi, of dividing, to divide D. part?-erfo, to dividing, to divide A. pavtl-cndum, (e. g. ad.), dividing
to divide

fang-endum

one (we) must mfung-cfidi, of managing, to manage fung-ewrfo, to managing, to manage fying-endum (e. g. ad), managing,
est,

to

manage
A.
Supine.

A. fung-ewdo, by managing.
Ace. func-^wm, in order to manage Ml. func-M, to manage, be managed.

parti-cnrfo,

by dividing.
Supine.

Ace. partl-iMw, in order to divide Abl. parti-fM, to divide, be divided.

'

cmark

4) to $ 50.

144

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

[^

53.

LXXVII. Words
Admiror
]
.

to be

learned
1.

and Exercises for

translation.
i,

/ admire.

conor

/ attempt, ven- somnium,

n. dream,

aspernor 1. I spurn. ture. pulcliritudo, inis, /. comltor 1. 1 accompany, interpreter 1. / iriterbeauty. pret. demum, adv. Jirstf at contemplor 1. /confem.consigno 1. 1 point out. length. plate, consider.

PART FIRST.
Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchritudinemque
milites hortatus est, ut
tes
virtutis ?

Dux
hos-

hostium aciem pertubare conarentur.

Jam

urbem oppugnare conati erant, quum repente a civibus propulsati sunt. Turn demum beatus eris, quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. Convirtutis

templamlnor praeclara
sunt!

exempla, quae in historia consignata

hortum.

Venio

te

comitatum

in

Somnia

difficilia

sunt inter-

pretatu.

We
battle

admire the splendor and the beauty of virtue.

of the enemies into confusion.

The

general ex-

horted the soldiers, that they should attempt to throw the line
I

of

have accompanied the brother

to assault the city.

into the garden.

The enemies have ventured

Thou

shouldst contemplate the noble examples of virtue, which are pointed

out in history.
sault the city.
ly.

The
I

citizens apprehended, that the

enemies might as-

doubt not, that thou hast interpreted the dream rightthou hast not accompanied the father into the gar-

Tell me,

why

den.

LXXVI]I. Words
Fateor, fassus sum, fateri 2. to acknowledge,

to be

learned and Exercises for translation.

3. to glide, fall.

aggredior,gressus, gre- labor, lapsus sum, labi

di 3. to attack.

admit.

expergiscor, perrectus

loquor,

locutus

sum,

I keep, protect. intueor 2. / look upon,

tueor
2.

sum 3.

to

awaken.
frui
3. (c.

loqui 3. to speak.

fruor, fructus or frui-

morior, mortuus sum,

contemplate.

tus sum,
or
abl.)
to

mori

3.

to die (part,

misereor, misertus
ritus
2. [c.

enjoy (part.

fut. moriturus).

sum, misereri sequor, secutus sum, fnX.. fruiturus). gen) to pity. sequi 3. (c. ace.) to fungor, functus sum, polliceor 2. 1 promise. fungi 3. (c- abl.) to follow. abator, usus sum, uti inops, opis, destitute. administer.
3. (c. abl.) to abuse.

irascor, iratus
to be

sum

3.

audacter,

adv.

boldly,

adipiscor, adeptus
3. to obtain.

sum

angry.

confidently.

 53.]

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

145

Artes se ipsae tuentur.

Veremini, o pueri, senectutem

Semper miserorum hominum miserebimur, Fatetor, o puer, verum Miseremi! !

nor inopum

Discipuli verentor praeceptores.

sis.

Non

dubito, quin tuura

praesidium mihi polliciturus

Cum magna voluptate intuemur prae*

clara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata sunt.

Quis
pace
tur.

nescit,

fruiti

sumus.

quam miilti eloquentia abutantur ? Per rnultos annoa Omnes cives metuunt, ne hostes urbem aggredianCiadepti,

Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedimus.

libertatem

ves,

sumraa

laetitia

fruentur.

Succurre

lapsia^
iis,

Tani audacter cum amico loquere, quam tecum.

quos amare debetis
!

Ne

irasciminor

Si virtutis
patebit.

viam semper sequemur, aditus in coefungere.

lum aliquando nobis

amicus moriatur.

Munere tuo bene

Metuo, ne

The
rich

arts

themselves will always protect themselves.

doubt not,
!

that thou wilt

always pity the poor.

Reverence,

boy, old age

The

should pity the destitute.

is true,)

You

should acknowledge the truth

will

(==what
teacher.

boys!

good scholar

always reverence his

to the

doubt not, that thou hast promised thy protection

destitute friend.

Contemplate ye the noble examples of

virtue,

which
desire

are pointed out in history.

(opto), that

Many have abused

eloquence.

We

we may

enjoy peace.

All the citizens apprehended, that

the enemies might attack the city.

You

are fallen.

with a friend as confidently, as with yourselves.

You should speak Thou shouldst not be

doubt not, that thou

angry with those,

whom thou
way of
office.

oughtest to love.
virtue.

wilt always follow the

All

know, how well thou hast

always managed thy

LXXIX. Words
Dilabor,

to be

learned
ficisci

and
to

Eoixrcises for translation.

lapsus

sum,

3.

depart,

mentior
metior,

4.

labi 3. to

go

to ruin.

proceed, march.

/ Zie. mensus sum,

sum, li- assentior, sensus sum metiri 4. to measure. and 4. to assent to. decet 2. (c. ace. pers.) ace.) to forget. blandior 4. Ifatter. it is ft. obsequor, secutus sum, experior, pertus sum modestia, ae,/. modesty.. sequi 3. to comply 4. to try. umbra, ae,/. shade. with, obey. largior 4. / give freely, commendatio, onis, /. proficiscor, fectus sum, bestow. commendation.
obliviscor, litus
visci 3. (c.

gen.

Quum
vitia

aegrotus es, obsequi debes praeceptis medici.

Stulti

aliorum
profi-

cernunt, obliviscuntur suorum.

Prima pueri commendatio

ciscitur a modestia.

Concordia res parvae erescunt, discordia maximae

dilabuntur.

Gloria virtutem tanquam

umbra

sequitur.

13

146

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

blandire malis hominibus
largita est.
!

53.

Ne
tuna.

Puer,

lie

mentitor
virtute

Natura honiinifor-

bus multa bona

Magnos homines

metimur, non

Voluptasblanditursensibusnostris.

Postquam orator orationem

finivit,

omnes

ejus sententiae assensi sunt.

Omnia

prius experiri verbis,

quam
I

armis, sapientem decet.

doubt not, that thou wilt obey me.

We
to

shall
(in)

never forget thee.

Italy.

Tell
that
ruin.

me,

why

thy father has proceeded

We

feared,

by

(abl.)

discord the resources (opes) of the citizens might go to

lie
!

Boys, you should not

Who

does not know,

how

often the
to (abl.)

discourse of
virtue, not

men

deceives (==

lies)!

Measure men according

according to fortune.

Always follow the way of virtue.

PART SECOND.
a)

Deponents of the First Conjugation.

to be

LXXX.
Adulor
arbitror
I.
(c.
\.

Words
dat.

learned
1
.

and Exercises for

/
Zenrf

translation.

or

opitulor

mW.

libido, inis,y'.wnre5irain-

acc.) IJlatter.

I think.

recorder 1. (generally ed desire, caprice. with ace.) I remem- eventus, us, m. event
libens,
inTiotis,

auspicor
auxilior

1.

1.

/ commence. her. innocentia, ae,y! / ai</.

1 reign.
cence.
oris,

delighted.

aliquando,
time.
aliter,

adv.

some-

dominor mod6ror
Boni

1.

I.e. dat.

Imod- angor,

m. vexation,

adv. otherwise,
properly.

eraie; c. ace. govern.

viri

rite, adv.

non

voluptate, sed officio consilia moderantur.

Homo

im-

probus aliquando

cum
et

dolore flagi^ sua recordabltur.

Socrates totius

mundi se incolam

civem arbitrabatur.

Disce libens

quid dulcius

est,

quam
res.
fallit,
ti

discere multa?

Ubi libido

Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur honodominatur, innocentiae leve praesidium est. Eventus
atque homines arbitrati sunt.
Atticus poten-

quum

aliter accidit,

Antonio non

est adulatus.

Nihil rite sine dei immortahs ope, con-

silio,

honore auspicab^re.

LXXXI. Words
Aemulor
auguror
tell.

to be

learned

and
ace.)

Exercises for translation.

veneror
1.

1.

(c.

ace.)/ cunctor
imltor
itate.

1. /rfeZa?/.

/revere.

emulate.
1.

1. (c.

I im- venor

1 divine,fore-

I hunt. occulto 1. / conceal.

1.
i,

jocor
I.

1.

Ijest.
(c.

rivulus,

m. stream.
e,

aversor

I turn from,
1.

laetor 1.
joice.

abl.)

Ire-

majores, urn, ancestors.

mediocris,
moderate.
quotidie, adv. daily.

shun. consector

1 pursue,

precor

1.

/ entreat.

53.]

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJtTGATIONS.

Virtutes

147

Venerare deum, venerare parentes.

vJtia

majorum aemulamini,
;

eorum aversamini

In silvis venator venatur lepores

!

in scholia,

Ubi res bona Iractanda est, ne cunctator Discipuli bonos condiscipulos imitantor, malos aversantor. Quotidie, Tardi inpuer, precator a deo immortali, ut servet tibi tuos parentes
pueri, venainini lepores
!

genii est, rivulos conseclari, fontes

laetari soleo,

rerum non

videre.

Nulla re tam

quain

meorum

officiorum conscientia.

In ira moderari

animo

non mediocris ingenii est. Nescisne, Socratem in carcere paucis diebus ante mortem jocatum esse ? Quis speret, se auet orationi,

guraturum esse

ea,

quae menti humanae a deo sunt occultata.

L XX XII
Adhortor
exhort.

Words

to he

learned I
1.

and Exercises for

lie

transition.
a,

1. /encottrag-e,

insidior 1.
for.

in wait
suspect,

immodestus,
modest,

uni,imnoft/e-

cohortoxl. I encourage, exhortor 1. / encourage, exhort.

suspicor

ingenuus,
profusus,

a,

um,

conjecture,

born, dignified.
a,

consolor 1. / console. consplcor J. I discover,

sex.
[late,

vagor \. I wander. praecludo 3. / dose.

temperantia, &e,f.
tern-

um, unre-

strained.

nemo

non, every one.

perance, moderation,

excors, cordis, senseless.

1. / congi'atu- aper, pri, m. wild boar, admodum, adv. very. indignor 1. (with ace. legatus, i. m. ambassa- aperte,ac?v. openly. dor. nequicquam, adv. in or de with abl.) lam vain, to no effect. dissatisfied with some- facetus, a, um, delicate,

gratulor

thing.

witty.

Aperte adulantem

Menti

nihil est

nemo non vidit, nisi qui admodum est excors. tam inimicum, quam voluptas nee enim, libidine domi;

nante, temperantiae locus

est.

Caesar, cohortatus milites, ut acrlter

contra hostes dimicarent,

solaturi

urbem oppugnavit.

Aliorum miseriam con-

exempla laudare debemus viprum fortlum, qui in acerbissimis fortunae tormentis non sunt indignati sortem suam. Genus jocandi non
profusum, nee immodestum, sed ingenuum
venatore insidiandum est apris.
et

facetum esse debet.

Multi legati congregati sunt in urbem

ad gratulandum nobis de recuperata libertate. Quern neque gloria, neque pericula excitant, nequicquam hortere timor animi aures praeclu:

dit.

Narra, ubi per tam longum tempus vagatus

sis.

quin hujus hominis consuetudmem aversatus esses.

Non dubitabam, Non dubito, quin,

istum adolescentem conspicatus, continuo de ejus ingenio praeclarum

quiddam suspicaturus

sis.

We rejoice
at

at.(abl.)

the joy of friends in like nmnner (aequae) as (ac)

our

own (=

ourg),

and grieve

in like

manner

at

[their]

grief

(=s vexations).

Be convinced

that thou

art dear to

me, but that thou

148

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

[^

53.

wilt be much (miilto) dearer, if thou wilt rejoice in good principles. ^-vThe example of the leader encouraged (perf.) the soldiers, that they

might imitate him.

[but] wilt

doubt not, that thou wilt ever

I

assist

the

good,

shun the bad.

(ace.)

doubted

not, that

he would sometime remem-

ber his foul deeds

with pain.
will

Flatter thou not a powerful

[man]

Be convinced
itate

that

you

commence nothing
I

properly without the

aid, counsel [and]

honor of God.

exhort thee, that thou shouldst imRelate to me,

good men, [but] shun the bad.

with thy fortune.
I

why thou

hast been

dissatisfied

doubted not that the enemies had

boy, thou shouldst contemplate both

lain in wait for thee.

When

thou pursuest history,

the examples of virtue and of vice, and emulate those, [but] shun these.

In a good thing, thou shouldst not delay.

the destitute.

The

rich should lend aid to

The

soldiers hasten, in order to lend aid (sup.) to us

against the enemies.

When

evil

desires reign (abl.

abs.), there

is

no

(=

not) place for (dat.) virtue.

b)

Deponents of the Second Conjugation.

to be

LXXXIII. Words
Confiteor, fessus
2. to confess.

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

reri,

sum
2.

reor, ratus

sum,

2. to think.

venia, ae,/ pardon. exemplar, aris, n. pattern, model.

profiteor, fessus
to

sum

dublto
tale,

1. c.

inf I hesiscru-

acknowledge freely,
perf.)

entertain

promise.

pies.

um, all cmctus, a, (combined), whole.

inanis, e, empty, vain.
cito,

medeor (without
c. dat. to

cure,

edy.

impetro rem- imploro informo

1. 1.
1.

I obtain. I implore. / instruct.

3. to
to.

adv.

quickly

ci-

tins,

more
easily.

quickly^

mereor, Itus sum 2. to nego 1. I deny. deserve; dealiquare, trado, didi, ditum
to

more

liberaliter, adv. freely.

deserve

of

som^e-

deliver vp, give

up

nondum,
wholly.

adv. not yet.

thing.

malitia, ae, f.
ness.

wicked-

penitus, adv.thoroughly^

Vix peccatum tuum fassus

te errasse

confessus eras,

lum imploraveramus,
nostram
fassi
polliciti estis.

eras, quum pater tui misertus est. Jam quum denuo negasti. Nondum vestrum auxiquum jam id nobis professi estis. Vix inopiam

eramus, quurn liberalissime vestrum praesidinm nobis

Magna
sidinm,

est vis philosophiae,

nes detrahit, cupiditatibus

liberal.

quum medetur animis, inanes sollicitudiArtes magnum nobis praebent praePraeclare de patria
litterarum studiis

quum

se

ipsae per se tuentur ingulae.

merentuf ^jraeceptores,
informant.

quum juventutem bonarum

53.]

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

140

Rule of Syntax. When the conjunction quum expresses a supposed ground and may be translated by the causal since (seeing that,) (Comp. Synt. 110, 1.) or although, it is connected with the subjunctive.

Quum

philosophia animis mededtur, totos nos penitusque ei tradSre

debemus.

Omnes

miserebantur

vestri,

quum non propter mahtiam, sed

propter fortunam in miseriis

non audebant cum Iiostibus intuetur, tanquam exemplar aliquod intuedtur sui talem amicum aeque Avarus, quum in omnium rerum ac nosmet ipsos amare debemus. affluentia sit, fatebiturne, se esse satiatum ? Quum, virtutem satis in
;

Quum mihtes periciila verereniur^ confligere. Quum is, qui verum amicum
essetis.

se praesidii habere ad vitam beatam, /a/edre; etiam confiteb^re, sapien-

tem

in cruciatibus
sis,

beatum

esse.

Id

si

confessus

eris,

non

dttblto,

quin

professurus

sapientem in omni vitae conditione beatum esse.

When we
don.
sufficient

freely

acknowledge our

guilt,

Since you have acknowledged, that virtue

we more easily obtain parmay have in itself

life,

of (gen.) protection for a happy

you

will also confess,

;

that the wise [man]

may be happy under

this, I
is

(in)

tortures

and when
Scarce-

you
ly

shall

have confessed

doubt not, that you will freely acknow-

ledge, that the wise [man]

happy in every condition of life.

had

acknowledged

my

fault to thee, as I obtained (perf )

pardon

from

thee.

Thou

hast acquired for thyself great praise, inasmuch as

(quum) thou hast

pitied the destitute citizens.

Miserere nostri!

Medemlnor,

cives, inopiae

nostrae!

Suum

quisque tuetor munus.

videntia dubitabit.

Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina proCives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos esse, rati, eos
Venio

acriter propulsare studuerunt.

rus.

meum

praesidium

tibi pollicituest.

Omnibus modis a
?

vobis inopiae civium

medendum

Adol-

escentis officium est, majores natu vereri.

Quis

nescit, te praeclare

de

republica meritum esse

Spero, te mei miserturum esse.

!

Reverence,

boy, old age

Pity ye

me

Thou

shouldst cure the

Shall we,
to

want of when we
ised

others.

The

scholar should reverence his teacher.

contemplate

(=

contemplating) the whole earth, doubt as

(de) the foresight of

God ?

Thinking

(part. perf.), that

thou hast prom-

me
!

thy protection, I have not hesitated to undertake (accedere) the

business.
true

Believe me, who will freely acknowledge (part,

(Ger.)the

fut.)

what

is

Thou must remedy

want of thy

friend.

hope, that

thou wilt promise to

me

thy protection.

It is beautiful, to

remedy the

want of
the

others.

Who

does not know, that Cicero deserved nobly of

Roman

state ^

13*

150

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

[$

53.

c)

Deponents of the third Conjugation.

LXXXIV.
Complector,

Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

adnitor 3. 1 endeavor, reddo, didi, ditum 3. to plexus restore ; 2) to make, um, plecti 3. to emexert myself. hrace. paciscor, pactus sum, gratia, ae f. thank. congredior, gressus pacisci 3. to make an angulus, i. m. corner. philosophus, i, m. phisum, gredi 3. to enagreement. losopher. gage, reverter, pf. reverti, nascor, natus sum, naspart, reversus, inf. pestis, is, /. pest, deci 3.
to

be

born,

to

reverti 3. to return.
ulciscor, ultus
cisci
3.
(c.

siriiction.

spring from,
fut. nasciturus).

(part,

sum,

ul-

semen, mis,
visum,
ble.
i,

n. seed.

ace.) to

n. appearance.
e,

innascor
nitor,

3.

to

be

in-

avenge one^s self on

one.

detestabilis,

detesta-

born, implanted.

um,

uixus or nisus cuumlo \. 1 heap, load, urti 3. (c. abl.), persevero 1. I continue.

superior, us, superior;

conqueror.
conj.

io rest

upon

aliquid, to

ad discedo, cessi, cessum quotiescunque, however often, strive after 3. to go away, depart.
;

2)

something.

Salus

hominum non

veritate

solum, sed eliam fama

nititur.

Gives,

cum

hostibus pacti, pace

fruiti sunt.

Deum

et

divinum animum cogialiis

tatione complectimur.

Lacte, carne multisque

!

rebus vescimur.
poUiciti sunt, si

Ne

ulciscimini inimicos vestros

Romani Numidis
diu

perseverarent bello urgere Carthaginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut bene

cumulatam gratiam redderent.

in

Nemo parum

vixit,

qui virtutis per-

fectae perfecto functus est munere.

Simulatque experrecti sumus, visa Zeno, innumeraNulla tam detes-

somnio contemnlmus.

Aristoteles, Theophrastus,

biles alii philosophi

tabilis est pestis,

nunquam domum

reverterunt.

quae non homini ab homine nascatur.

Non sum

uni

angulo natus

patria

mea

totus hie est

mundus.

Sunt ingeniis nostris

semina innata virtutum.

gressus est in
Italia,

Hannibal, quotiescunque
discessit superior.

cum Romanis

con-

semper

LXXXV.
tired out.

Words

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

Defetiscor, fessus sum,

fetisci 3. to be weary,

patior,

passus sum, pati

3. to suffer.

stultitia, ae,y!/o%. dominus, i, m. lord,

\ter,
i,

elabor, lapsus

sum,

la-

master. excedo, cessi, cessum proelium, 3. (c. abl) to retire.

n.

encoun-

bi 3. to glide away.
enitor, nisus or

tendo, tetendi, tentum

3. to

diuturnitas, at\s,f.long

nixus
exert

stretch

out

ad

continuance.
vicinitas, atis, /. neigh-

sum,
one's

niti
self.

3. to

aliquid, to strive after

something.

borhood.

53.]

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

wrong,
quo, adv. whither.

151

nea:s{indecl.),n.

gentium, wherever in
the world,

proprius,

a,

um (c.gen.),

one's oivn, peculiar.

ubicunque, adv. wherever; ubicunque.

Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalem gloriam

Hostes, diuturnitate pugnae defessi, proelio excedebant.

nititur.

Qui virtutem
Avida
est pe-

adeptus

erit,

ubicunque

erit

gentium, a nobis diligetur.

riculi virtus, et,

quo

tendat,

non quid passura

sit,

cogitat.

Augustus
Valet

domlnum

se appellari

non

est passus.

Animalia

alia

sunt rationis ex-

Animo elapso, corpus nihil valet. apud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiam mortuorum.
pertia, alia ratione

utentia.

Regvitia

ia

res est, succurrere lapsis.

Proprium

est

stultiliae,

aliorum

cernere,. oblivisci
Irasci
iis

suorum.

Ut plurimis prosimus,

eniti

debemus.

nefas est, quos

amare debemus.

Amicitiae, consuetu dines,

vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis,

carendo magis intelligimus,

est.

quam

fruendo.

Juveni parandum, seni utendum

est.

Suo cuique

judicio

utendum

L XX XVI.
gredi 3.
(c.

Words
I go

to be

learned
1.

and

JElxercises
of,

for translation. um,

long
usual,

Ingredior, gressus sum,

ace.)
into, enter, enter upon, perfungor, functus sum, fungi 3. (e. abl.)
to

accuso

/ complain
1.

usitatus, a,

accuse.

common,

deflagro

/ hum up

diu,

adv.

time

(intrans.).

diutius, longer.

vices plur. {gen. not intemperanter, adv. inpass through. used,) f. vidsitudes. temperately, without persequor, cutus sum, perexiguus, a, um, very moderation. sequi 3. to pursue. small. plerumque, adv. generally.

All wish, that they

may

reach (adipisci) old age, but when they have

it.

reached {== having reached), they complain of

The

soldiers tired

out by the long march, gave themselves up to

follow the example of the good.
peace.

rest.

Boys, you should

We

have enjoyed a long-continued

Common
and
it

things escape easily from the

memory, remarkable

and new things remain longer.

leisure
literature.

Many
to

abuse without moderation

to

Those appear

me

have lived happily, to

whom
those,

has been permitted to enjoy the praise of wisdom.

entered upon the very same dangers which
All strive after joy, but
(stabilis, e)

We

favor

who have

we have

passed through.
they

may

obtain permanent

sued
but

(perf.) the

enemies eagerly.

many do not know, whence and great joy. Alexander purFortune is not merely blind itselfj

it

generally

makes those

blind also,

whom

it

embraces.

Man

is

not born for himself alone, but for his country and for his [friends],
so that (ut) a very

small part

is

left

to himself.

The

condition of

152

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

(is)

53.

mortals has such

vicisitudes, that adversity (res adversae) springs

from prosperity
lives the best,

(res secundae),

and prosperity from adversity.

fear,

He
the

who

obeys the law^s not on account of

this

but follow^s
In
(abl.)

them, because he thinks that

may be most
up.

salutary.

very same night in vs^hich Alexander w^as born, the temple of the

Ephesian (Ephesius,

a.

um) Diana burned

d)

Deponents of the fourth Conjugation.

to be

LXXXVII. Words
Potior
4. (c. abl.)

learned

and Exercises for

fol-

translation.

I pos-

tempt),

which

calor, oris, m. kta^t.

tis,

sess myself of. opperior, pertus sum,

lows throughout the frons,

fourth Conj.

/. forehead.
onis,

praeparatio,
preparation.
vultus,
us,

/.

periri 4. to mvait.

coorior
4.

4.

arise, break

ordior or exordior, or-

out, break forth.

m. expres-

sus

sum,

ordiri

exorior

to begin.

orior, ortus
4. to

sum,

oriri
rise

spring from,
part.

/ appear, sion, countenance. spring from, arise. privatus, a, um, priva/c. demolior 4. / demolish, ferox, 6c\s, ferce. eblandior 4. / obtain by necesse est (c. sub4.

from ;
the

fut. ori-

flattery.

junctive or

c.

ace. et

turus (not
Ind.

orturus);

praeloquor,

locutus
<o j^rem-

inf.),

it

is

necessary.

Pres.

fol-

sum, loqui 3.
ise.

eo, adv. thither, so far.

lows the third Conj.

oreris,
oritur,
ori-

grate, adv. gratefully.

ti,

animadverto,

sum

tamen,

conj. yet.

mur; so its comS. to observe, perceive, vero (after word of pounds except ado- praeda, ae,/. booty.
rior
(I

the
its

first

clause)

attack,
ociili,

at-

tergum,

i,

n. back.

conj. but.

Frons,

vultus persaepe

mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime.

Quicquid
est.

oritur,

qualecunque

est,

caussam habeat a nitura necesse

Sol universis

multi indigni luce

eandem lucem eundemque calorem largitur. Quam sunt et tamen dies oritur. Unde tandem tam re!

pente nobis exoreris^

victoria in

Mihtes,

si feroci

impetu

in

hostem cooHmur,
adorimur,
periciila metitur.
ita potitur,

manibus

nostris est!

Dmn

urbem oppugnare

hoBtes a tergo nos aggressi sunt.

Suo quisque metu

Sapiens et praeterita grate recordatur, et praesentibus

animadvertat, quanta sint ea

ut

quamque jucunda.
!

Cave, ne honores eblandiare

Oratores, priusquam exordiantur,

quaedam praeloquuntur.
adhibenda nobis

In omnibus negotiis, priusquam ordiamur,

diligens.

est praeparatio

Omnes

floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia

cives domos suas regem opperiebantur.

Dum
cives

exercitus hostilis urbis

domos

privatas publicasque demoliebatur,

maximo moerore

opplebantur.

Quum

hostes

praedam

inter se
mill-

partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur.

Dux

53.]

DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS.

omnia experirentur,
qiiibus

153
obsidioiie lib-

tes coliortatus est, ut

urbem

erarent.

Quiiin saeva tempestas cooriretur, ingens pavor

omnes nau-

tas occupavit.

LXXXVIII. Words
Etnentior
falsely.
4.

to be

learned
1.

and
atis,

Ejcercises for translation.

prodigiosiis,
a,

state

coriservo

/ commoditas,
convenience.

preserve,

um,
ridicu-

wonderful.
ridiculus, a,
lous.

emetior,
metiri
off,

mensus sum,
4.

um,

/ measure ubertas,
move, ex-

atis,/. boimti-

travel through.
4.

fulness.

tantus, a,
us,
wi.

um,

so great.

molior
cite,

to

adspectus,
sight.

consulto, adv. designedly.

attempt.
1.

advolo

I Jly up, has- usus, us, m.

use, want,

fortuito, adv.

by chance.

ten up.

Ridiculi sunt, qui,

quod

ipsi

experti

non
et

sunt, id

decent ceteros.
agit, ut se

Omne

animal se ipsum

diltgit ac,

simulatque ortum

est, id

conservet.

Ad hominum commoditates

usus tantanr rerum uberta-

tem natura largita est, ut ea, quae gignuntur, dQiiata consulto nobis, non fortuito nata videantur. Herod6tus, multasAerras em^nsus, multas quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse ementitus est, sed Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum, alii, ex quibus audivit. quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. Repente Romanis Sulla exortus et
atrocisslmum bellum
Sapiens
falsi

civile exorsus est.

''

ementietur,

nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam nunquam fortunam experietur, nunquam aliis
Si celerlter

aliquid

calami-

tatem molietur.

hostem adoriemur, non

Simulatque

est

dubium, quin
erit,

brevi tempore urbe potituri simus.

ficificemur.

sol

ortus

pro-

Ne

blandire malis hominibus.

Ne

opperimini fortunam
facilis

Hostes advolaverunt urbe potiturn.

titu.

Numei|s aequalis
oritiirum

est par-

Sole oriente, profecti sumus.

Coorta saeva tempestate, omnes

nautas ingens pavor occupavit.

tate

Solem

cum maxima
.

volup->'-

spectamus.
*

The sun does

Scarcely had the

not always rise and set in the verj^ s^^jg pla^JK,

tacked (perf ) them spiritedly.

turn of the sun.

enemy been discovered, as we ijqse (^Jerf and at-^. ,^en measure the yelir by (abl.) the re-%
J*

Nothing prevented you, that

the friend.
(diligo)

you should begin your

business.
ai-rival

Three days long (== through three days) have

we

awaited the

of

Every living being, as soog^s it is born both itself and all its parts. "Manj having

(=
*

sprung), loves

travelled
things.

through
History

many

countries, have stated falsely

ma^^ wonderful

154

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
suddenly against
(dat.)

[^

54.

relates, that Sulla arose (perf.)

the

Romans and
all
?

began

(perf.) the civil

war.

Tell me,

why

thou hast not assented to

[means],

my

opinion.
to

Hast thou heard that the enemies have tried

in order

possess themselves of

{= ad with
When
the

gerund) the city

LxA^tA-^We will not begin a

shall

new

business, before that the previous [business]

have been completed.

camp
shalt

shall
lie,

be

fortified,

the
trust

soldiers will attack the

enemy.

If thou

nobody

will

thee, even i/*(etiamsi) thou speakest (subj.) the truth.

Our

soldiers did

not doubt,

that, if

they attacked (subj.) the

enemy
the

quickly, they might

in (abl.) a short time possess themselves

of the

city.

Await thou not

fortune
soldiers

Flatter ye not

bad men

As

sun

rose (abl. abs.), the

marched against the enemies.

rise),

The

sun, on the point of rising

I

(=

about to
lie.

presents a splendid sight.

hope, that thou wilt

never

All believed, that a storm

would

arise.

54. Periphrastic

Conjagation.

By joining the verb esse with the participles and with the gerund, a new conjugation is formed, called the periphrastic

conjugation; under this the following forms are to be

1) AmatHruSj a,

noted:

um

sum, /

luish,

intend^

am

about to

(ivill) love.

Indicative.
Present.

Subjunctive. SimaturussimJ may he about to {tvill) [love. amaturus sis, amaturus sit, hortaturi simus, we may be about to
hortaturi
sitis,

amaturus sum, I am about to {will) amaturus es, [love, amaturus est, hortaturi samu8,we are about to{will)
hortaturi estis,
[exhort,

[{iviU) exhort.

hortaturi sunt.

hortaturi sint.
Imperfect.

moniturus eram, / would admanish. moniturus essem, / would admonish.

Perfect,

veritarusfm,! would have reverenced,

veriturus fuerim, T would have rev.

Pluperfect.

recturas fueram, / ivould have gov.

recturus fuissem, / would have gov.

Future.

functurus ero J shall be about to manage,

wanting.

54.]

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
Future Perfect,

155

auditurus fuero, I shall have been

partiturus fueris.
[aboiU to hear.
Infinitive.

wanting.

amaturus Per/. amaturus amaturus Fut

Pres.

esse, to he about to {will) love

fuisse, to' have been about to love fore, to
tvill love,

(that one) will be ready to love.

2)

Amandus,

a,

um sum, /

must be loved, one must love

me
Indicative.
Pres.

Subjunctive.

amandus sum, I must be loved, amandus sim, / must be loved, one must love me one must love me amandus es, thou must beloved, amandus sis, thou must be loved,
one must love thee one must love thee

must be loved, one must love him hortandi sumus, we must be exhorted, one must exhort us hortandi estis, you must be exhorted, one must exhort you hortandi sunt, they must be exhorted, one must exhort them. Imperf. monendus eram, / was to be
est, he

amandus

amandus

sit,

he must be loved,

one must love him hortandi simus, we must be exhorted, one must exhort us. hortandi sitis, you must he exhorted, one must exhort you
liortandi
sint, they

Per/.

must he exmust exhort them. monendus essem, / might be to admonished, one was to adhe admonished, one might be monish me to admonish me verendus fui, / should have verendus fuerim, / may have
horted, one

been

reverenced,

one

should

been to

he

admonished, one
to

have reverenced

me

may

have been

admonish me

Plupf. regendus fueram, I ought to regendus fuissem, I might have have been governed, one ought been to be admonished, one to have governed me might have been to admonish me.

Fut

persequendus ero, /
to be

shall

be

wanting.

FP.

pursued, one unll be under obligation to pursue me audiendus fuero, / shall have been to he heard, one will have been under obligation to hear

wanting.

me
metlendus
fueris, thou unit have

been to be measured, one will

have been under obligation

to

measure
Pres.
Perf.

thee.

Infinitive.

Fat.

amandus esse, to he under obligation to he loved. amandus fuisse, to have been under obligation to be loved. amandus fore, to will he under obligation to he loved, (that one)etc.

156
J)

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.

[54'

Amandum
w,
^r..

est

one must love, mihi

Synt.

amandum

est,

/ must

Comp.
ium
tibi

98.

Indicative.
est,

Subjunctive.
/ must love thou must

one must love

est,

amandum
hortandmn
exhort
illi

amandum sit, one should love mihi amandum sit, I should love
tibi

est

hortandum

sit,

tJmu shouldst

exhort
est, he est,

timendum
confess

nobis fatendum

must fear illi timendum sit, he shouldfear we must nobis fatendum sit, we should
confess

vobisjegendmn
read
illis

est,

you must vobis legendmii

read
they

sit,

you should
they should

loquendum

est,

must

illis

loquendum

sit,

speak

speak
est,

puero audiendum

the

hoy puero audiendum should hear

sit,

the

boy

vw^iS^lendum
must tiy^
Imperf. amjw^ijjffitf rat, one

est, the

man

viris

experiendum
try.

sit,

men

should

was

to love

amandum
to love

esset, one

might be

mihi
Perf.

amandmn
fuit,

erat,

/ was

to

mihi

amandmn

esset,

/ might

love

be to love

amandum
loved

one should have

amandum amandum

fuerit,

/ mny have
/ might have

been to love
fuerat, one

Plupf.
Fid.

amandum
amandum
love

ought

to

fuisset,

have loved
erit,

been to love.

one shall be

to

wanting.
wanting.

F.P.

amandum

fuerit,

one shall have

been to love.

Patria amanda
patria nobis
milites

est,

'

one's native country should be loved, one should

;'

love his native country

hie liber tibi legendus est,

dud

should love our native country ;' thou shouldst read this book ;' adhortandi fuerunt, ' the general should have incited tho
est,
'
'

amanda

we

soldiers.'

Examples for

the Gen., Dat., Jlcc.

and
k

Abl. of the Gerundive.

;'"

Comp.

Synt.
'

99.

peritus

Ars navis gubemandae, the art of governing a ship sum equorum regendorum, I am skilful m governing horses asiritus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis, the ass is fitted to bear'

;'

'

ing great loads,'

cise of the

or,

'

to bear great loads.'

corporis exerdtationes

plurimum

valent

ad valetudinem firmandam,

exer-

body

avails

much

for confirming the health.'

55^
cultivated.'

IRREGULAR FIRST CONJUGATION.

animus excoUtuTj
'

157
letters the

enstt littens tradandis

by the pursuit of

Catalogue of the verbs, ichich in the formation o^heir tenses. paradigms given in 50 "rf 51.

FIRST CONJUGATION.
55. T.

.r^^ar'-

The Perfect

ivith

R^tplicatiom^f^

^
r

Remark. The reduplication in do, consists in repe ating thei first fconsonant of the stem with e, but in sto, in ^^P^^t>"|ii|j||^H|K'^ ^^^' ^Bpnants of the stem with e, and then the s is dropj^P'f^WFF'XIiB stem,

Hrence
3.

steti

for

ste-sti.

Comp.

sp(indeo, spopondi (

Do

dedi,

datum, dare, to

syllable is short throughout, as

cept das and da.

^, 7). give. The n of the stemdabam, dabo, darem ex.^MHjpk.

;

"

its compounds of which the first part is a word of two syllableSt Its circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, cireumdare, to surround. compounds with monosyllables, on the contrary, have -do, -didi, -ditum, -dere, and follow the third Conj., as :' addOj^ addidi, gddltum,

So
:

as

addere,
2.

<o

arfc?.

,.>.?

Sto,

steti,

stdtum, stare, to stand

(c.

abrtS^e gained

at the expense of, cost).

monosyllahic prepositions have sUti in the Per, stand by), adstiti, but those compounded with dissyllabic prepositions retain the steti, as: circumsto (I stand around), circumsteti. The Sup. of only a few of the compounds is used and is stdtum ; only praesto (to stand before, bestow), has both praestitum and praestdtum. The Part. Fut. on the contrary, is always stdtiirus, as
Its
:

compounds with
(I

as

adsto

praestaturus, constaturus, obstaturus, etc.

L XX XIX.
dare
or
c.
(c. dat.

Words
et

to he

learned
1.

and Exercises for

stand be- vestis,
sur-

translation."

\"

Circumdo, dedi, datum,

ace,
ace. et abl.), to

atum
fore,

to

be
c.

distinguishdat. to

f. garment. conservatio, 6ms,f.preis,

ed

servation.

swrrownc? (something

pass, to

make good,
to

invitus,
ling,

a,

um, untvUtis,

with something), to (something place around something).

consto,
iti,

pay ; se praestare (e.

g.

fortem)

show insperans,

not hopex-

one's self [brave).

ing, contrary to

forum, i, n. market. pectation. abl.) to consist of, to stipendium, i, n. wages, uber, eris, c. rich, valbe gained at the ex- interfector, oris, m. mwruable. pense of, cost. derer. certo, adv. certainly. persto, iti, atum 1. to propugnator, oris, m. extrinsecus, adv. wOh persist. champion. ouii.
1. (c.

atum

praesto,

iti,

itum and

classis, is, f. fleet.

14


IRREGULAR VERBS.
nobis dedit animum, quoi nihil est praestantius.
'^ictoria stetit.

^^56.
Multo san-

Mater omnium bonarum artium sapientia

uberius, nihil praestabilius

est

qHS**hiA a deo immortali

datum |^B Deus ^pus,

hominum

vitae
T

ut

quandam vestem, animo circumd^patres, aut majores aliqua gloria

et vestivifiHFtrinsecus.

Quorum

n student plerumque eodem in genere laud is excellere. i'arcntes cm issimos hai^re debemus, quod ab iis nobis vita tradlta est. Quinam magis sunt tui N(fn dedit heneficium, qui invitus profuit.
praestiteruiit,'

quam {jjjtkfffiki^ tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? Gives acerri mos pflKignatore^libertatis se praestiterunt. Ingens hominum mul
tudo (^j^BMHttKoro circumstetit.

Quid

est

tam inhumanum, qua

?

eloquenlHHPmtura ad
tam, ad

salutem

hominum

et

ad conservationem da

bonorum pestem perniciemque convertere dium ejyM|flH|ta|pore non esset praestitum, seditio

Quum

stipen-

inter milites orta

est^^^^^^^^^kaihi
quill cio,

fidem praestaturum esse.

Credo, nihil nobis

obstptnrOT^Si^^^B|rnus victoriam adipiscamur.

(imltorum
]ii

Non

dubitabamus,

v^^Ri

fortium morte victoria constatura esset.

tua.

Nes-

rstaturusn^^PRi sententia

No

The Tft^pppi^^ave (perf.) to Miltiades a fleet of (gen.) 70 ships. pest has cost the human race (= race of men) more (pluris) than
Darius promised, that he vs^ould give 1000 talents to the mur-

anger.

derer of Alexander.
ing,

What
all

of (gen.) time

is

given to each one for

liv-

with

(abl.) this

he should be contented.
victory will cost us

Who

does not know, that

Socrates surpassed (perf)

the philosophers of antiquity in (abl.) wis-

dom

I fear, that the

as a garment, has been placed by

much blood. The body, God around (dat.) the soul. You
[he], to

should hold [your] parents very dear, because they have given (trado)
life to

you.

Who

is

more

thine, than
life

whom,

contrary to ex-

pectation,

thou hast restored

(i^'feaf^^)?'

History relates, that

Hannibal, so long as he
all

may have been

in Italy, surpassed (perf subj.)

the

Roman

generals.

Since the general for (ex) a long time had

wages, a sedition arose (perf)

not paid the soldiers

against him.
ity).

[their]

among them

doubt not that thou wilt make good thy word

(=

fidel-

Believest thou, that thy brother will persist in his opinion ?

56.
1.

11.

Perfect:

ui

Supine:

itum,

CrepOj

2.

Cubo, cubuij

crepuij crept tu m, crepdre^ to creak. cubit um, cubdrCy to recline.

'

than which (aoul).

than which (wisdom).

56.]
3.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

159
to tame, curb,

Domo, domui, domttum, domdre,

subdue.

4.

Mico,
So
:

micu
emico,

t.

Sup. wanting, micdre, to

eniicdtum, emicdrey to

glitter
;

emlcui,

gush forth

but, di-

mico, IJight, has dimicavi, atum, are.

5. Plico,

plicdre, to fold.
:

pUcdvi and pltcui, pticdtum and plicitum, This verb is used only in compoext^|*^avi and ui, atum and itum, are, to sition, as avi, atum. Cl^^K^e^ers the regular form explain.
:

6.

Sono,

sonui, somtum,

sondre, to sound, (but Part. Fut.

sonaturus).

7.
8.

Tono^ tonui, (Sup. wanting);

Veto,

^o/^are, to

thunder.

vetui vetttum,
to be

vetdre, to forbid.

XC. Words
Increpare,

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

(to

to reproach.
to

percrepare,

resound.

ply oner's self something).

verecundia, ae^f.
sped.

re-

accuhare,

to recline

by

complicare,
gether
;

to

fold

to-

notlo, onis,/. notion.

inis,

to sit at table.

compHcatus, s^aturigo,
spring.

complicated^ obscure. excubare, to keep watch. perdornare, curb, sub- replicare, to roll back,

gemitus, us, m. groan.

nutus, us, m. nod, com-

due.

recall.

applicare, to lean

upon
aporiels

cremo

1.

/ burn up.

mand.
3.

se

appHc,

to

aduro, ussi,
to set

ustum
to*

ploratus, us, m. cry.

proach, to attc^h
self (to

on fire,
[3. to

burn passim, adv. far and

wide.

one), to

ap-

up.

unfold.

evolvo, volvi, volutum

Quis venit ? Fores crepuerunt. Dux nnhtes vehementer increpiiit. Tota urbs vocibus civium de victoria ex hostibus reportata exsultantium Romani multas gentes ac Age, cubitum discedamus percrepiiit.
!

nationes armis perdomuerunt.

domitas habere hbidines,

Docemur auctoritate nutuque legum, coercere omnes cupiditates. Ex hoc fonte

Indorum
sapientes,

ingentes scaturiglnes aquae emicuerunt.

quum ad

flammam se applicaverunt, sine gemitu aduruntur. Cicero Rhodii ad Molonem philosophum se applicdvit. Sapiens studet animi sui complicdtam notionem evolvere.

Quum

metnoriam temporum

replicaveris, et

virtutum et vitiorum multa exempla reperies.

esset,

Quum

urbs expugnata

Terremur,

omnia passim mulierum pnerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt. quum serena tempestate tonuit. Nitimur in vetifum. Au

at

Rhodes.

See Synt.

92.

160

IRREGULAR VERBS.

[$

57.

gustus carmina Virgilii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam

vetuit.

I have forbidden thee to go to walk, but 'precisely because (ob id ipsum,

quod)

have forbidden

[it],

thou hast striven against

(in)

what has been

forbidden

(=

the forbidden).

The

question concerning (de) the im-

mortality of the soul (plur.), is nobly explained by Cicero in the first book Cicero appHed (perf.) himself with of the Tusculau Disputations. [his] whole soul to the study of eloquence. ^Hm^ hundred soldiers kept watch before the camp. Who does not H^^-lhat many nations and peoples were subdued by the Romans. If thou shalt have curbed thy passions (libido) and restrained (teneo) thy desires, thou wilt live happily. Already we were sitting (pluperf at the table, when suddenly s^
)

flame gushed forth

(perf.

of emico) from the roof

Scarcely had

we

retired (discedere) to sleep

city

(=

in order to recline, sup.),

resounded (perf of persono) with discordant

it

when the whole cries. Thy brother

(abl.)

related to me, that

thundered (perf) yesterday in

(subj.), I

clear weather.

As th^oors had creaked

eomi^(subj.).

doubted not (perf) that thou wast

57. IH. Perfect

ui ;

Bupine

turn.

1.

Frico^
rub.

fricui, fricdtum

(raxely frictum),

fnear e^

to

2.

Ne6"o, dviy atum, are, to kill

but eneco^ enecui, e neto

at um, enecdre^ to
entirely exhaust.
3.

kill

by inches,
secdre, to

ve^

to death, to

>Seco,

secui, sectum^

cut (but Part.

Fut

secaiurtis).

IV. Perfect:
1.

i;

Sujnne
(c.

turn.

Juvo, juvij jiitum, juvdre

ace), to aid, assist.

2.

Ldvo,

Idvi^

Idvdtum and lautum^ IdvdrCj to wash.

to be

XCI. Words
Adjuvare
(c.

learned
renew.

and

Exercises for translation.

oleum,
i,

ace), to

refrlcare, to rub again,

n. oil.
i,

aid, assist, support.

principium,

n. begin-

desecstre, to cut

off.

aWlgo
re-

1.
1

resecare, to cut

off,

coeno

move.
perfricare, to rub thor-

attingo,

I bind. / sup. tigi, tactum

itum

ning ; principio, in
the beginning.
3.

garrulitas,
quacity.

atis, /.

lo-

to touch.

[fetch.

oughly.

peto,

ivi,

3. to seek,

purus,

a, urn, jpure.

$58.]
solatus,a,um,Mn&oMnrf.

SECOND CONJUGATION.
est;

161
a,

summa

aqua, vivus,
fresh.

um,

living,

summus,

a,

um,

high-

surface of the water.

frustra, adv. in vain.

Vereor, ne refricuerim meis

litteris

desiderium ac dolorem tuum.

refri-

Dubium non
caturus
sis.

est,

quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata

Tantalus

summam aquam
quum

attingens, enectus
iste

siti

fingitur

a poetis.
ecuerit
?

Nescisne, quantopfire garrulus

homo me

garriendo en-

Caius Marius

secaretur,

principio vetuit se alligari,

nee quisquam ante Marium solutus diciiur esse sectus. Agricolae frumenta desecta in horrea congerunt. Nisi libidines resecueris, frustra
studebis beate viv6re.
juv^rit ?
adjuvit.

Quis

nescit,

quantopere Cicero patriam suam

Non solum

fortuna, sed etiam tua industria te in negotio tuo

Si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit,

non dubitamus, quin

Exercitus maxi-

splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam.

mis

itineribus profectus est, cives obsidione cinctos adjutum.

Ne

prius

coena,

quam manus

laveris.

Corpus lavaturus aquam puram e vivo

flumine pete.
Boys, rise right early (bene mane), wash yourselves, and,

when you
This

have washed
(iste)

(fut. perf.),

proceed immediately to your business.

to death

man

has vexed
(perf.)

me

by his loquacity.

After the soldiers

had marched

the whole day, they were (perf) entirely exhausted

It is

by hunger and
shall

thirst.

known,

that the gladiators of the

Romans
If

and Greeks, rubbed (perf)

be assisted
(fut.

their bodies thoroughly

with

oil.

we

perf) by fort^une,

we

shall

bear off a splendid

Cicero assisted (perf)
(abl.)

victory over (de) the

enemy.

It is

known,

that

his native country very

much (permultum).

By

the

war

carried

on between Caesar and Pompy, the recollection of the horrid (foedus, The farmers a, um) war of Marius and Sulla was (perf) renewed.
have already cut the grain.
Unless the passions and desires are re-

moved, we

strive in vain to live happily.

SECOND CONJUGATION.
58.
I.

Perfect

Hi

Supine

turn.

Sup., viz. those from

ed, as
:

Preliminary Remark. Many verbs of the second Conj. have no which adjectives in use, chiefly in idus, are formhorreo,
ui, to

shudder, horridus, hideous, paveo, pavi, to dread,

pavidus, timid.
1.

Arceo,

arciii,
i*art.

^he

pounds, in
coerceo,

(Sup. wanting), arcere, to keep from. used as an adjective. The comwhich a of the stem passes into c, follow mjoneo, as
artus, (strait), is

ui,

itum, ere,

to

keep together.

14*

162
2.

IRREGULAR VERBS.
DoceOj docuij
teach.

[$

58
to

doc turn,

docere (with

two ace),

3.

Misceo,
to mix.

miscui, mix turn and mi stum,

miscere,

4.
5.

TeneOj tenuis
Torreo,
II.

tentum,

Unere, to hold.
to dry, Ijake.

torrui, to stum^ tornre^

Perfect

ui ;

Rapine

wm, only

Censeo,

censui, censum^
:

censere^ to rate, judge.

So its compounds, but with the associate form of the Sup. in Uum, as receiiseo, recensui, recensum and recensitum, to examamine ; except succensere, (to be displeased), jaerccTwere (to examine accurately, go through), which have no Sup.
(it disgusts), has together with taeduit, also taesum but this is not used in the classical language the compound periaedet, has in the Perf only pertaesum est, e. g. pertaesum est (me) levitatis, whence by later writers pertaesus, a, um (c. gen. or ace), disgusted.

Remark. Taedet

st,

III.
1. 2.

Perfect:

evi;

Supimim:

etum.
com-

Deleo,

evi,

etum, ere, to destroy.

Flere, to weep.

3.

Nere,
plere.

to spin.

4.

The compounds

of the obsolete plere (to

fill),

as

5.

Here belongs the compound of the obsolete oleo (I grow) Aboleo, abolevi, abolitum, ahoUre, to abolish still this verb does not occur till after the Augustan
period.
Finally

we have

in this class

6.

Cieo, clvi,

citum,

ciere, to stir, raise.

:

So
lar,

also the

compounds, as

concieo,
:

ivi,

itum, iere, or reguitum,

to ire, to excite,

according to the fourth Conj.

ivi,

concio,

ivi,

excieo,
ivi,

itum, iere or excio,

ivi,

ivi,

itum,

ire,

arouse,
;

percieo,

Itum, iere or percio,

itum,

ire, to stir up, raise

but, accio,

accivi, accitum, accire, to

send for, desire

to

come, is of the fourth

Conj. alone.

IV. Perfect:
Preliminary Remark.
in the Perf.

i;

Supine:

turn.
is

The

short vowel of the stem

lengthened

1.

Caveo, cdvi,

cautum,
'.'4

cdvere, to

be on one's guard

$58.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.
(ab aliquo, against
vide.

163

some one)

to give security, pro-

2.

Faveo,fdvi,
Foveo,

(fautum

T3xe)favere

(c.

dat.),

to

be

favorable, to favor.
3.

4. 5.

fo V % fotu w, fov're, to warm, nurse, Moveo movi mo turn, movere, to move.

Voveo, V ovi, v 5 turn, vovere, to vow,
Also the following without a Supine
offer.

cherish.

6.

Ferveo,

fervi and ferbui^ fervere,

to boil.

7.

Paveo, pdvi, pavere, to dread (commonly expaveS'

Cere).

8.

Connlveo, (-nlvi and -nixi^ neither of them used in

good

prose), conmvere, to close (the eijes)^ wink.

XCII. Words
Admiscere,
mingle.

to be

learned

fo intermix,

deprehendo,
excludo,
si,

and Exercises for translation. di, sum 3. gravitas, atis, /.grav%,

dignity.
3. to
testis, is,
c.

[occupy.

to seize, take.

distinere, to hold apart,

sum

witness.

sustlnere, to hear.

exclude, hatch. gallina, ae, /.

vigiliae,
es,

removere, to remove. dedico 1. I consecrate, implico 1. / involve.

respiro

a hen. arum, f. ivatch- horno, adv.

publice,

ascensus, us, m. ascent, anxie, adv. anxiously.

this year.

night watches.
i,

adv. publicly^

/ breathe. I quiet. amplexor 1. I embrace,

1.

pullus,

m. the young

on
of

the

part

of

the

Bedo

1.

(of animals), c^ic^en.

clades, is,/, defeat.

state,

at the

expense

the state.

Ciceronem Minerva omnes

artes edocuit.

Gravitas modestiae mista

maxime
hi

admirabllis est.

Tot tantisque negotiis distentus sum, ut miNescisne, quot labores, quot pericula,
Si virtus te a malis cu-

non

liceat libere respirare.

quot miserias milites in itinere sustinuerint?

piditatibus arcuerit, vita tua beata
erit.

Cicero, per legatos cuncta

edoctus, praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Allobroges deprehendant.

Quo minus
mi natura
sole tostis.

animi se admiscuerint atque implicaverint

illis

hominum

vitiis

atque erroribus, eo facilior

est,

ascensus in coelum

erit.

Simplex ani-

nee habet in se quicquam admixtum.

torruimus.

Vescimur uvis
censa
est.

Horno multas uvas

Cato, Carthaglnem delen-

dam

esse, censuit.

Quinto quoque anno

tota Sicilia

Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago et Numantia, a Scipione sunt Graecorum Romanorumque gloriam nulla unquam oblivio deletae. delevit, nee unquam delebit. Deus bonis omnibus mundum implevit,
mali nihil admiscuit.

Dum

Jujsest

dux, milites seditionem civerunt

164

IRREGULAR VERBS.

59.

Nuntiata clades majorem,

Catilina

quam

res erat, terrorem in urbe excivit.

:

neque

vigiliis,

neque quietibus sedabatur

ut mortui post tertium

ita conscientia

men-

tem excitam vastabat. Cautum est legibus,

dubito, quin

diem

sepelirentur.

Non

semper ab hominum impurorum consuetudine

meisque semper
favisse.

caveris.

Non

ignore, te mihi

Pulli a matribus exclusi

fotique anxie custodiuntur.

Dubitabisne, quin

summum

semper

in te

foverim
sic

amorem ? Me sic amplexati estis, sic in manibus habuistis, fovistis, ut nunquam illius diei obliviscerer. Brutus et Cassius,
Ingratus
est, qui, re-

interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt.

motis testibus, agit gratias.

patriae sua capita voverunt.

Multi

Romanorum imperatores pro salute Eodem anno tria templa sunt publico
by Minerva grammar.

vota et dedicata.

Cicero was instructed

Tell me,

(perf!)

in (ace.) all literature.

who

has taught thee

(ace.)

If thou shalt have joinall.

ed

(=

mixed) dignity with modesty, thou wilt please

If thou hadst

abstained from the intercourse of bad men, thou wouldst

tented with thy
lot.

now be

con-

If virtue

had restrained thee from bad passions,

thou wouldst

now be

founded

(=

mixed).

grapes this year?

happy. By the war all [things] have been conKnowest thou not, that we have dried many Under the reign of Augustus (abl. abs.) the Roman

empire was rated

(perf).

All the senators judged (perf), that they should (Gerund) lend aid to

the citizens of the city destroyed by the enemies.

Scipio destroyed (perf) two very powerful
tia.

It is

known,

that

cities,

Carthage and

Numan-

Tell me,

why

thou hast wept.

The

death of the good king has

been lamented

(=

wept) by

all

the citizens.

When

I shall

have spun

two hours,
with
filled
all

I will

take a walk.

The world

is filled

(complere) by

God
well.

good

[things], nothing of evil is intermixed.

When

thou hast

thy body with food and drink, thou wilt not use thy

mind

Hast thou heard that the soldiers have raised a conspiracy against the
general
? It is

not [possible] to quiet a

mind

stirred

up by an

evil

conscience.

When I shall have sent for (accio) you, you will not My brother, sent for by a letter, will come to-morrow.
for his son Alexander.

delay to come.
Philip, king

of

the Macedonians (Macedo, onis), sent for (perf) Aristotle [as]

teacher

The laws have

I

established, that (ut) the

dead
es-

should be buried after the third day.

know,

that thou hast always

It

been on thy guard against the intercourse of bad men.

was

tablished (perf)by the will of the king, that grain should be distribu-

59.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.

165
I rejoice, that (quod) I

ted to the destitute citizens on his birth-day.

thou hast always favored

me and my

studies.

always cherished great love for

{in c. ace)

know that me. The hen

thou hast
anxiously

guards the chickens which she has hatched and nursed.

An

im-

mense war

w^as raised (perf. of moveo)

I

by Brutus and Cassius, the

murderers of Caesar.

doubt not, that thou hast been greatly moved

History relates, that

(commovere) by the news.

many

generals of the

Romans,
Livy

offered (perf.) their heads for the welfare of their country.

in the

relates, that
tlie

same year three temples were vowed and

state.

dedicated at

expense of the

59.

V. Perfect

i;

Supine

sum.

(Comp. Prelim. Rem.

1.

to 58. IV.)

Prandeo,
8edeo,

2.

prandi, pransum, sediy s e s sum, sedere,

to sit

prandh'e^ to breakfast.
to
sit.

So the compounds with

sedeo, edi, essum, ere,
syllabic propositions

dissyllabic prepositions, as

around,
e

to beset

circumbut those with mono:

change the

of the stem-syllable into

sit by.

?,

as

assideo assedi, assessum, assidere, to

3.

Strideoj

stridi, (Sup. wanting),

^^nt/ere, to whiz.

4.

VtdeOy vidi,

visum,

videre, to see.

Also the following, of which the Perf. takes the Reduplication.

5.

Mordeo,
flict.

momordi, mo r sum,

mordere, to

bite, af-

6.

Pendeo,
ise, to

7.

Spondeo,
Tondeo,

pependi, (Sup. uncertain), pendere, to hang. spopondi, sponsum, spondere, to promto shear, cut.

8.

become responsible for. totondi, ton sum, tondere,

reduplication in these verbs, consists in a repetition of the first consonant of the stem with the first vowel of the stem. Concerning spopondi, see 55. Rem. The compounds of these

The

verbs follow the simples, but are without the reduplication, as admordeo, admordi, admorsum, to bite into; praependeo, pendi, to hang before, respondeo, respondi, responsum, to answer; detondeo, detondi, detonsum, to shave off.

VI. Perfect:
1.

si;

Supine:

turn,

Aug-eo,

auxi, auctum, augere,

to increase.

166
2. Indulg-eoy

IRREGULAR VERBS.

[$

59.

3.

4.

indulsi, (indulttim rare), indidgere^ to to give one's self up to. Lug-eo^ luxi (without Sup.) lUg-ere, to mourn, lament. Torqueo, torsi, tor turn, torquere, to twist, torture.
be indulgent,
to be

XCIII. Words
Extorquere,
from.
pervidere,
to

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

occasus, us, m. setting.
rabies, ei,/. madness.

to

wrest

lacrima,
sica,

ae,/ tmr. ae,f dagger.

i,
i,

contem-

sicarius,

m. assassin,
n. neck.

rabiosus,

a,
a,

plate, examine.

collum,

exterus,

um, mad. um, external,

of a maid,
sharply,

residere, to remain behind.

tonsor, oris, m. barber.

tonstricula, ae ,/. male barber.

foreign.
aricillaris, e,
servile.

a fe-

locupleto

1.

enrich.

barba, ae,/. beard.

epistola, ae,y.
letter.

probltas, atis,f uprightness.

acute,

adv.

acutely.

Postquam prandero, ambulabo. Audistine, nos eras in horto pranQuoad uUa spes in animo meo resedit, pro patriae liber? tate dimicavi. Jam tres menses obsederunt hostes nostram urbem.
suros esse

Non ego sum

ille

ferreus, qui

(=

ut ego)

non movear horum omnium

Multi putant, se bene-

lacrimis, a quibus

me

circumsessum
iri, si

videtis.

fices in suos amicos visum

locupletent eos quacunque ratione.

diligenter pervideris.

Ne

prius de re aliqua judica,

quam eam

Epistoest,

lae tuae valde

me momordenmt.
Quoad

Si quis a cane rabioso

morsus

rabies

eum

occupat.

tu locutus es,

puer ab ore tuo pependit.

et in

Spopondistine pro amico ?

Spopoudi.

Multa a Laelio
responsa sunt

senatu et

in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acute

vit,

Cicero narrafilias

Dionysium, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere

:

suas

docuisse

ita

sordido ancillarique officio regias virgines ut tonstriculas

et capilium patris.
vel,

totondisse
vel in
iis,

barbam

quos nunquam vidimus,

Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam quod majus est, in hoste etiam
torsit.

diligamus.

Callisthenem Alexander non tantum necavit, sed eiiam

Ro-

manae

reipublicae magnitudo atque amplitudo bellis

cum

exteris gen-

tibus ac nationibus gestis

mirum

in

modum

aucta

est.

Sicario sica de

manibus
erit.

est

extorta.

Quo magis

indulseris dolori, eo intolerabilior

Occasum atque maxime luxerunt.

interitum reipublicae

Romanae optimi quique

Come

to

me

to day, in order to breakfast (sup.).

When we

shall

have breakfasted,

we

will

take a walk.

beset three months by the enemies.

Our ciiy has already been The enemies have beset the
?

whole

city.

Hast thou already seen the friend

no, but I

hope

that I

60.]

SECOND CONJUGATION.
him to-morrow.
dog
will bite I grieve, that

167
has
afflicted

shall see

my

letter

thee.

I fear that the

me.
for

So long as thou hast been

te).

absent,

we

have felt anxiety for thee (pendere animis de

My
that

friend has not

yet indeed

become responsible
I

me, but

hope

he will become

responsible for me.

have heard with great pleasure, that your friend

has answered your

letter quickly.

The

captives have cut

(=

sheared)

neither the beard nor the hair for (ex) three months.

History relates, that Callisthenes was (perf.) not only killed by Alexander, but before also

was

tortured.

The

soldiers wrested (perf.) a

dagger from the hands of the assassin.

creased) [his] fierce

Catiline

emboldened

(=

in-

mind and
(perf).

[his]

consciousness of foul deeds by

wicked
soldiers

arts.

By

the discourse of the generals, the courage of the

I rejoice, that

was increased

thou hast not been

in-

dulgent towards (dat.) the faults of thy son.

Thou knowest, how very

much we have lamented

60.
1.

the death of our friend.

VII. Perfect

si ;

Supine

sum.

Miilceo,

mulsi, mulsum,

mitlcere, to sttoke.

2. 3.

Mulgeo, mulsi,
Tergeo.

mulsum,

mulgere, to milk.

4.
5.
6.

Ardeo,

tersum, tergere, to wipe. arsi, arsum, ardere, to burn, take

ter
si,
r'ldere,

fire.

Rideo, r'lsi, r'xsuw,,

to laugh.

Suddeo,

sua si, sua sum,

suddere, to advise.

7.
8.
9.

Mdneo,
Jubeo,

man si, man sum,

The

mdnere, to remain.

jussi, jussu m, jubere, to bid, command, order. Haereo, haesi, haesum, haerere, to hang, stick.
following also without a Supine
algere, to suffer

10. Algeo,
11.

alsi,

from

cold, freeze.

Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, to

glitter, lighten.

12.
13.

Turgeo, tursi, turgere, io ^weW.

TJrgeo,

ursi, wr^ere,

to press, oppress.

14. Frigeo,
15. Liiceo,

(frixi
luxi,

x^cre) fngere, to freeze.

lucere, to shine.

VIII. Perfect with ^^^^i^e ioxm (Neuter Passives) ; without a Supine.

1.

Audeo,

2.
3.

Gaudeo,
Soleo,

ausus sum, audere, to dare. g avis us sum, gaudere, to rejoice.

sdlere,

solltus sum,

to

be accustomed

(to

do

something).

168

IRREGULAR VERBS.
to be

[^60,

XCIV. Words
Abstergere,
to

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

scintilla, ae, /.

wipe

off,

remanere,
oblecto
1
.

to

remain be-

a spark.
hanish-

dispel, remove.

hind, remain.
off.

exsilium,
ment.

i,

n.

detergere, to wipe
afFulgere, to

/ delight. shine upon, convivor 1. / eat

commx>n.
lateo,

in

deridere

2. to deride.

caducus, a, um, destined to fall, Jailing.

canfectio, onis,^!

dissuadere, to dissuade,
elucere, to shine forth.

ui

2.

I remain

mak-

concealed.

ing, composition.

permulcere,

to

stroke,

perpetior, pessus sum,

peti 3. to endure.

charm, soothe.

Dux
Virgilii

mitibus verbis excitos

militum animos permulsit.

et

Legendo
est.

carmina animus meus miriflce oblectatus

libri

permulsus

Ita

jucunda mihi hujus

confectio

fuit,

ut

omnes

absterserit senec-

tutis molestias.

Non

prius ad te veniam,
?

quam luctum omnem

Germania

abster-

eero.

Detersane jam est tabula

Quadraginta milia librorum Alexbello arsura

andriaei arserunt.
sit.

Non

dubito, quin brevi tota

arriserit fortuna ?

Quis

est,

cui

semper

Nescio, cur a te derisus

non esse animos nostros mortales. ? Quis conf idit, semper sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum esse, quod fragile et caducum Romanorum gloria usque ad nostram memoriam remansit. Lysit ? curgus convivari omnes cives publlce jussit. Non qui jussus aliqjjid Persuasum mihi est, memoriam facit, miser est, sed qui invitus facit. hujus atrocissimi belli non modo in hoc populo, sed etiam in omnium gentium sermonibus semper haesuram esse.
sim.
Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio,

Quis

credat, cives

pacem

dissuasuros esse

Milltes in itineribus multos labores perpessi sunt, sudaverunt et alserunt.

litteris

Superatis hostibus, nova spes salutis

civitati

afFulsit.

Pater

me

ursit, ut

primo quoque tempore

litteras

ad se darem.

Quo-

modo

in viro latebit scintilla ingenii,

quae jam in puero eluxit!

Tu
De

me

tantis beneficiis auxisti,

tui

quanta nunquam ausus

sum

optare.

amici
dfire

comitate valde gavisus sum.

est,

Athenis^ optimo cuique acci^\.

solltum

ut in exsilium pelleretur.

The poems of Virgil have delighted and charmed my mitid wonderThe orator hoped, that he should soothe the excited minds of fully.
the citizens by mild words.

Hast thou wiped off the table

pain by thy consolation.

it

has

already been wiped

hast removed from
{imperare,
abl.

off.

I give (ago)
all

thee very great thanks, that thou

me

Under
all

tlie

reign

abs.)

of Napoleon (Napoleo, onis) nearly

I

Europe

burned (perf ) with war.

desire, to fight (gen.
at Alexandria.

hope, that

all

citizens, will

burn with a

of gerund) for the safety of

See Synt.
92.
2

[their] country.

Who

^t

Athens.

See Synt.

92.

61.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.
(sibine).
I

169'

knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him

not,

know

why you

have derided me.

have not dissuaded the peace, and

it.

have been convinced, that neither will you dissuade

our souls will remain after death.
thy opinion.
soldiers,

We

hope, that

Tell me,

why

thou hast persisted in

city.

The

general ordered the soldiers to attack the

The

having been

commanded
the

(part. perf. i^ass.

of jvieo) to assault

the city, forthwith executed

manded).

I fear, that this pain will

command (= what had been comever stick in my mind. The re-

membrance of
minds of
all.

(gen.) this

bloody war, has rernamed

(=

stuck) in the

The
the
tion.

hunters have sweated and frozen.

After

it

has lightened,

it

thunders.

The

soldiers have pressed the

enemies veiy much.

From

countenance of the man, shone (perf) dignity

I

ana modera-

have rejoiced, that (quod) thou hast dared to speak thy opin-

ion freely.

The

Carthaginians were accustomed (perf) formerly to

use elephants in war.

THIRD CONJUGATION.
^ 61.
I.

Perfect
a)

si ;

Supine
in

sum
:

The stem ends

d or

t:

1.

Claudo, clausi,

clausum,
au passes

daudere, to close.
into w, as

In the compounds ud^re, to include.

2. 3.

includo, usi,

usum,

Divido, (^ivlsi, di visum, dividere, to divide.

Laedo, laesi,
In the
to strike against.

laesum,

laedere, to hurt.
i,

compounds
lit

ae passes into

as

iUido,

isi,

isum, idere,

4.
5.

Litdo, lusi,

sum,

Ivdere, to play.

Flaudo,

la usi,
:

plausum,
;

plaudere, to clap.
in the remaining

So
6.

also applaudo (I applaud)

into o, as

compounds
off^

au passes

explodo,

osi,

osum, odere, to

clap

drive

off.

Rddo, rdsi,

7.
8.
9.

rdsum, rddere, to shave, shear. Rodo, rosi, r osum, rodere, to gnaw, slander. Triido, trusi, trusum, trudere, to thrust.
Vddo, vddere, to go
s

without Perf and Sup. But the compounds have both, as evado, e v a u m, evadere, to come out, escape.
;
:

i,

e v a-

To
10.

these succeed the following

Cedo, cessi,
Mitto,

cessum,
15

ce<5?c/g,

to give

way.

11.

mi si, mis sum,

mittere, to send.

: :

170
12.

IRREGULAR VERBS.
Qudtio, (Perf. wanting,)

[^

61.

quassum,
into cu

^^a^e/*^, to

shake.
Perf., as

The compounds change qua

b)

and form the

decutio, decussi, decussum, decutere, to shake down,

The stem ends

in g^ c, or ct

13.
14.

Mergo, mersi,
SpargOy

mer sum,

wer^e/e, to phinge.

spar si, spar sum,

spargere,\o scatter (sow).

c,

In the compounds a of the stem passes into go, ersi, ersum, ergere, to besprinkle.
15.

as

consper-

16.
17. 18.

Tergo, tersi, t ersum, tergere, to wipe, (kindred form oUerg^e HO. VII 3). F'lgo, fi X i, fi xum, f'lgere, to fix.
Flecto,

flexi,

flexu m, fiecttre,

to bend.

Necto,

19.

20.

nexui, nexu m, neatere^ to unite, plait. Pecto, pexiy pexum, pectere, to comb. Plecto, (plexi,) pie xum, plectere, to iplait
c) Finally, the

two following belong here.

21.

Fremo,

pr e s si, pres sum,

compounds
essi,
e

premere, to press.

In the

of the stem before

passes into i, as

comprimo,
22.

essum, imere,

to press together.

Fluo

(for Jluvo),

fl u xi,
learned

fluxu m, fluere,
and
ffctsft,

to flow.

XC V.
Committere,
concedere,
allow.

Words
to
to

to he

Exercises for translation.

break,

commit.
concede^

elidere,.<o

spectator, oris, m. spectator.

imprlmere,
copulare,
I'ocare {in

to impress.

to join.
c.

connectere,

to

join

to-

abl.),

to

cachinnatio, onis,^. an unrestrained laugh.

histrio,

gether, connect.

place, set.
fe-

on is, m.

actor.

corradere, to scrape
gether.

Hbra, ae,/. a pound.

perpetuitas, atis,/. stability,

modms^
to deceive.

i,

m. a bushel.
i,

perpetuity.
tis,

deludere,

regnum,

n.

reign,

imprudens,
tvares.

unaby

eludere

to

mock.

kingdom.
praecordia,

discludere, to separate,

orum,

n.

viritim,

adv.

man

diaphragm.

man.
est.

Temphim Jani
cessum
sit,

bis post

Numae regnum clausum

Si ridere con-

vituperatur
tibi est,

tamen cachinnatio.

Si concesseris, esse
administrari.

confitendum

ejus consiho

mundum
ut

In

deum omnium
;

animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura.

Magna

vis est conscien-

magna in utramque partem, miserint, et poenam semper ante

tiae, et

neque timeant

[ii],

qui nihil
[ii],

com-

oculos versari putent

qui pec-

carint.

Virtutes ita copulatae connexaeque sunt, ut

omnes omnium

particlpes sint.

Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos medics ac toj

61.]
olei libras

THIRD CONJUGATION.
trecenos quoque

171

tidem

nummos

virritim divisit
est,

Qui

difFi-

dit perpetuitati

bonorum suorum, timeat necesse

miser.

ne aliquando,

amissis

illis, sit
:

Plato duas partes amnmi, iram et cupiditatem,

locavit,

locis disclusit

iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia

Omnis
ne

Gallia in tres partes divisa est.

Si quis irnprudens te laeserit,

ei irascere.

Si vitae molli et efFeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore

elisi

omnes
amico

nervi virtutis

erunt.
7

Cur me

elusistis

Nescisne, a perf ido

me delusum

esse

Histrionibus, qui heri praeclare partes suas

sustinuerunt,
sententia ab

omnes

spectatores applauserunt.

Epicuri de

vita

beata

omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa est

Sunt multi,

qui in pecunia corrasa vitae felicitatem collocatam esse putent

XC VI.

Words

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

emerge^ exagitare, to disquiet Concludere, to include, emergere, to up^ work one's exanimare to kill, rise confluere, to Jlow together^ assemble.
diffluere,
der,

self out.

exsibilare, to hiss
to

off.

tofowasuninto.

detrudfire,

thrust

fugare, to put to fight.

hasta, ae,/. spear.

run

down.
extrudere,
to

defigere, to fix, render firm^ to turn upon

something.
transfigere, to transfix,
deflectere, to deviate.

thrust
[dispel,

from.

discutere, to drive away,

nebula, ae,f. a mist. clypeus, i, m. a shield. stimulus, i, m. goad.

caligo, in is,/, darkness.

dispergere, to disperse,
dispicio,

spexi,
to

specthe

salvus, a,

um,
e,

safe.

demergere,

to

plunge

tum
eyes.

3.

open

mobilis,

changeable.

under, sink, suppress.

quondam, adv formerly.

Te
esse.
orto,

aedibus istum extrusisti

esse, graviter doleo. Cur amicum aegrotum e morbo evasurum Si animus e corpore evaserit, tum demum vivet et vigebit. Sole caligo discussa est. Omnia pericula, quae urbi irapendebant,

in

tantum luctum

et

laborem detrusum
Spero,

ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit

demersum
tium
vi

occultavit.

Animus

coelestis
est.

Marius senile corpus paludibus ex altissimo domicilio depres-

sus et in terram quasi demersus

Leges, per longum tempus hos-

demersae, tandem emerserunt.

Deus immortalis

sparsit ani-

mos in corpora humana. Omnia, quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt, quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt. Epaminondas quum superasset

Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exanivideret, ut

mari se

primum

dispexit, interrogavit, salvusne esset clypeus. fugati

.traiis-

Quum
hostes.
fixus,

salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset, rogavit, essentne Quum id quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, qua erat
hastam.

Alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia: virtus est

una

altissimis defixa radicibus.

Cicero omnes suas curas cogitationes-

172
que
in reipublicae

IRREGULAR VERBS.
\
salute^ defixit.

[^ 61.

Qui

serael a veritate deflexit, ei

ne

Terum quidem
virtutis via

dicenti fides haberi

esse.

solet.

Non

credo, te

unquam de
Ingens
,^

deflexurum
in

Die, cui banc coronatn nexueris.

hominuin multitudo

urbem

confluxit, ludos publicos spectatum.

The Romans closed (perf.) the temple of Janus twice after the reign of Numa. If it is conceded to me by thee, that there is a God, ihou must confess that the world is managed by his counsel. What thou hast promised, thou must hold to [tenere, gerundive). The idea(= notion) of God, is impressed upon (abl.) the souls of all men by nature
lierself.

Men, by whom crimes have been committed, are disquieted by the goads of conscience. God has connected all parts of the world
together (inter
se).

Hast hoji heard, that grain has been distributed

to (dat.) the poor by the king?

virtuous

(=

partaking of virtue)

man
tune.

will

be happy, even
believes,

when he

shall

have

lost all the gifts

of

for-

Plato

that

anger and passion are separated from

the reason and understandin;^

into four parts.
It is

The

general has divided

all

the troops

not doubtful, that a soft and efifeminate^life will,

in a short time, enfeeble all the

powers

(=

nei-ves^t

est thou not, that the faithless friend has deceived

of virtue. Knowme ?^~]tjasi'{i= -yes^^^

terday) evening, the actors

heard, that lately

all

were (perf) applauded by all. Hast thou the actors have been hissed and clapped off?

Many think, that, if they have scraped together (subj.) much gold, they may be happy. The heads of the captives were sheared (perf) by the fioldiers. What misery has brought thee (= thrust thee down) into so great grief? That (iste) man hast justly been thrust from the house. When once (quando) a I hope, that we shall escape the danger. (aliquod) dream has turned out (evadere) true, many men believe, that The sun has driven away the mists. this has not happened by chance.
which threatened the state, are dispelled by the wisdom and bravery of the general. I hope, that thou wilt soon emerge from Immortal souls the misfortune into which fortune has plunged thee. Our soldiers have been placed (= sown) by God, in mortal bodies. All the attacked (perf) the enemies dispersed and put them to flight. cares and thoughts of Cicero were turned upon the welfare of the republic. I know, that thou wilt never deviate from the path of virtue through wickedness. For (dat.) whom is this crown plaited? I beAll dangers
lieve there is a great multitude of

men

assembled

in the city, in

order

to behold (sup.)

the public games.

It is

known,

that the

Romans

later (posterior) times,

ran into (diffluere) luxury.

$62.]

THIRD CONJUGATIOIC.

173

62.
1.

II.

Perfect
colui,

ui ;

Supine

tum^
to

\tiim^

sum,
cultivate,

Colo,

cultum,

colere,

attend

to,

honor.
2.

Consulo,

ate

c.

ace, to consult

consului, cdnsultum, consulere, to delibersome one c. dat, to consult for

;

some
3.

one.

Occvlo,

occiilui, oc

cultum,
ripui,

occvlere, to conceal.

4.

Rdpio, rapui, raptum, rapere, to snatch, plunder, carry off

Compounds:
seize,

ripio,

reptum,

ripere, as: arrlpio,

appropriate to myself.

6.
6.

Sero, s

Texo,

erui, s ertum, serere, to join together. texui, textum, texere, to weave.

7.
8.

Ah,

ahii, altum, dlere, to nourish. Cumbo, cuhui, cuhltum, cumber e, to lie. The simple verb is not used, but its compounds,
bfire, to lie

as: discum-

down.

9.

Depso, depsui, depstum, depsere^ to knead.

10.

Fremo,
Gem/),

fremui, fr emitum,

fremere,

to

murmur,

grumble.
1 1.
1 2.

Gigno,
Molo,

g emui, g emitum, gemere, genui, genltum, gignere,

to groan, deplore. to beget, produce.

13.
14.

molui, m, oil turn, molere, to grind. Pinso, pinsui, pinsltum (and pinsum, pistum), pinsere, to

bray, pound.
{in
c. abl. ),

15. Pono,

posui, posltum, ponere

arises

to place, lay.

Pono
16.

from posino, and posui from posivi.

V^TTW, vomui, vomltum,

vomere, to vomit.

17.

Frendo,
gnash.

frendui, fresum

or

fr essu m,
to

frendere, to

1 8.

Meto,

messui, messu m^ metere,

The
:

mow,

reap.

Remark.
snore, strepo,
ble ;

ui, ere, to rustle,

following want the Sup. sterto, stertui, stertere, to sound, resound ; tremo, ui, ere, to tremas
:

compesco, compeseui, compescere, and the compounds of cdlo except percellere : excello, antecello, praecello / excel, Pf cellui excelsus and praecelsus (lofty, distinguished) are used adjectively.
the
to restrain
;

compounds of pesco,

volo, ui, velle, to unsh

15*

174

IRREGULAR VEEBS.

62.

XCVIL
Ampere,

Wards

to be

learned

and Exercises for

to fight (for

translation.
i,

to seize

upon,

depugnare,
life

sepulcrum,
burial.

n. grave^

dirlpere, to plunder.

or death).
to

conserere,
hand.

to

gether, to be

join to- jurare, to swed^. hand to suo, sui, sufiim 3.

sew.

tegumentum,
covering,

i,

n. cover,

commutatio,
gressus
3. to step

onis,

f,

demetere,
letfail.

to cut

demittere, to
disserere,
speak,
to

down, progredior, let down, sum, gredi

Jorth.
discuss,

change.
migratio, onis,/.
tion.

m^ra-

caerimonia, ae,yi sane- recordatio, onis, f. retity,

religious

cere-

collection.

ingignere,

to
to

implant.

praeponere,
fore.

place be-

many. praetorium, aPs tent.

i,

n.

mutus, a, um, dumb. gener- supremus, a, um, last, mature, adv. speedily.

In omnibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, ubi autem consulueris, mature

consulto opus

estl;

rem ipsam aggredere. Socrates supremo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. Manibus consertis, milites nostri fortitudlne excelluerunt Animus moderatur Zeno in una virtute beatam et movet id corpus, cui praepositus est. vitam posuit. Natura ingeniiit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendL Omnibus animalibus a natura ingemta est conservandi sui custodia. Alexander, victor tot regum atque populorum, irae succubuit. Spero, te semper maximo studio in litteras incubiturum esse. Caerimonias
praediti, non tanta cura coluiseorum mentibus, mortem non interltum esse omnia delentem, sed quandam quasi migrationem commutationemque Si vitae, quae in claris viris et feminis dux in coelum soleret esse. ingenium tuum artibus litterisque excultum erit, et tibi et aliis utilis

sepulcrorum homines, maximis ingeniis

sent, nisi haerferet in

eris.

Dux, ne

milites

animum

demitterent, vulnera sibi inflicta occu-

luit

Ne

crede, uilum
vel texta,

corpdrum

peccatum deo occukum manere. Tegumenta Quis pulchram illam vestem texiiit ? vel suta sunt.
rapiiit.

Oratio tua totos nos ad se

ripuerimus,
direpta
est.
si

Quaerit Socrates, unde

animum

ar-

nullus fuerit in

mundo.

Expugnata urbs ab

hostibiis

Scipio pugnavit

cum

Hannibale, prope nato in praeforio

patris, fortissimi ducis, alto

ille

atque educato inter arma.

est,

Cui non locus

mutus, ubi altus aut doctus

versetur?

Agricolae frumentum

mente non solum jam demessuerunt, sed

grata recordatione in

cum

etiam
mCiit,
illo.

demessum

in horrea congesserunt

Ipse Hector toto pectore tre-

quum

Ajax multa

cum hilaritate progrederetur depugnaturus cum

there

is

need of one's deliberating.

63.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.

175

Tne Romans
act.)

sent (perf.) ambassadors, in order io consult (part fut

I

the oracle.

know,

that thou hast cared for

me and

mine.

The

soldiers

were

swore, that

hand to hand with the enemies. The soldiers they would not desert [their] general. God has placed
(perf.)

the soul before the body.

Nature has produced gold,

silver, brass, iron,

in short (denique) all metals for the use of

(gen. of the gerund) the truth

men.
is

The

desire tojind

(=

what

is

true),

implanted in the

human

race by nature.

I rejoice,
I

that thou

hast applied thyself with

so great zeal to literature.

doubt not, that the wise [man] w ill never

If thou shalt have cultivated thy

sink under the pains of the body.

genius by arts and literature, thou wilt be useful both to thyself and to
[thy] native

land.

hope, that thou wilt always honor thy parents.

Why

hast thou concealed thy faults from

thou wouldst always conceal them from

me ? didst thou think, that me ? The enemies, ajler they

and plundered

had taken

the

city, (abl. abs.),

killed (perf) the citizens

their goods.

of fortune
place (ace.)

The wise [man] will be happy, even when all the gifts may be snatched from him. Gratefully we remember the where we were nourished and brought up.
III.

63.

Perfect
Pres.

is

vi

Supine

turn.
;

The stem of the

1.

strengthened by n or r
to

Li-n-o,
Si-n-o,
Se-r-Oy

Ie

i,

2. 3.

sivi,

lltum, situm,

/iwe?-g,

besmear.
sow.
:

sinere, to let, permit.

screre, io

sevi,

sdtum,

In the compounds, a of the Sup. passes into i, as consevi, consltum, conserere, to seed down, plant.

consCro,

The
4.

following have suffered a transposition of letters in the

Perf and Sap.

5.
6.

crevi, cretu m, cernere, to sift, discern. The Perf and Sup. occur only in the compounds. Sper-n-o, sprevi, spr etu?n, spernere, to spurn. Ster-n-o, strdvi, stratum, sternere, to spread.
Cer-n-o,

Finally there belong here the following in sco

7.

Cre-sc-o,

crev i, cr etum,
grow
to,

crescere, to
increase,

grow.

So
grow
8.

accrescere, to

decrescere,

to decrease,
;

together

excrescere, to grow up, grow again, concrescere, to the remaining compounds want the Sup.
recrescere, to

No-sC'O,

novi, no turn,

noscere, to

be acquainted with.

176

IRREGULAR VERBS.
So
:

[^

63.

internosc^re, to distinguish, ignoscere, to pardon, pernos-

cere, to become thorovgMy acquainted with, praenoscere, to become

acquainted with before ; but, cognoscere, to become acquainted with, agnoscere, to perceive, praecognoscere, to become acquainted with
previously, recognoscere, to become acquainted with again, to re-

view,

form the Sup. in ilum, as

cogmtum.

^. Pa-sc-o,
10. 11.
12.

pdvi, pa stum, pascere, to pasture, feedguievi, quietum^ quiescere, to rest. Sci-sc-o, sclvi, scitum, 5mce/e, to decide. Sue-sc-o, suevi, sue turn, 5we5cere, to be accustomed.
Quie-sc-o,

XCVIII.
Decemere,

Wbi'ds to be learned
to

and Exercises for

translation.

deter-

under, place under, to

subject.

obtrectatio, onis, /. detraction,

mine, to discern.
seceriiere, to sever, separate.

grudge.
loveli-

importare,
concionari,

to import.

venustas,
ness.

aUs,f
a,

to

harenvy,

inserere, to
plant.

sow
to

in,

im-

rangue
invidia,
hatred.

the people.

corporus,
poreal.

um,

cor-

ae,

oblinere,

besmear,

daub.
prosternere,
trate. to

vinea, ae,/. the vine.

communis, e, common, known by all.

ibi,

pros-

butyrutn,

i,

n. butter.

adv. there.

comitia, orum,
to strow.

n.

as-

consternere,

sembly of the people.

opportune, adv. opportundy.

sublto, adv. suddenly.

substernere, to

spread messis, is,/, crop.

nostri
carltas.

Insita est nobis corporis

Ibi

messis non

est,

ubi

satum non

est.

Omne, quod

substravit animo.
prostravisti.

concretum atque corporeum, deus Vita tua malevolorum obtrectationes et invidias

erat

Probus, imperator,

Aureum montem apud Moesiam

omnia longe lateque

su-

periorem vineis consevit,

Proelio commisso,

telia,

armis, cadaveribus constrata erant.

spretae virtulis exagitat.

Sceleratum hominem conscientia

Die, cur consilium

meum

spreveris.
sis

Audi,
edere.

puer!

Mater te

rogat, tiur

panem

butyro oblitum oblUus

Displicet, qui se externis

moribus

oblevit.

vox opportune emissa.

est a valetudlne.
(esse).

Venustas

et pulchritudo corporis secreta

est, se

Cato concionatus
se

dubiam decrevit saepe non comitia haberi non siturum

Rem

omnino importari non siverunt. Cur desisti (desivisti) istum librum leg6re ? Thebanorum potentia, quoad iis Epaminondas et Pelopldas praefuerunt, mirum in modum crevit. Amicitia nostra cum aetate accrevit. Non dubitamus, quin flumen, quod
Galli

vinum ad

sublto accrevit, etiam sublto decreturum sit

63.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.

177

XCIX. Words
Adsciscere, to adopt.
assuescere,
(c.

to be

learned

and
n.

Exercises for translation.

luxuries, ei,/.
extrava-

deponere,
sacra,
rites.

to lay aside,

dat.) to

orum,

sacred

gance.
alienigena, ae, foreign,

accustom one's self, to accustomed (to he

auctor, oris, m. author,

adviser;

from another

country,

something). consuescere, to accustorn one^s self,

to

me

auctore,

assiduus, a, urn, iinremitting, constant.

on my
reWgxo,

advice.

be

on'is,

f religion,

dilucidus,

a,

um,
a,

dear.

accustomed.

scrupulousness.
superstitio, oiiis,/ superstition.

quotidianus,
daily,
fiitlVis, e,

um,

approbare^fo approve,
levare
free.
[c. ahl.) to relieve,

frivolous.
little,

suavitas, atis,/. amia(c.

paululum, adv. a

privare
prive.

abl.), to

de-

hleness,
sition.

amiable dispo-

Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti,

tis

quum

tempesta-

caussa prodire prohibentur, ludis delectantur.

Demosthenes sum-

ma

voce versus multos uno

spiritu

pronuntiare consuevit.
sibi

Numam
maxima
te

Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus,

adscivit.

ipse populus

Cereris sacra populus

Romanus

a Graecis adscita

religione coluit.

Ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad

advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero

me

conquieturum omnes-

que curas doloresque depositurum

veris, spero, te ejus

esse.

Si amici mei

mores pernoSi
tiiebere.

innocentiam agniturum eique ignoturum esse.

luxuriem orationis tuae depaveris, magni oratoris laudem

Bestiae,

fame dominante, plerumque ad

eum

locum, ubi pastae aliquan-

do

sunt, revertuntur.

Cave, ne incognita pro cognitis habeas iisque

temere assentiare.

Quid

est

tarn

futile,

quam quicquam approbare

ad earn

noncognitum?

Populus Romanus eo
auditu,

magnitudinis (=
Quid

magnitudinera) crevit, ut viribus suis conficeretur.

est tarn

jucundum cognitu atque

que verbis ornata
narratio est.

quam

sapientibus sententiis gravibus-

oratio ?

Quo

brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior

Cato, quoad

vixit,

virtutum laude crevit.

^

Omnium

re-

rum

natura cognita, levamur superstitione.

in

Nature has implanted

hast not sown, there
is

us a love for (gen.) our body.

Where thou

not a crop.

Believe not, that thou wilt put an

end

to

(== prostrate) the detraction (plur.) and envy (plur.) of the wicked.

We
(fut.

feared, that the soldiers

had prostrated

all [things].

If thou hast

perf ) spurned virtue, thou wilt not be happy.

advice has been spurned by thee.

why ray Boy, hast thou eaten the bread

Tell me,
I

spread with

butter

by thy mother?
it
It

thought

(= believed)

that

mother had not spread

has been determined by the general, to

178
attack the enemy.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

64.

Before thou shalt have separated thyself from the

in

wicked, thou wilt seek

tain, that tlie rivers

vain the intercourse of the good.

It is

cer-

which have decreased in winter, will increase in the spring. I am accustomed (perf. act. of consuesco), to read someNuma P|rnpilius was adopted (perf) thing from (gen.) Homer daily. by the Roman people [as] king. It is known, that the Roman people
adopted
.

(perf.)

the sacred rites of Ceres from the Greeks.

offices,

Cicero, deliterature.

prived of public

found satisfaction in the study of

When
I

thou shalt have become intimately acquainted with

my

brother,

doubt not, that thou wilt perceive his preeminence.

field.

The sheep

have eaten down the herbs of the

the sheep to pasture

The shepherd

drives (agere)

(=

in order to pasture, sup.),

64.

IV.

Perf.

.to

ivi

Supine
Conj.).

itum
to
cd)

(like

the fourth

1.

Cupio, c
Peto,

up Ivi,

up Itum,

cupere, to desire, wish.

petere,

2.

petlvi,

p etituvi,

seek, strive
aliquo, to

after

something,
Quaero,

attack something;

request of

3.

some one. quaeslvi, quae sltuni,

i,

quaerere, to seek.
isivi,

In the compounds, ae passes into

irere, to examine, trace out.

as: exquiro,

isitum,

4.
5.

Rudo,
Tiiro,

rudivi and
tr'ivi

rudi,
,

rUdltum,
trltuni

rudere, to roar.
,

(for terwi )

(for teritum) terere, to

rub.

6.

Arcesso,

The following also in esso arcesslvi, ar c e ssitum,

Ivi,

arcessere, to bring.

7.

Capesso,

8.

Facesso, ivi,

itum, itum,

ere, to seize.

ere, to
;

make

{nego\\\\ra.facessere, tp

make
9.

trouble, tp
ivi,

vex)

to take one's self off

ere, to attack.

Incesso,

(Sup. wanting,)

10. Lacesso,

ivi,

Itum,

ere, to

provoke.

Saepe homines

res,

quas vehemter cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt.

Audistine, ut leones rudiverint.?

nisi

Bellum

ita suscipiatur,

ut nihil alilid,

pax quaesita

videatur.

Quum omnem

antiquitatem

memoria

re-

petiveris, tria vix

amicorum

paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam

deponere parati
exquisiveris
!

erant.

Ne

judlca de re prius,

quam eam

accurate

Erechthei

filiae

cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita

civium.

Omnis Romanorum

philosophla repetita est a Graecis.

So-

;:

65.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.

179

crates totam vitam aique aetatem contrivit in

ribus.

Praecepta

virtutis,

quamvis contrita

sint et

emendandis aliorum mocommunia, tamen a

paucis observantur.

Constat, bello Punlco secundo

iste

Hannibalem
facessivic

Italiae

opes

attrivisse.

Importunus

homo multa mihi

fugamque

negotia.
sit.

Non

dubito, quin

nova lege civibus negotium facessitum

Nisi

milites propere ex urbe facessivissent

capessivissent, cives

eos armis incessivissent.

siverunt,

Vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam lacesLeglmus, Roaratro arcessivisse.

quum arma

capessiverunt eosque incessiverunt.

mauos saepe consules suos ab

teris

Multa sacra, ab ex-

nationibus adscita atque arcessita,

Romani
all

religiosissime coluerunt.

Scarcely had the lion roared,

beasts took (perf.) flight.

when

the other (ceterae omnes)

The

soldiers,

provoked by the enemies,

tiie

w^ished (perf.) to fight, and asked (perf.) of

general, that he

would
have
it

lead

them

(se) forth

from the camp against the enemies.

We

sought peace, not war.

shall

Do

not judge concerning a thing, before

have been

sufficiently

examined by

thee.

History relates, that

life

death
the

was sought by

the daughters

of Erectheus for the

of

citizens.

W!g^read, that the consuls were brought from the

It is

plough by the RomaHS.

known

that the

Romans have brought

many

sacred rites from foreign

attacked (perf ) our soldiers,

As so6n as the enemies they seized their arms and fought. I

nations.
city,

have taken myself'so hastily from the

because troublesome
hast

men vexed
Italy

(perf )

me

daily.

I
It

fear,
is

that thou

provoked the

friend by thy licentious jests.

known,

that the

power (opes) of

was

(perf) formerly wasted

by Hannibal.

65.

V.
a)

Perfect

i ;

Siipvne
in h or

turn.

TheVtein ends

1.

Capio,

dpi, capt%m,
:

Compounds
2.

cipio,^^

cepi, ceptum, cipere,

tyi,

copere, to take, seize, receive.

as
:

perci-

pio, 1 perceive, incipio,

begin.

Rumpo,
to lick,

riipi,

ritptu

rumpere, to break.

Scdho, scdhi, scdbere, to stitch,

and lambo, Iambi,

g
or
qii

lambere^

want the Supine.

b)

*^
in c,

The stem ends

3.

Ago, egi,
of time
:

actum,
to spend.
to

age7-e, to

lead, drive, do, act,

make;
through,

So: circumagere,
trary,

drive round,
;

peragere,

to

cari-y

satag^re, to have enough to do

have

the other
:

compounds on

the con-

^igo,

egi,

actum, igere, as

ablgo, / drive away, exigo,


180

lEREGTTLAR VERBS.

[^

65.

/ expel, (of time) Ipass,

codgere),
4.

subigo,

I subjugate ; cogere, to compel (from

has

coegi,

coadum.

Fdcio, feci,

factum,
:

facere, to make, do.

factus sum,
fieri,

Concerning the Pass.

fio,

and

its

compounds

The compounds with prepositions have in the Imper. see 76. flee, as: perfice; the rest retain /ac; from calfacere, however,

we
5.

have

calfdce.

Ico,

lei,

ictum,

icere,

to

strike

of a league

to con-

clude.
6. Jacio,

j eci, j actu m,

jdcere, to throw.

Compounds:
7.

-jicio,

jeci,

jectum,

jicere,

as:

rejicio,

throio hack, reject, subjicio,

/ throw under,

subject.

J^ego,

legi,

lectum,
elect to,

legere, to collect, read.

So, allego, /

perlego, / read through, praelego, / read

before, relego, I read again, snblego, I gather from below ; the folligo, as colligo, / lowing, on the contrar}', have in the Pres., collect, (coUegi, coUectum, colligere), deligo and eligo, / choose, re-

colligo,

/ collect again,

seligo,

select ;

but diligo, Hove, intelligo, /

:

understand, negligo, / neglect, have in the Pei*f

dilexi,

exi,

as

diligo,

dilectum, diligere.

8.

Frango, fregi,

fr actum,
:

The compounds
9.

fringo,

franger
^fregi,

e,

to break.

fractum,

fringere, as

perfringo, perfregi, perfractum, perfringere, to break through.

Lmquo,
Vinco,
Fugio,

11

qui, lictum, linquere, to

\eB.ve.

10.

v'lci,

victum,
c)

t;mce7e, to conquer,
to flee,

overcome.

fugi, fUgere,

has no Supine.
in

The stem ends

11. F^mo,

emi,
to except

em turn,
;

emere, io buy.

Compounds:
mere,

Imo, Imere, as: eximo, exemi, exemtum, exIbut in coemo, / buy in quantiiies, the e remains,
d)

The stem ends

in

u or r

12.

AcOo, dciii,

dcutum,

dcOere, to sharpen.

The comjwunds want

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

the Supine.

ArgOo,

Fxuo,

argui, argutum, ar^uere, to accuse. ex Hi, exutum, exuere, to put off.

etc. I

Indm,
Imbuo,

put on, clothe.

;

etc. I dip in
lit

c.

abl. I

imbue with.
wash.

Lao, lui,

turn,

/were, to

18.

Minuo,

etc. I

diminish.

65.]
19.

THIRD CONJUGATION.
Nuo,
etc. I

181

nod, in compounds, as

adniio, I

nod

to.

20. Riio,
21.

rui,

rutum,

ruere, to

rush (but Part. Fut. ruiturus),

to spit.

Spuo, spui,

sputum,

.spitere,

22.

Statuo, etc. I place firmly.

The compounds change

/ desert.
23.

the a of the stem into

i,

as

destituo,

Suo, etc. I sew.

TribOo, etc. I gfve.
Solvo,
s

24.
25.

26.

Volvo,

olvi, soliitum, volvi, voliLtum,

solvere, to loose;

volvere, io xoW.
(plui),

sneeze,

Metuere (ui), to fear, pliiere want the Supine.

to rain,

sternuere

(ui),

to

C.

Words
affect

to be
af-

learned

and

Exercises for translati&n.

spend foedus,
eris, n.

Afficere, to

transigere,
(time).

to

league.

fectus, affected.

potestas, atis,y. ^ot^^cr.

furiosus,
a,

delinquere, to do some-

excerpere, to make extracts from.

urn, mad,

thing wrong,
delinquent.
disjicere,
to

to

be

insane.

benefactum, i,n./avor. modo, adv. only, jvst

throw
a-

dominatio, onis,/. si/jai/.

sunder, scatter.

Eodem modo
Priusquam

erga amicos

affecti

simus, quo erga nosmet

ipsos.

incipias

consult

et, ubi consulueris,

mature

fa c-

to

opus
;

est.*

Acti labores jucundi sunt.

Sola virtus in sua po-

testate est

omnia praeter eam subjecta sum fortunae dominationi.

bene
et

Unus

dies,

ex praeceptis philosophiae actus, peccanti immorest.

talitati

anteponendus

Conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque

est.

benefactorum recordatio jucundissima

ject! lege naturae.

Appetitus rationi sunt subconsilio

Victus est Xerxes magis

Themistoclis,
juvant, per in-

quam

armis Graeciae.
?

Quid hominem octoginta anni

Quos viceris, amicos tibi esse cave (ne) credas. Proquum, corporibus relictis, cupiditatum erimus expertes. Quid est tam furiosum, quam verborum vel optimorum atque ornatissimorum sonitus inanis, nulla subjecta sententia ? Pecuniam
ertiam exacti
fecto beati erimus,
si

cuipiam fortuna ademit, tamen,

dum

existimatio est integra, facilo

consolatur honestas egestatem.

Milites, captis armis,

impetum

fece-

runt in hostes

hi

autem propere fugam ceperunt.

est,

Hostes, foed^re,
Si quid

quod modo

ic6rant, rupto, sublto in castra nostra irruperunt.

philosophus in ratio ne vitae deliquerit, eo turpior

*

quod
act.

artein vitae

There

is

need that you should consult, and

16

182
profitetur.

IRREGULAR VERBS.
Plinius nullum librum legit, quern
subacti,

65.

non excerperet.

Gives,

omni libertatisrecuperandae spe adempta, mis^ram transegerunt vitam. Milites yiostium aciem perfregerunt et disjecerunt
ab hostibus

Foedera

icta

ab hostibus

fracta sunt.

CI.
Destituere,

Wards
to

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

pallium,
i,

desert,

gloriari, to glory.

n. cloak,
inis, n. c?w-

leave behind.

'mdu\gent'm,ae,f.indidgence.

discrimen,
tinction.

instituere, to instruct.

effiigere c. ace. to escape, tunica, ae,y.

under gar- prosperitas,

perity.

atis,/.j9ro5-

exacu6re,
involvere,

to

sharpen.
to

ment.

\posite.

envelope,

redarguere,
respuere, to

to

m. ring. contrarius, a, um, opsoccus, i, m. sock, shoe, liberalis, e, liberal. disprove, obsequium, i, n. obe- ingenue, adv. nobly, reinvolve,

annulus,

i,

reject.

dience.

spectably. et
sit,

Quis, honesta in familia institutus

turpitudine, etiamsi
est,

educatus ingenue, non ipsa

ofFendltur.?

eum

laesnra

non

Carthago diruta
Pacis nomine

quum

stetisset

annos sexcentos sexaginta septem.

bellum involutum reformido.

Philosophi involutam multarum rerum

naturam evolverunt.

Num

tibi

unquam

placebit,

quod omnium mentes

aspernatae sunt et respuerunt?

cives inermes destituerunt.
tibus, a corporis

Milites

in ipso discrimine periculi

Quum

animus, cognitis perceptisque virtu-

obsequio indulgentiaque discesserit, voluptatemque opmortis dolorisque timorem effugerit, cultumque

susceperit, et exacuerit ingenii

presserit,

omnemque

dei et

puram religionem
improborum

aciem ad bona

deligenda et rejiciendacontraria: turn vita nobis

credis,

erit beatissima.
?

Num
Dejanj-

prosperitates redarguisse dei bonitatem

ra Herciili sanguine Centauri tinctam tunlcam induit.

ta gloriatus est, se

Hippias sophis-

non solum omnes

artes,

quibus liberales doctrinae

atque ingenuae continerentur, scire, sed annulum,

lium, quo vestitus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua

quem haberet, palmanu confecisse.

translation.

CII.
Deflcere,

Words
to fail.

to be

learned

and Exercises for

reZcrx.

dissolvere, <o

extenuare, to extenuate^
lessen,

praef icere, deminuere,

ken.

to set over,

persolvere, to pay.

to diminish,

evuere, to dig up.

severitas, iitis,/. severity.

diluere, to dilute, wea-

obruere, to cover up.

designare, to designate.

Homines metalla

terra obruta eruerunt.

Milites in expugnatae ur-

bis cives ita saevierunt, ut

omnem

humanitatem exuisse viderentur.

instituti,

Divina lex non scripta

est,

sed nata : qua non

sed imbuti su-

65.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.

183

mus.
opinio.
itatio,

Nemo
omnes

est

tam immanis, cujus mentem non imbuerit deorutn

Cog-

Pueri aiiimum tenerum virtutis praeceptis imbiiinius.

res

humanas

fragiles et

caducas esse, omnes meas molestractatione

tias exteniiavit et diluit.

Quae

observata sunt in usu ac

dicendi, haec ab hominibus doctis verbis designata et partibus distributa sunt.

Divitiae,

quae ad exteris nationibus

Romam

confluxerunt,

morum
The

disciplinam severitatemque dissolverunt.

Stipendiis,

quae dux

militibus promiserat,

non

persolutis, seditio concitata est.

passions ought to be subjected to the reason.

If thou shall

have spent thy hfe according to (ex) the precepts of virtue, the entrance to heaven will stand open to thee.
friendship,
It is

hard to retain (tenere)

when

thou shalt have fallen from virtue.

soul over the body.

Some

doubt, whether the world

God has set the may be made by

It

chance (ne whether^ attached to casu) or (an) by the divine reason.

uncertain, whether the

was

Romans had (subj.) conquered,

or had been con-

quered.
it

shall

have deserted the body.

Then (tum) first (demum) will the soul enjoy a happy life, when The enemies have broken (rumpere)
so

the concluded league.

sopher,

it is

much
If

the

When anything has been done wrong by a philomore base, because he teaches (= professes)
(quis) has taken (fut. perf.)

the art of

life.

any one

from us

liberty,

the light of

life

will be taken

from

us.

Caesar, after the line-of-battle

(abl. abs.),

of the enemy was broken and scattered

into the

led his soldiers back

camp.

Thou

wilt not enjoy a peaceful

life,

before that thou

shalt have subjected the passions to the reason.

The

defenceless

cit-

izens were (perf.) deserted by the soldiers, in the very (ipse) crisis of

danger.

It is

known,

that the

Romans

destroyed (perf) Carthage.

The
hid in

soldiers fled

because they feared (perf of metuo), that they

should be conquered by the enemies.

(abl.)

The

metals,

the earth, are

dug up by man.
Parents,

Who

is

which nature has not imbued with

the

the belief in (gen.)

God

who have imbued

minds of
in

their children with the principles of virtue

literature,
state.

and have instructed them

water.
I

deserve well, not only of (de) their children, but also of the

We

have weakened the wine by

(abl.)

hope that

this

reflection will

weaken

all

thy troubles.

Already the powers of our

attack.
after

soldiers

were diminished, when the enemies made (perf) an

to
(ace.)

By

the riches, which flowed together (perf)

Rome

the destruction (abl.) of Corinth, the ancient discipline and severity

were relaxed (perf). Since the general had not paid [their] wages to the soldiers for (per) two months, a sedition was excited (perf ) in the camp. Hast thou
heard, that the city has concluded a league with the enemies, but that

184
they have broken
(abl. abs.), the

IRREGULAR VERBS.
(frangere) it?

[$

66.

After the troops were collected

general determined (perf.) to attack the

camp of

the

enemies.

I believe, that I

have sufficiently disproved thy reasons.

66.

VI. Perfect
a)

i ;

Supine
or t:

sum.

The stem ends

md

1.

Cando

in

compounds, as: accendo, accendi, ace en-

sum,
2.
3.

accendere, to kindle, inflame.

4.

cudi, cusum, ciidere, to forge. d i, esum, edere, to eat. Fendo in compounds as defendo, d efe ndi, d efe
Ciido,

Edo,

n-

sum,
5.
6.

defendere, to defend.

Fodio,

fo d i, fo ssum, foderCy

to dig.

Fundo,
Fando,
grasp.

7. 8.
9.

fu di, fusu m. fundere, to pour. Mandoy mandi, man sum, mandere, to

chew.
prehendere,
to

pa ndi, pa ssum,

pander e,

to spread.

Prehendo,

pr ehendi, prehensum,

10.

Scando,

scandi, scan sum,

:

scandere, to mount.

as
11.

scensum, scendere, scendo, scendi, In the compounds adscendere, to ascend, scale, descendere, to descend. :
sit.

Sido, sldi, (Sup. wanting,) sldere, to

In the

compounds
down.

sido,

sessum,
sedi,

sidere, as

con-

sidere, to sit

12.

Str'ido,

str'idi, (Sup. wanting,) strldere, to hiss.

13.

Verto,

verti,

versum,

vertere, to turn.

Finally, there belongs here the neuter passive

14.

Fido, f'lsus sum,

So
:

fidere, to trust.

conf idere,

to confide in, diffidere, to distrust, despair.

b)

The stem ends inlorr:

vellere, to

15. 16. 17.

Velio,

vein, vulsum,

pluck.

Psalh, psalli, (Sup. wanting, )j05a//e?"e, to play the lyre,

Verro,
It

verri, (Sup. wanting,)

is

verrere, to

sweep.

when

be noticed, that the stem-vowel of these verbs, The two followis long in the perf. ing verbs form an apparent exception Findo, JMif fissum, iindSre, to split, (so also its compounds),
to

Remark.

short in the other parts,

66.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.
scidi,

185

scissum, scindere, to ad (so also its compounds). The same is originally took the reduplication. percello, perciUi, perculsum, percellere, to strike true of the compound See 62, II. Rem. violently (from the obsolete cellere, to impel).

Scindo,

But both these verbs

CIII.

Words
to

to he

learned

and
to

Exercises for transkition.

liquefacere,
liquid.
to

Comprehendere,
brace.

em- exedere,
corrode.

consume,
enkindle,

make

confbdere, to stab.
effbdere, to dig out.

incendere,
inflame.

to

proficere, to benefit.

pervehi,<o bear through,

to forge
to coin.
;

diffundere,
disperse.

to

diffuse,

procudere,

(of

convey.

money)
to

colonia, ae,y! colony.

efFundere,

pourforth
to

lacerare, to Utcerate,tear.

velum,

i,

n. sail.

2) throw q^(the rider),

digerere, to dispose, digest.

furor, oris, m. madness,

offundere,
over.

flow a-

vetustas, atis,/. age.

(c.

gainst, diffuse, spread

inscribere

dat.)

to

inscribe, write

upon,

conspectus, us, m. sig*^. antiqultus, adv. anderUly, formerly.

Constat,

Tyriorum colonias paene

pervehi liceat

toto orbe terrarum diffusas fuisse.

In morte portum nobis paratum [esse] et perfugium putemus.

Quo

utinam
Italia

velis passis
est.

Hannibal patriam defensum ex

revocatus
est.

Nihil proficiunt praecepta,

quamdiu menti error

Ingens

offusus

Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus.

nummorum numerus hoc anno procusus est. Aegritudo animum meum laceravit, exedit planeque confecit. Epigrammatis, monumento
inscripti, litterae

vetustate exesae erant.

Milites urbem, ab hostibus

oppugnatam, acerrime defenderunt.

vis in

Antiquitus

Hispania est efFossa.

Milites, furore capti,

magna auri argentique ducem confoderunt.

Equus repente corruit consulemque lapsum super caput efiudit. Cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus, quo (= ut eo) facilius digeran-

Quo magis virtutis vim animo et cogitatione comprehenderimus, eam admirablmur. Proditores urbis deprehensi in conspectu omnium civium necati sunt. Nonne vides omnium ora atque oculos in te conversos ? Multi facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciera
tur.

eo magis

converterunt.

CIV. Words
convulse.

to be

learned

and
to

Exercises for translation.

tear,
to

Convellere,<o tear away,

desidere, to sink down,
diffindere, to split.

rescindere,

motus, us, m. motion.

break doum.
transgredi, to pass over.

motus
quake.

terrae,

earth-

[ersoever.

discindSre,
pieces.

to

tear

in

mora, &e,f. delay. nodus, i, m. a knot.

scrupuhis,
i.

scilicet,

quocunque, adv. whithadv. namdyt

doubtless.

m. anxiety.

16*

Wl$
Qiuocunque
te

IRREGULAR VERBS.
vel oculis, vel
intelliges.

[$ 67.

animo

converteris, divinae bonitatis

plena esse omnia,

Alexander, rex Macedonum, Gordli no-

dum ense
sunt.

diffidit, scilicet

diffisus,

eum

a se solutum

iri.

Quum Han-

nibal Alpes transgredei-etur, multa ingentis magnitudinis saxa diffissa

Quis tibi vestern discidit? Quid? discissane est? Pompeii motu desederunt. Quis nescit, apud Romanes eloquentiam ad summum honorem adscendisse ? Caesar, militum virtuti coufisus, sine mora hostilem exercitum adortus est. Litterae tuae omnem
terrae

scrupialum mihi ex animo evellerunt.

Est boni regis

oflEicium,

quum

rempubllcam labefactatem eonvulsamque

videt, opitulari patriae.

The goodness of God The sails are spread.

over
(dat.)

is

diffused through (abl.) the

whole world.

Superstition has spread (offundere) darkness

the souls of men.

The king has coined a

is

great quantity ofgrief (aegritu-

money
do).

this year.

My
shall

mind

torn and

consumed by

When we

have eaten,

we

will take a walk.

The

city,

which was assaulted by the enemy, was (perf ) very bravely defended by the citizens. Anciently, the Spanish (Hispanus, i) dug up much gold and silver (= much of gold and silver). By thy bravery, thou
hast turned
all

eyes and minds upon

(in) thee.

Never has a wise [man]

trusted to the stability of the gifts of fortune, but rather, has always
It is known, that the knot of Gordius was not loosed by Alexander, but severed by the sword. The general was stabbed by the soldiers, because he ventured to quiet their sedition.

distrusted them.

How often has the faculty of speaking (gen. of ger.) been turned to (ad)
the destruction of

men

The enemies have broken down

the bridges.

Mountains and

cities

have been sunk down by earthquakes.

We

had

already descended from the mountain, as

we

heard (perf), that you

from

were ascending (subj.) it. All anxiety has been removed (evellere) my mind by thy letter. Who does not know, that the long war has shaken the state violently ? Caesar by a few words inflamed the

soldiers for the battle.

67. VIII.

Perfect with the Reduplication.

Preliminary Remark. The Reduplication consists here, in those verbs of which the first vowel of the stem is i, o, or m, in the repetition of the first consonant of the stem with this vowel, but with the remaining verbs, in the repetition of the first stem-consonant with c
1.

CddOy cecidi, cd5wm,

cd^^ere, to fall, to
cidi,

happen.
;

Compounds

cido,

casura,

cidere

so

occido,

67.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.
go to ruin, incido, Ifall upon and want the Supine, as: concido, idi,
recldo,
idere,

187

Ifall back ; the others

togeihtr.

tofaU

2.

Caedo, cec'idi, caesMWi, caec?eYe, to

fell, kill.
cidftre,

Compounds
3.

cido,

cidi,

cisum,

as

occido,

/JfciK.

Cdno, cecini, cantum, canere, to sing.

Compounds
4.

cino,

cinui,

cinere, as

conclno,

ui, ere.

Curro,

cucurri, cursum,

currtrCy to run.

Most of its compounds are both with and without the reduplication.
5.

Disco, didlciy (Sup. wanting,) discere, to learn.

So

also

its

compounds, as

perdisco, perdidici, perdiscere, to

learn thoroughly.
6.

Fcdh^ fefelli, falsum,fallere, to deceive.

Fallit

me, U

escapes me.

as an adjective, /a?5e.
ing), refellere, to refute.
7.

The Part, falsus is commonly used Compound: refello, refelli, (Sup. want-

Pango, peplgi, pactum, pangere, to fasten, to bargain, agree to on condition.

Compounds
8. 9.

pingo,

pegi,

^pactum, pingere, as

compin-

go, to fasten together.

Parco,
Pdfio,

peperci, parsum, parcere

(c.

dat), to spare.
to

pep eri,

partum, par ere, to bear (ova parere,

Particip.

lay eggs), to acquire.

rws).
10.

Fut.^an^Mrw5 (for^ar^u-

Pelh,

pepuli, pulsum, pellere,

:

to drive, repel.

Compounds
11.

pello,

puH,
to

expuh, expulsum, expellere,

pulsum, drive away.

^pellere,

as

expello,

Pendo,

pep end

i,

pensum,pendere,io^\xspend.,wei^,Xo

pay, compensate.

The compounds have no

appensum, appendere,
12.
to

reduplication, as
to,

appendo, appendi,

hang

append.
to

Posco,

poppsci, (Sup. wanting,) joo5ce re,

demand.

So also its compounds, demand of request of

13.

as: exposco, expoposci, exposcere, to

Pungo, pupugi, punctum,pungere,

to prick, hax^LSS.
as:
in-

Compounds:
terpungo,

pungo, punxi,punctum,^pungere,

to distinguish.

188
14.

IRREGULAR VERBS.
Tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, to touch.

[}

67.

Compounds:
tigi,

tingo,

tigi,

tactum, tingere, as: attingo, at-

attactum, attingere,

to touch, reach.

15.

Tendo, tetendi, tentum smd temum, tender e, to stretch,

spread, extend (tendere insidias, to lay snares).

The compounds
with the
Sup.
to
:

tentum,
tundo,

are without the reduplication and generally as

:

contendo, contendi, contentum,

contendere,
16.

draw

together, exert one's self, strive.

Tundo, tutudiy tuns'um, tmidere, to beat, stun.

Compounds

tusum
tudi
to

tundere, as

contundo,

contudi, contusum, contundere,

break in pieces, crush.

Rem. 1. The two following verbs have and retain it in the other tenses
sisto, stiti,

the reduplication in the Pres.

brbo, bibi, bibltum, bibere, to drink (so also

its

statum

sistere, to place, stop (so its

compounds), compounds).

Rem.
55,
to add,

2.

The compounds of

dare with monosyllabic

:

words (comp

II, 1.)

also belong to this class, as

addo, addidi, additum, addere,

C V. Words
Concinere,
gether,
gether.
to

to he
to-

learned

and
to

Exercises for translation.

proverbium,
verb.
i,

sing

evertere,

ovtrthrow,

n.

profidi-

sound

to-

demolish.

inspicere, to look upon,

off,

fides,

is,/ siring;

excidere, to cut
troy.

des-

view.

bus, canere, to play

to

recedere,
to

go

back,

with

a stringed in-

obtingere,
one^s
lot.

fall
to

to

retire.

strument.
frigus, oris, n. cold.

restituere, to restore.

confirmare,

render

emollire, to soften.

innoxius,

a,

um, inno-

pemianent.
devolare,

epulae,

arum,

/.

cent.

tofy away.
et,

meal, feast.

noctu, adv. by night.

praesto, adv. present.

populari, to lay waste.

Et

discas oportet,

quod

didicisti,

agendo confirmes.

Male parta

male dilabuntur.
pulsae recedunt
;

Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore

ita falsi

amici sereno vitae tempore praesto sunt

simulatque
sit,

hiemem
est.

fortunae viderint, devolant omnes.

Quid casurum
Clitum

incertum

Quod

cuique

obtlgit,

id quisque teneat.
esse,

amicum senem
(eos).

et

innoxium a se occisum
fideliter artes, emollit

Alexander dolebat.
sinit esse feros

Ingenuas didicisse

mores, nee

Non

tarn utilitas, parta per

fefellit,

amicum, quam amici amor ipse

delectat.

tes gesturos esse.

Hannibalem non Ex quo

ferocius,

quam

consultius

rem hosverus
cecidit.

(sc.

tempore) pecunia in honoi-e

fuit,

reruni honor occidit

Silva vetus ceddit, ferro

quam nemo

67.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.
fidibns praeclare ceciiiisse dicitur.
in epulis cecinisse

189
Cato
scribit,

Epaminondas
cos

pris-

Romanos

ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes

atque virtutes.
cinuerunt.

In pugna, ad

Datur cohortibus signum cornuaque ac tubae con-' Trasimenum anno CCXVII ante Christum'
milia

natum commissa, quindecirn

Romanorum

in acie caesa sunt;

decern milia, sparsa fuga per

omnem

Etruriam, diversis itineribus

urbem
quod

petierunt.

Constat,

Numantiam a Scipione excisam

;

et

eversam

esse.

Si id,

dixi, falsiim erat

cur

me non

refellisti ?

Hostes pacem nobis-

cum
tiae,

pepigerunt, ut milites a nobis captos restitueremus.

Cleomenes,

Lacedaemonius,

quum

triginta

dierum essent

cum

hoste pactae indu-

noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae, non noctium

indutiae.

Dux,

quum urbem
exercitu,

cepisset, aedificiis

omnibus, publicis et

privatis, sacris et profanis, sic pepercit, quasi

ad ea defendenda, non

expugnanda cum

furore capti, juraverunt se

infantibus parsuros esse.

urbem intrasset. Urbe expugnata, milites, non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non

Ovorum

inter se similitudo est in proverbio

tamen Deli* fuerunt complures, qui, permultas gallinas alentes, ovum inspexerant, quae id gallina peperisset, dicere solebant.
crede, te tua virtute

quum
Mihi

maximam laudem
to be

tibi

pariturum

C VI. Words
Compungere,
mark.

learned

and Exercises for

to

translation.
i,

to prick,

conclamare,
together.
to

cry out

doliarium,
ahleness.

n. cellar.

festivitas, atis,/. agree-

condere,
serve.

to

found, pre- stimulare,

to

goad.
[forth.

sustentare, to preserve,
distin-

loquacltas, atis, /.
quacity.

lo-

distinguere,
guish.

sustain.

erumpere,
to

to

break

potus, us, m. drink.

spurius, a^
ous.

percurrere,
through.

run

nota, ae, /. sign, mark,

um,

spuri-

adversarius,
versary.

i,

m. ad-

perdere,

to destroy, ruin.

Catilina multas insidias Ciceronis vitae tetendit, sed hie

omnes

illius

machinationes contudit.
Garrulus

Admiramur

praeclaros

illos viros,

qui sem-

per summis laboribus et periculis ad

contenderunt.
tudit.

summam laudem
Metellus in

gloriamque

homo
;

loquaciiate
sint.

sua aures meas plane tu-

Die, a

quo haec grana tunsa

Numidiam
id

pro-

ficiscitur

magna spe civium

avaritia

enim magistratuum ante

tem-

pus

Numidia Romanorum opes contusae hostiumque (opes) auctae Verres, simulac tetigit provinciam, maximae avaritiae totum erant. Duae in Capitolio se tradidit. Totum librum legendo percucurri.
in
* at Delos.

See Synt.

92.

190
aedes multaque

IRREGULAR VERBS.
alia aedificia

[$

67.

uno anno de coelo

tacta

snnt

Agesilaus,

quotiescunque congressus est

cum

hostibus, multo majores adversario-

rum

copias pepulit.

Tu

temeritatis tuae

maximas poenas
esse.

pependisti.
te-

Conclamabant omnes Carthaginienses, satissuppliciorumase pro

meritate unius hominis, Hannibalis,
gress!,

pensum
evellisti,

Milites,

nrbem

in-

non cibum, aut potum poposcerunt, non armorum onus depo-

Buerunt.

Tu
si

ex animo scrupuluni
Philosophia,

qui

me

dies noctesque
si

sti-

mulavitac pupugit.
pupugit,

si

pau[)ertas moniordit,

ignominia

quid tenebrarum ofFudit exsilium, singularum rerum proFestivitatem habet narratio, distincta perAristarchus,

prias consolationes adhibet. sonis

et

interpuncta

sermonibus.

grammaticus,

eos

Homeri

versus, qui spurii ei videbantur, notis

quibusdam compunxit.

Omnes
mani

cives, belli calamitatibus confecti, paceni expoposcerunt.

RoGrae-

in doliariis cond^ta

habebantvina, pipere et melle condUa.

ciae civitates,

dum

imperare singulae cupiunt, iniperium omnes perdi-

derunt.

Perdltis rebus omnibus, ipsa virtus se sustentat.

(Gallus,
i,)

The Gauls
[their] cities

have learned from the Greeks, to surround

If

with walls.

any one has acquired

(fut.

perf ) riches in

a bad

way

(male),

he

will also lose

them
I

in

a bad way.

The

thing

has turned out otherwise than (atque)

had expected.

Alexander,

seized (capere) by anger, killed (perf.) [his] friend Clitus, an old man.

Thy

friendship has always afforded

friend has deceived me.

me

the greatest pleasure.

The

faithless

After

my

sister

had sung (perf)

alone

(solus),

we

all

sang together (perf).

demolished (perf) Numantia.

our house, was (perf)

The

old oak,

It is known, that Scipio which stood before (ante)

felled yesterday.

Since Cleomenes had agreed

upon a

truce of thirty days with the enemy, he laid waste the fields by

night, because

he had agreed upon a truce of days, not of nights.

We

have heard, that peace has been agreed upon

(=

bargained) with

the enemy.
facere)

The

ship having struck against a rock,

made

(perf of

shipwreck.
citizens of the city hoped, that Caesar,
cities,

The

who had
It is

already spared

other captured
that our army,

would

also spare theirs.

the conduct

not to be doubted,

which under

of a bad genercd (duce malo imits

peratore) has acquired for itself great praise by

bravery, under the

still

conduct of a good general,

praise.

will acquire for itself

(etiam) greater
is)

victory gained by treachery, redounds

(=

to (dat.) the

conqueror not for praise but for disgrace.

was crushed by
(emittere) so

the prudence of Cicero.

The rashness of Catiline The dart will be discharged

more (magis)
the

much

the

more

violently, the

been drawn together (contendere) and drawn up (adducere).

bow has As

68.]

THIRD CONJUGATION.
subj.)

191

Caesar entered (ingredi, ed

(perf!) [their]

the captured city, the inhabitants extend-

hands

to (ad)

him, and entreated

dost thou
?

[orare,
?

perf.)
I

him,

that

he would spare them.

Why

weep boy

because

have

been struck.

Who

has struck thee

The

firmness of the general and the bravery of the soldiers, have

the attack of the forth-breaking enemies.

weakened
(de coelo).

Scarcely had I

reached the house,

when

it

was

(perf.)

struck

(=

touched) by lightning

Our soldiers repulsed the enemies at (abl.) the first attack. The whole book has been run through by me [in] reading (abl. of gerund). The traitor has paid just punishment for his offence. As soon
as the horns sounded (perf. of canere\
gether.
all

the soldiers ran (perf.) toit

Virtue sustains

itself,

even

if (etiamsi)

may have

lost all.

68.

VIII. Inchoative Verbs.

All inchoative verbs (in sco), i. e. verbs which express a hecoming or beginning of the idea contained in the primitive, fol-

low the

third Conj.
:

and coincide

in the Perf.

and Sup. with

their primitives, as

inveterasco (from inveterare), inveteravi, inveteratum, inveterascere, to

grow

old;
to be-

exardesco (from ardere), exarsi, exarsum, exardescere,

come inflamed,

to be

kindled

indolesco (from doUre), indolui, indolitum, indolescere, to feel

pain
revivisco (from vivere), revixi, revictiim, reviviscere, to come
to life

again, revive

concupisco (from cupere), conciipivi, concupitum, concupiscere, to desire (earnestly)

obdormisco (from dormlre), obdormivi, obdormitum, obdormiscere, to fall asleep.

Remark. The

inchoative verbs from the absolete oleo,

ui,

olere, to

grow., ( 58, HI, 4.) vary in their formation in the following adolesco, adolevi, adultum, adolescere, to grow up.

way

exolesco, exolevi, exoletum, exolescere, to become old,

inolesco, inolevi, (Sup. wanting), inolescere, to

grow
to

into.

Also, obsolesco, obsolevi, obsoletum, obsolescere,

varies

grow

old, obsolete^

from
:

its

primitive, solere.

Very many inchoative verbs want the

:

Sup., as

itum, ere,

warm (from caleo, ui, both Perf and Sup., as ni.gesco, /increase (from, augeo, xi, ctum, ere). Here especially, belong the inchoatives which are derived from substantives and adjectives, as
incalesco, incalui, incalescere, to become
to be

warm).

Some want

192
repuerascere,
to

IRREGULAR VERBS.
become a boy again
is

68.

form the
to

Perf.

which

in ui, as

; only a small number of these maturesco, maturui, maturescere,

become mature.

C VII. Words
Coalesce,
to
lui,

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

adv^rtere, to turn (hither).

lltum 3.

illucesco, luxi 3. to be-

grow

together, coa-

lesce.

come light, daivn. recrudesce, dui 3.

break out afresh.
rescisco, ivi or
ii,

to

auditor, oris, m. hearer.

viscus, eris, n. bowels.

consanesco, nui 3.

to be-

come well. consenesco, nui

itum adulterinus, a, um,adtUteraied, counterjeit.

3.

to

3. to ascertain.

condemnare, to can- contra, adv. on the conconvalesco, lui 3. to bedemn ; capitis, to trary, other side. death. come better, recover. quando, adv. when. to defervesco, vi 3. to burn permanare, Jiow

grow

old.

out, subside.

through, Jlow along.

tibi

Crede,

omnem diem
Ratio,

illuxisse

supremum.

Socratis responso

sic judices exarserunt, ut

capitis

hominem innocentissimum condemperfecta est, norainatur rite sa-

narent.
pientia.

quum
si

adolevit atque

Quaeritur,

sapiens adulterinos

nummos
sit

acceperit impru-

dens pro bonis,

dibile

quum
est,

id rescierit,

soluturusne

eos pro bonis.

Incre-

memoratu

quam

facile

Romnai

ei

Aborigines coaluerint.

Quum

est concupita
:

pecunia, nee adhibita continuo ratio, quae sanet

in

earn cupiditatem

permanat

venas

et inhaeret in visceribus illud

ma-

lum. Endymio, nescio quando, in Latmo, Carlae monte, obdormlvit, nec-

dum

est experrectus.

Oratori abstinendum est verbis, quae propter ve-

tustatem obsoleverunt.
borasti
?

Convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu

la-

Ulius oratoris ardor animi, qui prius

mos ad se advertebat quod jam consanuisse

rapiebatque,
videbatur,

jam plane

omnium auditorum anidefervit. Vulnus meum,

of ag-

nunc

recruduit.
I

Scarcely had the day dawned,

gredi)

when

commenced

perf.

my journey. A bloody war

Romans and
strong (valere)

broke out

(=
age

was kindled) between

is

(inter) the

Carthaginians.

Catiline addressed (perf.) his

associates with these

words: Our
;

(=

to us)

vigorous (vigere),
old by years

the soul

is

on the other

side, all is

grown

and

riches.

As soon

as Caesar ascertained

(perf), that the enemies

were approaching, he led out (perf) the soldiers from the camp. In a short time, the minds of all had coalesced into (abl.) so great (tantus) friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) was forgotten.
I

have perceived with great pleasure from thy

letter, that

thou

hast recovered from thy long continued sickness.

The

sedition of the

69.]

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

1935

soldiers,

which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the

general, broke out afresh (perf) during his absence (eo absente.)

69. Fourth Conjugation.

L
1.

Perfect

ivi

and
s

Hi

Supine

turn.

Sepelioy
Sdlio,

sep

el'ivi,

epultum,
:

"sepellre, to

bury.

2.

sdlui, sal turn,

sdlire, to leap.
silio,

The compounds have

assilio, assilui,

assultum,

assilire, to leap
:

II.
1.

Perfect

i ;

Supine
silui,
:

sultum,

silire,

as

upon.
turn.

Competio,
certain.

comperi, compertum,
reperi,
r

comptrlre, to

as-

2.

Reperio,
cover.

epertum,

reperire,

to

find,

dis-

But

aperio, rut, rtum, rire, to open, uncover, operio, rm*, rtum,

rire, to cover.

3.

Ve7iio,

V eni,

ventum,

venire, to

come.
:

III. Perfect
1.

si ;

Supine

turn.

Amicio, {a

mix i and

amicui, both rare),

amictum,

ami-

clre, to clothe.

2.

Farcio,

fa rsi, fartum,
:

farclre, to stuiF.

The compounds have

3.

fercio,

fersi,

fertum, fercire, as

refercire, to stufffull, JUl up.

Fulcio,

fulsi, fultum,

fulcire, to support.

4.
5.

Haurio,
Sancio,
a,

6.

sanctum ; but sanctus, um, as adjective, sacred), sancire, to sanction. Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarcire, to patch, repair, re(rare
store.

hausi, haustum, sanxi, sancltum

haurlre, to draw.

7.
8.

Sepio,

sep si, septum,

IV. Perfect:

sepire, to

hedge around.

Vindo, vinxi,

vine turn,

vinclre, to bind, confine.

si;

Supine:

sum.
suppose.

Sentio,

sen si, sen sum,

to be

sentire, to feel, think,

C VIII. Words
Consentire,
with.
to

learned

and

Exercises for translaMon.

desilire, to leap

agree dissentire, to disagree,

dissent.

down,

transilire,'to leap over.

17

194
exhaurire, to exhaust.

IRREGULAR VERBS.
dumfetum,
ludibrium,
ricide.
i, i,

[$

69.

n. thicket,
n. sport.
i,

coetus, us, m. assembly.

affluenter,
fully.

indagare,

to

search out.

adv. plenti-

d\spe]]ere,to drive asunder, disperse.

parricidium,

n.

par-

immortaliter, adv.
mortally.

im-

cateiia, ae,/. chain.

ciiratio, 6nis,y! cure.

munificentia, ae,/.
nijkence.

mw-

explorator, oris,
spy.

m. a rursus, arfu. again. \nor. undique, adv. from

sides.
vixit,

all

documentum,], n.proo/I
hostes

rector, oris,

m. gover:

Regis sepulcro haec verba inscripta sunt

xity vicit.

Probe

improbos vinabducti

Hostes

victi

et

catenis vincti in

servitutem

Imperium justis Icgibus fultum esse debet. Rex, pace composita, rempublicam labefactatam sua virtute fuJsit. Virtus difficilis invenrectorem ducemque desiderat. Artes innuinerabiles repertae tu est
sunt.
:

sunt, docente natura.

Vita,

si

undique referta bonis

est,

beata dicitur.

Homines urbes moenibus sepserunt.

dae sunt,

Occultae inimicitiae magis timen-

est tarn miser, ut non dei munificentiam humana, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt, hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt. Continuis bel-

quam

apertae.

Quis

senserit 7

Dii, induti

specie

lis

reipublicae opes exhaustae sunt.

Quo

quis affluentius voluptates

undique hauserit, eo graviusardenti usque

sitiet.

Spero, te

mecumconRe-

sensurum

esse.

Cicero Archimedis sepulcrum, septum undique et ves-

titum vepribus et dumetis, indagavit.

Fama

est,

ludibrio fratris

mum

novos urbis muros

transiluisse.

Lycurgus

nihil lege ulla in alios

sanxit, cujus

non ipse primus in se documenta daret. Hipplas gloriaquo amictus esset, se manu sua confecisse. Speramus, pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse. Una victoria omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit. Caesar, ubi per exploratores
tus est, pallium,

comperit, hostes adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit.

liora

Nebula,

quarta sole dispulsa, aperHit diem.

est.

Plato Athenis* in
est

sepultus

Eodem

loco nostra

memoria sepultus

Academia Carolus Odo-

fredus Mlillerus, professor Gottingensis, vir praestantissimus et de antiquitatis disciplina

immortaliter meritus.

The
the

state

shaken by the war, has been supported by the virtue of

Trajan alone of (gen.)
all

king.

the citizens

is

buried witharts,

in (intra) the city [of]

Rome.

Men

have invented innumerable

nature teaching them (abl. abs.).

Cicero's writings

upon

(de)

philoso-

phy, are

just king has supported his

up with the most excellent principles of virtue. The government by just laws. O king, thou art to be pronounced (= extolled) happy, who hast always lived upThe rightly, hast bound the wicked, hast conquered the enemies. Many philosocities are surrounded (= hedged around) with walls.
filled

* at

Athens.

See Synt.

92.

no.]

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

of

195

pliers say, that tlie soul

man

has been drawn from (ab) the divine

nature.

The horsemen
concerning

leaped

down
I

(perf.)

from

(ex) their horses

and

fought (perf) on foot

(sentire)

(= footmen). my plan but

;

know not, what

thou hast thought

hope, that thou wilt not dissent

from

it.

What

has been sanctioned by the laws, must be observed by

men.

Solon (Solo, onis) ordained

it

(=

sanctioned perf.) nothing conhis

cerning parricide, because

had not been committed before

all

tirm

(=r him).
war.

Peace, in a short [time], has repaired

the losses of the

All the

former (superior) losses are repaired by one victory.

ascertained, that

Whence

hast thou

my

brother will
the cause

come
of

to-day

Just as physicians, when they have discovered

(abl. abs.) believing that

the sickness

they have discovered the cure, so shall we,

is

when

the cause of sorrow

[it].

discovered, find the ability of curing (gen.

of gerund)

As

the old

man

entered

(subj.) the
it,

assembly,
all

all

un-

covered (perf)
[their]

[their]

heads; but as he

left (subj.)

covered (perf)

heads again.
(abl.)

God

has enclosed (== hedged

in)

and covered the

eyes with

very delicate membranes.

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

70. 1)

Pos-sam^ pot-Hi, posse,

is

to

be able (can).
e (able),

Preliminary Remark. Possum

the verb sunu

composed of pot-is,

and

Indicative.
pos-*um, I able (can)
p6t-e5,
pot-est,

Subjunctive.
pos-sim,
I

Indicative.
pot-m,
I have been able

Subjunctive.
pot-uerim, I
pot-ueris
pot-uerit

Present.

Perfect.

am

may

may

be able
pos-sw.
pos-sit,

have been able

pot-uisti

pos-sumuSf
^t-estiSf

pos-simus,
pos-sUis,
pos-sint.

p6t-uU pot-uimus
pot-uistis

pot-uerlmus
pot-ueritis

pos-sunt.

p6t-uerunt{ere)

pot-uerint.
|

Imperfect.

Pluperfect.
I

pot-eram,

was pos-scm,

able (could)
pot-eras, etc.

might pot-Meram, 1 had pot-uissem, I be able been able m'ht have been
pot-ueras,
et<5.

a.

pos-se*, etc.

p6t-uissS, etc.

Future.
pot-ero, I shall be able

p6t'Uero, I shall have

pot-ueris, etc.

Future Perfect. been able

Participle.

pot-erw, etc.
Infinitive.

Pres. pos-5e, to be able

Peif. pot-wme, to have

p6t-en5 (only as adjective), able.

been able

The remaining Part

are wanting.

Fut. wanting.
Imperative wanting.

196

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

[^

70.

CIX. Words
Celare
quid),

to be
ali-

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

effector, oris,
tor.

(aliquem
io

constitiiere, io establish,
constitute.

m. crea[situation,

conceal

(something

from
[ate.

desistere, to desist, cease,

situs, us,

m. condition,
so, so very.

some
meditari

one).
to

inducere,
induce.

to

lead

to,

adeo, adv.

enumerare,
(c.

enumerace),
to

injuste, adv. unjustly.

mitescere

(without
be-

think [of something).

pejerare, to swear false-

Perf or Sup.) <o come mild, tame.

\mnium,adv.Jirst. proinde quasi,jw5< a*

i/*.

bPergite, pueri, atque in id studium, in

quo

estis,

incumbite, ut et vopossitis

bis honori, et amicis utihtati, et reipublicae

emohmiento esse

Nemo
Bon

adeo ferus

est, ut

non mitescere

possit.

ut possis aequo animo vitara relinquere.

Hoc quotidfe meditare, Quidam idciico, deum esse,

:

putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur proinde quasi nostram ipsam mentem videre possimus. Universum mundum quum cermmus, possumusne dubitare, quin ei praesit aliquis effector et moderator ? Nihil tarn difficile est, quin (= ut non) quaerendo investigari possit.

Sic cogitandum
sit
;

et potest

inesque celare

tanquam aliquis in pectus intimum inspicere pospersuasum esse debet, etiamsi deum hompossimus, nihil tamen injuste esse faciendum. Potesest,

Satis nobis

tisne dubitare, quin

deus universum

mundum

gubernet

Non

possu-

mus.

Cur nobiscum ambulare non potes ?

Marcel-

Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat pati.

lus pedites

primum, deinde equites, quanto maximo possent, impetu Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscunque rebus in hostem erumpere jussit. j>osset, patriam juvare. Caesar, quam potuit maximis itineribus, exercitum contra hostes duxit.

Casus

est,

non

evenire, vel aliter evenire potuerit.

quum sic aliquid evenit, ut vel Omnes mundi partes ita conesse,

stitutae sunt, ut

neque ad usum meliores potuerint

neque ad spe-

ciem pulchriores.
potuerat,

Ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam provi-

dere satis potuit, ne occuparetur.

Vix Caesar

milites e castris educere

quum

hostes impfitum fecerunt.

Quid enumerem artium

?

multitudinem, sine quibus vita omnis nulla esse potuisset

mentiatur, inducere possumus
;

Quern, ut

[eum,] ut pejeret, exorare facile poter-

imus.

Dolorem, si non potero frangere, occultabo. Facile intelligitur, nee figuram situmque membrorum nosirorum, nee ingenii mentisque

vim
If

effici potuisse fortuna.

Hoc primum

sentio, nisi in

bonis, amici-

tiam esse non posse.

you earnestly apply

(fut) yourselves to the study

of literature, you

will be able to

be useful, as well to yourselves as to [your] friends and

^71.]
the state.

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

Socrates thought daily of
this, that

197

he might be able to die

is

with equanimity.

Canst thou
?

tell

me,

why

thy brother

not able to

come to me

to-day

No.

When
it

you contemplate the whole world, you

ruled by a divine mind (mens).

are not able to doubt, that

is

The

wise can be happy, even

lere) virtue,

when

they are tortured.

If

we

cultivate (co-

we can always

be happy.

Why

cannot thy brothers come to

me

to-day

do not know, why

they cannot.

But why could they not come yesterday ? They could not come yesterday on account (per) of much business (plur.). What could have been (= has been able to be) given to the human race,
fairer

and more noble than reason

able to

draw

their troops together, as

The enemies had not as yet been Caesar made (perf an attack
)

upon

(in)

them.

Who believes,

that the
?

world can have been

(= may

have been a We to be) made by chance

71. 2)

Edo^

edi,

essum, edere

and

esse, to eat.
its

The whole

irregularity of this verb, arises

from

having forms like

those beginning with es of the verb sum, which are used at the same time with the regular form ; but the form es from edo is long, from sum
short.

Pres. Ind.

6do, Sdis and es, edit and

est,

ediinus, editis

and

cslis,

edunt.

fmperf. Subj.

ederet and esset, ederem and essem, ederes and esses, ederemus and essemus. ederetis and essetis. edereni and essent Sing. 2.

Imperative.

ede and

2.

and

3.

es Plur. 2. ediio a.nd esto

edite and este. 3. edunto. ediioie a-nd estate.

Remark. So also its compounds, as comedo, / eat, consume, comedis and comes, etc. The forms not given in the above table are regular.
:

ex. Words
Symbola,
ae, /.

to be

learned

and Exercises for translation.

vivum, n. familiaris, e, belonging quicksilver, to the family ; res faof money orfood; de symbo- spatium, i, n. space. miliaris, estefe. lis edere, to eat at curculio, onis, m. com- perrumpere, to break common expense. worm. through.
a contribution
i,

argentum

adolescentulus,

m.

moles, is,/,

mxiss.

vae, interj. alas!

young man,

yovih.

Modice bibite et ; non viv6re, ut edamus. Heri aliquot adolescentuli convenerunt, ut de symbolis essent. Haec herba acerba esu est. Aegritudo lacerat, exest animimi planeque
Esse oportet, ut vivamus
este.

17*

198
confitciL

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

Curculiones frumentum exesse incipiunt

[^2.
Argentum vivum

exest ac perrumpit vasa.

Majores nostri cavere non potuerunt, ne ve-

Quae unquam moles tarn firma fiiit, quam tustas monumenta exesset. non exessent undae ? Vae vobis, qui oranem rem familiarem luxuria
comestis
!

Saturnus ex se natos comesse fingltur

solitus,

quia consu-

mit aetas temporum spatia.

Eat thou and drink moderately. Ye should eat moderately. Age consumes all monuments. Where dost thou eat to-day ? I came, that I know not, where you ate yesterday. (ut) I might eat with thee. My
brother had called us in order to eat
to eat
(sup. in w).
I feared that
(sup.).

An

unripe grape

is bitter

the sorrow (aegritudo)

would con-

sume

thy mind.

Alas to thee,

who consumest

thy whole estate

72. 3) Fero^
Present Active.

tuli,

latum^ferre^ to bear, bring.

Present Passive.
Ind. ^ror, ferrisj fertur,

Ind. ferOjferSfJert,

ferim u s, fertis, fer u nt.

Infinitive, ferre, to bear.

ferimur, ferlmini, feruntur.

Infinitive, ferri, to

be borne.

Im- S. ^.ferJeHo
per.

PI. 2.ferte,fert6te S. 2.ferre,fertor PI. 2. ferimrni,-nor

3.

S.ferto.

ferunto.

S.fertor.

3. feruntor.

Imperf. Subj. Active,

Imperf. Subj. Passive,

ferrer, ferreris
(e),

ferrem, ferres, ferret,

ferretur,

ferremus, ferretis, ferrent.

ferremur, fen-emini, ferrentur.

are derived regularly from fero,
;

Rem.
latum
:

1.

The remaining forms

tuli,

Subj. Pres. feram, as, ferar, aris (e)

;

Ind. Imperf. ferebam, fere-

bar; Fut. feram, es, ferar, eris (e) Subj. Perf. tulerim ; Plupf tuleram, tulissem ; Inf. Perf. tulisse Inf. Fut. laturus, a, um esse ; Part. Ad. ferens, ntis, laturus, a, um ; Pass, latus, a, um, ferendus, a, um ; Ger,
;

ferendum.

Rem.

2. In

the

same manner the compounds,

to offer.

as

offero, obtuli,
is

oblatum, ofFerre,

From

the stem of the Perf. tuli

to raise, take
(i.

derived
off.

tollo, sus-tuli,

sub-latum, tollere,

away, carry
fero,

The Perf and Sup. are from sufiero from which, suffer (L e. sub. and fero), is to be carefully dietinguished.

e.

sursum

/ carry

aloft),

sustuli, sufferre, to bear, endure^

CXI. Words
Affero,
3. to
attuli,

to he

learned
3. to

and

Exercises for translation.

allatum
bring.

bear away, take

tum

3.

to

bring to-

bring

to,

away.
confero, contuli, coUa-

gether, compare.

aufero, abstuli, ablatum

defero, detuli,

delatum

72.]
3.
to

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

bring
extuli,

190

down, praefero,

tuli,

latum

3.

gigas, antis, m. giant.

aeternttas, atis, /. eter-

offer.

to prefer.

efFero,

elatum refero,
to

tuli,

latum
refer.

3.

nity.

3. to bear forth, bury.

bring back,
to

funditus, adv.

from

the

infero, intuli,
to

illatum,
;

decedere,
die.

go

forth,

bring against

bel-

foundation, wholly. qui (for quo), how, by

lum

infero alicui, / doctor, oris, m. teacher.

one.

whom, by what,

etc.

make war upon

Ferte misero atque inopi auxilium.

Confer nostram longissimam

aetatem

cum

aeternitate, et brevissima videbitur.

est.

Quid quaeque nox,

Ferre laborem con-

aut dies ferat, incertum

Incumbe

in

earn curam et cogitationem,

quae

tibi

summam

dignitatem et gloriam afFerat

suetudo docet.

Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum est. Ut quisque maxime ad suum commodum refert, quaecunque agit ita minime Bonum civem reipublicae dignitatem suis omnibus est vir bonus. commodis praeferre oportet. Hoc doctoris intelligentis est, videre, quo ferat natura sua quemque. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui non propter spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita claris
;

viris defertur et datur.

..

Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit,

rit.

ut,

qui efFerretur, vix reliqu^-

Poetae ferunt, gigantes bellum

diis intulisse.

Socrates

eundem
quod
abstulit.

vultum
argenti,

domum

referebat, quern

domo

extulerat.

Quod

auri,

quod ornamentorum

in urbibus Siciliae fuit, id

Verres

Multi etiam naturae vitium meditatione atque exercitatione sustulerunt.

Pietate ad versus
tollitur.

Qui,
?

deum sublata, fides etiam et societas humani deum esse, negant, nonne omnem religionem
omnis

generis
funditus

sustulerunt

Caritate benevolentiaque sublata,

est e vita sub-

lata jucunditas.

Bring thou aid

to the

wretched and the destitute!

it

our longest age with eternity,

(subj.) that
it

will

be necessary that

If we compare we acknowledge
fairer joy,
all,

is

very short.

What

can bring to us a

than

virtue.

The noble

(probus) youth bore (fero) and did

he sweated
)

and shivered

{perf. in

each

case).

Julius Caesar took

(gen.).

away (perf from

bringest thou,

king Ptolemy, almost six thousand talents

What

my

boy

bring a present which

my

father presents to thee.

all

Dost

thou not know, that Epicurus has referred

sure
do,

[things] to (ad) plea-

Pleasure is i)referred by many to virtue. All (plur.) that we ? must be referred to virtue. The giants are said (feror) to have made war upon the gods. Cicero relates, that immense treasures were taken by Verres from the cities of Italy. A fault of nature has often been removed (= taken away) by exercise. The enemies were

200

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

[U3.
I

SO cowardly, that they did not even bear an attack of our soldiers.

would (imperf.) bear the injustice offered (affero) you with equanimity. Through cruelty we are borne [on] to the foulest crimes. We feared, that war would be preferred by you
to peace.

did not doubt, that you

Thou
away

wilt be borne [away]

by avarice
pleasures.

to base gain.

Soli-

tude takes

the enjoyment of

all

Thou

shouldst not

When the news was be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. brought (subj.) that the enemy approached, Caesar led out (perf ) his
soldiers

from the camp.

to

The wretched [man] asked

us,

that

we

would bring aid

73.

him

(sibi).

4)

Voloj volui^ velle, to will, wish.

no/o (from ne volo), nolui nolle ^ to be unwilling

mala (from magis (would) rather.

Indicative,

volo), mdlui^ malle^ to

choose

Subjunctive.

volo
.

nolo

malo
mavis mavult maliimus
mavultis

velim
veils
velit

nolim
noils
nollt

mdlim
malls
xnallt

vis

g vult
i^

vo\ii,mus

'^ vultis

non vis non vult nolwmiw non vultis

nolunt

vellmus
velUis
velint

nollmus
nolUis
nolint

malimus
malltis

volunt

malunt.

rmdint.

'^ volebam
-^

nolebam

malebam
nolam,

\vellem
.

nollem

mallem

volebas,etc. nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.'veWc5, etc

nolles, etc. malles^ etc.

volam, es.

etc.

es, etc.

malam,

es, etc.
1

Imperative (of volo

S. 2. nol
i,

and malo wanting).

i

nol

3. nol

PI. 2. nol

t e,

nol

to

nolunto.
|

Participle.

volens, ntis

nolens, ntis

of malo

it is

wanting.

Remark. The forms derived from

malui
;

the Perf are regular: volui, nolui,

;

voluerim, noluerim, maluerim

Inf. voluisse, noluisse, inaluisse

Plupf. volueram, nolueram, malueram ; voluissem, noluissem, maluissem Fut. Perf. voluero, noluero, maluero. The remaining forms are
;

wanting.

a/-

<*fi'

CXII. Words
to

to he

learned

and
to

Exercises for translation.

Defatigare,

weary,
to

nobilitare,

make

publicare, to make public.

maM

weary ; pass, become weary.

knoum, renowned,

73.]

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

make Unding.
necessitas, atis, /.
cessity.

201 um,
serious.

sectari (c. ace), to fol-

serius, a,

low after pursue.

^

ne-

adstringere, /o bind, to

ejusniodi, of this sortf of this nature.

Qui

virtutein suarn publicari vult,

non

virtuti laborat,

sed gloriae.

Nonne
euduin

poetae post

mortem

uobilitari

volunt?

senex, quae volui, adolescens.

est, si beati

Si vis amari,

Ego non eadem volo ama. Bono mentis fruSi acres ac diligentes

esse volumus.

Docilis est, qui attente vult audire.

Omnia
facere,

benefacta in luce se collocari volunt.

esse vultis,

magna saepe

intelligetis

ex

parvis.

Quem

docilem velis
vivamus,

simul attentunr facias

o})ortet.

Sic

cum

inferiore

quemadmodum nobiscum superiorem

crates
ut, qualis

velimus vivere.

Praeclare So-

banc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret, haberi vellet, talis esset. Si quis veram gloriam adipisci
viris

volet, virtutis officiis fungi debebit.

Nolilmus in conservandis bonis

defatigari.

eundem

pluribus rebus excellere.

Si quid per

Homines nolunt, jocum dixi, nolito in

Socrates

serium convertere.
cessitate, ut mihi,

Libero

sum judicio,
sit

nulla ejusmodi adstrictus ne-

velim nolim,

certa tuenda sententia.

posset.

Ego me Phidiam esse mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum lignarium. Utrum corporis, an Multi sibi malunt melius esse, quam ingenii vires tibi augeri mavis?
noluit ex carcere educi,
facile
alteri.

quum

Virtute in alia alius mavult excellere.

nihil malint se

Quibus
;

id

persuasum
alteri,

est, ut

esse,

quam bonos

viros

iis

reliqua facilis est

doctrina.

Amicitiae est ea

vis, ut,

simulatque

sibi aliquid,

quam

malueritrtrHUa-&it.
vultis!

Vae

vobis, qui divitias,

quam

virtutem sectari ma-

Malumus cum

virtute paucis contenti esse,

quam

sine virtute

multa habere.
videri.

Aristldes,

Atheniensis, bonus

esse

malebat,

quam

If w^e wish to bear (fero) our virtue before (prae) ourselves,

we do
to

not labor for virtue but for glory.

Men

[when]

old,

do not wish the

If

very same which they wished (perf ) [when] ypung.

you wish

be loved by others, you must also love others. happy, thou must cultivate
to take a
virtue.

If thou wishest to

be

Why

does not thy brother wish does not wish

;

walk with us

Thou

askest

why he

he does
(adhib-

wish indeed, but he cannot on account of (per) business.

to undertake a great

If you wish

undertaking (negotium), you must

make

ere) diligent preparation.

Wilt thou come

to

us to-day, or (an) wilt

will svhj.

thou not?
pres.

we wish

(Sub. pres.) to know.

May you (= you

can.

of volo) also [when] absent, love us as you are accustomed to love.

not allowed to live as did not wish to

If

it is

not,

why you

we wish, we live as we come to us yesterday.

We

know

202

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

to

[^4.

Be thou unwilling
good men.
timent,
live in
to)

become weary
They,

in the

preservation (gerund) of

We

are unwilling, that the very

same [man] should excertain (certus) sen[or]

cel in several

things.
it,

who

are

bound by a
?

must defend

[whether] they will

not

Wouldst thou
(perf.) to

the country, rather than in the city

virtue.

Many would (= choose

be
to

acquire riches, rather than

Timoleon chose

esteemed, rather than to be feared (metuo).

stand upon (abl.) their
other.

The wise choose

own judgment,

rather than [upon that] of an-

Who
?

compos), than rich?

country

would not rather be virtuous (=: partaking of virtue, Would you rather live in the city, than in the we would rather live in the country.

74.

5) Eoy

ivi,

itum, ire, lo go. Subpmdive.

TenIndicative.
ses.

Pres.

eo, is,

It,

i-mus,

itis,

eunt
i-bunt

earn, eas, eat,

edmus,

edtis,

eant

Ifnpf Futur.
Perf.

i-bam, i-bas, i-bat, etc.

l-6o, i-bis, i-bit, etc.
i-vi, i-visti, i-vit, etc.

i-rem, i-res, i-ret, etc.

I-turus, a, uni sim, etc.

i-verim, i-veris, i-verit, etc.

Plpf i-veram, i-veras, i-verat, etc. F. Perf i-v6ro, i-veris, i-verit, etc.
Imperative.
S. 2.
i,

i-vissem, i-visses, I-visset, etc.

Supine.
t-tura,
l-tu.

Participle.

Gerund,

i-to, 3. i-to

Pres. I-ens,

eundum
eundi

P. 2.

i-te, i-tote,

Gen.

euntis.

3. eunto.

Fut.i-turus,a,um. eundo etc.

Rem. I. In the same manner the compounds are declined, as exeo, / go out, go foHh, abeo, / go away, redeo, / return. So also ven-eo, ven-ii, (see Rem. 2.), ven-Itum, ven-ire, <o be 5oW(Imper. Part, and Ger. wanting). Ambire, to go around something, surround, forms an excep:
:

tion, it being entirely regular according to the fourth Conj., as: Pres. ambio, ambiam, Impf -ambieftam, ambirem. Part, anibiens, G. amhientis, Perf ambm. Sup. amhltum, Part, amhitus (but the substantive is ambitus, us, a going around), Ger. amhiendum. Rem. 2. The compounds generally drop the v in the ending of the Perf and the parts derived from it and vi if an s follows it, as abii, abisti, abiit, abierim, abisse, abissem, etc., venii, venieram, veniero. Rem. 3. In the simple verb of this class, only the third Pers. Sing, is used of the passive forms, as: itur, one goes, ibatur, one went, Itum est, one has gone ; the Infin. Fut. Pass, of all verbs is formed by the Infin. in joined to their Supines, as amatum iri. But the compounds with a transitive meaning, form a complete Pass, like other transitive verbs, as praeterire, to pass by before, pass over, praetereor, / am passed by^ prae: :

74.]

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

303
amlnor {am-

teriris,

^itur,

^imnr,

imlni,

euntur;

praeteribar, etc.;

biuntur, ambiebar) also in the Pass, is regular according to the fourth

Conjugation.

CXIII. Words
Adire,
to

to be

learned

and Exercises for

translation.

corm

to.

emori,

3. to die.

aliquando, adv.

some-

c'lrcumire, to

go aroundy

surround.
interire, to decay.

obire, to die.
perire,
to

a hut. time. angustiae, arum, y.nar- foede, adv. basely, in a row pass. base way. silentium, i, n. silence, intempestive, adv. uncasa, ae,/.

go

to

ruin,

excessus, us, m. departare.

timely.

perish.
transire,

obviam, adv. against,

to

pass thj'ough, away.

to

over,

praealtus, a,

um,

very

meet.

high, very deep.

sero, adv. late, too late.

Qui

ad nos intempestive adeunt, molesti saepe sunt.

necesse

Pleraque, ante

ociilos posita, transimus.

Abeunt hirundines hibernis mensibus.

interire
est.

Cor-

pus mortale allquo temi)6re

Pereunt aliquando

innocentes; quis neget.^ nocentes

tamen saepius pereunt.

silentio transeant.

Omnes
Quis du-

homines summa ope

bitet,

niti decet,

ne vitam

quin ex casa vir magnus exire possit?

Potius sero,

quam nuncives mili-

quam, obviam eundum

tibus, qui e

est audaciae temeritatique.

Omnes
ibant.

bello

domum

redibant, laeti

obviam

Si ita natura

paratum

esset, ut

ea dormientes agei-ent, quae somniarent, alligandi

omnes

essent, qui

cubitum

irent.

Illud
sic

erat insitum
deleri

priscis, esse in

morte sensum, neque excessu vitae

interiret.

hominem,

ut funditus

Augustias Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine hostium

circumiretur.

septuagesimo
animos,

et sexto aetatis

Romulus ad deos transisse credltus est. Augustus obiit anno. Mihi nunquam persuaded potuit,
;

dum

in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere

quum

exissent

ex

iis,

emori.

Quicquid

translit temporis, perlit.

alii clari viri
:

Quum

rure rediero,
I,

statim te adibo.

Pompeius multique
esset,

foede perierunt.

quo

te fata vocant.

Abiit ad deos Hercules

nunquam

abisset, nisi,

quum

inter

homines

cam

sibi

viam munivisset.

Muros turresque

urbis praealtum

mare

ambiebat.

Be on
will

thy guard, that thou dost not

is

go

to

one untimely.

Very

much which
decay
at
lieve.

set before

our eyes,

is

passed over by us.

Our body
cannot be-

some time; but

often great

that our soul will decay,

we

Go

spiritedly against self-confidence

and rashness.
the war,

Who

does

not know,

how
to

men come

(=

go) forth from huts!

all

As

the soldiers were returning (subj.)

home from

the citizens

went (perf )

meet them.

In the spring the swallows return to us,

204
in the

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

[75.

the woods, he

autumn they go away. As Caesar was coming out (subj.) of was (perf.) surrounded by the enemies. When the
it

soul shall have left the body,

will

be happy.

We

shall

go out

to

meet our

parents,

who

are

returning from the country to the

city.

Hast thou not heard, that Pompey has perished in a base way ? The orators pass over all (plur.) that appears base to speak (sup. in u).

The men, who pass

without fame.

(part,

of transire) their lives in silence, die (obire)

75. 6)

QueOj quivi^ quitiim, qmre, to be able (can)

and

ne-

qneo, nequivi, neqiiitum, neqvlre, not to be able (cannot).

Many

Both these verbs are inflected throughout like eo, ivi, itum, ire, to go. of their forms, however, occur but rarely and, indeed, in good
all.

prose, not at

These forms are omitted

Indicative

in the following table.

Subjunctive.

Pres.

queo

nequeo
nequls nequit
nequlii^us nequltis

queam
queas queat

nequearn nequeas nequeat

queamus
queatis

nequeamus
nequeatis

queunt
Impf.
Perf.
Plpf.

nequeunt

queant

nequeant

nequlbam
quivi

nequTrem
quiverim
quivissem

nequivi

nequlverim

quivfiram

nequlveram
nequlvero
Infinitive.

nequissem

F. Perf. quivero

wanting.
Participle.

nequiens
Perf.

quivisse
:

nequivisse
it

nequeuntis, etc.
is ^vanting).

Supine

quitum, quitu (of nequeo are w antinsj, or occur but rarely.

The remaining forms

^76.]

PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.

7)

2^S

76.

Flo, factus sum, fieri, to become, to happen.

(See

Preliminary Remark. This verb forms the Pass, of fado,

65, 4.)
Indicative.
Pr.
fl-o, fl-s, fi-t, fl-unt

Subjunctive.
fl-am, f i-as, f i-at, fl-amus, fl-atis, flant
fi-erem, fi-eres, etc.
Participle.

Infinitive.
Pres. fieri ; Pf factus, a,

um
iri,

Fut. factum

esse ; or fu-

Imp. fi-ebam,

fi-ebas, etc.

tftrura esse, or fore.

Fut. fl-am, fi-es, fi-et, fi-emus, fi-etis, fi-ent

Pres. wanting.

Prf

factus, a,
a,

um

sura

Perf factus,

a,

um

PJpf factus,
Fut.

um eram

factus, a,

um

ero

Prf

Fut. faciendus (a, um) what should or must be done. futurus (a, um), 70 hat will come to pass. All the remaining for ms are wanting or oc-

cur but rarely.

ofjacio, which are formed from verbs, reand Jio in the Pass., as: calefScio, calefeci, calefactum, calefacere, to make warm (calere), calefio, calefactus sum, calfieri, to become warm ; but the compounds with prepositions have in the ficere, and in the Pass. feci, fectum, ficior, fectus ficio, Act. sum, fici, as perficio, perfeci, perfectum, perficere, to accomplish, perOnly a few compounds with prepositions ficior, perfectus sum, perfici. form the Pass, with Jio and these only in particular forms, as: confit
tain /acio in the Act.

Remark. The compounds

(for conjicitur], it is accomplished, confieri

defit, it is

wanting,

de/iet.

CXIV. Words
Exulcerare,
generare,
retinere,
to to fo

to he

learned

and

Exercises for translation.

crebro, adv. frequently,
fataliter, adv.

imtefe,

e\6(\u\, to

pronoxmce.
a,

make worse.
make.
hold back,

adversus,
site.

um, oppo-

conforma[times.

bly to fate.

cogitato, adv. with pre-

interdum,

adv.

some-

prevent,

meditation.

polite, adv. elegantly.

Intueri

solem adversum neqmmus.

separari.

Decori vis ea
ita

est,

ut ab honesto

non queat

Risus interdum

repente erumpit, ut

pientes tenere nequeamus.

Die, utriim queas,

an nequeas

eum mecum

cuire.

Quum

hostes exercitum nostrum fundere nequirent, in castra munita

sese receperunt.

Quum

dux precibus

retinere militem nequiret,

ea,

vim

adhibendam
exulcerant.
fecit,

censuit.

Saepe imperiti medici

quaesanare nequeunt,

Quum

Demosthenes " rho" dicere nequiret, exercitatione

fieri

ut planissime diceret

Ex

inimico cogita posse

amicum.

Nemo

fit

casu bonus.

Si

18

206
fato

DEFECTIVE VERBS.
omnia
fiunt
;

[^77.

NePermultum interest, utrurn perturbatione aliqua animi, quae plerumque brevis est, an consulto et cogitaHomo, quod crebro videt, non miratur, etiamsi, cur to fiat injuria. Non ita generati a natura sumus, ut ad ludum ei jocum fiat, nesciat. facti esse videamur, sed ad severitatem potius et ad quaedam studia
nihil

nos adnionere potest, ut cautiores fiamus.

est.

mo

ignavia immortalis factus

graviora atque majora.

Prudentior

fis,

accedente senectute.

Nego
ae-

esse fortunam, et omnia, quae fiunt, quaeque futura sunt, ex

ternitate definita dico

omni

esse fataliter.
fato

Qua de
contineri
?

caussa dicebas, omnia,

Fieri potest, ut recte

quae fierent futurave essent,

quis sentiat, et
id,

quod

sentit, polite eloqui

nequeat.

Men

cannot look upon the opposite sun.

together (inter se),

The

virtues are

so

(ita)

connected and joined

that they cannot be separated

from each other.

vis

with Subj.)

not

Ofl;en we cannot prevent a laugh, although (quamwe would. Say, whether you can go with us, or canThere are many diseases which cannot (subj.) be cured. Deat first

mosthenes could not (perf )

pronounce " rho," but by exercise

[it]

he effected
often

(=

made), that he pronounced

very plainly.

If thou wishest to be learned, learn early.

From

an enemy, [onej

becomes suddenly a friend. Men do not become good by chance. If all [things] happen (subj.) by chance, all (omnis) foresight is useless. Dost thou believe, that a man may ever become immortal by cowardice ? Men become wiser by age. Some philosophers were
uncertain, whether
all

(omniane) might happen by chance

am

con-

vinced, that nothing happens by chance.

77. Defective Verbs,

i.

e.

verbs of which only a few forms

are used.
1) Aio, I say, affirm, say yes, assent.
Trts. Ind. aio,
ais, ait

and

aiunt.

Subj. aias, aiat and aiant.

hnpf. Ind. aiebam, has, bat ; bamus, batis, bant. (Subj. wholly wanting.) Part, aiens, aientis (as adjective, affirming, affirmative).

2) Inquam, I say.
Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit; inqulmus, inquiunt.

[Subj. inquiam].

Impf. inquiebat or inquibat, inquiebant (Subj. wanting). Put. inquies and inquiet. Perf. inquisti and inquit.

3)

Memini, meminisse
Odi, odisse, to hate.
Coepi, coepisse, to

(c.

gen.

and ace),

to

remember.

have begun.
be acquainted with, know.

a-

Novi, n&visse (nosse), to

ni]
All four Perfects
ular.

DEFECTIVE VERBS.
and the forms derived from them are

207
entirely reg-

Perf. Ind.

memlni, /

re- odi,

/ hate

coepi,

have

novi, I

know
(no-

memher Subj. meminerim

Plpf. Ind.

odgrira

begun coeperim
/

novgrim
rim)

memineram, / odgram, I hated coeperam,

remembered

hud begun
odissem
will

noveram (noram), / knew

novissem (nossem)
shall

Subj.
Fut. Ind.

meminissem

coepissem

memingro, / odero, 1 shall rememhate

ber

coepero, I shall novero (noro), 7

have begun

know

Imperat.

memento, remember thou

mementute,
re-

wanting.

wanting.

wanting.

member ye
Inf. Perf.

meminisse
wanting. wanting.

odisse

coepisse

novisse (nosse)

Fut.
Particip.

osurus esse osus, exosus, perusus, one

coepturus esse coepturus, one

wanting. wanting.

who

xcho will begin hates, or coeptus, begun.

has hated very much.

Remark. Kovi is nothing else than the Perf. of nosco (I am acquainted with). Instead o^ coepi, coeperam, etc., coeptus sum, coeptua eram, etc., must be used, when the accompanying Inf is in the Pass., as: urbs aedificari coepta est, the city has begun to be built. The same is the case with desino.

CXV. Words
Abominari,

to he

learned

and
i,

Exercises for translation.

credulus,
lovs.
a,

to execrate, to

comoedia, ae,/. comedy,

n.

um.

credu-

commemorare,
tion, call to

men- institutum,
tution.

an insti-

mind.
3. to dis-

invidus, a,
i.

um,

envious.

evanesco, nui
appear.

probrura,

n, reproach,

dum,
sive

conj.

(with
or

the
sive

haruspex,

icis,

m. soothbeatdifvl.
a,

Subj.) provided that.

(seu),

hebesco (without Perf. sayer. and Sup.). I am in- bellus, a, um,

operative.

(seu)

consentaneus,
produce.
suitable.

um

whether

sive

(seu),

or, either

proferre

3. to

sapio, ui 3. to be wise.

cisely as

the words of some one are quoted prehe spoke them, inquam is used, and is introduced among the words quoted but if only the sense of what one has said is quoted,
;

Rule of Syntax. When

aio is used.

Contraria ea sunt,
mirari se aiebat,

quorum alterum

ait

quid, alt^rum negat

Cato

quod non

rideret haruspex,

haruspicem

quum

vidisset.

208

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

[^77.

Ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut voliiinus, non licet. Sus, ut aiunt, docet Minervam. Tu ais, ego nego. Negat Epicurus, quenquam, qui honQuasi ego id curem, quid ille este non vivat, jucunde posse vivere.
aiat,

aut neget

illud quaero, quid ei, qui in voluptate

sit

summum bonum
negas
;

putat,

consentaneum
tu ?

dicere.

Sive tu hoc

ais, sive

ego tueAin' (for

bor sententiam meam.

aisne)

Negantia contraria sunt aientibus.

quum

res occultissimas aperueris in lucemque protuleris

negabis, esse

rem

ullam, quae cognosci possit

Aisne

Aio.

Ne-

gasne

Nego.

Agricola serit arbores, quae

alieri

saeculo prosint, ut

ait ilJe in

Menandri comoedia.

Non

credlmus, inqultis, vera esse, quae

dicimus.

Tu

vero, inquisti, mihi molestus

est

niinquam

eris.

Amicus

mens, inquies, nonne

quit, cui

homo beHus?

Praeclare Plato: Beatum, in-

etiam in senectute contigerit, ut sajjientiam verasque opin-

iones assequi possit.

I

deny
I

that,

which thou
not,

assertest.

If I say yes,
It is said,

he

[also] says

yes

if I say,
city.

no

(deny),

he also says no.

that thou wilt leave the

[it].

know

whether thou

affirniist

the thing, or deniest

Affirmative (== affirming) opinions (sententia), are contrary to negative

(=

denying) [opinions].
It is

They

said,

that thy father set out for (ad)

to die for one's
is

Rome.
country.

delightful

and becoming, says Horace,

me.

Thou

hast erred, thou wilt say perhaps.

to

Never, says he,

a friend troublesome

Meminerimus, etiam ad versus infimos justitiam esse servandam.

Animus memlnit
neficia

praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura provldet.

is,

Be-

meminisse debet
Illud

in quern colJata sunt,

non commemorare,
meminero.

qui contulit.
nequit,

semper memento: Qui

sapit.

ipse sibi sapiens prodesse

nequicquam

Quod

tu mihi dixisti, pulchre

Qui

patriae beneficia meminerint,

semper pro ejus

est beneficii.

salute

arma capes-

sere parati erunt.

Omnes
cos, effTci

oderunt eum, qui

Memento mori. immemor

Libertatis inimi-

non

potest, quin

(=

ut non) odgrim.

Invidi virtutem et bo-

num alienum
atque oderit.

oderunt.

Virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur

Probos amamus, improbos odimus.

mali

me

oderint.

Vox
neque

dira et

abominanda

Oderint,

Non dubito, quin dum metuant.

ut
si

Cicero, penitus oderat Clodium.

cet,

Judicem neque studere cuiquam dealiquan-

neque

odisse,

do osuri simus.

Non ita amare debemus, Romani regum nomen perosi sunt.

irasci.

Dimidium

facti,

qui bene coepit, habet,

Oracula evanuerunt, post-

quam homines minus

creduli esse coeperunt.

Postquam

divitiae ho:

nori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebalur

he-

^8.]

IMPERSONAL VERBS.
esse
coepit.

209
Turpe
est,

bescere virtus, paupertas probro

rem bene

coeptam male

finire.

Undique
est,

in

murum

lapldes conjici coepti sunt

Urbs obsideri coepta

Deum colit, qui novit. Nihil milii stultius videtur, quam existimare eum studiosum tui, quern non noris. Qui se ipse norit, aliquid sentiet

se habere divinura, tantoque

munere

dei

semper dignum

aliquid et

faciet et sentiet.

Quam
thee,

quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat.

You

should forget favors conferred, [but] remember those received.

We

shall

remember

even when thou

(in

art absent.

If

ber the favors conferred upon us

nos) by our parents,

we rememwe shall nevyouth

er be ungrateful towards (adversus) them.

When we remember
As

happily passed (agere),

I

we

are delighted.

often as (quotiescunque)

remembered

the good principles of

my

teachers, a desire after (gen.)

those excellent

men

seized (occupare) me.

We
there,

hate the men,

who

are unmindful of favors received.

(subj.) the

Who
?

is

who does not (quin) hate did not know, why he hated us.
I

enemies of freedom

We
is

Men

love the upright, [and] hate the

wicked.

doubt not, that the wicked hate me.

The

(is)

friend

not

agreeable (gratus) to us,

who

loves us as one about to hate us.

It is

known, that the Romans hated (perf ) the name of kings very much. Him, who is unfortunate, all hate. Thou hast begun the thing well, but ended badly. Scarcely had
the soldiers
discovered.

begun

to fortify the

camp, when the enemies were

to to the citizens.

(perf.)

Already had the enemies begun

assault the city, as

suddenly our soldiers came (perf) for (dat.) aid

the

After

banishment of the kings, (abl. abs.), two consuls began to be chosen

yearly.
I

know

not,

whether (ne attached

to the verb)

thou art acquainted

with

my

friend, but if thou shall

become acquainted with him, thou

it.

wilt love him.

Judge not concerning a man, before you know him.

Do

you know the way ? we do not know he should

laws and

When

any one wishes

to preside over the republic,

(oportet

with Suhj.) be acquaint-

ed with

its

institutions.

Art thou personally

(=

from ap-

pearance, de facie) acquainted with

my friend? (=
know (=

ed with him), but

I desire (opto) to

that I

am not acquaintmay know) him.

78.

Impersonal Verbs (46. Rem.)

1)

Verbs which indicate certain appearances of Nature.

it

fulgurat,

lightens, [it

fulminat,
thunders,

it

lightens,

gelat, it freezes.

grandinat,

it hails,

18*

210
illucescit,

IMPERSONAL VERBS.
uxit,
it

[^

78.

he-

ningit, xit,
ptiit, it

it

snows.

vesperascit, ravit,

it

he-

comes

light, day.
I.

rains.

comes evening.
the

Rem.

These verbs may be

inflected through all

modes and

tenses, as
tonat tonet tonuit tonu^rit

tonare
tonuisse.
first

tonabat tonaret

tSnnerat tonuisset

The
have

other Impersonal Verbs here introduced of the

avit.
licet, it is allowed.

Conjugation,

2) decet, uit (c. ace.)

it

pertaesum
gusts.
piget, uit,
it

est,

it

dis-

is

becoming.
it

miseret,

uit

it

excites

dedec^et, uit (c. ace.)

is not

(one's) pity.

it irks. it

becoming.
uit,
it

miseretur, rltum est,

excites pity.

poenitet, uit,

repents.

Ubet or lubet,
pleases.

[fid.
is

pudet,

uit, it
it

shames,
disgusts.

oportet, uit,

it

need-

taedet, uit,

3) There are also

many
:

personal verbs used as impersonal

in a particular meaning, as
accedit,
essit
it

{ut
is

or

contingit,

igit,

it

falls juvat, juvit,

liquet, quit,

it delights.
it is

quod),
{that).

added

to one's lot.

clear.

convenit, ehit,

it is Jit.

patet, uit,

it is

obvious.

accfdit,

it

happens.
;

evenit, enit,

it

Imppens.
i7 65-

placet, uit,

it

pleases.
it

apparet, uit
dent.
attinet, uit,
to.

it

is evi-

expedit,
fallit,

it

is useful.

praestat,
ter.

itit,

is

het-

fefellit(me),

[cape^ {me).
iit

it

pertains

capes {me).
fugit, fugii, (me), it es-

praeterit,

(me),

it es-

refert,retulit, i<co?icerrw
restat,
it

conducit,
viceable.

xit,

it is

ser-

capes (me),

it

is

uncon-

remains.

known.
stltit,
it

sufFicit, ecit, it is suffir

fuit,
it

constat,

is

interest,
cerns.

dent.

known.

superest,

it

remains.

Rem. 2. These impersonals, and tenses.

also,

can be inflected in

all

the

modes

all verbs,

4) Finally there belong here the third Pers. Sing. Pass, of especially of intransitive verbs, through all the modes
tenses, as

and

may plough ; arabatur, they ploughed, aratum est, they have ploughed, aratum sit, they may have ploughed; aratum erat, they had ploughed, aratum esset, they might have ploughed, aratum erit, they will have ploughed ; Inf in dependent discourse arari, (that) they plough, aratum esse, (that) they Ridetur, they laugh; have ploughed, aratum iri, (that) they will plough. ludebatur, they played; dormietur, they will sleep ; itur, they go ; ventum
Aratur, they plough, aretur, they
araretur, they might plough;
:

est, they

have com^.


$^9,
80.]

^ :

prep6sition, etc.

formation of words.
n.
Interjection.

211

CHAPTER
79.
1.

Preposition.

Conjunction.
it is

In addition to the parts of speech which have alreadyof,

been treated

there remain the

conjunction and interjection.

Of these,

the conjunction, as

employed

in connecting sen-

be more properly treated of in the Syntax, and the interjection needs no special treatment beyond a mere definition for which see ^ 6. Rem. 2.
tences, will
;

2.

The preposition,
^

in addition to the table of prepositions

its
'

given in
requires

34,

and the remarks upon

use in the Syntax

(^

93.),

some

additional illustration here.

Most prepositions
infra, suall

are used also as adverbs, as: ante, post, prope, juxta,

pra, citra, ultra, intra, extra, contra, circa

(circum).

Nearly

prepositions are used in compositixyn, as

m^errogo, c/ecedo, com-

pono

i^com,

con,

co

= cum
:

in composition), etc.

Inseparable

prepositions are those

anil> (ann,

which occur only

in composition, viz
;

an) around, as

amb-ire, am-plector, an-fractus

:

dis

(di),

asunder, from each other, as

:

dis-cedo, di-spergo

re (back,

again), as
sits

re-vertor, re-cludo
:

se (aside, apart), as:

se-p6no;
the nega-

(su), up, upon, as

:

sus-cipio,

su-spicio

finally,

tive ne, as

ne-scire.

CHAPTER

III.

80.

Formation of Words.
I.

Verbs.

1.

Frequentatives,

i.

e.

verbs which express a repetition of the

to the

action, are

formed from other verbs by adding Uare

stem

of the Pres., as
clam-o,
2.

I cry,

I drive, ag-lto, / drive clam-ito, I cry continually.

:

ago,

hither

and

thither

Intensives,

i.

e.

verbs which ex[)ress a permanence or con'

turn, verso, to tarn hither

tinuance in an action, are formed from the Sup. of other verbs,

as

verto, verti,
thither ;

versum, vertere,
first

to

and

they follow the

Conjugation.

212
3.

FORMATION OF WORDS.
Desideratives,
i.

[$

80

e.

verbs which express a desire or striving

after the thing indicated

urio, as
urio,
:

by

their primitives,

have the ending

essum), coenat-

esu-rio,

I desire

to eat

(from edo,
avi,

edi,

Ilong far supper (from coeno,

Inchoatives,
i.

atum); they follow the

fourth Conjugation.
4.
e.

verbs which express a becoming or beginexpress,

ning of that which

asco, esco, isco, as
;

their primitives

have the endings

exhorr-esco,

shudder (from horreo), con-

cup-isco,

I desire
;

(from cupio), repuer-asco,

I become a boy again

(from puer)
5.

they follow the third Conjugation.

i.

Diminutives,

e.

verbs which express a diminution of

illo,

the idea expressed by their primitives, have the ending,

as
:

(canto) cantillo, 1 chant.

n. Substantives.
1.

Nouns

in tor (fem. tdx), are

formed from the supines of

verbs and designate j^er^ow^ in active relations (actors), as: victor, victrix,

2.

Those

a conqueror (from vinco, vici, victum). ill io, are formed from the supines of verbs, and

like English substantives in ing, express the action of the verbs

from which they are formed as taking place, as laesio, an injuring (from laedo, laesi, laesum), emendatio, an emeruiing (from
:

emendo,
3.

avi,

atum).
in
o, miis,

Those

are derived either from verbs or nouns,

:

and designate persons with an idea of contempt, as

(from caput), blockhead.
4.

caplto

its (gen. us), are derived from supines, and siga completed action, an effect, as morsus, a bite (from mordeo, momordi, morsum). 5. Those in ulus, \da, vlum ; bias, dla, olum ; elhis, eUa, eUum; iUus, ilia, ilium, indicate an object as small (diminutives), as hortulus, a little garden, vocula, a slight voice (from vox) ; filiolus, a little son, filiola, a little daughter, assellus, an ass colt.

Those

in

nify mostly

Remark. The gender of diminutives

primitives.
6.

follows the gender of their

Those

in etum, signify
:

a place abounding in thai expressed

oun oak-grove,

by

their primitives, as

quercetum,

dumetum, a

thorn-thicket (from

dumus, a thorn bush).

80.]
7.

FORMATION OF WORDS.
Those

213
;

G. tudimis;

edo and

ill

la (itla), G. lae;
ido,

tds,

G.

tdtis

tus,

G.

tutis

tudoj

G.

inis,

express an abstract quality, as

audacia (from aadax,) boldness, sapientia (from sapiens), wisdom; laetitia (from laetas),joy, avaritia (from avdrus), avarice;

bonitas (from ness (from

servitus
dulcis), sweetness,
8.

bonus), good?iess, celeritas (from celer), swiftservics), servitude;

fortitudo (from fortis),

bravery, magnitiido (from magnus), greatness;

dulcedo

(fiom

cnpido (from cupldus), desire.

i.

Gentile Nouns,

e.

names o^ peoples and

countries.

Names

of countries are mostly formed from the names of peoples, with

the ending
ia,

as: (Macedo, 6n-is) Macedonia; (Thrax, ac-is)

Thracia, etc.

On
:

the contrary,
lus,

names of peoples having the

dtis),

adjective-endings

dnus^ inus, enus, ensis (iensis), ds{G.

icus, idcus, alcus, aire

formed either from names of countries or cities, as: (Cyprus) Cyprius; (Roma) Romdnus; ( Venusia) Venusmiis ; (Pergamus) Pergamenus ; (Athenae) Athenicasis (Arpinum) Arpiiias; (Colchis) Colchicus; (Aegyptus) Aegyptide us ; (Thebae) Thebdicus.
9.

Patrmiymics,

i.

e.

personal appellations derived from one's

:

descent.

These have the endings ides, G. idae, Fem. is (from primitives in its and or) ; ides, F. eis (from primitives in eiis) ;
first

ddes or iddes, F. as (ias) (from primitives in as or es of the

Dec. or in ius),dis: (Priamus) Priamides ; (Agenor) Agenorides; (Tantalus)

Theseis;
tias.

Tantdlis

(Aeneas)

(Peleus) Pelides;
Adjectives.

(Theseus) F.

J.ewed<5fe5;

(Thestius) Thestiddes; F. Thes-

III.

1.

Those Those

in

e'us, a,

um, are adjectives o{ material, as: um, and ntus,

a,

ferreus,

iron, ligneus,
2.

wooden, marmoreus, of marble.

in inus, a,

um, are principally de:

rived from the names ofplants and minerals, as

en,

faglnus, heech-

of beech, querneus, of oak, crystallinus, of crystal; aburneus,

ivory.

of
to

3.

Those

in nv^, a,

um, emus,

a,

um, and

inus, a,

um, relate

designations of time and place, as:

vernus, behmging to

spring; externus, external ; hodiernus, of to-day, Sieieinus, eter-

nal; diutinus, of long duration.

4.

Those

in inus, a,

um,

relate, mostly, to the different kinds

214
of animals, as
6.
:

FORMATION OP WORDS.

[^

80.

leporinus (lepus, leporis, the hare), of the hare^

caro anserina, goose-meat.

Those
Those

in Uis

and

bilis,

express a capability or fitness, as

the idea of a present participle

utilis, 'useful, docllis,

6.

teachable; amabllis, amiable.

in hundus, express
intensity, as
:

but with more

i}[\aLXi

popiilabundus, ravaging (stronger

populans), mirabiindiis,yi^// ofwcmder; those in cwidus exQ,

press

permanent quality or

Iwbit, as

facundus, fluent, iracim-

dus, passionate, verecundus, respectful.

7.

Those

in osus, tus, olentus or ulentus, Idu^ express fulness,

excess, as
:

abundance or

arenosus, sandy (abounding in sand),

auritus, long-eared, auratus, gilt (furnished

with gold), onestus,

loaded down, vetustus, ancient, violentus, impetuaus, turbuleniViS, full

of commotion, herbidus, covered with grass.

: ;

SYNTAX
OR THE PRE^CIPLES OF SENTENCES.

81.
1.

Sentence,

Subject.

is

Predicate.
:

A thought
est.

expressed in words,

called a sentence^ as

the rose blooms^ rosa floret

the rose is beautiful, rosa pul-

chra
2.

a)

The necessary parts The subject, i. e.

serted, as
:

of a sentence are
that of

which something
which
:

is

as-

the rose, rosa

i.

b)

The

predicate,

e.

that

is

asserted of the

subject, as: blooms, floret; is beautiful, pulchra est.

3.

The

subject

is

a substantive, as

rose, rosa,
e. g.

or

some
sub-

other

word

or clause used substantively,

Infin., as
:

a pronoun, an

adjective,

an

/,

thou, he, this, the ivise.

The

ject stands in the nominative.

4.

The

predicate

is

a verb, or an adjective or substantive

in connection with the verb esse,

which in
est.

this case is call-

ed the copula (bond).

TXossi foret.

Rosa
;

pulchra

est.

Rosa^o*
is said

In the Latin language each form of the Jlnite verb may form a sentence for it signifies at the same time, a person of whom

Remark.

something

is said,

and

that

which

of him, as

amo, / love.

82.
1.

Limitation of the Subject and Predicate.

limited in the following
is

The predicate may be

a)

ways:

By

a case of the substantive which

:

then called

the object, as

virtutem

amo
a substantive, as
:

b)

By the preposition with

pugnamus;
:

pro patria

c)

d)

By the infinitive, as scribere cupio By an adverb, as bene scribis.

:

216
2.

AGREEMENT.

[$

83.

The subject, ways

a)

or object

may be

limited in the following

By an
pulchra

adjective

[attributive

adjective), as

rosa

b)

By
as
:

the genitive of a substantive (attributive gen.),

hortus regis

c)

By

a substantive which stands in the same case

:

as the

word which it limits, as Macedonum, Magnus appellatur.

kind
is

Alexander, rex

A substantive
the

of

this

said to be in apposition.

Remark. The
limits in gender,

attributive adjective agrees with

case.

noun which

it

number and

This

is

so even in the adjectives

prinms, ultimus, extremus, postremus, intimiis, summus, medius, inJimuSy imus and reliquus, although they designate only particular parts of objects

and are rendered into English by

partitive phrases [Jirst part, last

part, etc. of a thing).

83.
1.

Agreement.
its

The verb
scribo

agrees with

the adjective in gender,

subject in person and number; number and case (nominative).

ille

Ego
Amicus

tu scribis

scribit.
est.

Rosa

floret.

Rosae
est.

florent.

fidus est.

Virtus pulchra

Corpus caducum
Indus

Puer
flumi-

magnus.

Puella parva.
est.

Corpus caducum.

omnium

num maximus
Rem.
1.

Sometimes, however, the predicate does not agree with the grammatical form of the subject, but with a noun implied in it (Constructio ad intellectum), which is particularly the case in collective
nouns, as
2.
:

pars bestiis ohjedi sunt.

Magna
it

multitudo convenerant.

The

substantive, as predicate, agrees with the subject

it

only in case ;
only w*hen
it

agrees with

signifies a person,

rate forms for the

number and case, and hence, either has sepamasculine and feminine, or is of the comin gender,
is

mon

gender.

The same

the case with the substantive

in apposition.

Rosa
fuit

flos est.

Athenae fuerunt urbs.

Romulus

fuit rex.

Tomyris

regina.

Tomyris, reglna Scytharum, Cyrum, regem Persarum,

devicit.

Bactra, regionis caput, sita sunt sub

2.

monte Parapamiso.

Rem.

When

the neuters of adjectives, pronouns and numerals are

is

used as nouns, and signify a number of single things, they do not, as

83.]

AGREEMENT.

21'?

generally the case in English, stand in the singular, but in the plural. Omnia humana sunt fragilia (everything human). FiUura incerta sunt
(the future).

Haec sunt

vera, iUa falsa (this

that).

Multa, pauca, etc.

3.

When

there are

two or more subjects

in

the verb stands in the plural.

If the subjects

one sentence, have the same

gender, the adjective as predicate, takes the same gender

and stands

in the plural

but

if

they have different genders^

in designations of persons, the adjective agrees with the

masculine subject in preference to the feminine, but in names

of things the adjective generally stands in the neuter plural,
PompeiuSf
Scipio,

Afranius foede perierunt

et

Caesar et Pompeitts forPater et mater mihi cari

tissimi fuerunt.

Terra

luna sunt glohosae.

sunt.

Inter se contraria sunt benefidum et injuria.

3.

Rem.
et

When, however,

designed lo make one subject more prominent than the others, the predicate agrees with the nearest subject, which, in the last case, is always the subject to be ren(as well

as also), nee

the subjects are connected by autaut,

nee, or

et

when

it is

dered prominent.
4.
first

When

subjects o^ different persons are connected, the

person predominates over the second and third persons,

the second over the third,

and

and the predicate stands in

Ego, tu
et frater

the plural.

Ego

et tu

scribimus.

Ego

et

frater scribimus.

Bcribimus.

Tu

et frater scribitis.

Ego

et fratres

scribimus.

Tu

et

fratres scribitis.

Nos

et fratres scribimus.

Vos

et fratres scribitis.

CXVI.
I.

Exercises for translation.

($

81

83.)

Our body

is

mortal, our soul immortal.

lie.

The

forehead, the eyes,

the expressions often

God

is

the creator and governor of the

whole world.

History

is

a good instructress.

The

Scythians were

a very warlike people.

)

Alexander, king of the Macedonians, carried

on (perf a war with Darius, king of the Persians.

nal, the

human
to
it

frail.

We

often hold the

and assent
Gold,

inconsiderately.

boy,

The divine is eterunknown for (pro) known hear much [but] speak little!
metals are produced
sister

silver,

brass, iron, in short (denlque) all

(gign^re) for the use of

men.

The

father, the

mother and the

of

my

friend,

have

all

died within a year.

Thy

son and thy daughter

alli-

are very dear to me.

Lahor and pleasure, by a (quidam) natural

(inter se).

ance, are united

togetlier

Arrogance, hatred and envy are

19

J|18

DOUBLE NOMINATIVE.
mind of
the wise.
I

[J 84.

foreign to the

and

my

brother returned (perf.)

yesterday from the journey.

brother play.
II.

and

my
lark

brother learn, thou and thy

We

and

my
is

parents rejoice at (de) your return.

Life

is short, art is

long.

The

and the nightingale sing de-

lightfully.

Experience

the

best instructress.
is
tlie

The

Carthaginians
all

were a treacherous people.

his wisdom.

Wisdom
is

governess of

things.

Writers extol Solon, the law-giver of the Athenians, on account of

Everything earthly
future
is

fleeting.

The

past

we

cannot

change.

The

uncertain.

Corinth and Charthage were (perf)

destroyed by the Romans. Dominion (plur.), posts of honor, riches, power (opes) are fortuitous. The walls and gates of the taken city were destroyed (perf) by the soldiers. The king and queen are very dear to all the citizens. The father and mother have set out on a
journey.

Thy

brother and sister are very good.

I rejoice, that (quod),

thou and thy brother are well.

journey to-morrow.

and our parents shall set out on a Thou and thy sister remain in the city.

We

84.

Double Nominative,

As there are two nominatives with the copula esse, the nominative of the subject and the nominative of the predicate, so also the following verbs take

two nominatives

The b) The
a)

verbs of becoyning

fio^

evado, existo, nascor;

verb maneo (I remain), and videor (I seem, ap;

pear)
c)

The
The

verbs which

mean

/ am

called, as

appellor,

vocor, dicor, etc.

d)

verbs which signify,

:

I am made, chosen, appointed

I am
considered, accounted

something, as
e)

creor, eligor, etc.

The

verbs which

mean

something,
the like, as

I am
:

recognized, found as something, and

putor, existimor, judicor, habeor, cognos-

cor, inventor, etc.

Brutus
Gloria

pater

Romanorum libertatis vindex exstitit. JVemo dodus nascitur. Romanorum aetema manet. Cicero consul creatus est. Cicero patriae appellatus est. Virtus summum bonum judicanda est.

CXVII.

Exercises for translation. ($84.)

cowardice.
Cicero, in the

L No one has become immortal by

Catilinian (Catilinarius) war, appeared (existere) [as] the defender of


^
85, 86.]
state.

TENSES.
i3l#

CLASSES OF VERBS.

the

The

rich often

become

(evadere) beggars.

No

one

is

born

rich.

After Romulus,
Piety

Numa
is

Pompilius was elected

(perf.)

king by the Romans.

all

justly considered

the foundation of

the virtues.
eternal).

The renown of Roman

Philosophy
is
)

bravery will remain forever

(=
life,

called

by Cicero, the guide {== leader) of

the investigator (fem

of virtue and the banisher (fem.) of vice, the

inventress of laws, the instructress of customs and of discipline.

expected evils appear greater than [those] expected.

justly considered the

UnDemosthenes is
Cicero

most distinguished orator of the Greeks.

(perf.)

and Anthony were elected consuls.

II.

Quintus Fabius was chosen

beconie wiser by age.

general

Men

The

orations of

by the Romans. Demosthenes and Cicero

(perf.

are considered models of eloquence.

(evadere) a good [one].

bad poet never becomes

of
exisiere)

Lycurgus came forward

Virtue
is

as

the law-giver of the Lacedemonians.

justly considered the

highest good.

Aristides
will

was

called the just

eternal.

by the Athenians.
first

The
king

renown of some
of the Persians

remain

Cyrus was elected the

to

The sun appears

us smaller than

it is.

Thou

wast born good, but hast become bad.

1.

85.

Classes of Verbs.
active

There are two kinds of verbs,

and

passive.
ro-

In an active verb, the subject appears as active^ as: sa floret;

puer
;

epistolarn scribit.

Those

active

verbs

which take an accusative are

epistolarn scribit
^di floret;

called transitive^ as: puer

:

but the rest are called intransitive, as

pater
\.ih\

ro-

sapiens meminit mortis:

eo in
:

favet;

ami-

cus g-audet adventu amici;

2.

urbem.

In \he passive the subject appears as suffering' (receiv-

ing the action), as

3.

bonus discipulus laudatur a preceptori-

bus, malus vituperatur.

Deponent verbs are those which have a passive form but an active signification, as: dux hortatur milites;
morior.
I

86. Tenses of the Verb,

1.

The

tenses are divided into

two

classes
Perf.

a) Principal

Tenses:

the

Pres.

and Future:

220

MODES OF THE VERB.

scribo, Iivrite, scripsi,
ivrite, scripsero,

87.]

I have loritlen^ I shall have icritten;

scribo, 1 shall

b) Historical Tenses: Imperf. Piuperf. and the narrative Perf.

:

scnbeb3.m,

seram,
Rem. The
present,

I had

turitten, scripsi,
is

I ivrote, ivas ivriting-^ I lurote.

and
is
is

scrip-

narrative Perf.

called the Perf. historical

;

trans-

PerC and is translated into English by the Perf The Latin historical Perf ^ways expresses the action as past, and so also does the Latin Imperf but yet always as standing in relation to another past aclated into English by the

Imperf

the pro{)er Perf

called the

scribebam, qimm veniebas (veneused in relating principal events, the ImperC in relating accompanying circumstances. Caesar urbem intravit ; omnes cives laetabantur victoriamque de hostibus reportatam ei gratulabantur,
tion to which
ras).
it

corresponds in time, as
is

Hence

the Perf

CXVIIL
L God
has

Exercises/or translation.

(^

86.)

made the whole world. Romulus built Rome. Hannibal vanquished the Romans in (abl.) the second Punic war. The enemies assaulted the city, which lay upon a hill. The city was captured by the enemies, but the citizens had already deserted it. So long as thou shall be fortunate, thou wilt number many friends. In a short [time]
I shall

have finished

this business.

If we shall have fulfilled our duties,

we

shall

be hap])y (beatus).

Even

as

we

shall

have treated others,

will they treat us.

II.

The

book, which you sent me, I have

read through

carefully.

Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans.

carried on
ple.

The Romans

many wars with

An immense number
oblivion.

ace.) the city.

who were a very brave peomen had come together into [in with The remembrance of renowned men will be obscured
the Germans,

of

by no

After a few days

shall

have returned.

shall have

sown (sementem
more we

facere), [so]

thou wilt reap(metere).

As thou The

more we

shall

have exercised our minds by the study of

shall delight in
it.

literature, so

much

the

If thou shall have adorned the

Boul with virtues, thou will be happy.

87.
1.

Modes of
the

the Verb.

The

Indicative

is

mode which
scripsit.

expresses /ac^5, re-

alities,
'Rosa.Jloret.

Pater epistolam

Ambulaho.
is

2.

The

Subjunctive

is

the

mode which

employed in

expressing what

is

imagined or barely conceived of.

87.]

MODES OP THE VERB.

a)

The Subjunctive
of the Pres.,
is

of the principal tenses^ especially

used in principal sentences to express a supposition or presumption, a doubting question, an may often encouragement, exhortation, a wish. translate this Subjunctive into English, by the Subj.

We

Imperf.

or

by

the auxiliaries,

ought, might, could^

should, loould with the Infin.

Nemo

sanus de

virtutis pretio duhittt

(let

Quis de animorum immorta-

litate duhittt ?

Eamiis !
!

us go

or

we would go !) Utlnam amiused in

cus convcdescat

b)

The Subjunctive
of tohat really
is,

of the historical tenses

is

principal sentences to express a supposition the opposite

or

is

not, as

errares, thou loouldst

si

err ; errasses, thou ivouldst have erred;

errares, if thou
sic

hoc diceres,
this,

shouldst say

this,

thou icoiildst err^

hoc

dixisses,

errasses, if thou hadst said

:

thou ivouldst have erred; so

ses]

non

erra/res,

non

erraS'

hence crederes, putares, cerneres, videres (one might believe, might see) besides, the Subj. of these tenses is used to express a ivish of which one knows
;

that

it loill

not be realized (imperfect), or has not been

:

3.
be.

utinam amicus convalesceutinam amicus convaluisset I finally, the Subj. Imperf. is used in a doubting question in reference to past time, as quid facerem ? (what should I have done?) The Imperative is used to express commands, as scriThe two forms of the second person of the imperative
realized (pluperfect), as
ret !
:

are thus distinguished

the shorter forms (ama, amate) have

a milder, the longer forms (amato, amatote) a stronger meaning hence these last should be translated by should or must
;

and are used

especially in directions

and injunctions.
Leges
obser-

Ferte misero atque iuopi auxilium.

varUor.

Cotito virtutem.

Discipulus amato praeceptores.

Remark.

The

negative with the Imper.

is

encouraging and exhorting,

and also with the Subj. of expressed by ne (not by non), as : we scribe

19*

!!

222
ne eamus.
puerii

GENITIVE.
nolij nolite

[^88,

However, instead of ne with the Imper.

with the

lufinitive are often used, as: noli scribere, do not im-ite; nolite garrire,

GXIX.
I.

Exercises for translation. (^87.)

I

The view

of Epicurus concerning the highest good,

should

could not

approve.
the soul

Why
(pi ur.)?

we
all

doubt concerning (de) the immortality of

We

should love our native country!

We

would

bear with equanimity,

virtue

which happens

to

us

The

principles of
plur.) of all

we would
lot

not neglect!

The beginning (principium

things should be taken (ducere) from the immortal gods!

fallen to the
(tenere).

What

has
fast

(obtingere) of each one, this each

one should hold

that all

would

strive

after

virtue

Without thy

aid, I
silent

had been the most unhappy man. O that thou hadst been What should I have answered ? Flatter ye not bad men.
shouldst obej [thy] parents and teachers.
(vereri) their teachers.

Thou

Scholars should respect

at

boys,

you should be present

school not

only with
II.

(abl.)

your bodies, but also with your minds.

should praise.

The
!

betraying of his country no one

Nobody

should believe a lying man.

the world

Who

should not admire the beauty of

to dangers.

We would not without reason expose (offerre) ourselves We should rejoice at the prosperity of others We
!

should be affected in the very same

way towards

friends
!

as

(quo)

towards ourselves.

that

all
!

always

live

happily (beate)

men would honor virtue Mayest thou The sedition of the soldiers, a word of

the general would have quieted.

er!
I

that thou hadst

been present soonfled

should not

now
!

be so unhappy.

Whither should we have

Do

not .chatter, boys

We

should always contemplate the heavenly

and despise the human.

the reason.

Evil desires should always be restrained by

(illustris,

We

should contemplate the illustrious

?ire

e)

ex-

amples of virtue whrck

pointed out i||. history.

OF THE
88.

C^^i:S.

Jr.,

A. The Genitive.

The o-em^tW
of ivhom
?

stands in answer to the quesiionn tohose

?

of lohat

and indeed, with

the following

words

and expressions 1. With misereor^ I pity^ and

^y.

the impersonals

me pudetj

88.]

GENITIVE.

223
of^

piget, poemtetj taedet

and miser et^ I am ashamed

disgust-

ed
Hi

at^

repent

of^ loathe^ pity (something).

misereor.

Infelicium

hominum

Me

miseret tui.

Nunquam primi

consir

deum poenltd.

Me

vUae

taedet.

2. With egere and indigere^ to need^ ivant, (which also sometimes take the a^/a^we), and the adjectives: cupidus^

aviduSy studiosus.
Aegrotus medicinae
sapiens
3.
eget.

Virtus plurimae exercitationis indiget,

Vir

veritatis est studiosus.

:

admO' With the verbs memini^ reminiscor, ohliviscor with the adjectives commoneo^ commonefacio aliquem memor, immemor ; conscius, nesciu^, inscius ; gnarus, igndrus ; prudens, imprudens; perltusy imperltus ; consuttuSy
neoy
;

rudis,
Pueri, meminerint verecundiae.

Boni homines pradenti temporis

cum
Be-

voluptate reminiscuntur.
Veteris te amicitiae

Verus amicus amid nunquam

ohlivisdiur,
fuit.

commonefado.

Cono prudens

rei

mUitaris

ne/idorum memores estote.

Remark
4.

1.

Memini, reminiscor,

ohliviscor are often,

and

recordor al-

most always connected with the

accusative.

With many

participles in ans

the

meaning of

adjectives,

and ens, when they have and with many verbal adjectives
deflectit.

in ax.

Homo gloriae
amantior domini

appetens saepe a virtutis via

est,

Quis famulus

quam

canis

Ciceronis aetas virtutum ferax fuit

Vir probus tenax est propositorum bonorum.

5.

With
and

verbs of accusing, criminating, condemning, conacquitting, the charge or crime is put in the gen-

victing

itive (occasionally in Abl.).

Rem.

2.

The punishment when

in the

capital (caput) or

when

it

is

Jiive is

sometimes

Gen. and sometimes in the Abl. are generally put in the Ace. after ad.
Miltiades proditionis
est accusatus.
est

Other punishments

Cicero Verrem avaritiae coarguit.

damnatus.

Themistocles absens proditionis

minis.

Judex

absolvit

reum

cri-

Athenienses Socratem
est.

capitis condemnarunt.

Roscius parriddii

accusatus
6.

With

the adjectives

particeps, expers, consors, exsors^

JK^'

GENITIVE.
;

[$

88.

proprius

similis^ dissimilis^ superstes

;

(which are also found

with the dative)

polens^ impolens^ compos ; plenusj fertilis^

inops (which are aJso found with the ablative).

Bestiae rationis et orationis sunt expertes.

Homo raiionis est pariiceps,

Viri propria

Omnes
maxima
7.

virtvtis compotes beati sunt.

Ira impotens sui est.

fortitude est.

Terra variorum herbarum plena est

:

The

genitive with esse signifies

is

a) the object (person

or thing) in which something

inherent, or to
;

thing belongs (possessive genitive)

b) the object to

something

is

peculiar, in

which

case, that

which somewhich which is peculiar

;

to the object is
last genitive

commonly expressed by
be translated by
like.
:

the infinitive

this

may

It is

the part, manner,

it is

custom, characteristic, duty, sign,

mark of some one ;

brother).
est

in-

cumbent on one, and the

Hie
liber yrflrfriff

md

est

(belongs to

my

Petulantia

est

ado-

lescentium (is inherent in).

Imbedlli animi

superstitio (belongs to).

Virorum fortium

est,

toleranter dolorern pati.

tui,

Rem.
here,

3.

Instead of: mei,

sui,

nostri,
est,

vestri est,

we must
est,

meum, tuum, sunm, nostrum, vestrum

as

nostrum

use parentes

amare.
8.

The

genitive or ablative of a substantive joined with

esse, in order to

an adjective stands with

this

express the nature

or quality of the subject (genitive or ablative of quality)

Gen. or Abl.
The Gen.

may also, without esse,

essential,

be joined to a noun

as an attributive.
denotes
the Abl. accidental qualities, hence, the

the designations of masure by number, time and space are always ex-

pressed by the genitive (never by the

qualities

ablative),

these being essential

of an object.
pietate)

Vir bonus summat pietatis (or summa,

classis mille et

erga

deum

est.

Xerxis

ducentarum navium longarum fuit.

Tarquinius fratrem
Aristoteles,

habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii (or miti ingenio) hominem.

\ir summo ingenio (or 9.

summi ingenu,) prudentiam cum eloquentia junxit

stands as an expression of the value,

The Genitive

with verbs of valuing and esteeming, of buying and selling, as puto, duco, aestimo. pendo, facio, habeo, emo, vendo,
:

veneo.

Of

this

kind are the genitives: magm,pluris, pluri-


$88.]

GENITIVE.
parvi, Jloccij minimi^
little, etc.)

22^4

mi,

tanti, quanti^ niliili

(much, more,

very much,

(Genitive of price).
est

Si prata et areas
virtus
!

quasdam mngni aestimamus, quanti

debemus,

aestimanda
Divitine

Divitias minuris aestimare

quarri virtutem.
?

a sapienti viro viinimi putantur.

Quanti emisti hunc librum

Discipuli

praeceptores />/Mrimi (or maximi) facere debeiit.

10.

With

the impers6nal verb interest

(it

concerns), the

person

something concerns, stands in the genitive. Instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns: mei, tui, sui, nostri, veslri 7ned, tud, sua, nostra, vesird, are always used, and in this case refert can be used instead of interest
:

whom

in the

same

sense.

Hoio much or hoiv little one is interested in a thing is expressed a) by adverbs, as magnopere, multum, magis^ maxime, nihil, paritm, minime b) by the adverbial neuters multum, plus, plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum, etc. magni, pluris, parvi, tantiy c) by the genitives
: :

quanti.

The thing which

interests or
;

concerns one,
a)

is

not ex-

by an infitdtive ; b) by the accusative luith an infinitive ; c) by a subsidiary sentence with ut (that), ne (that not) and the Subjunctive; The general d) by an indirect question (in the Subj.). expressions this, that, what one is interested in, are expressed by the accusatives : id, illud, quod, quid.
pressed by a substantive, but

Interest

omnium, rede facere.

Praeceptoris

Quid nostra
interest

refert [interest,)

vidum

esse
lit-

Anionium'^

midtum

interest, discipulos
[refert),

sunirno studio in
videam.

teras incumbere.

Magni mea

ut

te

Omnium

m/igni interest feliciter vivere.

1

1.

Finally, the genitive stands with a substantive as a

it,

nearer definition of

as

hortus regis

(=

hortus regius).

Comp.
Rem.

82, 2, b.)
4.

ergo which

the genitive with the substantives: caussd, gratia, render by on account of for the sake of and with instar, Instead of the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri med ivd, like. sua, nostra, vestrd, are used with caussd and gratia, as med, tud^ sudf

Hence

we

nustrd, vestrd caussd or gratid (on

my

account, thy account,

etc.).

880

GENITIVE.
12. This attributive genitive signifies
a) the author or cause, as
:

[$

88.

conjuratio Catilinae

de-

sideriurn patriae (longing after (excited by) one's

country)
b) the possessor, as: hortus regis;
c) the ivhole,

from which a part

:

is

taken (partitive

genitive), as

partes corporis.

nouns,

The partitive Gen. stands also with other words besides when they signify apart of a lohole, viz with com:

paratives and superlatives, pronouns and numerals, and the

neuters: multum, plus, plurium; nihil, minus,

minimum;

tantum, quantum, and the like used substantively, with adverbs of quantity, as
:

satis

parum, and with adverbs of place

Cicero
unus,
all the

in certain connections.

Duorum
quentiae.

fratrum major natu.

omnium Romanorum praestanMultum pecuniae.

worlds
Satis elo-

tissimus fuit orator.

Romanorum
?

Ubi terrarum
the world.

where in

JS/usquam terrarum,

nowhere in

The genitive in these cases must often be rendered into English by the prepositions: ofjor, after, about, concerning, before, with, as memoria praeteriti temporis (of), desiderium patriae (for), consuetu5.
:

Rem.

do amicorum

(with).

CXX.
L
a.

Exercises for translation.

(^88.)

We

pity those

who

repent

(= whom

it

repents) of their faults.

scholar,

who

loathes labor, will not

Who

would not

make progress in literature. be ashamed of ignorance ? Many are dissatisfied with

their fortune.

I pity thee

my

boy

We

should pity those, who, by

fortune not by wickedness, find themselves (esse) in adversity (miseriae,

arum).

The

truth

needs not approbation.

The

rich are often

greedy

after greater riches.

good scholar occupies himself zealously

(studiosus

sum) with

literature.

The

ancient

eager for war.

gold.
I.

The people

(gens) of the Gauls

Germans were very were very greedy for

pardon
(venia).

b.

Who

repent of their sins,

one

will repent

of a good deed

(actio).

may hope The

[for]

No
some

indolent [man] will

time repent his indolence.

pity others.
det) of
life.

Pity thou the destitute.

Thou

wilt

God pities thee, so thou shouldst Bad men are often wearied (taesome time be ashamed of thy bad life. The
Just as

88.]

GENITIVE.

227

powers of the body and the soul need exercise. Caesar and Pompey were very eager for fame. The wise [man] earnestly seeks (studiosua sum) a quiet life. We hate the men who are greedy of gold. Catiline was eager for a revolution (res novae).
II.

a.

Vespasian was unmindful of injuries (ofFensa,

happily

ae).

Those
re-

men

live

who

are conscious of

no wickedness.

The mind

members
future.

the past, perceives (cernere) the present [and] foresees

the

The Romans were

very skilful in war.

Deserters (perfuga,

ae) very familiar

(=

acquainted) with the country, had spied out (ex-

plorare) the
(nescius)

march of the enemies.

The

spirit

of

man

is

ignorant of

[its]

future fortune (fatum).

which he had received of Augustus.

wretchedness
(plur.).

Cinna forgot (perf ) the favors Remind not the wretched of his
[their]

The

soldiers,

mindful of

former bravery,

fought (perf) spiritedly.

[but]

We

should forget favors conferred (conferre),

very

The people of the Samnites were The Scythians were unskilful in literature and the arts. The Romans always longed (appetens sum) after fame and were eager for praise. We hate the man despising divine and human
[those] received.
skilful in

remember

war.

laws.
II.

Camels endure
b.

(patiens

sum) hunger and

thirst.

The mind
an

conscious of crimes cannot be quiet

good

man
hate

easily forgets

injury, [but]

always remembers a favor.

We

those men.

who

are unmindful of favors received.

in the arts

The

ancient Ger-

mans were rude

and

literature.

Already the youth should

be mindful of age.

Dionysius, the older, tyrant of Syracuse,

is

was brave

The wise [man] human frailty. Caesar and Pompey were two warfare. Foolish men forget their faults, but
of others.

and acquainted with war.

always mindful of

generals very skilful in

see (cernere) the faults
art skilful,

Pursue those things diligently in which thou

but abstain from those in which thou art unskilful.

The
It is

general re-

minded

(perf) the soldiers of [their] former bravery.

not neces-

sary to remind an upright

tus) in justice

man

of a favor.

Cicero was versed (consul-

and eloquence. The fate (fatum) of many peoi)les reminds us of human infirmity (infirmitas). The ancient Germans did not love (amans sum) arts and literature, but endured (patiens sum) thu-st, cold, heat and labors. Man, by (abl.) nature, seeks (appetens sum) after propriety of conduct. We esteem a man loving virtue.
III.
a.

Many men

accuse (insimulare) themselves of a

sin, if

they

have spoken anything cheeiful

(=

bright) in grief

Catiline

was conBrutus,

victed (perf) by Cicero of a conspiracy against [his]

native country.

Alcibiades, while absent (absens),

was condemned

to

death.

228
the vindicator (vindex) of

GENITIVE.

[^

88.

Roman

freedom, condemned even (etiam) his

sons to death.

Phocion was accused of treason, because he had con-

sulted (consulere) badly for (dat.) his country.

The judge

Coelius ab-

solved him from injury,

who had

expressly (nominatim) injured (lae-

dere) the poet Lucilius on the stage (scena).

The human
It is

soul

is

par-

taking of reason.
his friend Clitus.

Alexander, not master of

[his] anger, killed

(perf

Germany
speak
fitly,

is

very fruitful of grain.

incumbent

upon an
ed
is

orator, to

clearly (distincte)

and ornately.

Wretch-

he,

who

is

destitute of friends.

Fish are destitute of a voice.

Greece, at the time of the Trojan war, was very productive of brave

men.

Human

life is full

of cares and troubles.

III. b.

Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians,

was accused of

trea-

son.

pietas

The Athenians charged (insimulare) adversus deos) and condemned him

Miltiades

Socrates with impiety (imto death.

Cicero charged

(coarguere) Verres with the greatest avarice.

parricide.

Roscius was accused of

death, but afterwards

was accused of treachery and condemned to was absolved from capital punishment (caput).

Man
son.

alone of (ex) so

many kinds of living beings is partaking of reaThe drunken [man] is not master of his understanding (mens).
Bravery
is full is

Alexander, king of the Macedonians, was not master of his anger.

Beasts are destitute of reason and speech.
in the highest degree (maxime).

peculiar to

man

The

earth

of various herbs,

flowers and trees.

poets,
grain.
[but]

The

period of Augustus was productive of good

Sicily is

destitute

of good orators.

very productive of

IV.

a.

Inconsiderateness

is

inherent in youth, providence in old age.

To

the

Romans,

in (abk) the

time of Augustus, belonged almost the

whole of the then known

belongs also to

circle

of the earth.

What

belongs to me,

my
It is

friends.

Great bravery was inherent in the RoIt is

man
'

soldiers.

the duty of the wise to teach the ignorant.

a sign of inconstancy,

now

to trust

and now

to

distrust the very

It
is

same

men.

It is

our duty to defend our country.

the duty of the

scholar, to apply himself with all his powers, to. the study of the liberal arts

and

letters.

It is

not always a quality of the very

his thoughts

same man,

to think correctly

and

to express

elegantly in (abl.) dis-

course.

A man

of elevated soul despises riches.

Caesar was not of

spirit.

large stature, but of a brave

mind and a
in all things.

fierce

The

fleet

of

the enemies consisted of 253 ships.

Cato possessed

(= was

of) a re-

markable

(singularis)

wisdom

IV. b. In boys and youths waywardness

is

inherent, in

men and

old

88.]

GENITIVE.
All Syria belonged to the Macedonians.

28#
It is

men

seriousness.

the

duty of the

intelligent, to

guide the unintelligent by counsel.

In th9
It

people of the Samnites, a great knowledge of war was inherent.

is

the duty of parents to bring

up

[their]

children well.

It is
!

incum-

bent on you,

boys, to obey the precepts of your teachers

Evei^

man may

(by

esse) err,

but no one, except

It is

(nisi)

the unwise, is wont (by

esse) to persist in error.

(gen.) the state, to look out for the welfare

It is
is

incumbent on the chiefs (princeps) in of the humble and poor.

the duty of the wealthy, to relieve the

to

want of the
It
is

destitute.

It

incumbent on young men,

honor old age.

not the part of

the wise [man],

It is

now

to trust

and now

to distrust the very

same view.
It is in-

your duty,

boys, to esteem your parents and teachers.

cumbent on the

principal

men of

the state (optimates), to listen to

the

was of humble stature and small body. Boys of a quick genius and happy memory are adapted to (ad) the study of literature. The fleet of Xerxes The ancient Germans possessed (= were o^ consisted of 1200 ships. etc.) an immense size of body, incredible bravery and familiaritjr
prayers of suppliants with benevolent hearts.
Agesilaus

(^

exercise) with war.

a.

V.

In every (omnis) service,

we

should value the will of the giver

the highest.

Alexander valued Hephaestion very high.

For hour

much

has thy father sold [his] gRrden? for just so much (tantumdem)^

as (quantum) he gave for

(=

bought)

it.

We

despise the

men who

esteem virtue [but]

very much.

little.

Pericles valued

Anaxagoras, his teacher,

this

For how much did you buy you apply yourselves with
all

book
up

Parents are
I

much

interested, that [their] children be brought

well.

am much
lit-

interested, that

zeal to the study of

erature.

All good

men

are

much

interested, to be

loved by others.
us.

We
V.

are
b.

much

interested in this,

what good men judge concerning

(is)

We

should value that

victory

much, which
(is)

is

gained

(parere) not

by arms but by words.

We

value those

who

love virtue.

The wise [man] esteems

little,

riches very

men much, little. Many

[their]

esteem their own

[but] desire another's.

The traders sell

wares not so

dearly (tantundem), as

(quantum) they have bought them.

How much has thy father bought the horse [for] ? All citizens are much interested, that peace be restored. We are much interested, I am much interested, that that we be instructed by good teachers. thou mayest soon return from (ex) the journey. The state is much interested, that literature flourish

(=

bloom).

h\\

good

citizens should

be much interested, carefully to observe the laws.

20

230
VI.
tes
a.

ACCUSATIVE.

P 89.
the

Homer

is

the oldest (vetus) of

all

all

Greek

poets.

Socrasurpasslast

was

the wisest of

the Greeks.

No one

of the

Romans

ed Cicero
the

in (abl.) eloquence.

Tarquinius Superbus was the

in itself sufficient assistance for
is to literature,

of

Roman kings. Virtue has ful life. The less honor there there are. We draw much
(quid) of business are
in school, not so

a peace-

so

much

the less studies

pleasure

from

literature.

What kind

you pursuing?

The

scholar should be diligent

much

(tam) on account of his teachers, as on his

friends,

own

account.

We

do much on account of

which we should not

do on our

a mountain.
is

own account. The Greeks built before Troy, a house like Many Romans had houses like mountains. Misfortune
virtue.

an occasion for

We
The

should strive to obtain intercourse with

(gen.)

good men.

Not the

fear of punishment, but the love of virtue

should keep us from wrong.

The memory of renowned men

passion for honor
is

will

be

obscured by no oblivion.
VI. b.

a hard mistress.
fairest

The

city

Syracuse was the greatest and

of

all

the

Greek

cities.

Anciently the Spaniards dug up

Who

lives in prosperity,

has sufficient joy.

much gold and silver. From the reading of a

Hannibal was the

good book, we draw very much (plurimum) pleasure.

most renowned general of the Carthaginians. Crassus had sufficient money, but too little (parum) prudence. More disadvantage lies (est)
in the

wrong.

wrong itself, than advantage in the (is) things acquired by the Those were called sophists by the Athenians, who pursued
os^tentation.

philosophy on account of gain or

The Egyptians

built

pyramids

like

mountains.
to (instar) all

Cicero) equal

in\^ estimation ^Cicero (= was to He is beneficent who acts philosophers.

Plato

(facere) kindly (benigne), not

virtue desires (desiderare)

on his own, but on our account.

for labors

no recompense
is

tercourse with true friends

agreeable.

True and dangers. InThe remembrance of time

happily spent (exigere)

(abl.)

is

agreeable.

Hannibal burned (ardere) with

great hatred against the

Romans.

89. B. Accusative.

1.

The

accusative
It

stands in answer to the question,

signifies a passive object^ as
is
:

whom ?
tatem
verbs,

or ivhat ?

rex civi-

regit, or that

which

as: scribo epistolam.

produced by an action (effect), Hence it stands with all transitive

The following verbs take the accusative, although they might seem from their meaning to require a different case.
2.

89.]

ACCUSATIVE.

23'1

and some of them

are in fact accasionally constructed with

:

prepositions in English

juvo and adjuvo ; deficio and fug'io; aequo and aequiparo ; decet and dedecet ; sequor, sector, aeimttor.
Atticus adolescenUm

mulor and

Marium juvit opibus

Mnlusfugit bonum

suis.

Fortes fortuna adjuvat.

Tempus nm
the good.)

deficit.

(flees

before the good == flees

Pedi'tes equitem cur-

So

also: defugio, effugio, suhterfugio.

su aegwafeani (kept up with).

rum.
Gloria mrtutem

So

also adaequo,

Yerecund'ia deoet pue-

taiiquam umbra sequitur.

So

also: consequoVj

subsequor.
imitetur'^

Equites regem sectabardur.

Virtutes niajorum

So

also consector.

Quis. Sidlam

aemulemur!

Rem. 1. Many strictly intransitive verbs, also, govern the Ace. in Latin, when compounded with prepositions which govern the Ace. or uncompounded when used transitively, or when the noun is from the
;

same stem
3.

as the verb, as

vivere vitam.

The

accusative stands in answer to the questions

hoiu far ?
Jioio luide

hoia long ?

(broad) ?
?

hoiu high ?
etc.

hoio
;

deep ? hoio thick ?

to ivhat 1

how many (much)

unum diem
vita.

hoio great ?

as

(Greek, Ace).
bestiolae

Quaedam
abest
4.

vivunt.

Cato annos quinque et octoginta

iter

natus (old) excessit e

Zama

quinque dierum

ab Carthagine

Turris pedes ducentos alta

est.

Vite caput tegitur.

The

accusative stands in an exclamation either with or

without an interjection.

Me
5.

miserum

Ofallacem

hominum spem !
make,

double accusative stands in the following cases

a)

With

verbs which signify to call (name)

to

choose^ appoint one something ; to account, consider as

something;
take,

to

show

one^s self as something ; to give,

have as something.
Homines
caecos reddit cupiditas et
vocavit.

Julius Caesar dictatorem se fecit.

avaritia.

Romulus urbem ex nomine suo Romam

Ciceronem

universus populus consulem declaravit.

tistius se praestitit

Sapientem beatum habemus.

libertatis.

AnAthe-

acerrimum propugnatorem communis

sibi

nienses Miltiadem
torem habuit Lysim.

imperatorem sumpserunt.

Epaminondas praeceppatriae appdlaverunt.

Romani Ciceronem patrem

Rem.

2.

The

passive of these verbs has a double nominative ( 84),

dicitur.

as : pavo superbus

232
b)

ACCUSATIVE.

[$

89.

With
gito
;

the verbs

celo^ doceo,

interrogo

oro^rogo^fla-

finally, posco, postulo.

Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit.

Ne

quid turpe amicum roga

Ego

te

sententiam tuam rogo,

JVullam rem

te celo.

Rem. 3. But peto (properly : / strive after), I request, entreat, is constructed with ab, and quaero (properly I seek), I ask, with ab or ex, as peto a te librum, quaero a (ex) te sententiam. Rem. 4. With most of the above verbs, in the passive construction, the personal object becomes the nominative and the accusative of the thing
:

Cato rogatus est senMinerva omnes artes edoctus est. with verbs of demanding, the accusative of the thing becomes the nominative, and the accusative of the person remains and is governed by a preposition, as pecunia a me poscitur, flagitatur.

remains.

Cicero a

tentiam.

Still

CXXI.
I.

Eoi^rcises for translation.

(^89.)
with counsel.

a.

It is

the duty of intelligent

men

to assist others

It is

honorable (honestus) to emulate the good, [but] base to imitate the

bad.
(abl.)

No

people of antiquity equalled (aequiparare) the

It

Romans

in

bravery.

becomes us
bold.

to follow the

example of good men.

Time

often fails the orator sooner (citius) than

assists

words

(=

the discourse).

Fortune

the

The

soul

escapes the view of the eyes.

The women and children were accustomed to follow the army of the Germans. The temple of the Ephesian Diana was 400 feet long and
200 broad.

No

one of the Grecian orators equalled Demosthenes in

power of

discourse.

Want and contempt

follow indolence.

Mithri-

dates reigned 60 years, lived 72, [and] carried on (perf )

war 40 years

with the Romans.

Alcibiades died (perf) about 40 years old (natus).

Much becomes
most powerful
something
I.

a boy, which does not become a man.

city

Saguntum, the

of Spain, which Hannibal destroyed, was removed

like

1000 paces from the sea.

b.

We
the

assist

him with

delight

who

has assisted us.

No
their

one of
hands.

the Thebans could equal Alcibiades in bodily powers.

The enemies,
boys, often

whom

Romans

followed swiftly, could not escape

We

should imitate those

who
It
is

love virtue.

What becomes
assist the

does not become men.

the bad

our duty to

wretched.

Flee

and emulate the good.

The

soldiers

made (= drew) a
Death no one can
our soldiers.

trench 600 feet long, 8 feet broad,

escape.

10" feet

deep.

Not courage, but strength

(plur.) failed

Troy

was besieged

(perf) 10 years .by the Greeks.

long time the Lace-

demonians held (perf) the supremacy of Greece.

Theophrastus died

89.]

ACCUSATIVE.
84 years old (natus).

233

(perf.)

In hatred against the Romans, no one

equalled Hannibal.
will, made the Roman The Romans called the supreme (summus) council (= counsel) senate. The people chose Ancus Martins king. Duty demands, that {ut with Subj.) we behave (praestare) ourselves religiousII. a.

Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, by his

heir.

people his

ly

and uprightly not only in great but also in small matters.

We

should acknowledge virtue as the greatest good to men.

Children

should conceal nothing from [their] parents.

dors, entreated Metellus for peace.

Jugurtha, by ambassare-

The ambassadors of Darius

Give

quested (petere) help of the Carthaginians against Greece.

me
I

the book, which I long since (jam pridem) requested (perf) of thee.

ask of thee thy opinion.

son makes

Grain was demanded by the citizens.

Reacon-

man

lord of the earth.

Recompense

for

labor

we

sider honorable.

The

Parian marble the Greeks considered precious.

[They] are ridiculous,

who

teach others what they have not them-

selves learned (=ascertained).

Eumenes concealed from

make
{Subj. periphrast.).

all,

the jourgreatest
instruct-

ney, which he ivns designing

affairs

to

The

were concealed from

me by thee.
all

Cicero, informed

(=

ed) by the ambassadors of

[things],

commanded

(imperare) the

pretors, that they should take (deprehendere) the

Allobroges by amall

buscade.

The ambassadors demanded back of

those,

the enemies,

which

had been taken from the

citizens during (per) the truce.

his

Socrates de-

manded of
bantur),

who enjoyed

instruction (ejus consuetudine ute-

no money

for his instruction.

Caesar demanded of the Edui,

Cicero was asked his

the grain which they had promised (polliceri).

opinion in the senate.

II.

b.

Friendship makes prosperity more

splendid,
calls

and adversity

lighter (levis).
voice.

The resounding
is

echo, Horace

the image of the

Prosperity

not merely itself blind, but also generally

(efficere) [those] blind,

whom
I

it

has embraced.

The

ed

all

the

arms of the

citizens of the captured city.

manded of

the citizens.

ask thy opinion of this

makes demandAll arms were deobject. The amsoldiers

The Romans electwe maybe able to teach others what we know. The Tarentines demanded of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aid against the Romans. The future has
bassadors of the Gauls requested peace of Caesar.

ed Camillus dictator.

Eloquence

effects, thnt{ut

with Subj.)

rightly

given thy brother the book which

been concealed from men, by the divine Providence. I have he had requested of me. The

Athenians requested (petere) a general of the Lacedemonians.

He

is

20*

834
true friend,

DATIVE.

P 90.
Many youths were
(is)

who

conceals nothing from us.

taught

wisdom by

Socrates.

My friend, asked by me

[as to] his opinion, con-

cealed nothing from me.

We

esteem those

men much, who

con-

sider virtue the highest good.

Cicero showed himself the most

spirit-

ed defender (propugnator) of the

(edocere) the youth,

common

freedom.

Catiline instructed

whom

he had led away

(illicere), in all

bad deeds.

The

Tarentiues, involved in (abl.) a

war with

the

Romans, requested

aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.

90.

C. Dative.

1.

The

dative

stands in answer to the questions: to

for luhom 1 for luhat 1 for whose advantage 1 for ivhose disadvantage ? for what end 1 It generally stands with verbs and adjectives where, in English, the
to lohat 1

whom ?

prepositions to ox for are used to govern the case, or

the relation involved
prepositions, as
:

is

similar to that expressed

where by these

do^ placeo^

prosum^ noceo

etc., uitlis, inutilis,

aptus, idoneus, gratus, similis^ par^ aequdlis, communis, etc.

Rem.
remote

1.

Hence

all

transitive

verbs

may

take together with the

Ace,

the Dat. of the person (or thing)

olyect).

who

shares in the action (Dat. of the

Do
cimus.

tibi

donum.

Epistolam

tibi scribo.

Non

scholar,
est.

sed vitae dis-

Litterarum studium hominibus utillissimum

Ratio omnibus hominibus communis
est.

Canis lupo

similis est.

Rem.
itive.

2. Similis

and

dissimilis are often also

connected with the gen-

2. The following verbs take the dative in Latin, while in English they take the accusative: nubo^parco, benedicOy'

maledico, supplico,
suadeo,

medeor

ohtrecto, studeo,

arrldeo, invideo per-

3,nd patrocinor.
Parce mihi.

Y eims

nupsit Vulcano.

Ne

infantibus

qmdem parceba-

tur (not even chiklren

were spared).

Benedidmus

(praise) bonis^ male-

dicimus (censure) malis.

vldet nmlni.

Mihi invidetur

Donum tuum valde mihi arrisit. Probus in(I am envied). Omnibus amicis pro te
Mali bonis obtredare (disparage) solent.
(I

libentissime supplicabo (entreat).

Nunquam
litteris

tibi

persuadebo.

Mihi persuadetur

am

persuaded).

Pueri

studere debent (study).

Omnes homines

libertati

student (strive
(protects).

after).

Philosophia m^detur animis.

Bonus bono pairocinatur

$90.]

DATIVE.

235

3. Also, many verbs by composition with prepositions, espewith the following ab, ad, ante, cum [con], de, ex, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub and super, acquire a meaning which makes them take the

Rem.

cially

dative.

3.

The

dative stands with est and sunt to express the per-

son or thing

who

has or possesses something.

The

thing

possessed stands in the nominative as subject.

Suus cuique mos
sunt, bonis invident.
est.

Semper

in

civitate
libri.

[ii],

quibus opes nullae

Multi mihi sunt

est (I

Rem.

4.

In nomen mihi

have the name,

:

am

called), the

name

stands either in the dative or nominative, as

{Carolus).

nomen mihi

est Carole

4.

The

dative of the end (in

?),

for ivhat end

is

to

answer to the question which besides, a dative of the person

:

commonly added, stands a) With sum^ which, in this

duce
b)
etc
to
to^

case, is to

be rendered con-

serve for

With
;

do^ accipioy relinquo, deligo^ mitto, venio, habeo,

also with do, duco, tribuo, verto in the

to.

meaning

impute

Bonum non
gloriaeque sunt.

potest esse

cuiquam malo.
Vitio

Virtutes hominibus decori

Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque acdpitur.

Pau-

sanias venit Atticis auxUio.

necessarii graviter fero.

mihi dant, quod mortem hominis

CXXII.
I.

Exercises for translation.

($

90.)

a.

mentia) [also]
senses.

Nobody errs for himself alone, but spreads (spargere) folly (deamong (in) those next [to him]. Pleasure flatters our

good man labors

for virtue, not for fame.

Sleep
to

is

very

much
first

like death.

Socrates, conscious of no wickedness

Julia,

himself,

did not supplicate the judges.

daughter of Augustus Caesar,

finally

married Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa,

(postremum) Ti-

Time cures grief best. The more fortune smiles upon one It is base, to disparage (ob(quis), so many the more friends he has. The Germans /rowi childhood (ab trectare) the fame of a great man.
berius.

parvulis) earnestly

pursued labor and hardness

(duritia).

No

i)hysi-

cian can cure

all diseases.

Death spares no mortal.

the two should

The sister of Atticus married (perf ) Cicero. Bad men reproach the good. Neither of

we

praise (benedicere), neither the impious nor the

236
flatterer.

DATIVE.

[?90.

counsel.
I.

The orator convinced the The wise [man] envies no

live

citizens

of the advantage of his

one.

b.

We

not merely for ourselves, but also for our country and

The dog is like the wolf A good citizen obeys the laws with delight. Whoever reviles others, reviles himself [also]. It is easy to convince a good man of the value of virtue. It is base to disparage others (aker). It is ^ mark of an ill-disposed man, never to They have many friends, upon whom fortune praise a good man.
other men.
smiles.

Philosophy cures sick (aeger, gra, grum) souls.

to those,

We are attachfidelity.

ed (studere) boys!

who preserve

(conservare) [their]
is

The

upright [man] envies nobody, [but]

envied by many.

Save time,

Scarcely any one (ullus)

It

of mortals, does fortune always

smile upon.

is

better (praestat),

by the

capital

punishment of one

wicked man,
of (propter)

to

restrain the

wickedness of many, than on account

to

many wicked [men]

it

spare one.
to

To

the priestesses

(sacerdos, otis) of Vesta,

II,

was not permitted

In Sicily there

marry a man.

a.

Cicero possessed a remarkable eloquence.

Man

has

many

faculties of

body and

soul.

is

a volcanic mountain,

called Aetna.

Riches conduce to the destruction of

(=

are for de-

struction to, etc.)

many men.
to the

Bad customs conduce

to the destruction

of a

state.

Just laws serve for safety to a state.

Attains, a king of

Asia, gave his

kingdom

Romans

for a present.

Caesar
is

left

beto

hind 500 soldiers for protection to the camp.

the

Bravery
city,

imputed

Romans

for praise.
aid.

Caesar came to the

besieged by the a reproach.

enemies, for

Poverty should be imputed to no

man for

From whom
has given

hast thou received this book as the

a present?

The

father

me

book

for a present.

^-Xerxes, king of the

untis), a city

Persians,

gave to Themistocles
ent.
II.

Myus (Myus,

of Asia, for a pres-

Industry
b.

is

imputed

for praise to the scholar.

little

Where

caprice reigns (dominari), innocence has [but]

(levis)

protection (praesidium).

Man

has a mortal body, [but] an im-

mortal soul.

My

friend

is

called Charles.

after truth serves all

men aid(auxilio esse) those who

for

ornament.

The God is

struggle

(=

effort)

not accustomed to

thrust (immittere) themselves inconsiderate-

ly into danger.

victoiy

won

(parere)

by treachery, does not con[his]

duce

to the praise

of the conqueror, but to

reproach.
fit

It is

our

duty to come for aid to the wretched.

Caesar chose a

place for the

left

camp.

Two

thousand footmen and a thousand horsemen were

city.

behind for protection to the

puted to Caesar for a
fault.

The
is

desire after

dominion

is

im-

Modesty

imputed to a boy

for praise,

91.]
for censure.

ABLATIVE.
Contempt of money
tlie

237
is

immodesty
praise.

imputed

to

men

for

Caesar sent 3000 soldiers as aid to

besieged

city.

91. D. Ablative.

1.

The ablative The place

:

expresses
in which something takes place (where?),

as

terra

marique, hoc loco, also in connection with totus

as: totis campis^ tola urLe,
;

mid omnis,

and so

in

many

other

similar expressions

but otherwise in generally stands with

ablatives of this kind.

2.

The

time in or ivithin ivhich something happens (when ?

and

at or ivithin ivhat time ?)

Qua node
flagravit.

natus Alexander

est,

eddem Dianae Ephesiae templum de-

Agamemno cum
Epaminondas

universa GTraecia vix decern annis

die

unam

cepit urbem.
3.

uno Graeciam

liberavit.

The ground
?) ;

or cause

(wherebij?
:

on tvhat account?
laetor, glorior,

whence
nitor

hence

it

laboro, valeo, floreo,

stands with

gaudeo^

excello^praesto, supero, -f^do, confldo,

laetus^fretus, contentus, natus ^ ortus, genitusj etc.

In culpa sunt, qui officia deserunt moUitid animi (from).

toris ars utilitate,

Guberna-

non

arte laudatur (on

account

of).

Concordia res par-

vae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur.

gaudere oportet.
nitiiur.

Delicto dolere, corrections

Salus

hominum non

veritate

solum, sed etiam

fama

Nemo

potest aut corporis Jirmitatty aut fortunae stabilitate con-

Jidere.

[Fido and confido are quite as often, and difftdo almost always
Conienti estote sorte vestra.

joined with the Dat)

4. The means and instrument, also the material (wherewith? wherefrom? whence?).
Octdis videmus, auribus audimus.

Britanni lads et came vivunt

a person is employed as a means or instrument, the acused with per, as per tuum patrem miseria liberatus sum. With passive or intransitive verbs, the agent or doer is expressed by the ablative with the preposition o, as mundus a deo creatus est. The accompanying person is expressed by the ablative with cum,

Rem.

1.

When

cusative is generally

as: cumfraire ambulavi.

5.

Hence

the ablative of the instrument or material stands

more

particularly

238
a)

ABLATIVE.

91.

With

verbs o^ fwrnishin^, formings instructing^ be-

ing accustomed.
Natura oculos tenuissimis memhrdnis
affido, I affect
(fill).

vestivit

et sepsit.

So

also with

Litterae tuae

summo gaudio me
imbuit, instruxit).

aff^cerunt

Pater

filium

litteris

erudivit (or instituit,

Milites continuo

labore assueti [assuefadi] erant.

b)

With
reo,

expressions of fulness^ plenty and loant^ as

affluo,

abundo,

egeo and indigeo

and

scateo,
;

compleo,

satio,

and

ca-

refertus, inops, praeditus.

afFerre consilii potest [is], qui

ipse eget consUio ?

Germania abundat Jluminibus. Miserum est

referta erat divitiis.
2.

Quid

carere consuetudine

amicorum.

Insula

Delos

Rem.
88,2.

Egere and indigere are oftener found with the

genitive.

See

c)

With

the impersonal opus est (there is need of), the

thing stands in the ablative, the person in the dative.

'

But when opus

est is

used personally, the thing

stands as subject in the nominative.

Multis non duce tantum opus
est,

sed adjutore et coadore.

Dux

nobis

opus

est.

Duces nobis opus sunt.

3.

Rem.

When

the thing which

Si quid
erit,

is

needed
te scire

is

a verb,
est,
sit,

it is

generally the
pluribus ver-

infinitive

or the ace. with the

infinitive.

Nihil opus

rem

bis commemorare.

quod

opus

scribam.

d) With, utor, fncor, fungor, potior

Multi
tus
est.

and

vescor.
poti-

henefijcio

dei })erverse utuntur.

bestiis.

Augustus Alexandria brevi

est.

Vescimur
4.

Cicero consulatu bene functus

to

Rem.
power.
6.

Potiri rerum

means,

appropriate to one's self {obtain) supreme

The
is

ablative expresses that according to ivhich

somenee

thing

measured ox judged of {according to ivhat ?) Magnos homines virtute metimur, nonfortund. Quod rectum
7.

est,

magnitudine aestimdtur, nee numero, nee tempore.

Hence with
is

the comparative, the object with

is

which

another

compared

put in the ablative instead of quam

with the

Nom.

or Ace.
pater doctior
est,

Pater ^M? doctior est, than the son, or Patrem^io modestiorem cognovi.

quam

filius

91.]

ABLATIVE.

239

8.

Especially

is

the ablative used to express a respect or

1

nearer definition (vjherein

in %uhat respect

1).

Epaminondae nemo Thebanus par

re validi, mente infirmi.

fuit eloquentid.

Multi sunt corpoJVatione

Magnus, major, maximus natu.

Me-

duB

fuit.

9.

The
a)

ablative expresses the measure,

:

and indeed
?

In answer to the question

bp hoiv much (many)

particularly with comparatives

Sol multis partihus major atque amplior
est,

and

superlatives.

quam

terra.

Here belong
little, little,

the ablatives : multo, by much, much, parvo, paullo, by

quo

and quanta,

the, eo

and

tanto, so

much

the.

b) In

answer

to the question:

hoio long before or

after 1

before the prepositions ante and post,

fuit,

Numa
lius

Pompilius annis permultis ante

amicitia habuit
:

quam

Pythagoras.

Lae-

sermonem de
5.

pauds

diebus post

mortem

Africani.

Rem.
nos te

But

the accusative
vidi.

how long before or after the present time ? used with either ante, abhinc or post, as ante tres anPost paucos dies te videbo. Tres abhinc dies amicum vidi.
in the question
is
:

c)

With

expressions of buying and selling, costing,

hiring, exchanging, the price,

and with dignus and

\^

indignus, the thing of ivhich something

worthy or

unioorthy, worth or not ivorth stands in the ablative.

Hunc librum
Poenis
stetit

parvo prctio emi.

Multorum sanguine

et vulneribus

ea

victoria.

Excellentium

hominum
est.
:

virtus imitatione,

non

invidia digna est.

Veritas auro digna

also the

Rem.

6.

Here belong

ablatives

magna

(for

much,

dear),

parvo (for little, cheap), plurimo, minima, tanto, quanta and the Kke, with Instead of the Abl. the Gen. is also used, verbs of buying and selling. as magni, parvi, etc. ($ 88, 9).
:

10.

The

ablative signifies the toay

and manner in which

something takes place.

Vir sapiens aequx) animx) injuriam
fert.

11. Finally, the ablative stands

with expressions of remov'

ing and separating, oi freeing and depriving.

Caesar castra
naturae nos
loco mavit.

Hospitem

arcere tedo nefas est.

Cognitio

levat suptrstitione, liberal mortis mttu.

liber

Robustus animus et

excelsus omni est

aura et angore.

240

ABLATIVE.

[$

91.

CXXIII
I.

Exercises for translation.

($ 91.)

Xerxes brought (perf ) war upon Greece by land and by sea (mare). The enemies were discovered upon all the plains. In the second Punic war Hannibal wasted (perf! ) the power (opes) of Italy.
a.

Socrates, on the last (supremus) day of his

life,

spoke (disserere,

perf.)

Xerxes was conquered (perf) more by the wisdom of Themistocles than by the arms The minds of men are often tormented by distressing of Greece.
(acerbus,
a,

much concerning

the immortality of the soul(plur.).

um)

cares.

We

ought to grieve
It is

at faults, to

rejoice at
to glory in

[their] correction (correctio).

the part of a bad

man

his faults.

Greece formerly flourished (== bloomed) in power

gloiy.

(opes),

dominion [and]
for riches.

Crassus suffered from an immoderate desire

Caesar, by his arrival,

humbled

(frangere, perf.) the

Gauls

trusting to (fretus) their bravery.

stability

The wise [man] does

not trust to the

a,

of fortune.

Upon

the goods of the soul alone (solus,

um)

can
I.

we depend (niti). Nature is satisfied with little attention. b. The Romans by sea (mare) and by land have carried on many
The
colonies of the Syrians
circle

wars.

were spread

(difFundere) over alin a suita-

most the whole

of the world.

The Romans awaited

ble place the attack of the enemies.

In the spring the swallows reIn the months October and

turn to us, in the

autumn they go away.

November
Navigation

the fruits are collected from (ex) the trees.

Not from

fear

but from choice the upright

is

man

avoids

(=

flees)

praised on account of the advantage.

?

wicked deeds. Who would glory

in his ignorance

Parents rejoice at the welfare of [their] children

and grieve at their adversity. At nothing are we accustomed to rejoice so much (tam) as at the consciousness of our duties. The Roman Aristides was disstate suffered from two vices, avarice and luxury.
tinguished (floreo) by the fame of [his] justice.
trusts to virtue,

Happy

is

he

who

unhappy

[he]

who

rests

upon riches or any other

goods of fortune.

The enemies,
If

trusting to (fretus) the

number of
lot,

their ti'oops, desired to fight.

shall
II.

we

are contented with our

we

be happy (beatus).
a.

The sun

illuminates the

whole earth with

its

light.

The ox
immor-

defends himself with the horns, the horse with the

the teeth.
tal

feet,

the boar with

Cicero, by his eloquence, had acquired for himself

fame.

Cicero was expelled from

Rome by Clodius.

Parents,

who

have imbued the minds of their children with the principles of virtue,

and instructed them

in literature, deserve well

state.

(=

deserve) not only

of their children but also of the

The

earth, in the spring, is

91.]

ABLATIVE.

241

clothed with herbs and flowers.

Crassus, king of Syria, abounded in

iron, silver [and]

gold and
gold.

silver.

Spain anciently abounded in lead,

filled

God has

the world with

It is

all

good

[things].

The

sea is

full of [scatere) fishes.

(carere) the
'

a misfortune (miserurn), to be deprived of

intercourse of friends.

We

all

need (egere) the aid of

others.

Man

is

The earth abounds in all things which men need (egere). endowed with reason and speech. There is need of a wise
There
is

general to even the bravest army.

labors, to the

need of repose

after

body and the

soul.

There was need of ready aid

to the

captured

city.

The

Carthaginians were accustomed (perf.) formerly

to use elephants in war.

Pronounce

(=

extol)

him happy who

thee.

en-

joys good health.

Use the powers which God has given

to obtain true

Who-

ever

(= who)

wishes

renown, must perform the duties

hard beginning of youtli

of virtue.

The Numidians

generally /e</ upon (vesci) milk and venison.

(uti) a very

Cimon, the son of Miltiades, had

(adolescentia, ae).

Alexander, king of the Macedonians, possessed

himself of the whole Persian kingdom.

II.

b.

We

see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose

(nares, ium), taste with the palate, feel with the nerves.

Very high
ice.

mountains are covered with perpetual (perennis) snow and

often attain

We
was

more by goodness than by

force.

The Roman

state

delivered from destruction by Cicero.

God has

enclosed (sepire) and

covered (vestire) the eyes with very delicate membranes.

to aid those most,

We
They

ought
all

who need

(indigere)

our aid most.

fortunate

are

rich

who

are

endowed with

virtue.

The

abound with

friends,
fills

the unfortunate are destitute

[things] with its light.

(carere) of friends.

The sun

all

The Roman

consul, Aemilius, enriched (di-

tare) his soldiers with great booty.

joy

Our mind is filled (afficere) with when we have done something good. Greece abounded in great poets. The body has need of food and drink (potio). When we act rightly, we have need of neither dissimulation (simulatio) nor deception (fallacia). Any one you please of the sailors can govern the ship in (abl.) a quiet sea, [but] when (ubi) a violent (saevus) The Helots storm has arisen, then they have need of a pilot
(Helota, ae) with the

Lacedemonians, performed the

oflSce

of slaves.

That (is) ship performs (confic6re) the course best, which has (uti) Many men abuse reason. Discharge scruputhe most skilful pilot.
lously the
oflfice

committed

to thee.

joy the riches which he has.

The covetous [man] does not enThe Greeks anciently ate acorns. Alex-

ander possessed himself of the kingdom of Darius.

III.
a.

Scholars in school, are judged of and estimated not accord-

21

242
ing to rank

ABLATIVE.

91.

(= genus),

but good manners, a teachable

spirit

and ac-

tive (acer) industry.

The wise man measures men

There
is is

not according to

fortune but according to character.

nothing more amiable

than virtue.

Ireland

smaller by a half than Britain.

Carthage was
In the sixty-sec-

founded eighty-two years before Rome.

Cimon,
(post

five

years after he had

been expelled, was recalled

to [his] native country.

city

urbem conditam), the third war against the Carthaginians was undertaken. The friend, whose an'ival I had expected three days before, has come to day, and
ond year
after the founding

of the

Rome

will depart again after ten days.

Chrysogonus bought (perf ) a Corin-

thian vase for an

his horse?

immense
it

price.

For how much has thy

father sold

he has sold

for so

much

(tantum), as (quantum) he

bought
grateful

it

for.
is

The war has

cost

(stare)

us

much

blood.

An

un-

mind

unworthy of favors.

Virtue and

wisdom

are worthy

of man.

Receive those into friendship

love.

whom

thou shalt consider

life

worthy of thy
equanimity.

The wise man endures The winds

the hardships of

with

Cicero, deprived of public offices, found satisfaction in

the study of philosophy.

purify the air from noxious vapors.

Timoleon, with incredible success (fortuna), expelled Dionysius from

all Sicily.

Not according to greatness of stature, but from a brave and mind we judge of a soldier. According to character, not accordNothing is ing to property (facultates) we should estimate men. more excellent than truth. No (nemo) Theban was equal to Epaminondas in eloquence. Pompy was only two years (biennium) older Carthage was founded eighty-two years after Rome and than Cicero.
ni. b.
fierce

destroyed in the 700dth year afterwards.

sixth year of his age, the tenth

Agricola died in the

fifty-

day

hefore the Calends

of September (ante

My brother, who departed six days ago, will The trader sells the wares for a greater price than he has bought them for from others. Thou canst buy neither They are unworthy of favors who are unvirtue nor wisdom for gold. mindful of them. The victory over the Romans cost Pyrrhus, king of The deeds of Caesar are worthy of eternal renown. Epirus, much. They deserve praise who honor virtue. Folly is unworthy of man.
Kalendas Septembres).
return after two years.

Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, lived, after the custom of the

Persians,

(perf)

Ad herbal, an

more luxuriously than was proper (par). Jugurtha expelled ally and friend of the Roman people, from his
all [his]

kingdom and

possessions (fortunae).

Themistocles, a general

of the Athenians, delivered Greece from servitude.

; :

92.]

CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES.

243

92.

Construction of the

Names of

Cities,

1.

The names

of cities (toivns, villages

of the first and second Dec. Sing-,

and small islands) stand, in answer to the

question where
the third Dec.

? in the

genitive; but the

names

of cities of

and of

the Plur. of the first

in.

and second Dec,

in

in the ablative, without

In answer to the question,

ivhither ? they all stand in the accusative,

and

answer

to

the question, lohence ? in the ablative, in each case without

a preposition.
Ut Romae consules,
Talis
sic

Carthagine quotannis bini reges creabantur.

Romae

Fabricius, qiialis Aristides Aihenis fuit

constituerat.
vixit,

Pompeius

hie-

mare Dyn-hachii et Apolloniae Cono plurimum Cypri fuit.

Lesbi.
Curiiis

Delphis Apollinis oraculum

Iphicrates in Thracia,

Timotheus

primus

Romam

elephantos quattuor duxit.

Pompeius
cessit
est,

Lucerid proficiscitur Canusium atque inde Brundisium.

Lycurgus CreAeschines

tam profectus

est ibique

perpetuum exsilium egit

Consul
the

Mhenis

et se

Rhodum

contullt.

Roma

Athenas profectus
as the

cities:

Rem. Domus and rus have domi (at home), domi

same construction

names of

meae, tuue, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae,

(to the

home);

house), domo (from the house, to, the country), rure (from the country). Besides, humi (on the ground), domi militiaeque or domi bellique (at home and abroad, in peace and in war).
(at

my

run (not

house, etc.),

domum

rare), in the

country, rws (into,

2.

The words
?

in apposition with the

names of

cities,

as

urbs,

oppidum, caput

(chief city), in

answer

to the question,

where

stand in the ablative generally without in ; in an-

swer
in
ab.

to the question, ivhither ? in the accusative

without in
without

answer

to the question, ivhence ? in the ablative

Archias poeta Antiochlae natus

urbe amplissima, Tarquinios fugit

est, celebri

quondam

urhe et copiosa.
Corintho,

Cicero profectus est Athenas, urbem celeberrimmn.

Demaratus

CXXIV.
I.

Exercises for translation.

($ 92.)

As long

as Cicero

was

at

Athens, he earnestly pursued philoso-

phy.

ple of Diana.

At Ephesus, a city of Asia, was a very renowned (celeber) temAt Sparta was the most honorable (honestus) abode of

244
old age.

CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES.

92.

The

arts

and

literature flourished
city

(= bloomed)

at Athens.

Demaratus
of Etruria.
state,

fled

from Corinth, a

of Greece, to Tarquinii, a city

Timoiheus, compelled by the hatred of the ungrateful

betook (perf) himself to Chalcis.

at

Marius was born'and brought

city

Arpinum, a city of Latium. At Alexandria, a Brutus proceeded Egypt, was a renowned (eximius) library. dea to the camp. Hannibal proceeded from Carthage to Spain.
(perf.)

up

of

to

ArDio-

oysius, the tyrant, sent for (arcessere, perf)

Plato from Athens.

(Italia

AuI

gustus died at Nola, a city of lower Italy

idved three years at

inferior).

have

Rome, one year

at

Corinth, two years at Athens,

father will return

:two at Philippi, three at Sparta.

My

home

to-

morrow from the country, home into the country and

and, after three days, will go again from

will pass the

whole summer
a friend

in the countiy.

When
friend,

am
is

in

my house,

do not trouble myself (curare) about

(ace.)

tvhat is without

(alienus, plur.).
it

When

is

in the

house of a

he

(versari) as

were, in his

own

house, not in anothers.

The Egyptians embalmed (condire) the dead and laid them away (condere) at home. The Athenians were very renowned in peace (domus) and in war (militia). Many men would rather (malo) live in the country than in the city. By good counsels, the welfare of the state will be secured (constituere) at home and abroad. I shall remain at
home,
[but]

my

brother will go into the country.

n. In Sparta, the boys were scourged (caedere) with thongs (lorum)

at the altar

of Diana.

Cicero, in Rhodes, attached himself (se applica-

re) to Molon.

Artemisia, the wife of a king of Caria, built at Halicar(nobilis) sepulchre.

nassus a famous renowned men

In the times of Pericles,

many

lived at

Athens.

Hannibal was born at Carthage.

Themistocles, presented with great presents by Artaxerxes, returned

(perf) to Asia and established
(constituere) his abode at Magnesia.
(transferre, perf.)

The

corpse of Alexander

was removed

from BabyDionysius,

lon, the chief city

of Assyria, to Alexandria, a city of Egypt.

the tyrant, fled (perf) from Syracuse, the most powerful city of Sicily,
to Corinth, a very

renowned

(celeber) city of Greece.

Cato took away

(perf) his

life at

Utica, a city of Africa.

Hannibal was recalled from

Italy to Carthage.

Scipio often hurried

away

(evolare) from the city

into the country, [and] then returned to business

from the country into

the

city.

Alexander died

(perf.) at

Babylon, the chief city of Assyria.

joyful at the victoiy.

The
the

soldiers returned (perf.)

is,

home

The

soul in

the body
first

as

it

were, in a foreign house.

In the time of Pyrrhus,

dots one live (vivltur) so
killed (perf.)

elephants

came

to

Rome.

Nowhere

conveniently (commode) as at home.

Archimedes was

93.]

REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

of
Sicily,

245
at his

at Syracuse, a city

by a

Roman

soldier.

Marius died

house an old man.

Laelius hastened forth (evolare) into the country

from the

city,

as if (tanquam) from ehains.

of Caesar had been acknowledged at

The superiority (virtus) home and abroad. Socrates The

poet

brought back to the house the very same expression which he had
carried forth from
it.

Cicero often lived in the country.

at

Ovid lived a long time (aliquamdiu)

Tomi, a

city

of Moesia, in

exile.

93.

Remarks on

the use

of the Prepositions,
:

1.

Ab and

de (from, by, of) differ thus

a) of place,

means, aivay from a place, de, doivn from, or away from, b) ah is used with an active object, and hence stands with
the agent or doer after passive verbs, de

is

ah

on the contrary,

used with

Si

passive object.
Lucretius de muro se dejecit.

Milites ab urhe profecti sunt.

Deforo

cives discesserunt (away from the forum).

pottis fictae sunt
les

Multae fabulae de Hercule a

(many

fables
te

have been invented concerning Hercua

fraJtre

by the

poets).

Multa de

tuo audivi (I have heard

much
terra

of thee from thy brother).

2.

Circimi

is

used only of place (not of

convertit
:

time), as

se circum
3.

axem
verbs

The

pono,

loco,

colloco,

constittk),

some

others take

m with the

ablative

defigo and where the accusative

seems to be required, since they express motion. and suhter are very rarely used with the ablative.

Super

CXXV.

Exercises for translation.

)

(^ 93.)

I. The Gauls were conquered (perf by Caesar. Caesar has related much of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos wrote (perf) a book concerning the life and customs of Cato. The life and customs of Cato were written by Cornelius Nepos. The citizens, besieged by the enemies, placed all hope in the wisdom and firmness of the general. From whom hast thou heard this news concerning the arrival of my father ? from thy brother. We would place the highest good in virtue The
!

wise

man fixes (defigere) his thoughts not upon pleasure, but upon virtue.
Three books
Excellent precepts have

n. Cicero wrote (perf) three books concerning duties.

concerning duties were written by Cicero.

been

left (tradere)

us by Plutarch concerning the instruction of children

21*

246
(puer).

OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS.

[$

94.

Plato placed the reason in the head, anger in the breast

first

Cicero, in the
re)

of the immortality of the soul.

book of the Tusculan Disputations, speaks (disputaMuch has been related to us by

Cicero fixed (defigere)
all

our teacher of the bravery of the Romans.

his cares and thoughts

upon the welfare of his country.

Let us place

a peaceful

life

in virtue

94.

Of

the use of the Pronouns.

:

1.

The

personal pronouns in the Norn.

verb, only

eg-o,

tu^ nos^

vos

are expressed with the

rest

when
etc.

a particular stress

upon them, hence,

pronouns also
:

especially in contrasts.

The

pos-

sessive

meus, tmis,

are used only in this

case, or for the sake of perspicuity.

Ego
ter

fieo, tu rides.

me
2.

amat

(not: frater

Mens frater meus me

diligens est, tuus piger.

But Fra:

amat).

The

genitives nostri

and

vestri, like met,

tui,

sui

are

objective (not possessive), but nostrum

partitively.

and vestrum are used

Memini
Quis

Memoria

nostri (of us).

Memor sum

vtstri.

vesiri.

nostrum haec dixit ?

Nemo
pars

vestrum, sua officia explevit.

Besides,

we

should distinguish
being), e. g.

nostri, vestri (a part

of us, you,

= of our, your
when

animus
us.

est pars nostrij

from

pars nostrum, vestrum, a part

or

some of
3.

The pronouns

sui, sibi, se ; suus, a,

um, are used

an object (person or
Omnia animalia

thing), is

opposed

to itself.
JUexander,

se diligunt.

Haec

oratio sibi repugnat.

quum
fiigit.

interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, vix a se

civitate

Hannibalem sui cives e

Oravi amicum, ut

ejecerunt.

man us abstinuit. Dux cum militibus suis

sibi consuleret.

4.

When these

reflexive

an

Infin., or

with a

Part., or in

pronouns stand as the subject of dependent clauses and refer

to the subject of the leading clause, they

may

generally be
it,

translated into English by, he, she,

it,

to

him, to her, to

him, her,

it,

they, them, to them.

Animus
by
its

sentit, se

sua

vi

moveri (the soul

is

conscious, that

it is

moved

own

power).

Caesar exercitu per

se

comparato rempublicam

94.]

OP THE USE OP THE PRONOUNS.

an army collected by
him).

247

liberavit (with
est, ut se

Caesar milites adhortatus

sequerentur (that they should follow him).

5.

used,

The oblique cases of 15, ea, id, on the contrary, are when an object is not opposed to itself, but to another
;

object

ejus, eorimi,

and earum
his son,

in this case, are translated

into English
Pater
ei

by

his, her, their.

e.

ignovit [him,

g.

or her^

e. g.

his daughter

but

pater sihi ignovit, himself).

friends).

Pater semper ejus

diligit.

memor

erit [his, e. g.

Pater eum valde

Mater eam valde amat.

;

Dux

et

milites ejus fugerunt (and his soldiers

fugit).

Caesar fortissimus

fuit

ejus

dux cum militibus suis facta admiramur [his deeds). Hosbut

:

tes

multas urbes exciderunt, earwwique incolas in servitutem abduxetheir inhabitants).

runt (and
6.

The pronoun
is

ipse, a,

um

often stands with the person-

al

pronouns, either in the same case with the subject,

contrasted ivith other subjects, or in the

when
same

the subject

as the object,

when

the object

is

contrasted ivith other objects.

Ego me
cent, aliis

ipse vitupero (/

and not another).

Saepe
ii

[myself and not another).

homines, qui
ipse

maxime

displicent.

De m

Ego me ipsum vitupero sibi ipsis maxime plaloquor. De me ipso loquor.

7.

The

genitives:

ipsius,

ipsorum and ipsarum, which

otvn.

often stand in connection with the possessive pronouns, axe

to

be translated into English by,

Meus ipsius
pater

(my own

father).

Mea

ipsius

mater (my ot^n moth-

er).

Meum

ipsius consilium

(my oum
est.

counsel).

Tuus

ipsius

frater.

Dux

sua ipsius culpa victus

JVoster ipsorum pater.

victi

Vestra ipso-

rum mater.

Duces sua ipsorum culpa

sunt.

Sorores

mea

ud

ipsarum voluntate domi manent.

8. Besides what was said of the difference in usage between the interrogatives quis ? quid ? and qui ? quae 1 quod ? in Rem. 3. 30 it should be here stated, that, when
;

quis has a

noun with
it
;

it,

the

noun

is

to

be regarded as in

apposition with

that quis inquires barely after the

its

name of
philoso-

the person or thing (what), qui after

nature (what sort of),

as:

quis philosophus
?

(what philosopher?),
?),

^m

phus

(what

sort of a philosopher

248
Rem.
finite
1.

OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUN.

For the
distinction

P 94.

pronouns

quisy qua, quid, qui, quae quod, etc.

between the double forms of the indeSee k 31.

(qui),

9.

The

indefinite

pronoun quis
is less

(quod),

some one^ one,

emphatic than
si,

qua (quae), quid aliquis, etc., and

num, quum,
qui^

stands most

commonly

after

nisi,

ne,

quae, quod, quo or quanto (the,

iSi

with the comparative).

est.

quis de immortalitate aniraorum dubitat, insanus

laedas.

Vide, we

quem

iN'um quis dubitat hac de re ?

est.

Qito {quanto) quis sapien-

tior est,
1

eo (tanto) modestior

0.

When
suus,

quisque
it

is

connected with the pronouns

sui,

sibi, se,

stands immediately after them.

Trahit sua quemque voluptas.

Minime

sibi quisqae

notus

est.
it

11.

When

quisque stands after superlatives,

may

be

by precisely the, the very, and when it stands ordinal numbers by each, every.
translated
Sapientissimus quisque virtutem
(Quarto quoque

after

maxime amat
year).

(precisely the wisest).

anno (every fourth

12.

Uterque (each of two, both) in connection with a

;

noun takes the same gender, number and case as the noun
but

when

uterque

is

connected with a pronoun,

this prois

noun

stands in the genitive.

In both cases the predicate

in the singular.
Uterque dux
clarus
fuit

(both leaders

were renowned).

Uterque

eorum clarus

fuit

(both these were renowned).

Uterque nostrum, ves-

trum (we both, you both).

Quorum

uterque (both of

whom).

Rem.

2.

The

plural of uterque is used

when

two parties are spoken

of, to both

or at least, one of which, several belong, or

:

when
utrique

it

stands in

connection with nouns used only in the plural, as generals, of which there are several on both sides). Utrdque castra (both camps). hostes.

duces (the Utrique, Caesar et

13.

liter, alter,

neuter are used

when

the discourse is of

only tivo; quis, alius, nullus, on the contrary,

when

the dis-

cpurse
,,

is

of several.

Uter fratrum ad te venit (which of the

?

two brothers) ?
fratres
:

Uter vestrum

'hoc dixit (which of you two)

Duo sunt

alter (the

one)

litteris

operam dat

alter (the

other) miles est.

JVeuter

nostrum (neither of

94.]

OF THE USE OP THE PRONOUNS.

249
the

US two).
parative

When
is

a comparison occurs with

uter^ alter, neuter,

com-

used where
which of
the

we sometimes
two

use the superlative, as: uter

fortior est ?

is the bravest ?

14.

The
:

phrases, alius aliud, alius aliter^

etc.,

are trans-

lated

tke one this, the other that; the one in this iv ay, the

other in that.
Alii aliud probant.
JUii allter vivuht.
one, they,

Rem.
Latin
a)

3.

The

indefinite pronouns,

we are expressed

in

b)
c)

By the third Pers. Plur. Act. as: dicunt, ferunt, tradunt By the third Pers. Sing. Pass., as narratur ; bene, vivttur By the personal Pass., as amor, one loves me, amaris, one
:

loves

thee,

d)

By

sapientes beati existimantur, we account the wise happy the first Pers. Plur. Act. (in this case the speaker must be incre-

e)

cluded under the one), as: viro sapienti libenter paremws By the second Pers. Sing. Act., particularly of the Subj., as dos (one may believe).

CXXVI.
I.

Exercises/or translation.

($ 94.)

a.

Parents love their children.

Manlius punished (multare) the

will

bravery of his son with death.

The remembrance of you

life

always

be agreeable to
soul
is

us.

To

each of us the love of

is

inborn.

The

the governor of us.

The hand

is

a part of us.

part of us,

to-morrow, will betake

wretched.
less for

ourselves into the country.

fulfilled their duties.

Pity thou me,

Few

of us have

good king cares

himself than for the welfare of the

citizens.

The wise man

zealously corrects the faults inborn in him.

in Italy,

nobody

resisted

him

in battle

So long as Hannibal was (acies). After the general had

fallen (perf ) in battle, the soldiers fled.

My

friend

and

his son

have

set out for

(ut

Rome.

The Allobroges

entreated (orare) Umbrenus, that

with Svhj.) he would pity them.

Cicero had

eflfected

by Fulvia,

that [ut with Subj.) Curius

Catiline.

might disclose

(aperire) to

him

the plans of

The Germans

occupied themselves (studere) with agriculture,

(victus, us) consisted

and the greatest part of their food with abl.) milk, cheese and flesh.
(cernere) faults (delictum)
soul itself
in

of [consistere have often reflected (cogitare)

with myself concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.).

others

We

see

more than
by

in ourselves.

The

moves

itself.

Our

soldiers

have conquered the enemies, not

their

by the wisdom (consilium) of

their general, but

We

ought to care (inservire,

c.

dat) not only for our

own bravery. own advantage,

but also for [that] of others.

250
I.

OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS.

b.

[^

94.

Children love their parents.

It is

the duty of the king to look

out for the welfare

of his subjects.

Lysander, king of the Lacede-

monians,

left

behind (perf ) a great report of himself

With
and

delight
I

we

pity thee.

Each of us

will always recollect thee

thine.

shall

always preserve a recollection

of you.

immortal.

part of us had remained at

The best part of us is home. Many of us have de-

served [well] of (de) our country.

The

general and his soldiers have

distinguished themselves in battle by bravery.

their advantage.

Men

use beasts for

[His] friends exhorted Darius, that [ut with Suhj.)

to

he should subject Greece

to

himself

The king Eurystheus commandCleopatra admitted

killed (extinguere,

ed (imperare) Hercules, that (ut with Suhj.) he should bring (afFerre)

him

the

arms of the queen of the Amazons.

(admittere) a viper (aspis, idis) to herself and

perf.)

was

by

its

poison.

After the encounter at Issus, the mother of Dacaptives.

rius, his wife

and his daughter, were taken

ourselves.

We

ourselves

ought to govern (imperare)

Virtue itself protects itself

Many

are wise for themselves indeed, but not for others.

The

(is)

general cannot restrain (continere) [his] army,

who

does not restrain

himself (se ipsum).

their
II.

The companions of
evils

Ulysses perished (perf) by

own
a.

folly.

Many

happen

to

us by our

own

fault (culpa).

Each one is each his ovm. With

the architect (faber) Of his fortune.

Assign to
does

the greatest difficulty

(=

most

difficulty)

each one judge correctly of himself Each one ought to protect his own. Precisely the best [man] undertakes most easily dangers and
labors for his country.

Money has always been

despised by the very

was rated (perf) Demosthenes and Cicero were the most renowned orators of antiquity to which dost thou give the preeminence (palma) ? Virgil, Ovid and Horace were very distinguished poets of Rome which dost thou consider the best ? Each is a fault, both to believe each and [to believe] neither. I believe neither, neither thee nor thy brother. Both, Homer and Virgil, were distinguished poets; the one of them was a Greek and the other a Roman. Both, the Romans and the enemies,
best [men].
fifth yeai', all Sicily
;

Every

fought bravely.

One

excels in this, another in that.

One

occupies

himself with

this,

another with that.

its

IL b. Each Each has (by

virtue deserves (deberi)

esse) his
fear.

particular (proprius) praise.

to

way.

Each

is

accustomed

measure dangers

according to his

Fortune will form each one by his character.

The veiy

best,

we

for imitation.

The

ought always to place before (proponere) others olive (olea) does not bear every year, but general-

95.]

OP THE NUMERALS.
two
(alter) years.

251
this

ly every
is

Who
was

of you has heai*d

?

news

Who

the greatest orator of antiquity

generals, the one
;

Scipio and Hannibal were very

renowned
ed

the general of the

?

Romans, the other

of the Carthaginians

which dost thou prefer

men are the most modest. Both, men which dost thou consider the
;

The very most learnCaesar and Pompey were great gi-eatest ? Both the Romans and
Neither, neither the

the

Germans were very brave

all
is

which considerest thou the bravest ?

faults.

Neither of us

free

from

wicked

[man] nor the

flatterer,

ought

we

to praise.
there

Dangers threaten one

thence).

from

here

(=

hence), another /rom

(=

This pleases

one, that another.

who act rightly from (prae) fear. when one departs (discedere) from right. One One has praised me. The earth is surlaughs. They praise me. rounded (circumfundi) by that sea which we (= one) call ocean. We prepare the mind for (ad) all. He who fears what one can avoid,
III. a.

Justly one censures those

All

is

uncertain,

can in no manner

live

with a quiet mind.

In prosperity,

let

us flee

pride and arrogance.

Without virtue
becoming,
to

we

cannot be happy.

What

is

sweeter, than to have [a friend] with

as with himself?
III. b.
It is

whom

one

may

dare to speak

do religiously what one does.

They

called those philosophers sophists,

who pursued

philo-

sophy for gain or ostentation.

They

run.

Honorable conduct

(=

the

honorable) excites (movere) the approbation of those with

lives.

whom

one

They

will censure

me.

We

deride fools.

The

perversities

(pravitas) of the soul, one properly

(=

correctly) calls faults.

means oj living (victus) and care of the body,

strength, not to

we

refer to health
life

property.
(subj.)

How
it

short

is

the

longest

Hi^ and of man,

when one compares he must make good.

than by force.
It is

to eternity!

What one

has promised,

By

entreaties,

one often

effects (perficere)

more

becoming, not to censure that which one does not

understand (intelligere, Subj.).

9o.

O/" the

Numerals.

Concerning mille and milia, see 33. Rem. 4. 2. The distributives, which answer the question, hoio many each 1 or how many at a time ? are used when one
1.

wishes to express, that a number

several objects, or a certain
Pater
filiis

is

divided equally among'

times.
i.

number of
if

senos libros dat (six books a piece,

;

e.

the father gives

each of his sous six books

hence,

we suppose

three sons, the father

252

OF THE NUMERALS.
Sex

[$

95.

divides eighteen books into three equal parts).

fossae, quinos pe-

des

altae,

ducebantur (each six feet deep).

distributives

3.

Besides, the

are

used

for the

cardinal
:

numbers with nouns which have only the plural, as bina castra, tivo camps. For singulis ae, a, in this case, uni, ae, a is used, as una castra, one camp, iinae nuptiae, one tuedding, unae litterae, one letter, trina castra, three camps (but
:

terna castra, three camps a-piece).

CXXVII
L

Exercises for translation.

(95.)
spiritedly against

A thousand

soldiers

have defended the

it.

city

3000 enemies which assaulted

venns (mons Gehenna)

All

(oninis)

Gaul which

is

em-

braced (continere) by the Pyrenees mountains, the Alps and the Seis

3,200,000 paces.

The
As
at

leader of our

army

has pursued the enemy with 1000 soldiers.

so at Carthage two kings, were annually elected.

Rome two consuls, The Roman legions

3.

consisted (esse) at certain times of 5000 footmen and 300 horsemen.

The army of
wrote a

the enemies

had pitched 2 camps, ours

The

father

letter to

each of his 4 sons.

Veiy

often

by a

truce,

have the

already enfeebled powers of an

army been

restored (reparare).

Two

acres of land a-piece were divided (perf ) to the people.

gave to each child 1 apple, 6 pears, 7 plums, 8 cherries.

The mother The enemies

pitched (perf) 3 camps, each of which 3 trenches surrounded.

IL

The army of

the enemies consisted (esse) of 28,000 footmen

and 13,500 horsemen.

According

to (ex) the

opinion of Posidonius,

there are 20,000,000 stadia

stadia thence to the sun.

from the earth

to the

moon

[andj 5,000,000

The

citizens with 1000 soldiers

have de-

fended the

city against the

enemy.

The mother gave

cherries.

(perf) to each

boy 2 apples, 3

pears, 4

plums and 12

Caesar divided (perf.)

among (dat.) the people, man for man, 10 bushels of grain and just so many pounds of oil and 300 sesterces (nummus). The enemies drew (perf) around the camp 3 trenches, 11 feet deep and 6 feet
broad.

Two

walls surround the

city,

18 feet high and 8 feet broad.

were about 10 feet higher than the walls. In each camp of the enemies, there were 7000 footmen and 4000 horsemen. Cicero received (perf) in one day, 3 letters from (ex)
the walls of Babylon,

The towers upon

each of three different places.

(gen.) your school? about 30.

How many
The

scholars are in a class in

fingers of

men

have 3

joints, tlie

thumb

2.

father divided

(perf) equally

among

(dat.) his

4 sons

96, 97.]
dollars,

INFINITIVE.

SUPINE.
(perf.) ? 1111.

253

4444

how many

dollars did each receive

My

brother has 3 writing-tablets.

Yesterday
is

received (perf.) 2
feet high.

letters.

The

city

has 6 towers, each of which

268

After a long
letter consisted

time, at length (tandem) a letter came,

(esse) of these 22 letters
:

and

this
;

whole

Si vales, bene est

ego

valeo.

96. Infinitive.
:

The Infinitive is used As subject, as dulce et decorum b) As object ; this is especially the
a)
:

est

pro patria mori;

case with verbs sigas: volo (cupio,

nifying to

ivill)

to be able, ought, should,

studeo, possum, debeo) discere.

Rem.

1.

In animated description, the Latins often used the Infin.

Pres. for the finite verb (historical infinitive)^ as:

multum

ipse jpwgnore,

saepe hostemyenVe.

Rem.

2.

For the Ace. with the

Infin.,

see 105.

97. Supine.
1.

The Supine
It

in

um

stands with verbs of going, com-

ing, sending, calling, in order to express the

end of these

verbs.
In

takes the

same case

as

its

verb.
multitudo in urbem

urbem migravi

hahitatum.

Ingens

hominum
with

convenit ludos publicos spedatum.

2.

The Supine

in

u stands

a)
:

many

adjectives as

a nearer

definition of them, as

dulcis,

jucundus, molestus,
(it is

dignus, indignus, facilis,

ful),

difficilis ;

b) with fas est

est.

law-

nefas est

(it is

not lawful) and opus

Fas
est dictu.

Pira dulcia sunt gustatu.

atu opus
est.

Nefas

est didu.

Ddiber'-

CXXVIII.
I.

Exercises far translation.

is

(^

96, 97.)

To

a cultivated and learned man, to think

ancestors

to live.

They, whose
themselves by

fathers or

have distinguished (praestare)

some renown, seek

to excel in the veiy

teaches to bear (ferre) labor.

Without

same kind of praise. Practice virtue nobody can be happy.

The army hastens, in order to deliver the city from the siege. The Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors to Delphi, in order to consult the oracle. What is so pleasant (jucundus) to perceive and to hear, as a
22

254
discourse

GERUND.
adorned with wise thoughts and weighty
is bitter

[^98.
(gravis)

words

An

unripe grape

to taste.

The
is

fish is

easy to catch in disturb-

ed water.
11.

To
and

prefer

light

to profit.

money lo friendship The soul cannot

All that

base.

Poets wish both to deIt is

decay.

easier to see errors

than to correct [them].

comes
great

to pass

by our

fault (culpa),

we

ought to bear patiently.

multitude of

men assembled
and easier

(perf ) in [in with ace.) the

city, in
is,

order to see (spectare) the public

the plainer (dilucidus)

games.
it is

The

shorter a narrative

to

understand (cognoscfire).

The

orators pass over all

which

is

base to speak.

1.

98.

Gerund.
in

The gerund
est, is

in the

Nom.

connection with

est,

as

scribendum

translated

into

English
put in

it is

to be (writ-

ten) or: one must, one should (write).

must or should do something

is

The person which the dative. Hence

thou, he, she,
etc.
it

we may
2.
its

translate

it

into English

by

/,

must,

should (write), 2oe must, should (write),

The

gerund, like the infinitive, takes the same case as

verb.

But instead

of the gerund with an object in the

accusative, the gerundive is used.

See

99. 1.

Obtemperandum
est

est virtutis praeceptis.

Suo cuique judicio utendum

(each one must use his

3.

own judgment).

The remaining

cases of the gerund supply the cases

of the Infin.

Still the

Ace. of the gerund

is

used only in

connection with a preposition.

The use

of the cases of the

gerund
Nom.

is

the

same

as the use of the cases of substantives.

JVatare est utile

(swimming

is useful).

Gen. jVaiandi ara

Dat. JVatando

utilis est (the art

of

swimming
in
fitted for

is

useful).

JVatandi

sum peritus (1 am skilled homo aptus est (man is

disco
(I

swimming). swimming).
;
:

Ace. JVatare

learn to swim, or
(is

homo
Inter

aptus est

swimming) but ad natandum fitted for swimming, or: to swim).

natandum [whWe swimming); ob natandum (on acIn natando

count of swimming).
Abl. JVatando cori)oris vires exercentur (by swimming).
(in

swimming), a natando (by swimming), ex natando, de

natando.

99.]

GERUNDIVE.
is

%55
governed

in its different cases in the

Remark. The Gerund being of the nature of a noun, same manner as a noun.
4.

The gerund

in the oblique cases also, like the Infin.,

Still,

takes the

rund in

same case as its verb. the Dat. and Ace. with an

See

instead of the ge-

object in the accusative,

the gerundive is used.

99. 1.

Ara pueros bene educandi

perandum.

difficilis est.

Pauci idoni sunt ad

cdiis

im-

CXXIX.
I.

Exercises for translation.

life

(^ 98.)

Man

should always think that

is

short.

The laws of Lycurmisery

gus formed (erudire) the youth by labors, by hunting, running, hungering, thirsting, freezing, sweating.

The

effort to relieve the

of others,

is

very agreeable to good men.

Avoid thou

all

enticements

to (gen.) sinning (peccare).

Not
is

for (dat.) the school, but for life

we

should learn.

good scholar

desirous of learning nmch.

During

(inter) the deliberation (consultare)

one ought not

to

contend (decertare)

with arms.

One must

not spare an enemy.

Boys and youths should

is

use exercise of body and mind.

fit

Who

has not learned to obey,

not

(idoneus) to

command.

Caesar and

Pompey were

inclined (propen-

sus ad) to spare the enemies.

nearer to God, than by giving safety to men.

II.

It

is

sufficiently

By nothing do men approach (accedere) By teaching we learn. known, that good men must contend with the
the sentiments (opinio) of those with

bad.

Socrates was accustomed, by inquiry (percontari) and question-

ing

(=

asking) to

elicit

whom
to

he
the

discoursed

(disserere).

One must come

more
to

for aid, not

merely

body, but

much

(multo)

the

understanding and the mind.

We

should forget injuries.

is

Who
per/.)

does not know, that the hope of imAll the

citi-

punity

a very great enticement to (gen.) sin (peccare).

zens burned (exardescere,

their country.
art

with desire to fight for the safety of

Learn,

One must
!

use the occasion.

boys, early the

of using time wisely

Few men
The

are fitted [idoneus with dat) to

speak.
riding.
(inter)

Man
The

is

born to

act.

Persians were very skilful in (gen.)

is

character (mos, plur.)

discovered

(=

uncovered) in

playing freely.

From

delaying (cunctari) Fabius

was

called the

delayer.

One must

abstain from ignoble pleasures.

99.
1.

Gerundive,

When the gerund would take an object in the accusative^

: :

256
the gerundive is

GERUNDIVE.

[^

99.

commonly used instead of the gerund in the Gen. and Abl. and always instead of the gerund in the Nom., Dat. and Ace. The agent or doer^ as with the ge-

rand, stands in the dative.

2.

The change

of the construction

of the gerund into

that of the gerundive takes place in the following

a)

manner
is

The noun standing

in the

Ace. with the gerund,

;

put in the same case in tvhich the gerund stands

b)
c)

The gerund
But

is

changed

into the gerundive.

the gerundive is put in the

same

case,

number and

gender as the noun.

E.
g.

If in the phrase

ars pueros educandi one

:

would use the ge-

rundive instead of the gerund, he must

a)

put the Ace. pueros in the

:

case of the gerund educandi, hence in the Gen.

orum)

b)

puerorum (ars puerhe must then change the gerund educandi into the gerundive
a,

educandus,
der,

um ;

c) finally,

must put

this

gerundive in the same gen-

number and
ros,

case as puerorum, hence educandorum.

est pue-

Nom. Nobis bene educandum

must be changed
;

Pueri nobis bene educandi sunt.

est dif-

into

Gen.

Ars dvitatem gubernandi est dif- Ars civitatis gubemandae ficillima for which commonficillima.

Dat.
Ace.

Asinus idoneus est oneraportan- Asinus idoneus gbX oneribus pordo, must be changed into tandis. Puer aptus est ad Htteras trac- Puer aptus est ad litteras tractandum,must be changed into tandas.
:

.Mbl.

Litteras tractando
tur, for

ingenium acui-

Idtteris tradandis
tur.

ingenium acui-

which commonly

the gerund in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. is not changed Gerundive when the object in the Ace. is the neuter of an adjective or pronoun, as studium vera cognoscendi (not verorum cognoscendorum), cupidus sum hoc audiendi (not huju^ audiendi).
into the
:

Remark. But

3.

The gerundive

stands also with verbs signifying to

to,

take, to give, care,

attend

give up, cause and the

like,

in

order to express an intention or end.

Urbs a duce

mihtibus diripienda data

est (for

plundering).

Urbem

dux
vit

militibus diripiendam dedit.

Perfugam Fabricius reducendum cura-

(caused to be led back).

99.]

GERUNDIVE.

267

CXXX.
I.

Exercises for translation. (99.)

When

wrath moves thee very

much
are

(maxime), thou must curb

state

thy tongue very carefully. well and wisely,

is

The

art

of governhig (gubernare) a

very

difficult.

Many

ing [their] riches than of exercising [their]

more desirous of increasvirtue. One must account

wisdom
(aptus, a,

the

art

of living well and peacefully.

dat.) for

The camel
Water
is

is fitted

um, with

bearing great loads.

very useful
(plu-

for preserving

our health.

Gymnastic exercises
health.

rimum)

for (ad) confirming the

avail very much The Phenicians were

is

very

skilful in the art

of governing ships.

No

possession

to

be esteemed

higher than virtue.

(ad) capture the city.
treats (est)

The soldiers tried (experiri) all [things] in order to The first book of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations
;

of the contempt of death

the second of the enduring of

pain
[his]

the third of the relieving of sorrow.

Socrates passed

(perf.)

whole

life

in

improving the morals of others.

eflfort

To be drawn
of the wise

(abduci) from active duties (res gerere) by the

is inconsistent

to investigate truth,

with duty (contra officium).

The

life

man

consists in the exercise of virtue.

Good parents bestow

[collocare in

with
dren.

abl.) all

care

upon the proper

(=

good) bringing up of their chil-

Some much

(nonnulli) sports are not unprofitable for (dat.) sharpening

(acuere) the wits (ingenium) of boys.

The contempt of
fear.

death avails

veiy
to

in delivering the soul

from

Nature has given (tradere)

woman, the

attending to (procurare) and managing (administrare) the

domestic

affairs (res).

Caesar gave up (concedere) the taken city

to

the soldiers, for plundering (diripere).

to instruct then' children well.
II.

Good

parents take care (curare)

He

(is) is to

be accounted (existimare)
desire (cura) to preserve

free,

who

serves no vice

(turpitudo).

The The

itself, is

inborn by nature
(adhibere)

in every living being.

In joking (jocari),

we must preserve
is

temperance.

faculty of curbing the tongue

very useful.

Many,

on account of a desire for fame, are desirous to carry on war. We should pronounce nobody happy before death. Virtue has the greatest power of freeing minds from the passions. Soldiers should know

how

(=

be acquainted with)

to

endure hunger and

in

thirst.

Innumera-

ble things have been created

by God

order (dat.) to delight men.

Many

plants are useful for (dat.) healing wounds.

life
!

are necessary for the preservation of

in order
for (ad)

How many things Thou must try all [things] to obtain the praise of the good. The winds are very useful dispersing the injurious dust. By the pursuit (tractare) of
we
should become (evadere) not merely more learned, but

literature,

22*

258
better also.

PARTICIPLE.

[^

lOa

children (puer) contains

The book of Plutarch concerning many useful precepts.

all duties,

the bringing

up of
of the

In the performance

(persequi) of
soul.

one must bestow an

effort (contentio)

Be

unwilling to receive an office to the

art not competent

management (adminisIn the se-

trare) of

which thou

(=

hast not grown).

lection (eligere) of friends,

we

should bestow the greatest foresight.

Conon caused

(curare) the walls of Athens, destroyed by Lysander,

to be repaired (reficere).

We

give the
kill all

boys good books to read.

Mithridates took means (curare) to

Roman

citizens in (abl.) the

whole of Asia

in

one day.

100. Participle.

1.
its

The

participle, like the Infin.,

:

governs the same case as

case with

verb, as

epistolam scribens, hostibus parcerts, and like an

adjective, agrees in gender,

number and

its

noun,

as

puer laudatus^ puella laudata.

2.

a)

The participle is used as follows Wholly as an adjective^ as rosa

:

florens pulchra est

(the rose is

blooming blooming)
(the

rose).

Rosa

est florens

b) Instead of the relative toho^ lohich with

the finite verb, as
:

some form of

cives acriter

cum

hostibus dimica-

bant urbem oppugnantibus (who were assaulting the

city);
c)

Instead of the conjunctions,

lohile, as,

after, lohen,
:

if,

because, since, although with the finite verb, as

itantes coelestia,

cog-

haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus (when we think upon heavenly things).
Hostes,

amnem

transgressi, castra

muniverunt

(after

they had passed over the river).

3.

The

Part. Fut. Act. is often

design or purpose, and in this case

in order that with the finite
Infin.

to express a be rendered by that, verb, or by in order to with the

used in order
is to

Ingens horainum multitudo in urbem convenit ludos publicos spedatura.

4.

There are two kinds of participial construction in

100.]

PARTICIPLE.
:

259

Latin

the one is called the conjunctive participial construe-

tion^ the

other the ablative absolute.

Since

we

generally
clause,
ex-

translate the participle into English

by a subordinate

the difference between these

two constructions may be

is

plained as follows
a)

The

conjunctive participial construction

used,
its

when

the subordinate clause has no subject of

own, but

has for
gender,

its

subject either the subject or object of the

principal clause.

In this case, the participle agrees in

case with this subject or object.
rises, it (i. e.

number and

Sol oriens pellit noctem

(when the sun

pulsus,

the sun) chases

fugit (as Arisfled to

away
tides

the night).

Jlristldes, patria

Lacedaemonem
he (Aristides)

had been expelled from

his country,

Lacethe

demon).

Hostes, victoriam adepti, in castra se receperunt

(after

enemy had
camp).

obtained the victory, they (the enemy) returned to the

hostes fugatos persecutiis est, after the

Caesar
flight,

enemy had been

put to

Caesar pursued them (the enemy).

b)

The

ablative absolute is used,

its

when
is

the subordinate

clause has

own

subject,

which

neither the subject

nor the object of the principal clause.

In

this

case

the subject of the subordinate clause stands in the

ablative
Sole oriente,
td pace,
flourish).

and the
fugit

participle is

added in the same

night
is

case.

nox

(when the sun

rises, the

flees).

Recupera'

artes

efflorescunt (as soon as

peace

regained, the arts

both the conjunctive participle and the ablative by a substantive with or without a preposition, as : the rising of the sun dispels the night ; after obtaining the victory, the enemy returned to the camp ; with the setting of the sun night flees. Rem. 2. Substantives and adjectives also, are often used in the same way as participles, as bellum Gallicum, Caesare imperatore, gestum JVaturd duce, errare nullo pacto est (under the conduct of Caesar). Natus est Augustus, Cicerone potest (under the guidance of nature). et Antonio consulibus (in the consulship of Cicero and Anthony).
often
absolute

Rem. Very

may be

translated

CXXXI
I.

Exercises for translation. ($100.)

a.

What
is

is

so inhuman, as to convert (convertere) eloquence,

which

given by nature for the safety and preservation of men, to the

260
destruction of the good ?

PARTICIPLE.

100.

Change of country does not always change pitched a camp in a place which was surrounded by marshes (palus) and woods. When we wish to begin (exordior) a work, we must (gerundive) bestow a careful preparation. Tarquinius Superbus was deprived of [his] dominion, as he was besiegSince the Romans feared the snares of the Germans, they ing Ardea. After Dionysius the tyrant had been expellreturned over the Rhine.
the morals.

The enemies

ed from Syracuse, he instructed (docere) boys

sometimes breaks forth so
desire, restrain (tenere)
[it].

at Corinth.

laugh

violently, that

we

cannot, even

when we
like

Hephaestion, of all the friends of Alexan-

der,

was the most

at [in

dear, because

he had been brought up in

man-

ner with himself.

When

the storks wish to migrate (abire) they as-

semble

with ace.) one place.

In the third Punic war, Scipio

passed over to Africa in order to destroy Chathage.

I.

b.

What do
in

eighty years,

which are spent

a

(exig^re) in (per) in-

activity (inertia), profit (juvare)

man ? Two

friends are like one soul

which dwells
in the battle

two bodies.

When

Alexander had possessed himself

fell

of Egypt, he built Alexandria.

Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus,

a,

of Marathon (Marathonius,
his

um), while he was bearing

to Asia, in order to carry

arms against

country.

Sulla

was sent
it.

on war with the king Mithridates.

themselves of the
city,

After the enemies had possessed

they plundered

By

day (interdiu)

we do not

see the stars, because they are obscured by the light of the sun.

We
ene-

have confidence

in upright

men, even

if

they are not sworn.

The

mies dispersed
selves,
if

(dilabi, per/.)

into the city, in

order to protect themlive

by

(abl.)

the walls (moenia).

We

cannot

happily (beate),

we
n.

fear death.
a.

When we

strive against nature, the labor is vain.

arts,

invented innumerable

while nature taught [them].

if the fear

Men have What solici-

tude would torment the wicked,

of capital punishment were

taken away

Since

God

guides
is

human

affairs,

we

should be destitute
the

of all

fear.

When

humanity

extirpated from the soul,

man

ceases to be man.

When
life.

Cato had read through (passive) the Phedo

After the troops were

of Plato, he took his

empire was rated (perf ).

Under the reign of Augustus, the Roman drawn together, the

general determined (perf) to attack the

taking

camp of
of

the enemies.

After

away

piety

and

religion, disturbance

life

and a great confuXerxes was The wise man reunder the con-

sion follow.
to

At the

instigation (by audor) of the magians,

have burned (inflamare) the temples of Greece.

after the

mains rich even

loss (amittere)

of

all

the goods of fortune.

itself

We hope,

that our army,

which has distinguished

101.]

COORDINATE SENTENCES.

261

duct (regere) of a bad general, will acquire for

er glory under the conduct of a good general.

itself still (etiam) great-

IL

b.

When

pleasure (voluptas) reigns (dominari),

all

great virtues
after the

are in a low condition.

loss of all

The wise man

will not

be unhappy,

his goods.

After the rising of the sun, the mists were After a knowledge (cognoscere) of the nature
(abl.)

scattered (discuti, per/.).

of all things,

we

are freed (levare) from

superstition.

Caesar,

after the line-of-battle

of the enemies was broken through and scatter-

ed, led back his soldiers into the camp. The sedition of the soldiers, which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the general,

broke out again (recrudescere, per/.) in his absence.

After the expul-

sion of the kings, Junius Brutus

consuls.

and Tarquinius Collatinus were made

;

Under the reign of Augustus, Christ was born

under the

reign of Tiberius, he died.

The Greeks took

possession of

Thermo-

pylae as the Persians approached.

Caesar, although he had conquered

(passive) the Gauls, did not dismiss the army.

The Greeks, under

Be-

the conduct of Cimon, fought against the Persians at Marathon.

cause the night came on (ingruere), Caesar led back his soldiers into
the camp.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.

101. A.

Coordinate Sentences.

1.

Coordinate sentences are those which have a

common

reference to each other, but otherwise are independent of

Demosthenes was a great was a great orator. 2. The relation of coordinate sentences
each other, as
:

orator, Cicero also

is
:

1)

Copulative,

which

is

expressed
h),

a)

by

et,

atque,

ac (never before a vowel or

que, and; b) by:

etiam, quoque, also; c) neque or nee (and not,

also not); d) et
e)

as also; non modo (solum, tantum) sed etiam, not only as quumtum, so {merely) hut also; modo modo, or nuncnunc, or neque (nee) tum tum, now now, thenthen; neithernor;

et,

both

and, as loell

f)

ivell

especially;

g)

h)

ne(\ViQ (nQc),

2) Adversative,

which

is

expressed by

sed, but, hut

262

SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.
rather; autem,
at,

102.

vero,

verum, hut; tamen, yet;

a) aut, vel, ve,

attamen, veruntamen, but yet

3)

Disjunctive^

which

is

expressed by

sive (seu), or ; b)

aut

sive 4)

sive,

whether
is

aut, vel

or, either

or;

vel,

either

or

Causal^ which

expressed by
is

nam and enim

(for)

5) Deductive^

which

expressed by:
;

igitur, itaque,

ergo, hence^ therefore

ideo,

on

this account^

and

the like.
ve always stand attached to the word to which they pater matergwe, pater msXerve ; autem, vero, enim, quoque^ igitur do not stand at the beginning of the sentence, but after the first
1.

Rem.

^ue and

belong, as

word.

used with the indicative, as sive id verum est, be true or false). Aut aut and vel vel differ from each other in this, that in aut aut the one clause really and nece55an7?/ excludes the other, so that one can be conceived of as holding good only when the idea of the other is excluded but in vel vel
2.

Rem.

Sive

sive are
it

sive falsum

(whether

the exclusion

is

only allowable or optional.

102. 1.

B. Subordinate Sentences.

Subordinate sentences are those which complete or de-

fine other sentences

2.

and hence are dependent.

dependent sentences
the spring comes,

The

sentence to which another belongs as a dependent

part, is called the principal sentence, the

or clause,

on the contrary,

is

called the sudordinate sentence.

:

E.

g.

in the

compound
and

sentence

"

when

the trees bloom," the last clause

" the trees

bloom,"

is the

principal sentence,

the

first

"

when

the spring comes,"

the subordinate sentence.

3.

Subordinate sentences are:

a)

Substantive sentences,

i.

e.

such as are but the exas

:

panded idea of some case of a 'substantive,

joice, that thou art in health

I re-

(=1

rejoice at thy

health)

b) Adjective sentences,

i.

e.

such as are but the ex-

panded idea of an

adjective (or participle), as: the

;:

103.]

USE OP MODES IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.

rose, lohich blooms^ is beautiful

'

263

(= the

blooming'

rose)
c)

Adverbial sentences^

i.

e.

such as are only an expan-

sion of an adverb or an expression of the nature of an adverb^ as: after the enemij loas conquered,

our soldiers returned

the enemy).

(= after

the conquering'

of

103.
1.

Of the

use of the

Modes

in Subordinate Sentences,

In the subordinate sentences which are introduced

:

by

the indefinite relative pronouns

quisquis, quicunque, qualis-

cimque^ quotcunque, ubicunqite, quocuqnue, quotiescunque,

utcunque, quotquot^
etc.

the indicative

is

used in Latin, while

etc.

we, in English, generally use the pronoun ivhoever,

the subjunctive.
Sapiens, ubicunque
est,

with

beatus est (wherever he

modo res sese

hahet, in sententia
est,

may
2.

be).

Quicquid

ego

te

may be). Quoquo mea permanebo (however the thing non deseram (whatever it may be).

The use

of the Subj. in subordinate sentences will be

more

fully explained in treating of particular subordinate

sentences.

For the present the following may

quin
(after the

suffice

a) Ut, that, in order that, ne, in order that not, that

not,

phrases

it is

not doubtful,

I do
(in-

not doubt), that, always take the Subj.

b) In questions depending

upon another sentence

always used, as
laugh).
:

direct questions) the. Subj. is

die

mihi, cur rideas

cio,

(tell

me,

why you

Nes-

ubi fueris (I do not know, where

you have

been).

104.

Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate

Sentences.

The
a)

following rules

may

be given

for the succession of

the tenses in subjunctive subordinate sentences

Upon a

principal tense:

Pres. Perfect-present

and

264

SUCCESSION OF THE TENSES.

:

[{

104.

Fut., there follows again a principal Tense

Pres. Perfect,

present and the Future Periphrastic Present, according as

the discourse in the subordinate sentence
is

of a like timed,

completed ox future action;

b)

Upon an

historical tense: Imperf.

Perfect-historical
:

and

Plupf., there follows again

an historical tense

Imperf.

Plupf.

and Future Periphrastic

Imperf., according as the

is

discourse in the subordinate sentence

of a like timed,

completed or future action.

Sdo, quid agas. Sdo, quid egeris. Sdo, quid adurus sis. Cognovi (I have learned), quid agas.
Cognovi, quid egeris. Cognovi, quid audurus Audiam, quid agas.
Jludiam, quid egeris. Jludiam, quid adurus
Opto, ut ad
sis.

Sdebam, quid

ageres.

Sciebam, quid egisses.

Sdebam, quid adurus esses. Cognovi (I learned), quid ageres.

Cognovi, quid egisses.

Cognovi, quid adurus

esses.

sis,

Cognoveram, quid ageres. Cognoveram, quid egisses. CognQ^eram, quid adurus

Optabam, ut ad

esses.

me

venias.

me

venires.

Te

rogo,

ne

mihi succenseas.

Te
geras.

rogabam, ne mihi succenseres.

Non

dubito, quin

rem tuam bene

tuam bene

geras.

Non dubitavi (I have not doubted), quin rem Non dubiiabo, quin rem tuam bene gesturus sis.

Non

dubitabam [dubitavi,! doubted, dubitaveram), quin rem tuam bene

gereres (gessisses, gesturus Besses).

CXXXII.
I.

Exercises for translation.

itself, it is

103, lp|.)

In whatever M^ay the thing has

not permitted to thee

to desert (deserere) the post cornrnitted to thee.

ed [man] may

be,

we would l^d

aid to

him

Whoever that wretchThe goods of the body

frail. is

and of fortune, however great they may be, are uncertain and Wherever thou mayest be, thou shouldst live uprightly. Who
powerful, that he can dispense with (carere) the aid of others.

so

Telt me,

friend related to me, whjere he

what thou doest now, did yesterday, and wilt do to-morrow. The had been, where he was, and where he
be.

would
the

Who

doubts, that Hannibal fought very bravely against

that Hannibal

Romans?

Nobody doubted,
I

fought very bravely

against the

Romans.

do not doubt, that our soldiers will bear off

the victory over the enemy. the victory over the enemy.
II.

Nobody doubted,

that

we

should bear off

Whatever the opinion of the philosophers may be concerning

105.]

ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.

266

the highest good, virtue has in itself sufficient protection for a peaceful life.

Whatever we may

do,

we should do

it

deliberately.

do not

doubt, that you have benefited your country.

However

great thy

wisdom may

be, thou shouldst

still

always be modest.

Whithersoever
do not doubt

thou mayest turn thy eyes, thou seest the traces of the divine wisdom.

What man

is

so wise, that he can never be deceived

that thou art

now

contented with thy

lot.

lot.

did not doubt, that thou

wast contented with thy

whither thou art about
[their]

Tell

me where
It is

thou hast journied and

to [journey].

not doubtful, that, when (ubi)

will
fight

country

may be

in danger, the
[their]

citizens

bravely.

It
citi-

was not doubtful, that, when zens would fight bravely.

country was in danger, the

SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES.

Preliminary Remark. In the English language, substantive sentences are introduced by the conjunctions: that, that not, in order that, in order that not. In Latin they are expressed by : a) the accusative with the
Infin.
;

b) by substantive sentences with

ut, ne, quo,

quommus,

quiny

quod.

1.

105. A.

Accusative ivith
:

Infinitive.

When

a sentence, as

rosa

floret, is
2.),

the object of

one
verb

of the verbs mentioned below (No.

(rosa) is

in Latin, the subject

changed

into the Ace. (rosam)

and the

finite

into the Infin., as: video

rosam

florere (I see, that the rose

is

blooms).

When

the predicate

expressed by an adjective

or substantive with the verb sum^ fio^ etc. ( 84.), the adjective or substantive is also put in the Ace, as: aqua/rtg'^<ia
est; sentio
is

cold).

hear, that
tion
is

aquam frigidam esse (I perceive, that the water Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse (we Cyrus was king of the Persians). This construcgenerally expressed by that
in the nominative.

called the Ace. with the Infinitive.

1.

Rem.
with a
2.

In English, this construction

is

Jinite verb

and a noun, adjective or participle

the Infin. is

The AcG, with

a)

used in the following cases After verbs of believing', thinking, feeling and perceiving; of saying and relating;

23

266

ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.

[^

105.

b) After verbs of loilling, desiring', letting, bidding and

forbidding;

volo, nolo,

mala, ctfpio, stndeo

sino

and patior ; jubeo and

c)

veto

After the expressions

stat,
(it

apparet,

(it

is
;

evident), con-

is

known), and
licet,

the like

opus
est,

est, est,

(it is

necessary),
the like.

justum

est,

aequum

mos

and

Sentlmus calere ignem^ nivem

esse albam, dulce

mtl.

Historia narrate
redire.

Romam
Caesar

Romulo

contMtam

esse.

Folo

te

ex

iiinere

mox

Virtus

non patitur nos luxuria

milites

indulgere.

Caesar

milites

castra munire jussit.

ponteni rescindere

vetuit.

Constat inter omnes,

Romanos

fuisst fortissimos.

Rem.

2.

When

pati in the Infin., the Infin.

mmiiri jussit.
sus
est.

expressed after juhere, vetare, sinere and Pass, is used in Latin. Caesar castra Caesar pontem resdndi vetuit. Caesar urbem diripi pasis
licet (it is

no agent

Rem.

3.

With

permitted)

there

is

commonly found

the

Dat. (of the person) with the Infin., instead of the Ace. with the Infin.
as: quieto esse
tibi licet.

Rem.

4.

Oportet and necesse est are connected either with the Ace.

tvith the Infin.

or with the Subjunctive without

ut,

as

oportet nos virtuti

stvdere, or, virtuti

tum

esse,

or

studeamm oportet. sapiens semper beatus

Necesse
sit

est

sapientem semper bea-

necesse

est.

'3.

The Nom. with

the Infin. stands with the passives

I,

dicor,

trador, feror (they say that

or

/ am

said)
(it

putor,
that

credor, existimor (they believe that

I),

videor

seems

\),jubeor, vetor (they bid me, forbid me).

(Ego) bonus

esse dicor

(they say, that I

am

good, or

am

said, etc.)
:

(Tu) bonus
said, etc.)

esse diceris

(they say, that thou art good, or

thou art

Romulus fortissimus fuisse

(JVos) boni esse

dicitur (traditur, fertur)

putamur (they beUeve, that we are good),

.

(Vos) boni

esse

putamini (credimini, existimamini, judicamini)

Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur (traduntur, putantur). Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est. (Ego) rem intelhgere videor (I seem to understand the
seems that
esse videtur.
I

thing, or:

it

understand).

(Tu)

laetus esse videris.

Ilk laetus

(JVos) laeti esse videmur.

(Vos)

laeti

esse videmini.

lUi laeti esse videntur.

(Ego)

laetus esse videbar, etc.

105.]

ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.

267

(Ego) jubeor scribere (they bid

(they forbid thee to write).

me

write).

(Tii) vetaris scribere

facere jussi sunt (they

Milites

pontem

commanded

the soldiers to build a bridge).

CXXXIII
I.

Exercises/or translation.
is

105.)
soul
It is
is

know

that

my body

mortal, [but] that

my

immortal.
that

Aristotle shows, that the poet

Orpheus never

existed.

known,

the

Romans

destroyed Carthage.

Some

philosophers believed, that

Titus

the world came into existence (nasci) by chance.

that

was

unwilling,

any one (quisquam) should go away from him sad.

We

hope,

that thou wilt soon return

from (ex) the journey.

?

Who can

deny, that

God
wars

governs the whole world

It

is

known,

that Hannibal fought

very bravely against the Romans.

(bella Persica),

History relates, that, in the Persian

innumerable troops of the Persians were routed

by the Greeks.

Darius promised, that he would give 1000 talents to

the murderer of Alexander.

idle.

see

It is not permitted to many men, to be The Germans suffered no (non) wine to be imported (importare, Rem. 2.) to them. We should be willing (velle) to live with an

inferior (inferior), as

we wish

a superior

(superior) to live with us.

his children

There
happy.

is

no one, who should not wish, that

should be

Demosthenes did not permit, that the Athenians should make peace with Philip, king of Macedon. It is related (tradi) that Aristides, was the most just of all the Athenians. They relate that the Milesian
Thales
first

(primus) predicted an

eclipse

of

the

sun (defectio

solis).

Who
ed.

reigns well, must (necesse est) sometime (aliquando) have obey-

We

should (oportet) serve philosophy, in order that true freedom

may

fall to

our

lot.

good

citizen should (oportet) prefer the digni-

ty of the state

to all his

own

advantages.

Caesar bade (perf.) his

city to

soldiers to assault the city.

saulted.

Caesar caused (jubere) the

be ascity.

The

general forbade his soldiers, to plunder the taken

city.

The
first

general forbade, to plunder the taken

They

say, that

Ceres

(prima) taught the use of grain to men.

It

Alexander allowed the

grave of Cyrus to be opened.

er than the earth.
II.

seems, as though the sun were small-

It is said,

that the

war

is finished.
is

W^ho does not know,

that the wise

man

peaceful in every (om-

nis) condition of life ?

It is

Who

can deny, that he has ever done wrong ?

arts

known of all,
It is

that

Athens was the inventress of most

that
be

and

literature.

better (satius)

we

benefit even the

bad on ac-

count of the good, than that

we

wanting (deesse) to the good on

frankly (ingenue) acknowledges,

account of the bad.

The wise man

UT, NE, UT NE,

that

UT NON.
said, that

106.

he does not know much.

Thales

water
is

is

the beginning

of all things.

We

know,

that the course of life

short, [but] that [the

It is known, that the conspiracy of was detected by Cicero, Who does not know, that the health The laws do not permit, is strengthened by the exercise of the body ? I would rather, that the that an injury should bo done to the citizens.

course] of fame will be eternal.

Catiline

enemies should hate me, than that

them.

Hadrian wished, that the

I

Euphrates (Euphrates,
could not endure

is)

might be the border of his kingdom.

hope, that by length of time, thy sorrow will be abated.

(pati), that

Alcibiades

Athens should serve the Lacedemonians.

Men

are not willing, that the very

in very

many

things.

It

same [man] should be distinguished was not permitted to the Romans, to depart
It is

uninjured from the country of the enemy.

related

(tradi), that

Romulus and Remus, war upon

God.
the gods.
It is

the founders of

Faustulus, a royal shepherd.

It is

Rome, were brought Up by They relate (ferri), that the giants made
were invented by the

believed, that letters

Phenicians.
It is

necessary (necesse est), that the world be ruled by

needful (oportet), both that thou shouldst learn, and that

thou shouldst establish (confirmare) what thou hast learned by deed

(agere, gerund).

Whom you

(second pers. subj.) would make learned,

attentive.
It is

you must
posed

(oportet) at the

same time make

Marcellus
first

necessary
is

(oportet), that virtue should despise

(aspernari) and hate

what

op-

(=

opposite) to

ii.

bade (perf ) the footmen,

then the horsemen to break forth against the enemies.

us, to

Reason forbids

obey (obtemperare) the passions.

The

general caused (jubere)

soldiers, to desert the
It

three

camps
It

to

be

fortified.

Caesar forbade the

camp.

appears, as if thou hast not understood the thing.

ap-

pears, that you have read this

book

carefully.

It is said, that

the

enemy

have broken into our camp.

106. B.

67, ne, ut ne^

lit

non with the Subjunctive.

neve (neu), and thai not, end or object

1.

Ut, that (ne, ul ne, that not,

first

nor), in the
{ut final),
ing;

place, is

used

to express the

and stands

after expressions oi

making m\d

effect-

caring and striving; asking, demanding, exhorting,

persuading, advising, exciting, urging, commanding (impero),

ordering; of wishing, alloivivg or permitting (concedo,

permitto); finally, after every sentence, in order to express

an end or object

(ut

= in order

that,

ne

= in order that

not).

106.]

UT, NE,

UT NE,

TJT

NON.
curavi, ut

269
bene
vive-

Sol

effidt, ut

omn'm Jloreant.

Ante senectutem
Oro
te,

rem;

in senectute, ut

bene moriar.

vt mihi succurras.
est,

Te

rogo, ne defatigere, neu diffidas.

dimicarent.

Caesar milites hortatus

ut acritef

Dux
;

imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent.

Edimus,

ut vivamus

non vivimus, ut edamus.

:

Rem. The verbs tolo, nolo, mala, cupio are more frequently used with the Ace. with the Infin., than with ut and the Subj. Comp. 105, Impero is used with the Ace. with the Infin. only when the 2. b}. Infin. is in the passive, as dux imperavit urbem difipi. Concerning jubeo and veto see 105, 2. b.) and Rem. 2.
:

2.

In the second place, ut

a,

(that), ut

non, that

in order to express

result (ut consecutive)^

not., is used and stands es-

pecially after:
restat

est^fit.,
;

acctdit, everiit, conting-it ;

reliquum

estj

and

the like

after ita^ sic, adeo, tam, tantus, talis, etc.

finally, after

any sentence,

in order to express a result {ut

= so
arum

that).
evenit, ut utilitas

Persaepe

cum

honestate certet,

Restat, ut de litter-

utilitate Zo9?<ar.

Ita vivere

debemus, ut

m omni re recti conscienis

tiam servemus.
8.

After expressions of fear and solicitude, ne

to

be

translated

by

that

and

ut

and ne non by

that not.
Ti?neo,

Omnes

cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur.

Vtreor, ne

ut hos labores sustineas.

non perfidani, quod suscepi.

106.)

C XXXIV.
I.

Exercises for translation.

all

($

Cicero, informed (edocere) of

[things]

by the ambassadors,
the Allobroges at the

commanded the pretors, that they should seize bridge. The laws of the Lacedemonians looked
that the youth should be

(spectare) to this (id),

eflfects,

formed by
It

labors.

Virtue alone

that

we may please God and man.

with uprightness.

often happens, that advantage contends

The

teacher exhorted the scholars, that they should

not devote themselves to indolence.

restrain

Reason demands,
of the

that

we

should

the

desnes.

The

citizens

captured city entreated

Caesar, that he would spare their children.

Love

virtue, in

order that

thou mayest
in order that

live

happily (beate).

Themistocles sought a narrow pass,

he might not be surrounded by the multitude of the eneit

mies.

At Athens

was accustomed

to

happen

to

the very best, that

he was banished
to act rightly

(in exilium pelli).

by virtue

The wise man is excited (movere) itself, not by advantage. The power of upright23*

270
ness
is

QUO, QUOMINUS

AND QUIM.
(vel) in those

[^

107.

so great, that

we

esteem

it,

whether

whom we

have never seen, or

be buried (efFerre).
correctly,

(vel)

even in an enemy.
left

Aristides died in so

great poverty, that he scarcely

It is

behind wherewith (qui) he might

and

[yet] that

one (quis) may think (sentire) which he thinks may not be expressed (eloqui)
possible, that

elegantly (polite).

I fear (vereor), that I

may have renewed

(refrlcare)

thy pain by

my

letter.

A great

(ingens) fear had seized the

Roman

senate, that a tribune of the people

(plebs).

We

feared, that

would be chosen from the plebeians our measures had displeased you. The eneallies

mies apprehended, that their

could not bear the attack of the

Romans.
IL Before old age,
that

we
all

should look out, that

[things]

we

live well, in

old age,

we

die well.
us, that

admonish

happen (fieri) by fate, nothing can we should be more cautious. Nature incites us, to
If

strive to obtain the agreeable, to flee the disagreeable.

The sun
It

effects,

that all trees, plants

and herbs bloom and reach maturity.

comes

to

pass by (abl.) nature, that children are loved by [their] parents.

rents look out, that [their]

Pa-

children are not surrounded by bad men.

Themistocles advised, that the Athenians should desert the walls and defend themselves with ships.

The

soldiers

demanded,

that the citi-

zens should deliver up their arms.

they

Many

praise others, in order that

may be

praised [in turn] by them.

The

Gauls, after they

had

received the gold of the

besiege the capitol.

Romans (abl. Caesar commanded

abs.), returned, in

order to

the soldiers, not to go out

from the camp.

He

(ass^qui) wisdom.

happy (beatus), to whom it happens, to obtain The composing of the book concerning old age,
is
it

was so

delightful to Cicero, that

took from (abstergere)

him

all

the

burdens (onus) of age.

In a short time, the minds coalesced into

(abl.) so great friendship, that

every distinction of rank (ordo et locus)

was

forgotten.

So

great

is

the multitude of stars, that they cannot be

counted.

the great

It happened, that the very same night in which Alexander was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burned (conflagrare). There was very great fear at Rome, that the Gauls would return the second time (iterum) to Rome. The Romans fear-

ed, that the victory

ieared, that the peace

would cost them much blood. AD the would not be of longer continuance.

citizens

107. C.
1.

Quo, quo7nmus and quin with the Subjunctive.

Quo

is

used

for ut eo,

and indeed

a) in the

meaning,

in order that thereby ; b) in the meaning, that [in order that, so that) so

much

the,

when a

comparative follows.

107.]

QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIN.

lex data est, quo malefici deterrerentur.

271,

Haec

Caesar milites cohor-

tatiis est,

quo animo foriiore

essent.

2.

Quommus
by
that.

stands after expressions of hindering', pre-

venting', resisting, refusing-

and

is to

be translated into EnQuid

glish

Aetas non impedit, quominus

ohstare,

litteras

trademus.

sapienti potest

quominus beatus

sit ?

Non

repugnabo, quominus hunc librura

legas.

3.

Quin
a) In

is

used

the

meaning

that not, instead of ut

non

after

negative principal clause.

Facere non possum, quin quotidie ad te mittam litteras (I cannot for-

bear to write to you

caperetur.
JVihil abest,

daily).

Fieri

non

potuit, quin urbs

ab hostibus
abfuit,

quin sim miserrimus.

JVun mulium

quin

hostes vinccreniur.
Italiam contenderent.

Homines

barbari sibi non iemperabant, quin in

b) In the

meaning

quis dnbitat?
JVon dubito, quin verum
tiae

that, after non dubium non est

dubito,

nemo

dubitat,

dixeris.
erat,

Quis

dubitat, quin in virtute divi-

shU positae ?

Dubium non

quin victoriam de hostibus reporta-

turi essemus.

Rem. Besides, quin is used after a principal negative clause instead of qui non, quae non, quod non, as nemo est, quin optet, ut liberi sui virtutem ament.
:

CXXXV.
I.

Exercises for translation,

all

{k

107.)

Good

scholars bestow

toil

and

care, that

they

better progress in literature.

Pride did not stand in the

institutions.

may make the way to our

of nature

ancestors, to

imitate foreign

Indolence prevents, that

scholars should

make
it

progress in literature.

Not even

faults

could deter Demosthenes from studying eloquence.

By

the swiftness

of our horsemen
troops.
It is

was prevented,

that the

enemies should attack our

soldiers.

Caesar could not forbear, to reprove the seditious

not possible, that

is (subj.)

we
it.

should not consider (judicare) him foolish,

who
ness

not master of himself

It

Nothing

is

so sacred, that rash-

may

not violate

cannot be doubted, that already before

Homer, poets Hved

ruled by

(esse).

Who

can doubt, that the whole world

all

is

God ?

It is

not doubtful, that

which

is

considered

evil,

272
seems severer

QUOD WITH
(gravior, us)

THE INDICATIVE.
There
is

[$

108.

[when] unforeseen.

nobody
is

who may
found
II.

not wish, that his children

may

love virtue.

Nothing

in nature,

which

is

not very wisely constituted by God.

to

Good

parents

do not cease (intermittunt)

exhort

[their]

children to virtue, in order that they

may grow

better

daily (in dies).

in the

All the soldiers believed, that nothing

their gaining

would stand

way of

(adipisci) the victory.

Superstition prevents attaining

(= reaching) much true knowledge of things. No

Alexander from penetrating (penetrare)
a wise
to the

hindrance deterred

Ocean.

Nothing keeps

man from

pursuing (studere) virtue.

Avarice prevents

men

from enjoying the good [things] which they possess. Who [ever] contemplates (fut.) the heavens, the earth and the order of the whole
world, will not doubt, that there
souls are immortal.
is

a God.

We

do not doubt, that our

The
lot

soldiers did not doubt, that they should bear

It
is

off a victory over the enemies.

not possible, that they

who

are

contented with their

pising those the enemies

do not

live

happy.

We

cannot forbear des-

who prefer money to virtue. Nothing was so sacred to who had captured the city, that they might not violate it. There was then no one in the city, who did not desire peace. There
is

almost nothing so
it.

difficult, that

man, by the exertion of his powers,

cannot do

1.

108. D.
(that)

Quod

(that)

with the Indicative.

Quod
word

introduces a substantive sentence, which

gives the explanation or

other

ground of the predicate

or

some

of the principal clause.

The
is

subjunctive stands

with quod^ only

the following:
a)

when

the sentence

expressed as the senis

timent of another.

The

cases in which quod

used are

After certain expressions, as

bene^ male, prudenter

facio

bene, male evenit, accidit

and the

like

b) In order to introduce the explanation of a substantive or

c)

pronoun in the principal sentence

of the mind, as J aegre fero, moleste gaudeo, doleo, indig-nor,
a7i affection
;

After verbs signifying

laetor,

fero, queror, miror, glorior

also after verbs oi prais-

ing, censuring, accusing, thanking.

Bent feuds, quod

me

adjuvas.

Magnum

beneficium est naturae, quod

109.]

ADJECTIVE SENTENCES.

273

necesse est mori.

gessisti.

Gaudeo, quod vcdes. Laudo te, quod rem tuam bene Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quodfueiit abstinens.

Remark.

Verbs signifying an affection of the mind are more

Infin.,

fre-

quently connected with an Ace. with the

as:

te vcdere,

gaudeo,

CXXXVL
I.

Exercises for translation.

a
jrreat favor, that

(^

108.)

Thou

hast done

me
to

thou hast sent

me

{ad

me)

this book.

The

generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to

Athens, in order (sup.)

complain

(queri), that

Chabrias was carrying

sent ambas-

on war against the king of Egypt.

sadors to Athens,

The Lacedemonians

who

should accuse Alcibiades, that he had

made

league with the king of the Persians, for subjecting (opprimere) Greece.
I rejoice, that

thou and thy brother are well.

We wonder, that

Greece,

which excelled

in fame, glory, learning (doctrina), the greatest

(bellicus) praise (laus),

number

of arts, in dominion and warlike

re) so small a place in

occupied (tene-

Europe.

Nobody

will censure thee, that thou

hast aided thy friend.

n.

It is

very agreeable to me, that thou hast already returned from

(ex) the journey.

Thou

doest well, that thou wishest to live in the

country for the strengthening (gerundive) of thy health.

that thou

We

rejoice,

and thy brother are returned

you are not able
to

safe.

It is

a great kindness to

boys, that they are instructed in literature in school.

We

grieve very

much,

that

come.

Unjustly

was Socrates accused

Caesar

by the Athenians, that he corrupted (corrumpere) the youth.

mies.
All citizens rejoiced, that the city
killed

praised the soldiers, that they had fought so spiritedly against the ene-

was

delivered from the siege.

That Caesar was

great
is

by Brutus, we complain

(=

censure).

How

the goodness of nature, that she produces so many, so various

[things]

and so agreeable

1.

109.

II.

Adjective Sentences.

quod agrees in gender and numwhich it refers the case of the relative, on the contrary, depends upon the construction of the clause to which it belongs.
relative qui, quae,

The

her with the

word

to

Beati sunt
est,

ii

komines^

quorum

vita virtutis praeceptis regitur.

Deus

qui

omnem hunc mundum

regit.

2.

The person

of the verb in adjective sentences,

is deter-

274

ADJECTIVE SENTENCES.
the person of the substantive or pronoun, to

[$

109.

mined by

which

the relative refers.

Ego, qui scribo
vos, qui scribitis
;

tu,

qui scribis

pater, qui scribit

nos, qui scribimus

fratres, qui scribunt.

3.

The subjunctive stands

a)

in adjective sentences in the

following cases

When
result,
is ;

the adjective sentence expresses an aim or

and qui seems

to stand for

tit eg'O,

ut tu, ut
;,

especially after dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus

tarn-,

after is (such), talis, ejusmodi,

tantus;

b)

With
qui ;

the indefinite expressions:

est, sunt,

qui; reest,

periuntur, inveniuntur, qui;

nemo

est,
est,

nullus

nemo

est,

nullus

est,

qui ; nihil

quod
est,

c)

With

the expressions,

est,

quod; non

quod:
nihil

nihil est (quid est?),

quod; habeo, non habeo,

habeo, quod, there

is

reason (no reason), I have

finite verb) or to

reason (no reason), that (with the

(with the Infin.),
d)
etc.

When
he,

the adjective sentence gives a reason,

I,

where

qui can be translated by since

since you, since

Hostes ad Caesarem legates miserunt, qui pacem ab eo peterent (who

were
that

to ask).

Vir probus dignus

est, cui

fidem habeamus (deserves,

him our confidence). Sunt, qui censeant, una animum et corpus occidere. JYuUum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat notitiam aliquam dei. Non is tram, qui ahorum miseriam ad me non

we

give

pertinere censerem.

fortunate adolescens, ^mi tuae virtutis

Homerum

praeconem

inveneris

CXXXVII.
L Thou
ice

Exercises for translation.

es)
thee

{ 109.)

art

worthy (dignus

should have confidence in

is

on account of thy uprightness, that (= to whom). Who does not love

his parents,

God

unworthy, that he should be loved by any one (ullus). has given us reason, in order that by it we may govern the ap(appetitus, us) of the soul.
is

petites

avarice

not accustomed to

infringe

There are men, who think

(censere),

There is no duty so sacred, that (comminuere) and violate it. There is that the soul is mortal.

'

109.]

ADJECTIVE SENTENCES.

275

nothing so

difficult, that it

cannot be traced out (investigare) by searchis

ing (==seeking).
receive

Who

does not honor virtue,

not

fit,

that

we

should

him

into our friendship.

The Romans

sent ambassadors to

Antiochus,

have been found,

money
self?

but

who might remind him of the Roman alliance. Many who were ready to devote (profundere) not only What is sweeter, than to have life even to their country.

[a friend]

with
is

whom
no

thou canst share every thing

(=

all)

as with thy-

There
(notitia)

living being, except

edge

of God.

There

is

man, which has any knowlno reason, that one should envy those,
Innocence
is

whom
state

the people (populus) call great and good.

such a

of the soul, as injures nobody.

life

You

have always been such, that

(in-

you considered
suavis).

without the pursuits of literature disagreeable

You

are worthy, that

we

should obey your will in

all

things.

fortunate (fortunatus) youth, since

you are eminent among

all

by so

many noble deeds

II.

Who

obeys modestly, seems worthy sometime (aliquando) to

command.

Every upright man

is

undeserving (non dignus

Fabricius

est),

that
that

the ungrateful citizens should deride him.

was such,

he could not be corrupted by the money of Pyrrhus.

The husbandCaesar sent

is

men

cultivate the earth, in order that

it

may
the

bear

fi-uit.

horsemen,

who might

pursue the fleeing enemy.

History

of thai

nature (idoneus), that

by

it

the

mind of

boy may be

cultivated.

There are and have been philosophers, who think (censere), that God has no concern (procuratio) at all (omnino) about human affairs. Thou
art worthy, that

we

should have
soul,

confidence

in

thee

in all things.

There
time.

is

no grief of the

which may not be abated by length of

est good.

There were philosophers, who said, that property is the highNero was not worthy, to reign over the Romans. What

(quis) so great advantange

was

there in prosperity,
it

when thou
violated

hadst

not a friend
self?

who would

rejoice at

in like manner (aeque) as (ac) thythat

it

There was nothing so sacred,

was not
that

by the

insolence of the enemy.

you.

You

are not such

(ii),

we

should obey

There

is

nothing by which a boy can please others more, than

by modesty.
rejoices at

pronounce myself happy, that

should fear death.

have

[a friend],

who
is

my

prosperity even as (aeque atque) I myself.

There

no

reason, that

we

276

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

[$

llO.

III.

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

1
.

110. a. Adverbial Sentences of Time,

Adverbial sentences of time are introduced by the con:

junctions

guum,postquam,ui,ubi, simulatque, ex quo (since),

priusquam and antequam^ dum, quoad^ donee. These conjunctions generally take the Indie, but sometimes the Subj. The temporal 1) Quum is used either of titne or cause. quum (when, while, as) is used with the indicative of all the
tenses, yet almost invariably

with the subjunctive of the

3.

imperfect

^n^ pluperfect^ when

perfect stands in the prin-

pal clause.

The

causal

quwn

(since), is

always

cottflected

with the subjunctive.

a)

Quum coelum contemplamur^ dei magwtudinem admiramur (ivhen). Ager, quum multos annos quievit,
uberiores fructus efFerre solet {ivhen, after).

Sapiens
(lohen).

non
b)

ejulabit,

qmim

doloribus

torquebitur

Quum ad me litteras dederis, ad le proficiscar (ivhen), Quum milites de hostium adventu edocerentur, continuo summo pugnandi wcdorejlagraverunt (as). Alexander,
vix a se

quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, manus abstinuit (as).

debemus (since). Quum milites penon audebant cum hostibus conflithat), ut

c)

Quum
tusque

philosophia animis medeatur, totos nos peniei trad ere

ricula vererentur,

gere (since).
2)
(as),

Postquam

(after

(jusj

as

= as soon

as),

ubi

simulatque (simulac never before a vowel or A), as soon

as, are

connected with the indicative, and indeed, most

fre-

quently with the perfect which

we commonly
hostes in

translate into

English by the Plupf.

Postquam Caesar aciem
volaverunt.
inst/uxit,

omnes

unum locum

con-

Ut dies

illvxit,

profectus sum.

Hostes, ubi nostros equi-

tes conspexerunt, fugerunt.

Simulatque aliquid audiero, ad te scribam.

that, ere, before), are

3)

Priusquam and anttquam (before

connected

110.]

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OP TIME.

277
Indie.

a)

With
Pres.

the

Subj. Pres.,

more

rarely with the

b)
c)

d)
a)

With With With

the Indicative Perfect the Indicative

Fut

Perf.

the Subj. Imperf.

and

Pluperf.

Tempestas minatur, antequam

surgat.
ftiit.

b)
c)

Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes absumpsit, potentissima

Non

dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris.

d) Hostes propulvsati sunt, antequam

urbem obsidione
exstruxissent.

cingermf.

Dies

obrepsit hostibus, priusquam

aggerem

4)
as,

Dum

in the

and quoad

in the

meaning ivhile, at the same time^ as long" meaning as long' as are connected with
Lacedaemoniorum
vixit, virtu-

the indicative.

Dum
gens

haec geruntur, hostiurn copiae conveniunt.

fortis fuit,

dum Lycurgi

leges vigehant.

Cato, quoad

tum laude crevit. Remark. Dum

:

in the meaning at the same t{m that is commonly used with the Indie. Pres., whatever tense stands in the principal sentence, as dum dux aciem instruit, hostis totam urbem cinxerat.

5)

Dum, quoad and donee

in the

meaning

till,

until, till

that are generally

Pres.,

connected with the subjunctive of the

Imperf. and Pluperf., or with the indicative of the

Perf.

and Fut.

Perf.

Milites exspectant,
tes exspectabant,

dum dux dum dux se

se e castris contra hostes educat.

Mili-

e castris contra hostes educeret.

Cicero
Milites

omni

quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae conjurationem detexisset.

restiterunt,

tamdiu

quoad hostes fugam cupessiverunt.

Tamdiu manebo,

dum omnem rem

cognovero.

I.

a.

we

are

C XXXVIII. Exercises for translation. (HlO.) When we contemplate the lives of abandoned men (maleficus) deterred from vices. When a wise man is derided (fiit.) by
As Caesar entered
hands
Health
(in-

the foolish people, he will not be indignant

gredi) the captured city, the inhabitants extended [their]

to (ad)

him, and intreated (orare) him, that he would spare them.

are then at length (turn

we

demum) accustomed
he was struck

to estimate high (multum),

when we have

recovered from a severe sickness.

years,

had reigned 32

(icere, perf.)

As Tullus Hostilius by lightning. As

24

278
(ubi)

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME.

Caesar had ascertained
(perf.)

[HlO.
the enemies ap-

by

spies,

that

proached, he led (perf.) forth his soldiers out of the camp.

As
as the

(quum)

the

enemies could not rout the army of the Romans, they

fortified

betook (perf) themselves back to the

camp.

As soon

enemies were discovered

their arms.

(perf.), the

soldiers seized (capess6re, perf.)

Why

should vfe fear death, since our souls W\\\ not de?

cay at the same time w^ith our bodies

that the
perf.) to
I.

After Caesar had seen (perf.)

troops

of the enemies approached, he hastened (maturare,

river.

conduct (transducere) his army over (ace.) the

b.

We shall

be happy,

when we

shall

be free from passion

(plur.).

He,

who does not prevent (defendere) injustice nor repel (propulsare) it when he can, acts (facere) unjustly. A virtuous man will be happy (beatus), even when he shall have lost all the gifts of fortune. Since the weather is clear, we will take a walk. As Caesar came out of the
wood, he was surrounded (perf) by the enemies.
taken Thebes, he spared (perf) the family of the poet Pindar.

As Alexander had As

soon as Verres had reached (perf) the province, he gave (tradere)

himself wholly (totus) to avarice.
soldiers fled (perf).

After the general had fallen, the

As

(ubi) the

Romans

heard, that the enemies

approached, they went (perf) spiritedly against them.

enemies did not cease (desistere) to flee, before they II. a. The came (perf) to the Rhine. When Epaminondas went to a [social] circle, in which a conversation was (subj.) held (habere) either concerning the state or concerning philosophy, he never went away from
there before the conversation had been brought to an end.

Before

thou

reapest, thou

must

(oportet)

sow.

Mithridates thrust through

(transfigere)

Datamas with a sword, and before any one (quisquam)

to

could come

his

aassistance (succurrere), killed

[him].

As long

as

(quoad) the city was guarded by the citizens, the enemies did not dare
(perf) to assault
it.

I shall

wait until thou returnest.

body, until (quoad)
it

held back the iron in

nuntiare, perf.)
that

[his]

Epaminondas was announced (re-

the

Boeotians had conquered.

waited, until the enemies had approached the camp.

The Romans The soldiers re-

mained
II.

in the

camp,

until the

day dawned
it

(illucescere).
;

b.
fall

The storm
(corruere).

threatens before

arises

buildings creak before

they
[it],

In

all

business (plur.), before thou enterest

upon

thou shouldst

make

(adhibere) careful preparation.

The Gauls

came into (transcendere) Italy 200 years before they took (imperf.) Rome. Ere Ariovistus had arranged the line of battle, Caesar atThe Romans pursued the enemies until tacked (perf.) the Germans. Wait thou, till I come. As long as it was evening (advesperascere).

^H 11,

112.]
lived,

ABVERBIAL SENTENCES.
he burned
(flagrare)

279

Hannibal

with anger against the Romans.

As long as (quoad) Epaminondas and Pelopidas presided (perf!) over the Thebans, their power increased (perf.) in a wonderful (unicus) manner. I remained at home yesterday, till my brother had returned. Until the citadel was suirandered {dedere per/.), slaughters took place {caedes At)
every where (passim) through
(abl.)

the

whole

city.

We

should (gethey are

rundive) remove (subtrahere) from the enraged, those

whom

offended

at, till [their]

anger burns out (defervesc6re).

111. b.

Causal Adverbial Sentences.

diXe

Adverbial sentences expressing the cause ox ground.,

introduced
:

by the conjunctions quod., quia., quoniam. These conjunctions are properly used with the indicative the subjunctive is used with them, only when the cause is given as the sentiment or from the view of another. (Concerning the causal

quum

see

110, 1).
quod ejus consilio
et vigilantia
potest, idcirco

Cicero pater patriae appellatus

Catilinae conjuratio deteda
est.

est,

Quia natura mutari non

verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt.

ta discedite.

Quoniam jam nox

est,

in vestra tec-

112.

c.

Conditional Adverbial Sentences.

:

1.

Conditional adverbial sentences are introduced by

si

(if), nisi

and

si

non

(if

not, unless).

2.

The

indicative is used in sentences of this kind,

when

the condition is expressed as real

and

certain.

In this case

the Indie,
Si hoc
3.

is

generally used in the principal sentence also.

Si hoc dicebas, errabas.
is

dicis, erras.

The

subjunctive

used,

when

the condition

is

spoken

of as something barely imagined; and in the principal sentence, in this case, the subjunctive is
a)

used

also.

and Perf. is used, when the condition is represented as a mere supposition b) The Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf., when the condition

The

Subj. Pres.

is

represented as a supposition the contrary of ivhat

is

actually

or

is not.

280
Si hoc

CONCESSIVE ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

dicas, erres (if

[Hl3.
err.)

thou shouldst say

this,

this,

thou wouldst
;

Si

hoc

diceres^ errares (if

it
;

thou saidst

thou erredst
but

but

know thou
(if

didst not say

hence thou didst not

err).

Si hoc dixissts, errasses

;

thou hadst said

not said
it;

this,

thou wouldst have erred

erred).

know thou

hast

hence thou hast not

JVisi

Remark.

makes a supposition

negatively but leaves the thing

supposed affirmative : " if it be not su])posed, that something is ;" but si non makes a supposition affirmatively while the thing supposed i^ negative : " if it be supposed, that something is nof." Non potes jucunde vivere, nisi cum virtute vivis. Homo beatus est, si cupidatibus non succumbit.
4.

only;

Dum, dummodo, modo in the meaning provided that, if dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne (provided that not, if

only not) always take the subjunctive.

Multi omnia recta et honesta negllgunt, dummodo potentiam consequantur.

113.

d.

Concessive Adverbial Sentences.

:

Concessive sentences are introduced by

a) etsij tametsi

(even

if,

although),

quamquam

(although),

commonly with
b) etiamsi (even
if,

the indicative

although),

more frequently with the

licet

subjunctive than with the Indie.

c)

quamvis (although, however), and

principal tenses.

(although) are

always connected with the subjunctive of one of the

nullum consecuturum emolumentum
quamvis acerbus

Viri boni recte agunt, etsi

dent.

vi-

Etiamsi secundissimis rebus vtdre, tamen beatus non

eris, si virsit.

tute cares.

Sapiens dolorem patienter

tolerat,

CXXXIX.
I.

Exercises/or translation.
said, that

111, 112, 113.)

Themistocles

he walked (ambulare) by night, because

If

he could not sleep (somnum capere).

we

shall

always follow the

way

of virtue, the entrance to heaven will sometime stand open to us.

If our friend had obeyed (obsequi) the prescriptions (praeceptum) of

the physician, he surely would not have died.

If

we

shall not

have

removed

(resecare) the passions,

we

shall

strive

in vain to be happy.

Men

desirous of fame endure

(subj.).

all

hardships, if they
(etsi)

may

only obtain
unfavorable,

what they wish

Although

the place

was

114.]

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON.

enemy.
if the

281

nevertheless Caesar determined to attack the

However thou
plur.)j

mayest have suffered under misfortune (incommodum,

shouldst not be offended at fortune.

thou

Even
if it

body

is

bound, yet

no chains are placed

(offendere)

(injicere)
itself,

upon the
even

soul.

Who is
we

not offended
?

by a
lavt^s

foul

deed

does not hurt him

n.

The

we

obey, not from (propter) fear, but

this is

follow them,
askit

because
ed,

we judge, that why he was almost

most

salutary.

As Xenocrates was
he answered
(dicere),
:

always

silent (silere),

Because

has often (aliquando) repented

me

to

have spoken

but never to
love,

have been

silent (tacere).

If

you hate those

whom
If

you should

you act wickedly.

virtue,

If

we

discharge our office religiously,

we

shall en-

joy the good opinion (bona existimatio) of men.

we do

not follow

we cannot

live peacefully (beate).

If

all

[things]

happened by
if

fate, all
it is

(omnis) foresight would be useless.

Fire becomes extinct, if

not nourished.

We

are ready to endure toils

tlie

and burdens,
(etsi)

we

may
it

oply obtain (adipisci)

victory.

Folly thinks (credere), that

it

has never obtained (consequi) enough, although

(adipisci)

has ob-

tained

what

it

desires

(concupiscere).

Nobody, however

wealthy he
tivate

may

be, can

be without the aid of others.

We should
follow
it.

cul-

virtue

(honestas), even if no advantage

may

The
abom-

good [man] does not avenge himself on his enemies, even

obtained (nancisci) an opportunity.
inable (abominandus) saying
fear.
It is

if

he has

a terrible (dims) and

(=

word): They

may

hate, if only they

1.

114.

e.

Adverbial Sentences of Comparison.

of the subject of the principal sen-

The comparing
:

tence in respect to manner, or greatness

and degree

is

ex-

pressed
a)

quam, not
ita

By

ut

(uti, sicut,

(sic), as,

qua77i

even asso; (quantopere, quantum), much

so
as.

quemadmodum) with
tarn

the indicative

(tantopere, tantum)

so great

as

nan

tarn

is

1. In a barely iwic^'nari/ comparison, the subordinate sentence introduced by: quasi, tanquam and the like, with the subjunctive. The succession of the tenses in this case is according to the principles

Rem.

already stated (^ 104.).

b)

By

the comparative with

quam

(than).

Mdior

tuiiorque est certa pax,

quam

sperata victoria.

24*

288:

ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OP COMPARISON.

[$

114.

Rem. 2. Instead of quam with the Nom. or Ace, the ablative without quam may be used with the comparative of the first member. See 101, 7. The Enghsh eren, still with tlie comparative, is expressed by
etiam, as: etiam

major or major

etiam.

2. When two qualities or actions of one object are compared with each other, both adjectives or adverbs are put in

the comparative

and the

last is

connected to the other by

quam.
Pestilentia

minador quam pemidosior, cogitationes hominum a cer-

taminibus publicis avertit (a more threatening than destructive pesti-

Belhim a civibus nostris fortius, quam fdicius gestum est (with more bravery than success). Rem. 3. The comparative is very often used without the second
lence).

member of the comparison, and may then be translated by too, too much, very, somewhat with the positive, as senectus est loquacior (somewhat loquacious properly more loquacious i. e. more loquacious than is proper). Rem. 4. When the comparison is limited definitely to two objects, in Latin, the comparative and not the superlative is used, as : uter vestrum est major natu ? (which of you two is the older ?)
: ; :

3.

Quo

eo, or

quanto

tanto (the

so

much

the) in con-

nection with two comparatives, express a uniform proportion

between two

qualities or actions.
to ampliora expetere solent.

Quo plura habent homines,

4.

When
:

the discourse

is

of an indefinite subject, instead

of expressions

of the last mentioned

find

ut

quisque

mode
ita

we commonly
man

ita

with two superlatives.

est modestissimus (the wiser a

Ut quisque est sapientissimus

is,

the

more modest he

is).

CXL.
I.

Exercises for translaZion.

{h 114.)

Many men,

forgetting (perf. part.) the precepts of virtue,

comto en-

plain of their

lot,

as if

it

had not been permitted

virtue.

(perf.)

them

ter (ingredi) the

way of

been born

to pleasures.

Many men live, One should so think, as

as though they
if

had

(tanquam) some

one

(aliquis)

could

look into his inmost breast.

more

threat-

ening than destructive disease turned the minds of

duties (munus,eris).

men from

public

Alexander pursued the enemies more cautiously

(prudenter) than eagerly.

When

pleasure

is

too great and too long.

ni5,]
it

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
all

283
lo-

extinguishes

(oninis) the light of the soul.

Old men are too

it is

quacious.

The

au* (aer) is so

much

the thicker, the nearer

is,

to the

eai-th (plur.).

The

better

any thing

so

much

the rarer

it is.

We
The
refers

are

all

influenced (trahere) by the struggle

better one
is, is,

(=

effort) after praise;

and the

so

much

more prudent one

so

the

the more is he governed by fame. more cautious he is. The more one
to

whatever (quaecunque) he does (agere)

(ad) his

own

advantage,

much

the less

is

he a good man.

and power, [and] negupon virtue, but upon richAlways act thus (sic), as though thou wast seen and heard by es. The words of the orator were more acute than true. It did others. not escape Hannibal (fallo, ptrf.), that the enemies would dispatch
n. Most
strive eagerly to obtain riches

men

lect virtue, as if true prosperity rested not

(gerere) affairs, loith more spirit (ferociter) than deliberation (consulto).

The wise man

book
is

abstains from too violent emotions of the soul.

difficult to

This
di-

somewhat

understand.

The

greater

and more
need

vine the excellence in minds, so

digere).

much

the greater care they

(in-

The more eminent (==

higher)

condescending they should be

to the

so much the more he serves his much the more his mind strives to

men are, so much the more more humble. The better one is, descendants. The better one is, so
obtain immortal fame.

The

better

one
bad.

is,

with so

much

the

rmre

difficulty (difficile)

he considers others

1.

115.

Of

Interrogative Sentences.
:

Questions

are either independent (direct), as

?

Wast

thou

at school yesterday

or dependent

tence going before (indirect questions),

ivhether thou toast at school yesterday,
2.

upon another senas: I do not know,

is

In the direct question the indicative

used,

when

it

is

asked positively, the subjunctive

when
we

it is

asked doubtingly.

In the indirect question the subjunctive

is

always used.
Die, quid agas.
:

Quid
3.

a^is")

Quid agamus

(what can

do.?).

Both
a.

direct

and

indirect questions are introduced

By

interrogative

and

relative

pronouns, as:

quis,

uter, qualis, quantus, ubi, unde, qux),

quando, quomo'

do, cur, etc.

Qwis hunc librum

legit ?

liter

vestrum major natu

est ?

Cur ad

284

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
venisti ?
sit.

[$

115.

me non
b.

Die, quis

major natu

Narra, cur ad

hunc librum legerit. me nou veneris.

Nescio, vier vestrum

words ne, nonne, num, utrum. iVe, which is always attached to the accented word, leaves it undecided whether the interrogator expects an affirmative or negative answer b) Nonne (not ?) always implies that the interrogator expects an affirmative answer c) Num (is it possible that?) always implies that the interrogator expects a negative answer d) Utrum is used only in double questions.
the interrogative
a)
; ;

By

Rem. 1. JVe and utrum, in direct questions, can be translated into English by no particular word. In indirect questions, ne^ vtrum, num, may be translated by whether, and nonnz by whether not.
Fuistine
lieri

in schola?

Tiic, futrisne

heri in schola ?

JStonne sapi-

ens beatus est?

Quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapientem beatum esse?

in divitiis posita est
?

J^um vitabeata
posita 4.
sit.

Duhito,

num

vita beata in divitiis

In disjunctive questions, in which one

first

member

ex-

cludes the other, the

the enclitic we,

member

is

introduced by utrum or
(or),

and the second by an

both in direct and

indirect questions.

plures sint mundi.

Utrum unus, an plures sunt mundi? Quaeritur, utrum unus, an Mortalisne, an immortalis est animus humanus ?
sit

Quaeritur, mortalisne, an immortalis

animus humanus.

Rem.

2.

Or

Twt is expressed in Latin,

by annon

in dired,

by necne

in indirect questions.

5.

The answer
a)

yes or no

is

expressed

Yes

by a

repetition of the
;

stress of the question lies

word upon which the and no in the same way,

it

but with non placed before

b)

Yes

by,

ita, ita

est,

sane, vero

and

the like
;

no

by, non, non

rather, by,

ita,

minime and the

is

like

Yes (no)

immo with

the addition of a

word

ex-

pressing the opposite of what

question.

implied in the

115.]

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES.
?

285
?

Fuistine heri in schola

frater

Fui.

Fuistine heri

domi

Vero.

Estne

domi
?

JVon

est.

Venitne pater tuus?

Minime.

Egebat ami-

cus tuus

Immo

locuples erat.

CXLI
I.

Exercises far translation.

115.)

What each night and each day may bring [with itself], is uncertain. On account of fear, I know not who I am. Who has said this ? I know not, who has said this. When (quum) we behold (cernere) the whole earth, we cannot doubt, that a governor presides over it. Is the
sun greater, or smaller, than the earth
lievest, that
is true.
?

Is

it

possible that thou be-

our souls decay after death

I doubt,

whether the news

it

Ere thou beginnest a

thing, deliberate,

whether

be good or

Has not God filled the earth with all good things ? Was the world made (efficere) by chance, or by a divine power ? Is thy brother at home ? Yes. Is it possible that the three-headed Cerberus in the lower regions frightens thee ? Wast thou yesterday at my house, or
bad.
not.^

Tell me, whether thou hast been at

my

house or not?
to

know
to-

not,

whether
?

can come to thee to-morrow.

Wilt thou go

walk

day, or not

Tell me, whether thou wilt go to walk to-day, or not ?

Who

knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him. There were philosophers, who doubted, whether the world was made by chance, or by the divine reason. Hast thou read the book, which I
lately sent thee ?

No.

It is

a question, whether wisdom makes

men
[his]

happy, or not.

Will thy father return to-morrow from (ex)

Is the

journey ? Yes.

wise

man
?

alone to be accounted happy

I

Yes.

Wast thou
II.

at

home

yesterday

no rather

was
not.

far

from home.
lead, or gold the
(efficere) the great?

What
?
?

will be to-morrow,

we know

Is

heavier
est

Did

(perf.) Philip, or his

son accomplish

deeds

Is not virtue to

be preferred to the greatest riches

Tell me,

Is it

possible that thou doubtest concerning the immortality of the soul ?

Who

wrote

(perf.) this letter ?

possible that thou believest, that I do not

who wrote this letter. know where thou wast

is

Is it

yes-

terday

We

would
;

first

see,

whether the world

[also]

governed by the

providencQ of God

then,

whether he

cares (consulere) for hu-

man

affairs.

Among

the generals of the Athenians there

(abl.)

was a

great

strife,

whether they should defend themselves by

Yes.
a question, whether

the walls, or

should go against the enemies.

ing friendship
?

Hast thou read Cicero's book concern-

It is

wisdom alone makes

book, or not
it
?

us happy (beatus), or not.

not know, whether
I shall

Hast thou read

this

do

approve thy view or reject

I

Dost thou
approve

approve

my

view, or not ?

do not know, whether

I shall

-886

DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOrRSE.

It

[^

116.

thy view, or not.

was

uncertain, whether the

Romans had
Yes.

con-

quered, or been conquered.

earth
tell

Anciently

many

doubted, whether, the

was round.

Wast thou
is.''

in school yesterday ?

Canst thou

me, what the soul

No.

Hast thou received joyful news con?

cerning the health of thy brother

No

rather, very sad [news].

116.
1.

Of the Form

of direct and Indirect Discourse.

is

Oratio recta {direct discoarse),

that kind of discourse,

in

which the words of a person are repeated precisely as they were pronounced by him, as The messenger announced peace is concluded.
:

2.

Oratio obliqua {indirect discourse),

is

that kind of dis-

course, in

which the words of a person are made dependent

as
:

upon some verb of perceiving' or communicating^ messenger announced that peace vms concluded.
:

The

inquam and aio, the first is used in and the second in indirect discourse. Inquam is never placed before the words quoted, but is introduced among them.
:

Remark. Of the two verbs

direct

3.

Principal sentences in indirect discourse, are express-

ed:
a)

By

the Ace. with Infin.,

:

when
:

they express a simest,

ple statement, as

nuntius allatus

pacem

esse

compositam {direct discourse

b)

pax

est

composita)

By

the subjunctive,

when

they express a

command
:

or ivish, as:

dux

dixit,

omnia

esse perdita; milites

suae saluti consulerent (direct discourse

omnia

sunt perdita; consulate, milites, vestrae saluti).

4.

Subordinate sentences in indirect discourse are express-

ed by the subjunctive.
Caesar
dixit, se,

postquam hostes fusi

essent, castra

Apud Hypanim fluvium unum diem vivant.

Aristoteles ait bestiolas

muniturum esse. quasdam nasci, quae

CXLII.

Exercises for translation.

that,

($

11 G.)

We
ceal
jusie).

should be sufficiently convinced,

[even] if

we

could con(in-

[it]

from God and men,

I

still

nothing should be done unjustly

(plur.),

can never be persuaded, that the soul

while

it is

in

*117.]

PROSODY.

287

the mortal body, lives, [but] when it has departed from it, dies. The Lacedemonians wrote to Pausanias, that, if he did not return home, they would condemn him to death. Tanaquil said. The king still lives
let

the

Romans be

quiet

and obey Servius TuHius.

nearest

II.

Nobly Socrates

said, that the

way

to

renown
(qualis)

is,

when

one
to

exerts himself [id agere) that

he may be such as

he wishes

be considered.

When

ambassadors had come from king Mithridaanswered, that he would not give
it

tes requesting peace, Sulla

(nisi) he, after

unless

deserting the fields

which he had taken, should return

into his

own kingdom

(regnum).

The ambassadors announced

that

to the

senate.

That the Aeduans had pitched

;

their tent in their territory

and

were laying waste the country

bring aid to them.

the

Romans should come and

FIRST APPENDIX.

OF PROSODY.

117.

Quantity of Syllables.

Preliminary Remark. The general rules of quantity have already been given ($ 3.) and should be reviewed before proceeding to the following special rules.
1.

The
1.

derived
:

word generally follows

Idr,

the quantity of

its

primitive^ as

amor, amabilis, amicus, amator, redamo.

par,
sal,

Rem.
salis
;

a general principal, that, the forms of the different tenses, have the same quantity as the tense-forms from which
In the verb
it is

In declension are excepted;

Gen.

laris,

paris,

they are derived, i. e. either as the Pres. Perf Sup. or Infin. according as they are derived from the one or the other; e g. (divido), divldam (divisi), diviseram (divisum), divisurus (dividere), dividerem. Rem. 2. Concerning the quantity of the Perf and Slip, the following
;

should be observed:
1) All dissyllabic perfects

and supines lengthen the short

;

syllable

the stem, as

video, vidi visum

moveo, movi m^tum,

etc. (but, Mi,

of ^m,

SMI according to

3, 3).

have the stem-syllable short: datum, statum, ratum, satum, itum, qultum, cituni, litum, situm, rutum, from do, sisto,
dissyllabic supines
:

Ten

; ; ;

:: : ;

PROSODY.
reor, sero, eo, queo, cieo, lino, sino, riio.

[$

117.

together with stdtum, sUtum also

The compounds of sto have two compounds of nosco, notum also

supine
:

cognosce and agnosco, have

in the

cognitum, agnitum.
:

2) Reduplicated perfects, besides the

short syllable of reduplication,

cado, ceddi, disco, have also the stem-syllable following its short, as didici, etc. (but momordi, cuciirri from: mordeo, curro are long accord-

ing to

3, 4).

To
bo
;

reduplicated perfects belong also

dedi, steti,

stlti

tuli is

con-

tracted

comes, apparently, from an obsolete stem fina\]y,fidi and sddi have rejected their syllable of reduplication.

from

tetiili;

bibi

Rem. 3. In derivation and composition also, there are some departures from the general rule (rule 1), as sopor and sopire, due (in dux ducis) and diico, reg (in rex, regis) and rego, etc.
:

For the quantity of the penult we have the following (The quantity of the penult in declension alphabetical list. and conjugation is best learned from the paradigms).
2.

meracus, caducus, lactuca ; Exc. as -acus in Aegyptiacus, Corinthiacus and others of the kind^ Priamides, Atlantiades ; but Ides -ddes, and -Ides in Patronymics, as
-dcus, -iicus, -uca,
: :
:

Patronymics from primitives in eus and cles, as Pelides, Atrides, Heraclides, and in Belides, Lycurgides, Amphiarides, Coronides vorago, vertigo, lanugo (but the -ago, -ego, -igo, -ugo in nouns, as Greek harpdgo has a short) -dis, -eis, -Uis, -otis, -ois, -me, -one in Patronymics, as Ptolemais, Chryseis, Memphitis, Icariotis, Minois, Nerine, Acrisione Exc. Danais, Thebais, Phocais, Nereis -alis, -elis, -ela, -ulis, -ura, as canalis, conjugalis, fidelis, querela, eduin
: : : ; : :

lis,

pictura
:

-amen, as
nus,

examen, flamen
:

-dnv^, -ana, -enus, -ena, -inus, -Ina, -onus, -ona, -imus, -una, as
na, piscina

montasagi-

membrana, egenus, habena, peregrinus, caninus, Gabinus,

is

but inus

(except pagina), patronus, annona, tribunus, lacuna short in adjectives which express time or material, as
:

cedrinus, elephantinus, except in matutinus, repentinus

crastinus, diutinus,
-drus, -dris, -orus, -osus, as
;

vespertinus,

avarus, singularis, canorus, pilosus

Exc.

barbarus, opiparus, hilaris

-dtim, -itim, -utim, as
:

privatim, viritim, tributim (in affatim, stdtim the

a belongs

to the

stem);
:

-dvus, -Ivus, -Iva, as

-ego, see ago;
-eis,

octavus, aestivus, saliva

:

-edo, -ido, -iido in substantives, as

albedo, cupido, consuetude

see ais
see alis
:

-elis, -ela,

-emus, as

extremus

;; ; ;;

; ;

; ;

: ;

117.]

QUANTITY.
-Ini in distributive adjectives, as
:

289
bini, viceni

-e'm

and

-enus, -entty see

anus

-ero, -ICO {icor), -igOj -ino {inor, cinor), -ilo, -vlo [ulor\ -i/o,

verbal endings,

as: vitupero, claudico, rustieor, levigo, fulmino, destino, criminor,

but the i is long when gratiilor, ventito belongs to the stem and is long there, as cornicor (from comix^ lds\ festino, sagino, opinor, propino, inclino, from festinus, sagina, besides, i in the ending ito is long when the opinio, TTivco, nXtvco ; stem has an i immediately before it, as dormito (for dormi -ito) ;
patrocinor, mutilo, pullulo,
it
; :

-etuSy

as

fletus

-erusy as: inferi, posteri;

but erus in: austerus, sincerus, severus, pro-

cerus
-ICO,

; :

-etum, -eta, as

dumetum, moneta

see ero
:

-icus, -lea, as

modicus, famellcus, so also adverbs in icus, as : modicus ; Exc. : amicus, pudicus, apricus, anticus, posticus mendicus, umbilicus formica, lectica, lorica, urtica vesica ; -ides, see ades -ido, see edo; -idus, as cupidus -Igo, see ago
; :

-igo, see ero;

-His, -ilus (a, urn), -olus (a,
lis, utilis,

um),

-vl\is (a,

um), as: humilis,

parilis, simifertilis,

and

all in

His

which come from

verhs, as: facllis,

sterilis

rutilus, filiolus, filiola, catulus, canicula,

i

baculum
:

adjectives

derived from personal appellations have the

rilis
-ilo,
;

long, as

servilis,
:

pue-

also, exilis, subtilis,

and the names of the months, as

;
:

Aprilis

see ero
:

Exc. those derived from verbs of the lenimen, farcimen -imus in bimus, trimus, quadrimus, of two, three, four years, and in opimus, matrimus, patrimus, primus, imus (lowest) ; but -Imus in superlative-endings, as : probissimus, and in finitimus and intimus -ine, see ais -Ini, see eni; ^no [inor], see ero -Inus, ina, see anus -Uim, see atim ^is, see ais -ito, see ero
-imen, as

specimen, regimen
:

fourth Conj. have Imen, as

:

-itor

and

itus retain
:

derived, as

the quantity of the supine from which they are monitor (from monitum) auditor (from audUum), exTtua
divinitus, acriter

(from

exiturn)

-itus, -iter,

adverbial endings, as

-Ivus, -iva, see

-ois,

avus

see ais

-one, see ais;

-onus, -ona, see

anus

25

;; ; ;

: :

290
-orus, -osus, see arus;
-otisy

PROSODY.

117.

see ais;
-ilea,

-ucus,

see acus

-udo, see
-iigo,
-ulis,

edo see ago

see alls
(for tegimen),

-iUo {ulor\ see ero

-umen in tegumen

but -umen in

acumen, cacumen,

flu-

men
-lira,

(contracted from^uvtmen);

-iinus, -una,

see anus

see alis
;

-utim, see atim

3.

For

the quantity of Jinal syllables ending in a vowel,

we have
u
a
is

the following general rule

a, e, y,

are short;

i,

o,

are long.
long:

To

this rule there are the

first
:

following exceptions

1) the

Greek proper names

Pallas, antis)
; ;

Dec, as: mensa; 2) in the Voc. of Aenea (from Aeneas, ae), Palla (from the Voc. of those in es has partly a and partly a, as
Abl. of the
in as, as

Anchisa, Atrida 3) in the Imper. of the fii'st Conj., as ama, except pvid in the meaning namely, to wit 4) in adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions of two or more syllables, as circa, juxta, intra, infra, supra, antea, postea, praeterea, frustra ; Exc. ita, quia and the interjection eid ; 5) in the indeclinable numerals, as : triginta is long: 1) in the Abl. of the fifth Dec. as: re, specie, die (hence also, hodie, postridie, pridie, quare ; also fame) ^2) in all Greek words of the first Dec, as crambe, epitome, and those used in the plural only, as : Tempe, mele, cete ^) in the Imper. of the second Conj., as : doce but e is double-timed in : cave, habe, tace, mane, vale, jube, vide (hence virfesis for: vide, si vis) 4) in adverbs derived from adjectives of the second Dec, pulchre, longe, acerbe, valde (from vcdidus) ; so also : fere, ferme and the interjection ohe ; but is short in bene, male, temere, as well as in all adverbs derived from adjectives of the third Dec, as facile, impune

fc

t is

and cut two syllables; but it is commonly one syllable and is long, so also its compounds cuidam, cuilibet 2) in the Voc. of Greek words, as Alexi, and in the Dat. of Greek imparisyllabic words, as Paridi (from Paris, idis);3) in nisi and quasi (although si is long), sicubl, necubi but ubi and ibi are double-timed, in ubinam, ubivis,
short: 1) in
it is
:

mihi,

tibi, sibi (in

the arsis sometimes long),

when

ubicunque

i is

generally short, while in

;

long, generally also in ibidem

is short

ubique, ibique

it is

always

4) in

utique, utinam the i is short,

although they come from uti : 1) in the adverbs cito, immo, illico, cedo (give here, say), mods with its compounds, as : dummodo, postmodo, quomodo (but separated, quo modo) ; but commonly ambo ^2) in : ego, duo, octo 3) in verbal endings and in the Nom. and Vocative-endings of Latin words
:

; ;

H17.]

QUANTITY.

291

of the third Dec. the poets of the golden age generally made o long, amo, araavero, amato, scribo, scribito, scripsero origo, consuetude in Greek words o is always long, as echo, Argo ; u is always long and y always short according to the rule, except in the contracted Dat, as Coty for Cotyi.
as
: ;

4.

For

the quantity of final syllables in

words of two or

more
I.

syllables

ending in a consonant^
the preceding

we

have the following

as
alec, illuc

general rules
c final
:

makes

vowel

lo7ig^

Exc.
II.

donee:
05, e^, OS are

long ; w,

us^

ys are short ; to this gener:

al rule, there are the

a) as is short
:

following exceptions
in the Gen., as

the third Dec. lampas, adis, Pallas, adis ; so of Greek words of the third anas, atis ^2) in the Ace. Plur. Dec. as heroas, Arcadas from heros, Areas b) es is short : 1) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of imparisyllabic words of the third Dec. whose genitive has the penult short, as: miles, itis, seges, etis, praeses, idis, hebes, 6tis ; Exc. Ceres, abies, aries, paries and the compounds of pes, as : tripes, except
1) in the

Nom. of Greek words of

:

which have adis

;

praepes, etis
in

2) in the

Voc. Sing, of Greek words in

is fc,
;

C5,

where

Greek the termination

ijg) nes in the Nom. 3) in the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of Greek words, as Arcades, Troades but in Latin words, or such patres, matres as were naturalized in the language, es is long, as 4) in the compounds of es (thou art), as ades, abes, potes 5) in the preposition penes compos, impos (otis), exos (from os, ossis) c) OS is short: 1) in 2) in Greek words, when os corresponds to og in Greek, as Delos, ijgag, Minos chads, melds; Pallados, Gen. of Pallas (but: heros NixoxXswg Mlv(og, Nicocleos d) is is long: 1) in the Dat and Abl. Plur., as: mensis, pueris, nohence also, in the adverbs gratis, foris bis, vobis 2) in the Ace. of the third Dec. (for es), as omnis 3) in the Nom. Sing, of proper names of the third Dec. which have the penult of the Gen. long, as Samnis, itis, Salamis, inis, Simois, entis 4) in the second person Sing. Pres. of those verbs which have itis in the second person Plur., as audls, possis (as well as sis from mavis, quivis, quamvis, utervis, sum), velis, nolis, malis also in since vis (from volo) is long in the second person Sing, of the Fut. Perf is of itself is short, but by the necessity of the verse is
: ;

as: Demosthenes (but Demosthe-

often

made

long, as

dixeris

so also

is

the

in the plural-end-

ings imus,
for the
e) us is

itis

of the

Fut
Nom.

Perf. often

made long by

the poets
riii,-i

same reason,

as: scripserimus, scripseritis ;

long: 1) in the

Sing, of

words of the aecwid Dec.

298
which have u long
utis,

QUANTITY.
in

118.

Gen. Sing, and in the Nom. Ace. Voc. Phir. of Dec, as fructus (contracted from fruduis and frudues) 3) in Greek words, wlien us corresponds to ovg in Greek, as tripus, odis [rfjinovg), Panthus in the Gen. Sapphus from Sappho {2an(povg), C\ma from Celio. etc. but in: Oedipus,!, polypus, i, the Greek ovg becomes W5, in Latin f t/5 is long: 1) in words which have an associate form in yn, as: Phorcys and Phorcyn 2) when ys stands by contraction for yes and yas, as Erinnys.
etc.);

the fourth

palus,

udis,

tellus,

the penult of the Gen., as: virtus, uris, (but: corpus, oris, vetus, eris,

2) in the

III.

/,

w,

w,

/*,

</,

final,

make

the

vowel of the

final

syllable short, as
eer,

animal, tectum, circum-ago, carmen, car(for videsne), nostin

amor, apud, viden

(for nostine),
regit, audit.

Thetin, Pylon, Ilion,

illud, caput,

amat, monet,

To

this general rule there are the

following exceptions, in
is

which the vowel before these consonants

a) I: in

long

Hebrew proper names

in

el,

as

Daniel;
es, e,

b)

n:

1) in

the Greek Ace. of words in as,

;

chisen, Calliopen, epitomen

as: Aenean,

An-

2) in the

Nom. of mascuhne and

:

c)

feminine nouns which come from the Greek, as titan, hymen, Salamin, Pandion (except Lacedaemon and some others), and in the Latin lien; r: in the compounds of par, as: dispar, and in Greek imparisyllables in er, as
:

aer, aether, crater, Iber.

6.

Monosyllabic words are long, as:

sal,

sol,

mos, spes,

par, hoc, etc.

Exceptions
fo,

1)

the substantives

OS, oris, the face), cor (rarely cor);

^2)

mel, fel, 6s (ossis), a hone, (but the pronouns: quis, quid, quod;

id

qu6t, tot
:

hie, this, is generally,

tfir,

the adverbs

bis,
it
;

sat

and

hie, here,

always long

3)

4) the

verbal forms in

t :

fit, sit, scit, dat,

d6t, Stat, stet,

ecttest)

5)
lit,

the particles
v6l,

the imperatives Jer,Jac and es thou art (but es, thou : ab, ad, an, at, cis, et, in, nee, 6b, per, pol,
suffixes (enclitics)
:

s6d, sub,

and the

que, v, ce, n6 (but

ne,

that not, in order tlmt not), tetute), pte (suopte).

118.

Hexameter

Verse.

1.

A verse

is

a series of poetic feet forming, in general,

a line of poetry.
it is

The

particular feet or

members of which

composed

are called metres.

H18.]
2.

HEXAMETER VERSE.

293

When
Every

the last foot of a verse is complete, the verse is

called acatalectic ; but

3.

when

incomplete, catalectic.

foot or metre consists of

an

arsis

and a

thesis.

The
first

arsis is that part of the foot (in

hexameter verse, the

oh which the stress or elevation of The rest of the the voice is placed in pronouncing it. foot (whether one syllable or more) is called thesis, and is to
syllable of the foot),

be pronounced in a
voice laid on the arsis

falling tone of voice.

is

The

stress of

and may be regarded as the poetic accent hence it is often marked as such by the sign (/). A succession of feet pronounced with due regard to arsis and thesis constitutes rhythm.
called the ictus (beat)
;

4.

Hence

it

will be

apparent, that a line of poetry, in a

given kind of measure, consists of a fixed number of feet

and a variable number of words, which, of course, must occasion a disagreement between the terminations of the Besides, as rhythm was the leading elefeet and words. ment in ancient poetry, it was not, except for a given purpose, attempted to produce a coincidence between the feet and words, that it might be apparent that the rhythm was independent of the words as such. This division of the feet by the terminations of the words is called caesura^ as
:

Infandiim

regina
|

jubes
:

renovare
,

dolorem.

In feet of three syllables, as

after the arsis (|

--^

the

word may end

either
*1

"") or in

the middle of the thesis (-

").

In the

first

case

it is

called the masculine, in the

second the

feminine caesura.

The
<^t

coincidence of the termination of a

word with

the termination of a foot is called diaeresis, as

Perseqvkr
|

raris habitata, mapalia, tectis.

In certain kinds of verse, certain caesuras and diaereses are

necessary,
verse
5.
;

and

are to be especially observed in reading the

these are called principal caesuras

is

and

diaereses,

Hexameter verse

measured by
2).

six feet

be either spondees or

dactyles, except the last foot,

which may which is

a dissyllabic catalectus (No.

25*

spondee consists of

294

PROSODY.
;

[U19.

two long syllables, designated thus long and two short, designated thus
:

a dactyle of one

Hence we have

Sed
Rem.
only

fugit

mtere
unt ocu
foot is

a fugit
lis

irrepa
ri

rabile
talia

tempus.
justis.

Adspici
1.

Supe

mor

The fifth

generally a dactyle, rarely a spondee, and

when

the poet wishes to give the line a character of slowness, se;

riousness

and solemnity

tyle usually precedes the

such a verse is called a spondaic verse, a dacspondee and the verse generally closes with

a word of three or four

syllables, as

Cara deum suboles,

magnum

Jovis

incre

mentum.
do a

Rem. 2. Dadyles often express a rapid and slow and heavy motion, as
Quadrupedante putrem sonitu
Illi

brisk, as spondees

quatit

ungulo

campum

inter sese

magna

vi

brachia tollunt.

Rem.

3.

The

principal caesura in

Hexameter

verse, generally oc-

curs after the arsis of the third foot and sometimes in the thesis of the same foot ; but occasionally also, after the arsis in the fourth foot, in which case another caesura generally precedes, after the arsis of the

second
in the
to

foot.

same verse

Sometimes, also, several caesuras of this kind are found in which case the sense must determine which is
;

be observed as the principal one. Besides the principal caesura, there may be other subordinate caesuras, e. g.
fugit irrepabile tempus. tolerate labores. annique sinunt, Oderunt peccare boni, virtutis amore. Nudus ara, sere nudus; hiems ignava colono. Infandum regina jubes renovare dolorem.
fugit interea,
| I

Sed

||

Dum

vires
|

||

||

||

||

Rem.
verse
is

4.

The commonest and most graceful close of an hexameter made by a word of two or three syllables.

119.

Scansion.

Scansion
bers of

is

the division of a verse into the feet or

it is

mem-

which

made

up.

In doing

this,

however, the

proper terminations of the words must not be wholly overlooked, but should be observed

by making a slight pause at each of the caesuras and a marked pause at the principal; caesura, as far as this can be done without obscuring
the proper division
into
feet.

In scanning, the following

things are to be observed

HI 9.]
a)

SCANSION.

295

A vowel at the end of a word before another vowel an h in the following word is absorbed (elision), as: or
Nulla n(e) hab^s
viti(a)?

imm(o)

ali(a),

haiid fortasse minora.

Rem.

1.

Elision rarely takes place at the end of a line, as

O'mnia M^rcurio

similis

vocemque colorem^we

E't crin^s flavos et

membra decora juventae.

In this case, the last syllable is to be joined to the first of the following line. Such a line is called versus hypermeter. Rem. 2. When elision is neglected in the beginning or middle of a verse, there arises what is called the hiatus (gaping, difficulty of pronunciation). This the poets endeavor if possible to avoid yet it is allowable before monosyllables, before one of the stronger punctuation marks, and in a long vowel followed by a short one ; also in the arsis, the hiatus occasions less difficulty of pronunciation, as
;

de gente Sabina. subducitur agris. Posthabita coluisse Samo hie illius arma. Nubibus esse sol6t aut purpurea^ Aurorae.
et

O'

d6 Latia,

et

E't succus pecori

et lac

Rem.

3.

Occasionally a long vowel in the

thesis

before another vow-

el is shortj as

I'nsulac I'onio in

magno.

end of a word with a vowel before it and before a vowel in the following word long by nature or position, is, together with the vowel before it, omitted in readb)
at the

An m

ing (ecthlipsis), as:

Quod
Rem.
4.

latet,

ignot (um) ^st; ignoti nulla cupido.

In monosyllabic words which stand in the arsis, principally

is

before a strong punctuation mark or in the caesura, the ectlilipsis sometimes omitted. Before a short syllable the ecthlipsis is difficult.

c) When the last syllable of a word ends with a consonant and the following word in the same line begins with a consonant, that final syllable is uniformly long; as:

Nemo
d)
is

adeo ferus

6st,

ut nan mit^scere possit.

The

ictus

oden makes a
:

short syllable long;

still

this

generally the case only

a)
r, s

when
or t;

in a consonant, especially

follows

it

the short syllable ends

b)

when

the caesura

c)

when upon a vowel

Amor,
|

in the close of

a word,

a word follows beginning with two consonants;

e. g.

O T

innia vincit

canit agricola,

et nos redamus Amori. magna quum v^nerii lirbe.

Nil opus 6st mort^ pro m6, sed amore fid^que.

ABBREVIATIONS.
e)

120.

Two

vowels in two successive syllables are often con-

tracted into

one (Synaeresis or

Si/nizesis),

as: Phaethon,

Thesei, deerunt,
cui,
ii,

vehemens (two
so also, dein,

syllables), particularly, huic,

iidem;
;

dehinc,

deinceps, deinde,

proinde, prout

so also those vowels which are pronounced

with more
pueri.
f
)

difficulty in

one sound, as

quoad, postea, alveo

A short u
The

or

i is

often rejected before

and m, as pe:

riclum for periculum, teg-men for tegimen*ox tegumen.

g)
letters i

and

u^

having been originally both conthey follow another consonant

the preceding

sonants and vowels,

when
:

and

are followed

by a vowel, make
fluviorum

long by position^ as

(=

fluvjorum)

vowel genwa

(=

genva),

etc.

h)

From

the necessity of the verse, a long syllable is

(Systole), and,

sometimes used as short

short syllable as long (Diastole).

The
;

mon
rius

in the third person Plur. Indie.

Aeneades and Fut. Perf. Act, (audivertlis), also in names, in which three short syllables follow one another, of which the first is then made long by the

and

in names, as

on the contrary, a very comPerf. Act., and in alte^ the diastole is used essystole is

pecially in the Subj. Perf. Act.

ictus, as

O'bstupui, stderunti\\JiQ comae, vox faiicibua haesit.

SECOND APPENDIX.

120.

Of

Abbreviations,

1)

Personal

Names: A.

Aulus.

G. Cains or Gains. Decimus. K. Kaeso.

Cn. or Gn.
L. Lucius.
Sp. Spurius.

App. Appius. C. or Cnaens (G'tiaeus). D. M. Marcus. M'. Manius.

Ser.

N. Namerius.
2)

P. Publius.

Q. Quintus.
T. Titus. F. Filius.
:

Servius,

Sex. or S. Sextus.

Ti. Tiberius,

Appellatives: P. Pater.

Fr. Prater, etc.

Cos. 3) Designations of honor and office Aed. Aedilis. CJos, Coss. Consules, Cos. d. Consul designatus. D.

12 1.]

ABBREVIATIONS.

ROMAN CALENDAR.

29f
P. C.

Divus.
Praef.

Imp. Imperator.

O. M. Oplimus maximus.

Patres conscripti.

citum.

Romanus. Pr. Praetor. P. S. PlehisP. M. Pontifex Maximus. Praefectus. S. P. Q. R. Senatas populusque Romanus. S. C.
P. R. Populiis

Senatus consultum.

Tr. PI. Tribunus plebis.

4) Designations of

money and weight

L. Libra.
:

HS.

or

H-S.

Sestertius (Sestertium).

L.

1j.

Dupondius.
A. U. C.
Id. Idus.

5) Designations of time

A. D. Ante diem.

Ab

urbe condita.

C. or K. Calendae (Kalendae).

Non. Nonae.
6)
dicit.

Abbreviations in
S. P. D.

letters

S. Salutem.
dicit.

Salutem pluriinam.
;

S.

S. D. Salutem V. B. E. E. V.

Si vales, bene est

ego valeo.

THIRD APPENDIX.

121.

Of

the

Roman

Calendar.

means thej^r^^ day of each day of March, May, July and fifth of the remaining eight months; Idus of the four months named above, and the
1 Kalendae
the seventh

month;

Nonae

October, but the

was

the fifteenth

thirteenth of the

other eight.
2.

Since the names of the months are properly adjectives,

they generally agree with

gender,

Kalendae, Nonae and Idus in

number and

case,

and

are rarely governed

by them

in the Gen. as: Calendis Juniis, on the first day of June;

Nonis Octobribus, on the seventh of October ; Idibus Septembribus, on the thirteenth of September, 3. The days lying between the three fixed days just mentioned,

days, as, the

were reckoned backwards from each of these fixed 1st, 2d, 8d etc., day before the Kalends, Nones, or Ides as the case might be, and dies and ante w^ere generally omitted. The day from which one began to reckon was always included in the number mentioned, as
Claudius excessit
to get the
III.

Idus Octobres,

i.

e. tertio

die ante

Idus Octobres, onthe thirteenth of October.

true

Hence, in order

day before one of the

divisions,

we must

subtract one from the

number mentioned.

S96
4. In

ROMAN CALENDAR.

121.

determining what day of the previous month any

the Calends of a given

day before

month

is,

we must know

how many

days the month has (see table) and reckon back from the Calends of the month mentioned (i. e. the month
following),

March;

tertio Calendas Apriles, on the SOth of Calendas Maias, on the 29th of April; tertio Calendas Martias, on the 21th (2Sth) of February ; since March has 31, April 30 and February 28 (in leap year 29)

as

tertio

days.
The days
of our months.
1

July,

March, May, January, August, April, June, Sep- February (has 28, and December tember,andNovem- and in Leap Years and October (have also 31 days.) ber (have 30 days). (have 31 days). 29 days).

2
3 4

vn
V
IV

Kalendis.

Kalendis.

Kalendis.

Kalendis.

IV

5 6
7 8 9 10
11

ante )>Nonas. lllj Pridie Nonas.

J^onis.

)ante III 5 Nonas. Pridie Nonas.

J^onis.

IV )ante
III
5

Nonas.

IV >ante III 5 Nonas

Pridie Nonas.
J^onis.

Pridie

Nonas

JVonis.

viin
VII

viin
VII
ante ^Idus

viin
VII VI
ante
'Idus.

viin
VII

VI

VI

V
ante
*Idus.

V
IV
III

ante 'Idus

V
IV
III
J

VI

IV
III Pridie Idus. Idibus.

V
IV

12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19

Prid ie Idus.
Idibiis.

III J Pridie Idus. Idibus. Vi 1

Pridie Idus. Idibus.

XIX
XVllI

XVIII
3
S-

XV

XVII

p s
fS"

XVI

XV
XIV
XIII XII

XVII

XVI

XVI

fT

XV
XIV
XIII XII

W XV
fa

XVI XIV
XIII

^ XV P,
13

p 3

XIV
XIII XII

?
cT

^
P^ P^

B
Cl

XI

20
21

P
09
-

XII

m t
>

g
<-*)

X
IX
>

XI

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

XI

X
IX
VIII VII

X
B-

XI

X
IX
VIII

3
tj"

X
IX
VIII Vll

g
i
p-

X g

^ VI g V
rb

VIII VII

1 S

S p
.*

S"

VII

VI
3 o B
?*

VI

VI

V
IV

V
IV
III Prid.

V
IV
III Prid.

3 B

IV
111 Prid.
J

Kalendas

""

Ka

endas.
fol.

Kalendas
fol.

III Prid. Kal endas of the fol.

Martias.

of the

of the

month.

month.

month.

COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS.

I
1.

FABLES.
et capra.

Lupus

Lupus, capram conspicatus, quae in rupe pascebatur,

quum ad

earn

accedere non posset, earn, ut de rupe descenderet, hortabatur, apud se

mollia prata ac varias herbas esse praedicans.
dit:

Ei vero capra respon-

Mi

amice, non

me

ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi indiges!

2.

Lupus

et opUiones.

Opilionea aliquot, caesa atque assata ove, convivium agebant.

Quod
ad

quum
contra
iis
:

lupus, qui praedandi caussa forte stabula circumibat, videret,

:

opiliones conversus

Quos

clamores, inquit, et quantos tumultus voa

facitis ?

me

excitaretis, si

ego facerem, quod vos

:

Tum
;

unus ex
tu vero

Hoc

interest,

inquit

nos, quae nostra sunt,

comedimus

aliena furaris.
'

"3;

Vulpes

et uva.
alta vite

Vulpes, extrema fame coacta,

tem.

uvam appetebat ex

dependen-

Quam quum, summis viribus saliens, attingere non posset, tandem discedens Nondum matura est, inquit nolo acerbam sumere.
: ;

Sic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant.

2.

Opilio, onis, m.^/tepAcrrf.

z.%9ol. to roast,
i,

convivium, i, n./easf; conv.

tumultus, us, m. ado.
furor

agere, to have a feast,

1. steal.
8.

stabulum,

n. stable,

Vitis, is,/, vine,

dependeo,

di, 2. to

hang down from,

elevo

1. to

raise

up ;

2) to disparage.

300

FABLES.

4.

Rusttcm

et canisjlddis.

Rusiicus in agros exiit ad opus suum.

bat, reliquit

Filiolum, qui in cunis jace-

custodiendum cani

fideli

atque valido.

Arrepsit anguis
fidelis

immanis, qui

puemlum
et,

exstincturus erat.

Sed custos

corripit

eum
sas

dentibus acutis,

exstinctum

dum necare studet, cunas anguem. Mox ex arvo rediit agricola

ira accenditur.

simul evertit super

ut videt cunas everigitur custo-

cruentumque canis rictum,

filioli

Temere
et

dem

interficit ligone,

quem manibus
reperit

tenebat.

Sed ubi cunas

incolumem.

restituit,

supra

anguem occisum

puerum vivum
patrati.

Sera turn poenitentia

fuit facinoris

temere

5,

Leo, asinus

et vulpes.

Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum iverant.

Ampla praeda

facta, leo asi-

num
buit.

illam partiri jubet.

Qui quum

singulis singulas partes poneret

aequales, leo

Ilia astutior leoni

eum correptum dilaniavit et vulpi negotium partiendi trimaximam partem apposuit, sibi vix minimam
Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, et, coepit. Et vulpes: Hujus me, inquit,

reservans particulam.

unde hoc

didicerit, interrogare

calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant.

6.

Asinus pelle leonlna indutus.

forte in silva

Asinus fugitivus reperit

tus territare coepit
rat,

pellem leoninam, eaque induVenit

is,

homines

et bestias.

qui asinum perdide-

eumque

quaerit.

Asinus,

quum
Etiamsi

herura vidisset, horrendum in

falleret.

modum
non

rugire coepit, ut ilium

quoque

sis auriculis,
falles.

quae exstabant
Ita

alios, inquit, fallas,

At herus, comprehenme tamen

probe verberat
7.

domumque

abigit.

Rustlcus etfdii.
erat.

Inter

filios rustici

cujusdam grave dissidium ortum

pater, hortans, ut
:

Diu frustra
cole-

operam impenderat
rent
4.

pacem atque concordiam

Tandem
Arrepo,
a,

filiis

Virgulas, inquit, mihi afferte quinquaginta et concreep up.

corrTpio, ripui,

psi,

ptum

3.

to

reptum

3.

to seize.

cruentus,
tance.

um,

bloody,

rictus, us,

m. mouth,

poenitentia, ae,/. repen-

6. Pellis, is,/, sicin; p.

leonlna, lion's skin,

fugitivus, a,

um, run-away.
exsto,
stiti

territo 1. to frighten,
i. project. 7.

auricula, ae,/. ear-lap.

rugio

4. to

roar,

Dissidium,

i,

n.

disagreement,

virgula, ae, /, stick,

fasciciilus,

i,

n.

bundle.

coUigo

1. to collect,

concors, rdis, uniled.

FABLES.
sidite.

301
fasciGiilum colligavit,

Turn omnes

virguias in
filiis

unum

eumque

autem quanquam vim omnem adhibebant, frustra laborarunt, nee quicquam Turn pater nodum discldit singulasque illis virguiasprofecerunt.
constrictum singulis
obtulit,

hortans, ut frangerent.

Illi

dedit,

quas sine ullo labore confregerunt.

:

Quo

facto, rusticus filios ita

eritis
at,

allocutus est
injuriis,

Haec res vobis exemplo sit. Tuti quamdiu vos amabitis et Concordes eritis;

ab inimicorum

sitnulac facta erit

dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in vos irrumpent.

8.

Luscinia

et cuculus,

Luscinia verno

quodam

die dulcissime canere coepit.

Pueri aliquot

baud procul aberant

culare.

in valle ludentes.

Hi quum
ei

lusui essent intenti,

lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur.

Non

multo post cuculus coepit cuacclamabant vocemque cu-

Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto,

plausu excipiant

culi identidem imitabantur.

Audisne, luscinia, inquit cuculus, quanta

quantopere cantu
altercari, nihil

me

isti

et

meo

delectentur

Lusille

cinia,

quae noUet

cum

eo

impediebat, quominus

suani

vocem

miraretur.

Interea pastor fistula canens

cum

puella lento

gradu

praeteriit

At puella pastorem allocuta: Male sit, inquit, huic cuculo, qui cantui tuo odiusam vocem intermiscet. Quo audito, quum cuculus in pudorem conjectus conticuisset, luscinia tam suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam superare
Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes captans.
velle videretur.

Pastor, fistula deposita

arbore et lusciniam audiamus.

Considamus hie, inquit, sub Turn pastor et puella cantum lusciniae

:

certatim laudare coeperunt, et diu

taciti

intentis auribus sedent.

Ad

postremum adeo capta

erumperent.

est puella

Tum

luscinia

sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam laerimae ad cuculum conversa: Videsne, inquit,

quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia distent? Una sane ex istis lacrimis, quamvis muta sit, locupletior tamen est artis meae testis, quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quem tantopere jaetabas. Monet fabula, magnorum artiflcum opera non vulgi
opinione, sed prudentium existimatione esse censenda.

8. 1. to sloio.

Cuculus,
cry out
to,

i,

m. cuckoo,

vallis, is, /. valley,

fistula,
1.

cuculo

1. to coo.

acclamo

altercor 1. to quarrel,

ae, /. pipe,

lentus, a, urn,

gradus, us, m. step,

or

vociferor

to screech,

intermisceo, miscui
disto
I

mixtum

mistum

2.

to intermingle, to differ.

certatim, adv. emulously.

without Perf. and Sup.

26

3^
9.

FABLES.

Auceps

et vipera.

Auceps
approperat

ibat

venatum

et

mox

vidit

in altissima arbore

palumbem
pedQ
altero
inquit,

eum

capturus, sed inter

eundum premit

forte

viperam

in

herba latentem, quae ilium mordet.

Me

mlserum,

dum

alteri instdior, ipse dispereo.

10.

Mendax.
jocum
clamitabat, ut sibi auxi-

Puer
lium

in prato oves pascebat atque per

ferretur, quasi

lupus gregem esset adortus.

Agricolae undlque

succurrebant, neque

lupum

inveniebant.

Ita ter

quaterque se elusos

a puero viderunt. Deinde, quum ipse lupus aggrederetur, et puer revera imploraret auxilium nemo gregi subvenit, et oves lupi praeda
;

sunt facta.

Mendaci homini non credimus, etiam vera quum

11.

dicit.

Formica

et coluniba.

Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem nee multum ab^rat, quin misera periret.
ejus videret, misericordia tacta

sed undae

eam

abripuerunt,

Quum
in

vero columba sortem

injecit.

ramulum
eflfugit

aquam
telo

Hunc

as-

secuta
tor,

(Bst

formica in eoque natans

illuc venit,

mortem.

Paullo post venafuit.

arcu instructus,

columbamque

suo transfixurus

Periculum

sentit formica, et, ut piae

columbae opem
Juva
et

ferret, accurrit
ille

atque venatoris talum

recte misit, et

momordit.

Dolore impeditus

telum non
;

columba incolumis

avolavit.

juvabere

raro be-

neficium

perit.

12.

Vulpes et

corvits.

Corvus,

quum

frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam consedit.

Quo

conspecto, vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit

adoritur.

corve, inquit,

quam

pulchra es avis,

eumque callidis verbis quam speciosa Te

!

decuit esse avium regem.

deres, si
beretur,

Sane omnes aves

regiis virtutibus antece-

vocem haberes. His corvus laudibus inflatus, ne mutus haclamorem edidit, sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem amisit;
dixit'.

quum
tibi

vulpes statim rapuit, atque irridens

Heus, corve

Nihil

deest praeter

mentem.
m. fowler.
vipra, ae,/. viper,

9.

Auceps,
ii,

tipis,

appropgro

1. to

approach.

dispereo,
10.

4. to perish. 1. to

Clamito

cry out often,

revera, adv. in earnest.

i,

11. Formica, ae,/. ant.

ramtilus,

m. branch,

talus,

i,

m. ankle^

DIALOGUES.

303

II.

DIALOGUES.
1.

Excitsatio.

pedimento

Quid caussae est, quod tani diu nos noii iiiviseris? Quid imfuit, quominus jam diu feceris nobis tui videndi copiam ? Syrus. Volui quidem saepe te convenire, sed non licuit mihi per mea negotia; non licuit per valetudinem laboravi enim aliquamdiu febri; non licuit denique per tempestatem, quae saepe fuit pluviosa. G. Equidem accipio tuam excusationem, sed hac lege, ne saepius utare.
Geta.
;

Excusatio tua justior

sa.

est,

quam

vellem, siquidemvaletudo fuit in caus-

Ha|c

lege mihi purgatus

(S.

eris, si,

quod cessatum
istius

est,

me

saepe in-

visendo compenses.
vulgaria.

Tu

nihil

moraris
est,

modi

officia

nimium
vulgarisit is-

Amicitia nostra firmior

quam

ut

sit officiis istis

bus alenda.
tis

Satis crebro invisit, qui constanter amat.

te

G.

Male

curis,

quae

nobis adimunt.

Quid imprecer
sit
isti

istis negotiis,

quae
tarn

talem

amicum

nobis invident ?
tui.

Pessime

febri,

quae nos

gravi desiderio torsit

Male pereat

ista febris, le

quidem incolumi.

2.

Colloquium jocosum.

Salve, mi Mauriti. Mauritius. Gratias ago, mi Andrea. Andreas. Quid affers ? A. Me ipsum. M. Sic rem baud magni pretii hue altulisti. A. At magno constiti patri meo. M. Credo pluris, quam quisquam te aestimet. A. Sed Rudolphus estne domi ? M. Nescio. Pulsa fores ejus et videbis. A. Heus, Rudolphe domine es ? jR. Non sum. A. Non ego audio te loquentem ? R. Immo tu es impudens. Impudens Nuper ancillae vestrae credidi, te non esse domi, quum tamen esses, et tu non credis mihi ipsi? A. Aequum dicis; par pari retulisti. R. Equidem ut non omnibus dormio, ita non omnibus sum domi. Nunc vero adsum. A. Sed tu mihi videris cochleae vitam agere. R. Quid A. Quia perpetuo domi latitas, nee unquam prorepis. R. Foris niita ? A. At serenum coelum nunc invitat ad deambulandum. hil est negotii.
! !

R.

Ita est.

Si igitur deambulare

libet, te

comitabor

nam

per totum
ut

hunc mensem pedem porta non extuli. Vocabo Mauritium, nobiscum eat. A. Placet. Sic enim jucundior erit ambulatio.
Cesso
1. to omit,
1. to

una

1.

compenso

1. to

make

up.

impr^cor

1. to

imprecate.

2.

Aestimo

estimate.

p\i\so I. to beat.

la.iiio I. to

keep one's self con-

cealed.

304
3.

DIALOGUES.
Colloquium ejusdem generis.
Geta.

Syrus.

Opto

tibi

multani felicitatem.
mihi.
?

Et ego

tibi

duplicatum
S,

opto, quicquid

optas

S.

Quid

agis
aS.

rei ?

G. Confabulor.

Quid

confabularis solus

G. Ut vides.

Fortasse tecum.
confabulere.

Proin-

ile tibi

videndum

est,

ut

cum homine probo

;

G.

Immo

cum lepidissimo ^Sl Tu perpetuo

S.

congerrone confabulor
litteris

lego enim librum joci plenum.

est

studes.

G.

Non

ulla

studiorum

satietas.

Verum

sed est tamen

modus quidam.

Non

omittenda quidem
Nihil suave,
litteris

sunt studia, sed tamen intermittenda nonnunquam.

quod

perpetuum.

Voluptates
G.

noctes ac dies.

commendat rarior usus. Tu Age, tuo more facis. Rides me,

in studio.
jS.

studes

ut soles.

Non

me

fallit

tuus jocus.

Ipsi codices pulvere sitnque obducti loquuntur,

quam sim immodicus

Emoriar, ni loquor ex animo.

4. Ladies.

Cardlus. Veni,

mi Ludovice!

Ludovlcus.
;

Quo tandem?
L.

C. In hor-

tum

Ego pensum meum ante absolvam. C. Nondum absolvisti? L. Nondum omnia. Tune jam omnia didicisti et scripsisti, quae praeceptor nos discere et scribere jussit? C. Non omnia. L. Ergo nondum licet lu;

satis

jam legimus et scripsimus

ludamus quoque.

dere.

C. Cur non liceat ? Reliqua discam et scribam post ludum. L. Sed praestat, primum discere, deinde ludere. C. Quam morosum sodalem habeo L. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt. Deinde, quum C. Ergo una ediscamus. Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi. omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. L. Placet; nam
!

peracti labores jucundi sunt.

5.
Frider'icus.

De

surgendo.
!

Heus, heus, Carole

expergiscere

Tempus

est surgere.

Audisne?
F.

C.

Non

audio.

F. Ubi ergo babes aures?

facis

C. In lecto.

Hoc

video.

Sed quid

adhuc in
est

lecto ?

Quid faciam ?

Dormio.
dormire.
C.

F. Dormis? et loqueris tamen

F.

mecum?

C. Saltem volo

Nunc autem non

C.

tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi.

C.

Quota

est hora ?

F. Septima.

F.

Jam

ante duas boras.

C.

Num
mens

sorores
certe

Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ? meae jam surrexerunt.?

adhuc jacet
reliquit

F.

lam pridem.

Sed

fi-ater

in lecto.

F.

Erras.

Quum

expergefacerem eum, statim

nidum suum.

Mox
3.

igitur

surgam.
1. to

Uuplico

double,

confabulor

1.

to chat,

conge rro, onis, m. com-

rade^ play-fellow,

satietas, atis,/. satiety,

intermitto 3. to intermit.

DIALOGUES.

305

6.

Amhulatio.
;

Fridericus.

Age, mi
;

frater,

ambulemus
?

tempestas serena
in pratis ?

est.

gustus. Placet

sed ubi ambulabimus

Num

F.

AuMinime

enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae sunt. Placetne adscendere in montem, quern e fenestra prospicimus ? A. Placet jam pridem enim in monte non fuimus. F. Hiems nos prohibuit; hieme enim mons glacie et nive tectus erat. Quid stas autem ? A. Duae viae ducunt ad montem altera recta, altera flexuosa. Utram eligemus ? F. Flexuosam censeo est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet. Descendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus. Vesperi enim sol minus fervet A. Eamus igitur!
prata
;
: ;

7.

Naufragium.
Cyprianus.

Mauritius, Redisti nobis obesior ac procerior.

At
?

equi-

dem

niallem prudentior, aut doctior.

M. Imberbis abieras,

redisti bar-

batiilus.

At quid
alias

sibi vult hie pallor ?

qmd

frons corrugata

C. Ut

est fortuna, sic est corporis habitus.

M.

Num

adversa

Nunquam
odioC, Uniin littore,

mihi quidem
sius.

secunda

sed nunquam,

quam

nunc,

reflavit

M. Dolet mihi

tua calamitas.
feci.

versae pecuniae naufragium

Sed quid hoc mali est? M. In mari ? C, Non, sed

C. In littore
enatasti.

nondum navem
M. Bene
turam
habet,
facere,

ingressus.

M. Ubinam?

Britannico.

quod ipse nobis vivus

vitae.

Praestat pecuniae jac-

quam

Levius est pecuniae damnum,

quam

famae.
pacto

Vita famaque incolumi, periit pecunia.

M. Vita
sic

sarciri nullo

potest,

fama aegre
accidit ?
est superis.

potest, peciniia facile alicunde sarcietur.

Qui mameis.

lum hoc
visum
esse

C. Nescio, nisi

quod

erat in

fatis

Sic

M. Vides

igitur,

doctrinam ac virtutem tutissimas

divitias,

quae nee

eripi possunt,
;

nee onerant circumferentem.

Pulchre tu quidem philosopharis

8.

sed interim ego ringor,

her'ile.

Jussum

Rahinus. Prefer ocreas

6.

nam equitandum

est.

Syrus.

En

adsunt,

Pluvia,

3.6,/. rain,

fenestra, ae,/.

ferveo, vi 2. to
7.

inundo 1. to overfloio. lutulentus, a, urn, muddy. window, flexuosus, a, nm.^ winding, umbrosus, a, um, shady. burn (intrans). vario 1. to vary.
um,/.
imberbis, e, beardless,
a, um, slightly um, tcrin^/erf. reflo 1. <o Britannicus, a, um, British. ehSto, 1.

Obesus,

a,

barbatulus,

bearded,

pallor, oris, m.^^a/cnes*-.

corrugatus,

a,

bloio against,
to

odiose, ado. odiously.

sxoim out.

circumfero,
ringor
3. to

tuli,

latum

3.

to

carry around,

philosophor

1. to

philosophize,
8.

show

the teeth; 2) to be fretful.

stiff,

Albeo

2. to be clean,

rigeo 2. to be

siccitas, atis,/. dryness,

uvi-

26*

w$
R. Probe quidem abs
tersas,

DIALOGUES.
te curatae
;

totae albent situ.

Opinor nee deDeterge uvi-

nee unctas hoc anno, adeo rigent prae

:

siccitate.

dulo panno
tur.
iS.

mox unge ad ignem

Ubi frenum

diligenter, ac macera,

donee moUian-

Curabitiir.
riibigine.

R. Ubi calcaria ?
et

S.

Adsunt.
*S.

R.

Verum
in

sed

obducta

ephippia?

Sunt

promptu.

R. Vide, ne quid
quid nobis
sit

desit,

aut ne quid ruptuni, aut

mox rumpendum, ne
Propere hoc lorum

in

mora,

quum erimus

in cursu.

sarciendum cura.
sint,

Reversus inspice soleas equorum,

num

qui clavi de!

aut vacillent.

Quam macri sunt

anno ?

equi,
6".

quamque

strigosi

Quoties

absterges, aut pectis illos in

Immo

quotidie.

R. Nimirum

res ipsa loquitur.

S.

Jejunia colunt, opinor,

nonnumquam totum triduum.

Minime.
:

Negas
satis

tu quidem, sed aliud dicturi sint equi, si loqui

liceat

quanquam

loquuntur ipsa macie.

iS.

Cur

igitur tu

habitior equis ?

<S. Curo sedulo. R. Quia non pascor foeno. jR. Hoc

igitur restat.

Adorna mantlcam
9.

celeriter.

S. Fiet.

Monita paedagogi.
:

Patdagogus.

Tu

mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in caula

adeo

moribus es agrestibus.
(Quoties alloquitur te

Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores. quispiam, cui debes honorem, compone te in recVultus
instabilis,
sit

tum

corporis statum, aperi caput.

nee

tristis,

nee torvus,

nee impudeus, nee protervus, nee

juneti pedes, quietae manus.

sed

hilari

modestia temloqueris:

peratus: oculi verecundi, semper intenti in eum,

quocum

Nee

vacilles alternis tibiis,

nee manus

agant gestus, nee mordeto labrum, nee scabito caput, nee fodito aures.
Vestis item ad

decorum componatur,
si

ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et

habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se

ferat.

Puer. Quid,

mediter ?
si sic ?

Pae. Fac.

Pu. Siccine

satis ?

Pae.

Nondum.
Pae.

Pu. Quid,
satis

Pae.

Propemodum.
sis

Pu. Quid,

si sic ?

Hem

est;

hoc tene, ne

inepte

loquax, aut praeceps.

Neve vagetur animus

dulus, a,

interim, sed sis attentus, quid alter dicat.

Si

um,
m.

slightly moist,

pannus,
i,

i,

m. rag.

macero

1. to

soak,

rublgo,

inis, /. rust,

ephippium,
nail,

n. horse-doth, (corresponding to

our saddles),

clavus,

i.

macer, era, crum, lean,

i,

strigusus, a,

um,

lank,

nimirum,
i,

adv. doubtless,

jejunium,

n.fast^

^ej. colere, to

keep fast,

triduum,

w.

the space of three days.

meic\es, e\^f. leanness,

hahitas, a,

um, fleshy,
m. private

foe-

num,
9.

i,

n. hay.
i.

mantica, ae,/. portmanteaa.

n. admonition, instruction,

Monitum,

paedagogus,

i.

tutor.

caula, ae, /. sheep-cote,

agrestis, e, rustic, rude,

torvus, a,

um,

stern,
a,

prore-

tervus, a,
spectful.

um, shameless, alternus, a, um,

labrum,
i.

inslabilis, e, unstable,

verecundus,

um,

alternate,
n. lip.

gestus, us, gesture;

3. to scratch,

gestus agere, to

make

gestures,

scabo,

fodio, odi,

ossum,

3.

DIALOGUES.
quid
fatus
erit

S07

respondendum, id facito paucis ac prudenter, interdum praehonorem, nonnunquam etiam addito cognomine, honoris gratia

atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi respon-

sum
sus.

absolveris.

Neve

abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimis!

Nunc age, specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis praebe Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? Pw. Jam sex ferme menses. Pm. Addendum erat: domine. Pu. Jam sex ferme Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? Pu. Nonmenses, domine. nunquam sane. Pae. Cupis eam revisere? Pu. Cupio, domine, si
id

pace

liceat tua.
!

Pae. Nunc^f iectendum erat genu.

loqueris, cave,

Bene

habet.

Sic ])ergito
tes

Quum

ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesidistincte, clare, articulatim

lingua, aut palato

murmures, sed
Si

con-

suescito proferre verba tua.

quem
te
:

praeteribis natu

grandem, ma-

gistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem,

aperire caput.

memento

In convivio sic

praebebis liilarem, ut semper me-

mineris, quid deceat aetatem

tuam

postremus omnium adraoveto man:

um

patinae.

Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste

:

si

instabitur,
est, illi
illi

accipe, et age gratias

reddito, aut alicui

mox, decerpta

particula,

quod reliquum

proximo accubanti.
bibito modice.
:

Si quis praebibet, hilariter

Si

bene precator, sed ipse

calicem
labris.

Arride loquentibus

ipse

non sitis, tamen admoveto ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus.

Ita fiet,

Ne

cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne aliena

despicito.

Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales.

ut sine invidia

laudem

invenias, et

amicos pares.

Si videris, convivium

extrahi, precatus veniam, ac, salutatis convivis, subducito te a

mensa.
!

Vide, ut

horum memineris.
^

Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor

Pu.
Fiet.

Num-

quid aliud vis

Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos.

10.

Venatio.
;

PauUus. Trahit sua quemque voluptas

to

mihi placet venatio.

Thorn'

dig

aures, to p^ick the ears,

almost,

indoles, is,/, natural disposition, nature.

.

propemodum, adv.

hem, inter] hem! ah! inepte, adv. foolishly. praefor 1. to premise ; praefatus honorem, -premising with your leave be it said ; cognomen, inis, n. title, specimen, praefari veniam, to first ask permission,
:

inis, n.

specimen.
a,

maternus,
hasten,

um,

mother's,

reviso, visi,

Isum

3. to revisit,

praecipito l.to
1. to

haesito

1. to hesitate,

palatum,

i,

n. throat,

murmtiro

mutter.

distincte, adv. distinctly,

articulatim, adv. articulately,

alioqui, adv. other1. to refuse,

wise,

patina, ae,/. dish,

i,

lautus a,

um,

dainty,
3.

recuso

praexi,

bibo,

3. to

drink

to.

extraho, traxi, tractum

n. hunting-spear,

to protract,

subduco,

ctura 3. to withdraw.
10.

Venabulum,

i,

cuniculus,

i, r/i.

rabbit,

laqueus,

i,

303
as.

'

DIALOGUES.
;

Placet etiam mihi

sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, ubi casses

vulpes
!

P.
Vin-

Valeant apri,
centius.

ursi, cervi et

no3 insidiabimur cuniculis.

locustis.

At ego laqueos injiciam

Bariholus.

Lavrentius.

Ego

ranas

captabo.

Ego

papiliones venabor.

L.

Difficile

est sec-

tari volantia.

B.

Difficile,

sed pulchrum

nisi

pulchrius esse ducis

sectari lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis.

insidiari piscibus
;

L. Equidem malo B. Est,

est

mihi hamus elegans.

B. Sed unde parabis essi tibi

cam
lint

L. Lumbricorum ubi vis magna est copia.

ve-

prorepere e terra.

L. At ego

mox
?

efficiam, ut

multa milia prosi-

liant.

B.

Quo pacto?

incantamentis

L. Videbis artem.
cortices virentes

Imple
con-

banc situlam aqua.

fractos immittito.
per.

Hos juglandium summos Hac aqua perfunde solum.

B.

Nunc

observa paullisSic olim,

Vides emergentes?

Rem

prodigiosam video.

opinor, exsiliebant armati ex satis serpentis dentibus.

pisces delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati,
capiantur.
le.

Sed plerique
insidiari so-

quam

ut esca tarn vulgari

L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus

vide, possisne

B.

Tu

imponere piscibus; ego ranis facessam

reti ?

negotium.

L.

Quomodo

B.

Non

sed arcu.

L.

Novum
V.
;

piscandi genus.

B. At non injucundum.
?

Videbis et fatebere.

Quid,

si

certemus nucibus
V.

P. Nuces pueris relinquamus

nihil

nos

grandiores sumus.
us.

Et tamen

aliud adhuc,

quam

pueri sumindeco-

P. Sed quibus decorum

sequar,

est ludere

nucibus, iisdem non

rum

est equitare arundine longa.

;

V,

Tu

igitur

praescribito lusus

genus

quocunque

vocav^ris.

P. Et ego futurus sum

omnium

horarum homo.
Reditus patris.
es,

11.

Petrus.

Quid
?

ita

laetus

mi Sigismunde
iS.

Sigismundus. Quia

pater

domum

rediit.

P. Ubinam fuit ?

Lipsiae.

profectus
tari

S.

Nescisne, mercatum

ibi esse
?

habitum,

P. Cur eo fuerat eumque frequen-

a mercatoribus negotiandi caussa

P. Utrum pedes, an eques P. Quando advenit

i,

rediit,

an

in

rheda?

&

Equo

vectus

est.

iS.

m.

noose.

locusta, ae, /. locust,

i,

lumbricus,
influence,
3. to

m. earth-worm,
prosilio, lui
situla, ae, /. pail,
in.

ala, ae,/.
4. to leap

vnng.
forth,

hamus,

m. fishing-hook,
i,

esca, ae,/. bait,

incantamentura,

n.

magic

juglans,

ndis,/. walnut,
3. to wet.

immitto, misi,

missum

put

perfundo, fudi, fusum

\xm^ delicate,

piscor

1.

spring forth, serpens, lis, serpent, delicatus, a, impono, posui, positum 3. to impose upon c. AdX. to deceive. indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, arundo, inis,/. reed, praesto fish,
exsilio, lui 4. to
;

cribo, psi,

ptum

3. to prescribe.

11. Lipsia, ae,/. Leipsic.

mercatus, us, m. a fair,

rheda, ae,/. wagon.

DIALOGUES.
Ante horam.
P. Quia
tibi tarn cito

309
?
5^.

nuntiavit

Famulus, qui
,S.

eum
S.

jam
vi,

e longinquo

venientem

viderat.

P. Jamne

salutasti ?
illi

Saluta-

quum

vix ex equo descendisset.

P. Quid amplius
fecisti
;

fecisti ?

Calcaria detraxi et ocreas.

P. Bene
iS.

sed miror, te propter ad-

ventum

ejus

non domi mansisse.

Id nee pater permisisset, nee ego

ipse vellem,

quum nunc tempus

est
;

adsit in

scholam eundi.
?

P. Id quijS.

dem
dei

laude

dignum

sed quomodo valet pater tuus

Optima
5^.

beneficio.

P. Ego gaudeo tecum, quod salvus

colloquemur.
12.

rediit.
!

Sed

alias pluribus

Nunc

in

scholam eamus

Colloquium scholasticum.
scribis
;

Cornelius. Scite tu

quidem

sed cliarta tua perflait

Charta

subhumlda

est ac transmittit

atramentum.

Andreas. Quaeso, ut ap-

pares mihi pen nam banc.

tibi.

C. Deest mihi scalprum librarium. A.

!

En

C. Hui,

quam obtusum

A. Accipe cotem.
?

C.

Utrum

soles

scribere

cuspide
C.

duriore, an molliore

A.

Accommoda ad manum
?

tuam.

Ego

molliore soleo.

A. Quaeso, ut mihi describas ordine,

figuras elementorum.

C. Graecas,

an Latinas

A. Latinas
C.

primum

conabor

imitari.

C. Suppedlta chartam.

A. Accipe.

Sed

meum

atramentum

dilutius est saepius infusa aqua.

A. At

meum

atramen-

tarium prorsus exaruit.

Rogabo

alicunde.

C. Praestat habere domi,

quam

rogare

mutuum.

A. Quid est discipulus sine

calamo

et atra-

mento ? C. Quod miles sine clipeo et gladio. A. Utinam mihi sint Equidem non possum dictantis vocem scribendo digiti tam celeres assequi. C. Prima cura sit, ut bene scribas proxima, ut celeriter.
!

Sat

cito, si sat

bene.

A. Belle

sed istam cantionem cane praeceptori,

quum

dictat

Sat

cito, si sat

bene.
perfluo, uxi,

12. Scite, adv. skilfully,

charta, ae, /. paper,

uxum

3. io

subhumidus, a, um, somewhat moist, transmitto, isi, issum atramentum, i, w. in/i;. quaeso, / as A;. appSro I. to pre3. to let through, pare ; app. pennam, to mend a pen. scalprum librarium, i, n. pen-knife, hui, cusp'is^idis^ f point. interj. Oh! obtusus, a, um, dull. a.ccomm6do I. to infundo, fudi, fusura 3. to pour in. atramentarium, i, n. inkstand. fit. exaresco, arui 3. to become dry. mutuus, a, um, reciprocal; mutuum rogare,
flow through,

to

borrow,

calamus,

i,

rn. stalk, quill,

dicto 1. to dictate,

belle, adv. finely.

cantio, onis,/. song.

310

REMARKABLE SAYINGS.

Ill
1.

REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
quum
Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset

Lacedaemoniis unus,
:

glorians
tis: 2.

Soletn prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non videbiigitur, inquit^

In umbra

pugnabimus.
in

C.

Tusc.

1,

42, 101.

Lacaena quum filium

proelium misisset et interfectum audis-

set: Idcirco, inquit, genueram, id esset, qui pro patria

ret occumbere.

mortem non dubita-

Ibid. 102.

3. Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosfophum non ignobilem, nonne miramur ? cui quum Lysimachus, rex Thraciae et Macedoniae, crucem

minaretur

Mis

quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis

interest,

Theodori quidem nihil

4.

humine, an sublime putescat.

Ibid. 43, 102.

Diogenes, Cynlcus, projici se post amici: Volucribusne et feris?

mortem
? illi

jussit

inhumatum.

Tum
enim
5.

Minime
poteris

vero, inquit; sed

badUum
;

propter me, qw) abigam, ponitote.

senties.

Qui

(quaesiverunt)

non

Quid

igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti ?

Ibid, 43, 104.

Praeclare Anaxagoras,

quum Lampsaci

moreretur, quaerentibus
:

amicis, velletne

Clazomenas
;

in patriam, si quid accidisset, auferri

est.

hil necesse est, inquit

undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae

JViIbid,

6.

Anaxagoram

nuisse mortalem.

ferunt, nuntiata
Ibid. 3. 14, 30.

morte

filii,

dixisse

Sdebam, me ge-

7. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere non posset: quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiddis tropaeis se e somno

suscitari'
8.

Ibid. 4. 19, 44.

Socrates,

quum

esset

ex eo quaesitum, Arcfaelaum, Perdiccae

:

filium, qui
scio,

tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret Hand inquit nunquam enim cum eo collocutus sum. Ain' tu ? aliter id
;

scire

non potes ?

Mdlo
vir

modo.

Tu
?

igitur

ne de Persarum quidem
ego possim,

rege

magno
sit

potes dicere, beatusne

sit ?

An

quum

ignorem,

quam

doctus,

quam

bonus

Quid ?

tu in eo sitam vitam beatam

jactilum,
n. javelin.

1. Perses, ae, 3.

m. a Persian;
i,

adj. Persian,

i,

Cyrenaeus,

/. cross,

m. Cyrenean,from Cyrene, chief city of Lybia. crux, ucJs, purpuratus, \, m. a courtier, sublime, adv. in the air. putesco, m.
inhu-

tui 3. to rot.
4.

Cynicus,
a, urn,

i,

the Cynic,

projicio, jeci,
i,

jectum

3. to cast forth,

matus,
5.

unburied.
i,/.

bacillum,

n. staff,

laniatus, us,

m.

the tearing.

zomenae, city of Ionia,

i. e,

Lampsacus, city of Mysia. Clazomenae, arum,/. Clasi quid accidisset, if any thing should happen to him, tantundem viae, jm5/ as long a way. if perchance he should die.

LampsScus,


REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
putas
?

311
Miser

Ita prorsus eocistimo

?

bonos, heatos

ergo Archelaus
9.

Certe, si injustus.

improhos, miseros.

C. Tusc. 5. 12, 34. 35.

litteras,

Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per

se omnia, quae co-

narentur, prohibiturum, quaesiverimt,

num

se esset etiam

mori prohihitu-

rus.lbid. 14, 42.

10.

Xenocrates,

quum

legati

ab Alexandro quinquaginta
illis,

ei talenta

attulissent,

quae erat pecunia temporibus

Athenis praesertim, max;

coenam in Academiam iis apposuit tantum, nuUo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari (sc. pecuniam) juberet Quid ? vos hesternd, inquit, coenvM non intelleristis, me pecunia non egere ? Quos quum tristiores vidisset,
ima, abduxit legatos ad

quod

satis esset,

triginta

minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur.

Ibid.

32,91.

jure

Lacedaemone quum tyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit, se nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Tum is, qui ilia Quae tandem? coxerat: Mlnime mirum; condimenta enim defuerunt.
11.
illo

inquit
his

ille.

Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames,

enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur.

12.

sitis;

Ibid. 34, 98.

Quum

Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset,

in

magno consessu

locus ei a suis civibus

nusquam
et

est datus.

Quum
re-

autem ad Lacedaemonios
ceperunt.

accessisset, qui, legati

quum

essent, certo in

loco consederant, consurrexerunt

omnes

senem ilium sessum

recta sunt
;

Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex

iis

datus, dixit ex

quidam: Athenienses sdunt, quae

sedfacere

nolunt.^C. Sen.
13. Bias, qui

18, 63.

numeratur in septem sapientibus,

hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut

quum

ejus patriam

Prienen cepisset

multa de suis rebus

secum
faceret
1. 2, 8.
:

asportarent,

quum

esset admonitus a
;

quodam, ut idem ipse

mea.

Ego vero,

inquit, yoao

nam omnia mecumporto

C. Parad.

14.

Quum tyrannus

Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, quid Deus

postulavit.

esset,

[hie] deliberandi sibi

10.

unum diem

Quum

idem ex eo pos-

hesternus,

Appono, posui, posTtum 3. a, um, of yesterday,

dollars).

to place before,

apparatus, us, m, fitting out.

coeniila, ae, /,

a spare meal,

mina, ae,/.

mina (worth about 17^

11. Jus, uris, n. broth, soup,

venatus, us, m. hunting.

Eurotas, ae, m.

Eurotas, river in Sparta.

12. Ludis,

games,

theatrum,
to scat

i,

n.

theatre,

consessus, us. m. assembly.

consurgo, surrexi, surrectum

the old

3. to arise,
i. e.

man, in order

him,

took

senem sessum receperunt, received him to their seat, multiplex, Icis,

manifold.


318
tridie quaereret,

REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
biduum
petivit.

Quum

saepius duplicaret
ita faceret
:

numerum
D.
1. c.

dierum, admii'ansque Hiero requireret, cur

inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur ohscurior.

Quia, quardo,
C. A^.

22.
15.

Quum

Hannibal, Carthagine expulsus,

venisset exsul, proque eo,

gloria, invitatus esset

quod ejus nomen

suis, ut
:

erat

Ephesum ad Antiochum magna apud omnes

ab hospitibus
se

Phormionem philosophum
locutus esse dicitur

audiret

quumque
ceteri,

is

non

nolle dixisset

homo

copiosus aliquot horas de imperatoris

officio et

de omni re

militari.

Tum, quum

qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati,

illo

quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de

philosopho judicaret.

Hie Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen

mvltos se deliros senes saepe vidisse
raret, vidisse
;

libere respondisse fertur,

sed qui magis,

injuria
!

neminem.

Neque mehercule

quam Phormio, deliQuid enim aut arvictore,

rogantius, aut loquacius fieri potuit,

quam

Hannibali, qui tot annos de

certasset,

imperio

cum

populo

Romano, omnium gentium

Graecum hominem, qui nunquam hostem, nunquam castra vidisset, nunquam denique minimam partem ullius publici muneris attigisset, praecepta de re militari dare ? C. De Or. 2, 18, 75.
16.

Quum, Tarento amisso, arcem tamen

fecisset,

Livius Salinator retinuisset,

multaque ex ea proelia praeclara

quum

aliquot post annos

Maximus

oppidum recepisset, rogaretque eum Salinator, ut merainisset, opera sua se Tarentum recepisse Quidni, inquit, meminerim ? nunquam enim recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses. C. De. Or. 2. 67, 273. 17. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse Nasica sensit illam domiid
:

ni jussii, dixisse, et ilium intus esse.

Paucis post diebus

quum ad

Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a janua quaereret, exclamat Nasica, se domi non esse. Tum Ennius Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, inquit, tuam ? Hie Nasica Homo [inquit] es impudens. Ego quum te
: :

qtiaererem, ancillae time credidi, te

domi non

esse

tu mihi

non

credis ipsi ?

lb.
18.

68, 276.

Orator quidam malus

quum

in epil6go

misericordiam se movisse

putaret,

postquam
:

assedit, rogavit

Catulum, videreturne misericordiam

;

movisse

Ac magnam quidem,

inquit

neminem enim puto

sit.

esse

tam du-

rum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa

15. Exsul, ulis, m. exile,
to

C.

De

Or.

2. 69,

278.

proque eo, quod, and on account of this, that non. res militaris, warfare, hie, here. Poenus, i, m. Carthaginian. Graece, adv. in Greek, delirus, a, um, silly, deliro 1. to be silly, mehercule, adv. by Hercules, indeed, arrogans, lis, arrogant.
nolle,
will

with pleasure,

NARRATIVES.

313

IV.
1.

NARRATIVES.

Themistocles. (Cf. Justin. 2, 10. 11.) Leonidas. Xerxes. Xerxes belliim a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam per quinqueninstruxit.

nium
de
cata,

Septingenta

niilia

de regno armaverat
sit,

et trecenta milia
sic-

auxiliis, ut

non immerito proditum

flumina ab exercitu ejus

Graeciamque
introitus

omnem

vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse.

dicitur.

Naves

quoque milia ducentas numero habuisse

Ut
Xerxis in Graeciam
discessus.

terribilis fuit, ita

turpis ac foedus

Nam quum

Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum,

cum

quat-

tuor milibus

militum angustias Thermopylarum occupasset, Xerxes

contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere jubet, quorum cognati

Marathonia pugna
interfecti
:

fuerant

qui,

dum

ulcisci

suos cupiunt,

principium cladis fuere

editur.

succedente deinde

inutili turba,

major caedes
:

Triduum

ibi

cum

dolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum

viginti milibus

quarto die,

quum

nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a

teneri, tunc hortatur
:

hostium
fortunam

summum cacumen
experiendam
:

socios,

recedant, et se ad

meliora patriae tempora reservent

plura se patriae,

sibi

cum Lacedaemoniis
debere
:

quam

vitae,

ceteros ad praesiceteri, soli

dia Graeciae servandos.

Audito regis imperio, discessere

Initio

Lacedaemonii remanserunt.

hujus

belli

sciscitantibus Delphis

oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Lacedaemoniorum, aut urbi caden-

dum
Et

esse.

idcirco rex Leonidas,

quum

in

bellum proficisceretur,
scirent.

ita

suos

firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad

moriendam animo

Angustias

propterea occupaverat, ut

cum

paucis aut majore gloria vinceret, aut

minore damno reipublicae caderet.

Dimissis igitur sociis, hortatur

Lacedaemonios, meminerint, quocunque

dum

esse

caverent, ne fortius mansisse,

modo proeliaturi quam dimicasse

sint,

caden-

viderentur

nee exspectandum, donee ab hoste circumvenirentur, sed,

occasionem
honestius,
daret, securis et laetis

dum nox

superveniendum; nusquam victores

Nihil erat difficile percapiunt, et sexcenti viri castra quinregis praetorium petunt, aut

quam

in castris
:

hostium perituros.

suadere paratis mori

statim

arma

gentorum milium irrumpunt; statimque

1.

offour years, armo 1. to arm. immerinumero, aW., in number. Thermopylae, arum, contemtus, us, m. contempt. /. Thermopylae, a narrow pass in Thessaly. paucitas, atis,/. feloness, cognatus, i, m. relative. Marathonius, a, um, of
i,

Quinquennium,

n. the space

to, adv. not ^cithout justice,

Marathon.

tr\dii.am/i^n. space of three days,

indignatio, onis,/. indignation.

sciscKtor 1. to inquire,

proelior

1. to fight.

circumvSnio, veni, ventum

4. to

27

: :

314

NARRATIVES.
illo, aut, si ipsi

cum
ri.

oppress! essent, in ipsius potissimum sede moritucastris

oritur.

Tiimultus

totis

Lacedaemonii posteaquam regem

non inveniunt, per omnia

nam.

castra victores vagantur, caedunt sternuntque

omnia, ut qui sciant se pugnare non spe victoriae, sed in mortis poe-

Proelium a principio noctis in majorem partem

victi,

diei tractum.

Ad postremum non
rum hostium
fortunam

sed vincendo

fatigati, inter

ingentes strato-

catervas occiderunt.

Xerxes, duobus vulneribus terrestri proelio acceptis, experiri maris

statu it.

Ante navalis

proelii

congressionem miserat Xerxes

A[)ollinis

quattuor milia armatorum Delphos ad

prorsus, quasi

templum

diripiendum
immortali-

non cum Graecis tantum, sed etiam cum

:

diis

bus bellum gereret

est,

quae manus

tota

imbribus et fulminibus deleta

ut intelligeret,

quam nuUae

essent

hominum adversqs deos

vires.

Post haec Thespias, et Plataeas, et Athenas vacuas hominibus incendit

et

quoniam

ferro in

homines non

poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur.

Namque
istocle,

Athenienses post

pugnam Marathoniam, })raemonente ThemAdventante

igitur

victoriam illam de Persis reportatam, non finem, sed caussam

belli fore,

majoris

ducentas naves fabricati erant.

Xerxe, consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat: Salutem

muris ligneis tuerentur.

Themistocles, navium praesidium demonstratum ratus, persuadet

omnibus, patriam municipes esse, non moenia

aedificiis,

civitatemque non in

sed in civibus positam.

Itaque melius salutem navibus,

quam

urbi commissuros.

Hujus sententiae etiam

Deum auctorem

esse.

Probato consilio, conjuges liberosque

insulis, relicta urbe,

cum

pretiosissimis rebus abditis

demandant

ipsi

naves armati conscendunt.

Itaque

Ex-

emplum Atheniensium
angustiasque
Salaminii

etiam aliae urbes imitatae sunt.

classis, et

quum

conjuncta omnis sociorum

intenta in bellum navale esset,

freti,

ne circumveniri a multitudine posset,

occupasset

dissensio inter civitatium principes oritur.

Qui quum,

deserto bello, ad sua tuenda dilabi vellent, timens Themistocles, ne

discessu sociorum vires minuerentur, per servum fidelem Xerxi nuntiat,

uno

in loco

eum

contractam Graeciam capere facilime posse.

vellent,

Quodsi

civitates,

quae jam abire

dissiparentur, majore labore ei sin-

gulas consectandas.

Hoc

dolo impellit regem, ut signum pugnae daret.

sterno, stravi, stratum 3.

go around^ surround,
to prostrate,

supervenire,
those.,

to surprise,

ut qui, as
3. to

who.

fatlgo

1. to

weary,

caterva, ae,/. troop.

statuo, ui,

utum

determine,

quam

nullae essent

hominum

vires,

how

insignificant the

power of man might be. congressio, onis, /. engagement. vacuus, a, um (c. abl.), Boeofta. Thespiae and Plataeae, arum,/. ciYies empty. gra.ssor I. to loalk ; in aliquid gr. to rage against, praemoneo, tii,

NARRATIVES.
Graeci quoque, adventu hostium occupati, proelium
capessunt.
Interea rex, velut spectator pugnae,

315
collatis viribus

cum

parte

navium

in littore

remanet

Artemisia autem, regiiia Halicarnassi, quae in auxilium Xerxi

vfenerat, inter

primos duces bellum acerrime ciebat

ita in

quippe ut

in viro

muliebrem timorem,
anceps proelium

muliere virilem audaciam cerneres.

Quum

esset,

lones ex praecepto Themistoclis pugnae se

:

paullatim subtrahere coeperunt

fregiL

quorum defectio animos ceterorum fugam pelluntur Persae et mox, proelio victi, in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae sunt naves, multae mersae plures tamen, non minus saevitiam regis, quam hostem, timentes, domiim dilabuntur.
Itaque circumspicientes
;

2.

Piso orator

et servus.

Romanus, servis praeceperat, ut tantum ad interEvenit, ut rogata responderent, neve quicquam praeterea dicerent. Clodium ad coeham invitari juberet. Hora coenae instabat aderant ceteri convivae omnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur. Piso sei vum, qui
Piso, orator
;

Marcus

solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, ut videret, veniretne.

:

Quum

tandem jam desperaretur ejus adventus, Piso servo Die, inquit, num forte non invitasti Clodium ? Invitavi, respondit ille. Cur ergo non venit? Quia venturum se negavit. Tum Piso: Cur id non statim
dixisti ?

Respondit Servus

Quia non sum a

Canis fdelis.

te interrogatus.

3.

Pyrrhus rex in

itinere incldit in

canem, qui

interfecti

hominis cor-

pus custodiebat.
assidere,

Quum

audisset,

eum jam

tres dies cibi

jussit

expertem

nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum

humari, canem ve-

ro deduci et curari diligenter.

Paucis post diebus militum iustratio

habetur.

Transeunt

singuli, sedente rege.

Aderat

canis.

Is

quum
of a

itura 2. pre-admonish.

fabricor 1. tu make,

mumceps,
i,

ipis,

m.

citizen

free city

2) citizen,
J. to

conjux, ugis,/.

icife.

abdo, didi, ditum

n.

3. to conceal.

demando

commit.

Salaminium fretum,

bay of Salamis.

Halicar-

nassus, i.f. city in Caria. muliebris, e, of a woman, cerneres, one might see. lones, um, m. lonians. paullatim, adv. gradually, subtraho, traxi,

tractum
2. ties,

3. to

withdraw,

defectio, onis,/. desertion,

3. to

trepidatio, onis,/. trepi-

dation^ haste,

mergo, mersi, mersum

sink,

saevitia, ae,/. cruelty.

Praecipio, cepi,

ceptum

3.

to direct,

praeterea, adv. besides,

?

aliquo-

adv. several times,

num

forte

non

invitasti

can

it

be possible that thou

hast not invited.

3.

Assideo, sedi

2.

to sit by.

humo

I. to

bury,

deduco,
fi^en^.

xi,

ctum

3. to

lead away.

Iustratio, onis,/. rerieic.

tacitus, a,

um,

percussor, oris,

316

'

NARRATIVES.
vidit,

antea quietus et tacitus fuisset, simulac

transire, procurrit furens

domini sui percussores

eosque

allatravit,

saepius se ad

Pyrrhum con-

vertens, ita quidem, ut

non modo

rex, sed

omnes, qui aderant, suspi-

cionem de

iis

conciperent.

quibusdam

signis aliunde accedentibus, fassi

Ergo comprehensi et examinati, levibus caedem poenas dederunt.

4.

Archimedis mors.

Captis Syracusis, quas Archimedes machinationibus suis mirificis diu

defenderat, Marcellus, imperator Romaiius, gravissime edixit, ne quis

Archimedi vim
formas
in

faceret.

At

is,

dum animo
Romano,

et oculis in terra defixis,

pulvere describit, militi

qui praedandi caussa in

domum
7M0S !

irruperat strictoque gladio, quisnara esset, interrogabat, propter

studii nihil

nimium ardorem

respondet, nisi hoc

JVoli tubare drculos

milite igitur, ignaro, quis esset, intei-ficitur.

5.

Amicus

itifidelis.

Duo

amici una

iter

faciunt atque, solitudinem peragrantes,

ursum
efFera-

ingentem vident advenientem.

alter recordatus, illam

Alter celeriter in arborem adscendit

nisi

bestiam Cadavera non attingere,

fame

tam, humise pl'osternitanimamque continet, simulans seesse mortuum.

Accedit ursus, contrectat jacentem, os suum ad hominis os

et

aures

Tunc ambo metu liberati inceptum iter persequuntur. Inter eundum autem interrogat is, qui in arborem adscenderat, alterum, quidnam ursus ei in aurem insusurrasset.
admovet
et

cadaver esse ratus discedit.

Mijlta, inquit

ille,

quae non recordor

sed imprimis hoc praeceptum

dedit,

ne quem pro amico haberem, cujus fidem ad verso tempore non

expertus.

ssem

6.

Demosthenes.
attentos videret:
et

Demosthenes caussam orans quum judices parum

Paullisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete
:

rem

vobis

novam

jucundam
In itinere

narrabo.

Quum

aures arrexissent

Juvenis, inquit, quispiam asinum

conduxerat, quo Athenis

Megaram

profecturus

uteretur.

quum

sol flagraret,

neque esset umbraculum, deposuit

clitellas et

sub

m. murderer, procurro, cucurri, cursum 3. to rush forth, allatro 1. to bark at. suspicio, onis,/. suspicion.
4.

furo 3. to rage.

EdTco,

xi,

ctum

3. to

give out

command,
m.

vim
bear,

facere, to inflict violence.

forma,
5.

vie,f. figure.

Infidelis, e, unfaithful,

ursus,
1. to

i,

effero 1. to render fierce.

anima, ae,/. breath,

6.

contrecto
3. to

handle,

insusurro, io whisper.
xi,

Arrigo, rexi, rectum

prick up.

conduco,

ctum

3. to

take with

',

NARRATIVES.
asino consedit, cujus

317

asinum locatum
deret,

esse,

tandem

in

umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, claraaiis, non umbram asini. Alter quum contra contenjus ambulant. Haec locutus Demosthenes, ubi homabiit.

ines diligenter auscultantes vidit,

rogatusque, ut reliquam fabulam enarraret

Turn revocatus a judicibus Quid ? inquit. De asini

:

umbra

licet

audire

caussam hominis de

vita periclitantis

non

audietis

7.

Cyri mors.

Postquam Asiam Cyrus subegit, Scythis bellum infert, quibus eo tempe Tomyris regina praeerat. Rex aliquantum in Scythia progressus, quasi refugiens, castra deseruit atque

in

iis

vini affatim et

quae

epulis

erant

necessaria reliquit.

Tum

regina filium adolescentem

;

tertia parte

copiarum ad hostes insequendos misit

is

vero, rei militaris

ignarus, omisit hostes et milites in castris Cyri vino se onerare patitur.

Cyrus autem noctu

casti'is interficit.

redit omnesque Scythas cum ipso reginae filio in Sed Tomyris, poenam meditata, hostes, recenti victoria exsultantes, pari fraude decipit. Quippe simulato timore refugiens Cyrum ad angustias pertraxit ibique in insidiis regem cum innumerabilibus Persarum copiis occidit. Tum caput Cyri amputatum in

utrem, sanguine

humano
te

repletum, conjecit, crudelitatem his verbis

exprobrans: Satia
potuisti

sanguine,

quem

sitisti,

et

quo nunquam

satiari

8.

Androdi

leo.

(Cf. Gell. N. A.

5, 14,

530.)

pugna populo dabatur. Multae ibi savientes ferae erant sed praeter alia omnia leonum immanitas admirationi fuit, praeterque ceteros omnes eminebat unus.
in circo

Romae

maximo

venationis amplissimae
;

Is leo corporis

impetu

et ingenti

magnitudine terribilique fremltu,

toris

comisque cervicum fluctuantibus, animos oculosque omnium in sese

converterat.

Introductus erat inter complures ceteros ad

viri consularis.

tiarum servus
2) to hire,
onis,

Ei servo Androclus nomen

clitellae,
1,

pugnam besfuit. Hunc

agaso,

umbraculum,
loco
of.

n.

shade,

arum,

/. pack-saddle,

m.

hostler,

1. to hire,

enarro

to relate

through,

periclitor 1.

to be in 7.

danger

some extent, refugio, fugi 3. to flee back, affatim, a^Zu. abundance of wine, insequor, secutus sum 3. <o pursue. recens, tis, recent. decTpio, cepi, ceplum 3. to deceive, pertraho, axi, actum 3. to draw, ampiito 1, to cut off. uter, utris, m. leather bag. 8. Circus maximus, i, m. the Circus Maximus., a great race-course, im^0

Aliquantum,
affl

abundantly;

vini,

manitas,

atis, /.

Aw^ewe^^.

torus,

i,

m. protuberance ;
fluctuor
1. to

2) muscle,

coma, ae,

/. hair; 2)

mane,

cervix, icis,/. neck,

wave,

introdaco, xi,

21^

318
ille

NARRATIVES.
leo ubi vidit procul, repente, quasi admirans, stetit
;

ac deinde sen;

sim atque placide tanquam exploratiirus ad hominem accedit

turn

caudam more adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominisque fere corpori adjungit cruraque ejus et manus prope jam exanimati metu lingua leniter demulcet Homo Androclus inter ilia tam atrocis ferae blandimenta amissum animum receperat pauUatim oculos ad contuendum leonem refert. Turn, quasi mutua recognitione facta, laetos et gratulabundos videres hominem et leonem. Ea re prorsus admirabili maximi a populo clamores excitantur, arcessiturque a Caesare Androclus, quaeriturque ex eo, cur ille atrocissimus leonum uni peper;

cisset.

Hie Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam.

vinciam, inquit, Africam proconsulari imperio

Quum

pro-

ego
et,

ibi iniquis ejus

et quotidianis

meus dominus obtineret, verberibus ad fugam sum coactus;

domino terrae illius praeside tutiores latebrae essent, in camporum et arenarum solitudines concessi: ac, si defuisset cibus, consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Tum, sole flagrante, specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. Neqiie multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili uno et cruento pede, gemitus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciatumque vulut mihi a
neris indicantia.

animus meus
in latibulum

Ac primum quideni conspectu advenientis leonis summo terrore impletur; sed postquam leo, introgressus illud suum, vidit me procul delitescentem, mitis et man:

suetus accessit

ac sublatum

pedem

ostendere et porrigere, quasi opis

petendae

gratia, visus est.

Ibi,

ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis

ejus haerentem revelli

conceptamque saniem vulnere intimo express!

accuratiusque sine

cruorem.

Ille

magna jam formidine siccavi pemtus atque detersi tunc mea opera et medicina levatus, pede in manibus
et quievit.

meis posito, recubuit

et leo in

Atque ex eo die triennium totum ego

tHr

eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Nam, quas venabaferas, membra opimiora ad specum mihi suggerebat: quae ego,
3. to

'Ctum

introduce,

vir consularis, m.
tail,

man
xi,

of consular rank,

sensim,

adv. by degrees,
ceo, mulsi,
inutuiis, a,

cauda, ae,/.

adjungo,

ctum

3. to

join
i,

to.

demula,

mulsum

2. to soothe ; 2) to lick,

blandimentum,
n.

n. caressing.

um, mutual, recognitio, onis, /. recognition, um, congratulating. Hie, here, proconsulare imperium,
latebrae, arum,/, lurking places,

gratulabundus,
latebrosus, a,

proconsular pow-

er,

arena, ae,/. sand,

um,

introgredior, gresfull of lurking places, recondo, idi, itum 3. to conceal, sus sum 3. to enter, latibulum, i, n. den. delitesco, tui 3. to conceal one's
self,

mansuetus, a, um, tame, ostendo, di, sum 3. rectum 3. to extend, vestigium, i, n. sole, revello,
.

to shoio.
elli,

porrigo, rexi,
3. to tear out.

ulsum

sanies, ei,/. bloody matter

formido, in\s, f. fear,

sugggro, gessi, gestura

3.

NARRATIVES.
ignis

^
edebam.

319
Sed ubi

copiam non habens,

sole meridiano torrens

est,

me

vitae illius ferinae

jam pertaesum
fere tridui

leone in venatum profecto,

rellqui

specum

et,

viam
et

permensus, a militibus visus comIs

prehensusque sum
statim rei capitalis
ligo

dominum ex Africa Romam deductus. damnandum dandumque ad bestias curavit.

ad

me

Intel-

autem hunc quoque leonem,

et

me

tunc separate, captum gratiam

Itaque, cunctis petenet
suffragiis

mihi nunc etiam beneficii

tibus,

medicinae referre.

dimissus est Androclus et poena solutus, leoque

populi donatus.
9.

Somnium mirum.
iter

Quum

duo quidam Arcades familiares

ad cauponem devertit
subveniret,
;

una facerent

et

Megaram
Qui ut

venissent, alter

ad hospitem

alter.
ei,

coenati quieverunt, concubia nocte visus est in somnis

hospitio, ille alter orare, ut

qui erat in

quod

sibi

a caupone interltus
dein,

pararetur

is

primus perterritus somnio surrexit;

quum

se col;

legisset idque
ei

visum pro
ille

nihilo

habendum

esse duxisset, recubuit

turn

dormienti idem

visus est rogare, ut,

quoniam
;

sibi vivo

non sub-

venisset,

mortem suam ne inultam

esse pateretur

se interfectum in

plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum: petere, ut

iret.

mane ad portam adesset, priusquam pl&ustrum ex oppido exHoc vero somnio is commotus mane bubulco praesto ad portam
:

fuit

quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro

:

ille

perterritus fugit

tuus erutus est

caupo, re patefacta, poenas dedit.

mor-

C. Div.

1.

27, 57.

10.

Cleobis et Bito.

Tropftonlus et Aga/medes.
filii,

Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Bito,

est.

praedicantur.

Nota fabula

Quum

enim

illam ad sollenne et statum sacrificium curru vehi

jus esset

satis
ii,

longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque jumenta

tunc juvenes
xerunt: ad

quos modo nominavi, veste

accesserunt.
filiis,

posita, corpora oleo

perun-

jugum

Ita

sacerdos advecta in fanum,

illis

quum
Post,

currus esset ductus a

daret pro pietate,
to bring,

precata a dea dicitur, ut

dari posset

praemium

quod maxifnum homini

a deo.

sol meridianus,

taesum
tior,

est alicujus rei, /

4. to

mensus sum
Caupo,

m, midday sun. ferinus, a, um, wild, me perhad become very tired of, (from pertaedet). permepass over, rei capitalis damnare, to condemn for a
i, re.

capital offence.
9.

sufFraglum,

potsherd

2) vote, voice.
ti, 3. to

onis, ?. inn-keeper,

devertor,

put up.

concubia nocte,
bubulcus,

dead of night, i, m. teamster.

hospitium,

i,

n. hospitality,

supra, adv. upon that,

10. Arglus, a,

um, Argive.

solennis,e, customary, solemn,

status, a,

um,

: ;

320
epulatos

^
cum

NARRATIVES.

matre adolescentes somno se dedisse, mane inven-

et Agamedes usi ditemplum exaedificavissent, venerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem operis et laQuibus Apollo boris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium qui ut

tos esse mortuos.

Simili precatione Trophonius

Apollini Delphis

cuntur: qui,

quum

illuxit,

mortui sunt

reperti.

C. Tusc.

1. 47,

113, 114.

11.

Dolus Pythii.
se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse di-

C. Canius, eques

Romanus, quum

cere solebat), non negotiandi caussa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos

aliquos velle
pellatoribus

em ere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se posset. Quod quum percrebuisset,

si

oblectare sine inter-

Pythius

ei

quidam,

qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales quidem se hortos

habere, sed licere uti Canjo,
vellet, ut

non

suis

et

simul ad coenam

set,

hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisistum Pythius, qui esset ut argentarius apud omnes ordines gi*atiosus, piscatores

ad se convocavii
:

et

ab

iis

petivit, ut

ante suos hortulos

postridie piscarentur

dixitque, quid eos facere vellet.

:

Ad coenam
:

tempore venit Canius

opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium

:

cym-

barum

ante occulos multitudo

pro se quisque quod ceperat, afFerebat

ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur.

Tum
est,

Canius

Quaeso,

inquit,

quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium, tantumne

ille
:

cymbarum?

Et

Quid mirum ?
:

inquit.

Hoc

loco
carere

Syracusis quicquid est pis-

cium

hie aquatio

hac

villa isti

non possunt.
Gravate

Incensus Canius
ille

cupiditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet.

primo.

Quid
Pythius

multa ? impetrat.
voluit, et

Emit homo cupidus

:

et locuples tanti, quanti

emit instructos
;

negotium conficit
:

Invitat

Canius postridie

familiares suos

venit ipse mature

ex proximo

vicino,
?

num

feriae

scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos

ille,

nuUos videret
stated,

Nullae, quod sciam, inquit

i, 71.

sed hie piscari nuUi

of burden, exaedifico 1.

sacrificium,

5/icr/ice.

']vxmer\\.wrc\^\.n. beast

peiunto build.

go, xi, ctura 3. to anoint,

11.

precatio, onis, /. prayer.

C=Caius.

oi\or I. to be unoccupied,

2) small country house,

bui, to become

known,

hortulus, i, m. a little garden m. disturber, percrebesco, creargentaria, ae,/. banking ; argentariam facere, to folinterpellator, oris,

low banking.
loved,

vendXis., for sale,

qui esset, since he was.

gratiosus, a,

um,

be-

opipare, adv. splendidly.

abjTcio, eci,

appSro
3. to cast

1.

to

prepare,

pro se quisque, each

^

for himself.
fish?

ectum

down,
villa,

tantumne piscium
ae, country-seat,

so

many
i,

aquatio, onis, /. watering -place,

2) boat.

scalmus,

m.thowl;

qviodsc\dimyas far as I know.

sioma.cha.Ti, to be indignant.

The

Infin. here stands for stomachatur.

formula, ae,/. legal form.

NARRATIVES.
soleut.

321
Stomachari Canius.

Itaque

lieri

mirabar, quid accidisset.

Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protulerat de dolo malo formulas. C. Off. 3. 14, 5860.
12.

Ardtus.
qui,

Aratus Sicyonius jure laudatur,

quum

ejus civitas quinquaginta

aiinos a tyrannis tenerelur, profectus Argis

troitu
sisset,
tituit,

Sicyonem, clandestino

in-

urbe est potitus,

quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improviso

liberavit.

oppres-

sexcentos exsQles, qui fuerant ejus

civitatis locupletissimi, res-

remqiie publicam adveutu suo

Sed quum magnam

quod
et eos,

animadverteret

in bonis et possessionibus

difficultatem,

quos ipse

restituerat,

arbitrabatur, et

quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis
quod
tarn longo spatio

aequum
neque

putabat, propterea

multa hereditatibus,
:

multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantur sine injuria

illis

judicavit,

admi, nee

iis

non

satisfieri,

Quum
suum
nit,

igitur statuisset,

opus esse
velle

Alexandrlam se
jussit esse
:

proficisci

quorum ilia fuerant, oportere. ad earn rem constituendam pecunia, dixit, remque integram ad reditum

isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum,

suum

hospitem, ve-

qui

tum regnabat alter

post Alexandriam conditam.

Cui
;

quum

ex-

posuisset, patriam se liberare velle,

caussamque docuisset

a rege op-

ulento vir

summus

facile

impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur.

Quam quum
principes,
et

Sicyonem

attulisset, adhibuit sibi in

consilium quindecim

cum

quibus caussas cognovit et eorum, qui aliena tenebant,

:

eorum, qui sua amiserant

aliis,

perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus,

ut persuaderet

derent;

aliis,

ut

pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus cecommodius putarent, numerari sibi, quod tanti esset,
ut
Ita

quam suum
stituta, sine

recuperare.

perfectum

est, ut

omnes, concordia conqui

querela discederent.
!

virum

magnum dignumque,

in nostra republica natus esset

12. Sicyonius, Sicyonian,

C.
make

Off. 2. 23, 81, 82.

(from Sicyon, a city of Achaia).

clandestinus, a,

Argi, orum,

m.

Jlrgos^ chief city of Arorolis.

um,

secret,

improviso, adv.

unexpectedly,
tance,

possideo, sedi, sessum 2. to possess,

hereditas, atis,/. inheri-

satisfacio, feci,

factum

3. to

satisfaction.

expono,posui,positum

3. to explain.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

The numbers 1 2, 3, 4 written after the verbs, denote the conjugation which they follow the numerals, which are introduced in 33, and the prepositions which are introduced in 34, are omitted. The adjectives of three endings in us., o, mw, instead of their endings have the figure 3 after them.
,
:

A.

absumo, sumpsl, sump- accuse

1. to

complain

of,

Abduco,
to

xi,

ctum

3.

turn 3. to consume.

accuse.

draw abundo, 1. c. abl. to acer, eris, n. maple-tree. have an abundance of, acer, cris, ere, sharp, abSo, li, itum A. to go zealous, fierce. a6oMnc?m( something). away, depart. abutor, usus, sum 3. c. acerbus 3. bitter, punabhorreo, ui 2. ah. c. gent. abl. to use up; 2)
lead away,

away.

abl.

to

shun, to have

abuse.

Achilles,

is,

m. Achilles.
edge
;

a strong aversion
something).
abigo, egi,

(to ac, conj.

(never before acies,

h),

ei,

/.

'z)

a vow^el or
3.
to

and ;

as.

line-of-battle.

actum

Academia,

/.

Academy,

acriter, adv. spiritedly.

actio, onis,/. action.
aciio,

drive away.

accedo, cessi,

cessum

abominor
abrlpio,

1. <o ea:ecra<e.

S. to approach.
1.

m,utumS. to shar-

ripui,

reptum accelero

to hasten.

pen.
acus, us, f. needle. acute, adv. sharply, acutely.

3. to take
off.

away, carry accendo,

absent.

di,

sum,

3. to

enkindle, inflame.
tis,

absens,
absolve,

acceptus

3. received.

vi,

utum
2)
to

3. to accidit 3. it

happens.

acutus
3.

3. sharp, pointed,

complete,

dis- accipio, cepi,

ceptum

acute.

charge.

to take, receive.
si,

abstergeo,

sum,

2. <o

accommodatus 3. c.

dat.

adaequo adamas,

1. to level to.

antis,

m. dia-

wipe

off,

take

away,

remove.

mond. filed to, suited to. accresco, evi, etum 3. addictus 3. devoted to.
to

abstinens,

tis,

temperate.

increase,

to

aug- addo,
join
1, to

dldi,
to,

ditum

3. to

abstineo, tinui,
2. to

tentum
(from
to be

ment.

add.

keep off; abl. to abstain,

2) c. accubo, bui,
recline
table).

bitum
to sit

adduco,
bring
very.

xi,
to,

ctum

3.

to

by,

{at

induce.

something).

adeo, adv. so much, so

absum,
nihil

fui, esse,

accurate, adv. accurately,Jully.

absent, to be removed;

adeo,
3. exact.
to,

ii,

itum

4. to

come

abest,

(non

accuratus

approach.
to apply, he-

multum)
it

abest, quin, accurro,

cucurri,
to

cur- adhibeo 2.
to

wants nothing [not

that.

sum

3.

run up,

stow, give.

much),

hasten up.

adhuc, adv. as

yet, stiU.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
adjac^o,
lie
iii

323

2. c. dat. to

adsum,
to he

fui,

esse

c. dat.

upon, hy, near (a

present at (some-

aequus 3. just, equal aequus animus, equanimity.

thing).

thing), to he present.

adimo, emi,

emtum
away.

3. adulatio, 6nis,/.^a<<en/.

aerumna, ae,/ Wcfe^ip.

Aeschlnes,
is,

to take, take

adulor
ter.

1. c.

dat. to fiat- aes, aeris, n. hrass.

adipiscor, adeptus
3. to obtain.

sum

m. MscM-

adulterinus
counterfeit.

3.

false,

nes.

aditus, us, m. approach.

aestas, atis, /.

summer.
value, es-

adjutor, oris,
tant.

m.

assis-

adjuvo, uvi,
port.

utum

1.

c.

ustum 3. to set on fire, hum. advenio, veni, ventum

aduro,
ussi,

aestlrao
teem.

1.

to

aestivus 3. pertaining to

aestivum summer ; 4. to come to, arrive. tempus, summer seaadvento 1. to approach. son. admirabilis, e, admira- ad\entus,us, m. arrival. admiratio, onis,/. admi- adversarius, i, m. oppo- aetas, atis, f age, period.
ace. to aid, assist, sup[hie.

ration.

nent.

aeternitas, atis, /. eter-

admiror 1. to admire. nity. adversus, 3. placed admisceo, iscui, istum against, contrary, op- aeteinus 3. eternal. or ixtum 2. to interposite res adversae, afFabilitas, atis, /. afi^a;

mingle.

adversity.
very.

hility.

admodum, adv. admoneo 2. to

ish.

adverto,

ti,

sum
hasten

3. to afFero, attuli,
to
to.
;

allatum
hring.

3.

admjon-

turn

to.

hear

to,

advolo

1. to

afflcio, eci,
affect
;

ectum

3. to

admoveo, movi, motum aedes, is, 2. c. dat. to hring up house.

to.

/. temple

pi.

Part. afFectus

3. affected.
i,

aedificium,
3. to endeavor.

n. edifice, affinltas, atis,/. relation-

adnitor, nixus or nisus aedifico

li.to build.

ship.
afflicto 1. to afiiict.

sum

aedilis,

is,

m. Edile.

adolescens,tis,m.t/0Mng- aeger, gra,

grum,

sick,

affluenter,

adv.

abun-

man, youth, young.

adolescentulus,
i,

wi.

dantly. aegritudo, inis, /. sickaffluentia, ae, /. abunness, sorrow.

young man,
turn 3. to
adorior,

youth.

aegre,

adv. reluctantly,
difficulty ;

dance.
afffiio, uxi,

adolesco, adolevi, adul-

with

aegre

uxum

3. to

grow

up.

fero, to he dissatisfied,

ador, oris, n. wheat. ortus

aegrotus, 3. sick.
4.

fiow to ; overflow, have an abundance.

Afranius,
nius.
i, i.

sum

aemulor
emulate.

1.

c.

ace.

to affulgeo, si 2. to shine.

to attack,

undertake.

m.

AfraAfrica-

adorno

1. to

put in

or-

Aeneas, ae, m. Mneas.

der, adorn.

aenigma,atis,n. emg?na. Africanus,

to.

adscendo,
to ascend.

di,

sum
itum

3. aequalis, e, equal.

aeque
3. like

nus.

atque

adscisco,

ivi,

manner

(ac),
as.

in

Agamemno,

onis,

m.

Agamemnon.
ager, gri, m. field, land.

to adopt, receive.

aequiparo
3. aquitas,

1. to equal.

adspicio, exi,
to look

Agesilaus, i, m. Agesiupon, discover, aequo 1. to equal. laus. adstringo, inxi, ictum 3. aequor, oris, n. surface, agger, eris, to. rampart. to draw up tight ; 2\ espec. surface of aggredior, gressus sum
:

ectum

atis,/ equity.

hind, to

make binding.

the sea.

3.

rem,

to

approach,

324
begin something
attack,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
;

2)

alius

alius, one,

an- amplus
al,

3.

bruad

liber-

other.
inis,

magnificent.

agmen,
Jlock.

n.

band,

allicio,

exi,

ectum

3.

to allure.

amussis, is,/, a rtde (of mechanics),

agnosco, novi, nitum 3. alligo 1. to fasten, tie an, (in questions) or. up. anas, atis, /. a duck. recognize. ago, egi, actum 3. to Allobroges, um, m. Al- anceps, cipitis, twofold,
lobroges. make, do, pass ; agere annum, to be in alloquor, cutus to address. the year ; age, come
drive,

double, doubtful.

sum

3.

Anchises,
chises.

ae,

m.

An-

on.
agricola, ae, m. husband-

alo, alui, (alltum) 3. to apcilla, ae,/.

a maid.

nourish.

ancillaris, e, pertaining

aloe, es,/ th^aloe. man, farmer. to a maid, sei-vile. Alpes, ium,/ Alps. ango, xi, 3. to trouble. Ajax, acis, m. Ajax. aio, I say, say yes, assert, alter, era, erum, the one angor, oris, m. vexation.
affirm.

alacer, ens, ere, spirited, alteruter,

lively.

Albis,

is,

m.

the Elbe.

albus

3. white.
is,

angulus, i, m. an angle, utrum, angustiae, arum,/. ?iarone of the two. row pass. altitudo, inis, /. height, angustus 3. narrow. depth. animadverto, ti, sum 3.
or other of
tivo.

utra,

Alcibiades,
biades.

m. Aid- altus

3. high, deep.

to observe, perceive.

alvus, i,/. belly.

dri,

animal,

alis, n.
i,

animal.
spirit,

Alexander,
ander.

m. Alex- amabllis,

e,

amiable.

amarus
go

3. bitter.

animus, mind,

m. soul,

heart,

courage.

Alexandria, ae, Alexan- amblo,

dria.

algeo,

si 2.

to feel cold,

freeze.
alias,

ivi, itum 4. to annulus, i, m. a ring. around (some- annus, i, m. a year. thing), surround. anser, eris, m. a goose. ambo, ae, o, both. ante, adv. before.

adv.

at

another ambulatio,

onis,

a antea, adv.

before.

time.

walk.

antecedo, cessi, cessum

1. to

alicunde, adv.from some

place or other.

ambulo

go

to

walk,

3. c. dat. or ace. to

go
to

to stroll.

before, be superior

alienigena, ae, m. stran- amicitia, ae,

friend-

(some one).
antepono, posui, poslturn 3.
to prefer.

gerfrom another country.

ship.

amicus,

i,

m. friend.

alienus 3. foreign, an- amitto, misi,

other^s.

missum
river.

3.

antequam,

conj.

before

to lose.
is,

that, ere, before.

aliquamdiu, adv. a long amnis,

time.

m.
3.

Antiochia, ae,/ Antioch.

antiqultas, atis,
tiquity.

amo
adv.

1.

to love.

an-

aliquando,
time.

some

amoenus

pleasant (of

countries),

agreeable, antiqultus, adv. ancient-

aliquis, a, id or aliqui, a,

od, some one.

aliquot [indecl.), some.
aliter, adv. otherwise.

amor, oris, m. love. ly, formerly. amplexor 1. to embrace, AnUstius, i,m. Antistius.
cherish.

Antonius,
inis,

i,

m. Antony.
old ivoman.

amplitude,

au- anus, us,

pri,

aliunde, adv.

from ananother
;

thority, dignity.

anxie, adv. anxiously.

other source, place.

alius,
a,

ampllus, adv. more, fur- aper,

ther.

m. boar, wild

ud,

boar.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
aperio, rui,

325

rtum

4. to

arcus, us, m.

a bow.

assidiius 3. unremitting^

openj (caput) to un- ardenter, adv. glowingcover

;

persevering.

apertus

3.

ly,

ardently.
si,

assuefacio, fbci, factum

2. to

open.
aperte, adv. openly.

ardeo,

sum

3. c. dat. to
to.

accustom

burn, glow.

ardor, oris, m. keat, de- assuesco, evi, etum 3. m. summit. c. dat. or abl. to dcsire. a bee. Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, area, ae, f. open space. custom one's self to, be accustomed to ApoUonia, ae, /. Apol- argenteus 3. of silver. (something), Ionia. [evident, argentum, i, n. silver ;

apex,

icis,

apis, is,f.

appareo
appello
appeto,

2. to appear^ be
1. to call.
ivi,

arg.
ver.

vivum,

quicksil- Assyria, ae,/. Assyria.

astutia,

ae,/ cunning,

itum
c.

3. to

Argo, us,/ theArgo.

at, conj. but, yet.

strive to obtain.

argumentum,
gen.
tents.
is,

i,

n. con-

Athenae,arum J". Athens.

Atheniensis,
e,

appetens,

ntis,

Atkerii-

eager for something. Aristides, appetitus, us, m. desire. des.

m. Aristi-

ian

subst.

an Athe-

nian.
is,

applaudo,

si,

sum

3.

c.

Aristoteies,
totle.

m. Aris- Atlas,

antis,

m. Atlas.

dat

to applaud.
1. to rest

atque, conj. and, as.

n. arms.

applico

upon ; arma, orum,

1. to

atrox, 6cis,/erce, violent.,

se applicare, to ap- aro

plough.

frightful, bloody.
di,
to,

proach, join one^s self Arpinas, atis, m. inhab- attendo, to (some one)j apply itant of Arpinum. attend
one^s
self to

tum

3. to

give (dkti-

(some- arrideo,

si,

sum

2.

c.

tion.

thing).

dat. to smile upon.

art.

attente, adv. attentively.

aj)pdno, posui, positum ars, tis,/

3. to place by, before, artifex,

attentus 3. attentive.
skilful
;

icis,

attero,

trivi,

tritum

3.

approbo 1. to approve. appropinquo 1. to approach.

Aprilis,
is,

subst. artist.

to impair, exhaust.

artus, us, m. joint, limb. Atticus 3. Attic, inhab-

m. April.

Aruns, arvum,

ntis,
i,

n.

itant of Attica. m. Aruns. a ploughed Atticus, i, m. Atticus.

aptus 3. c. dat. or ad c. attingo, igi, actum 3. feld. ace, ft, ftted. arx, cis,/ citadel. to touch. aqua, ae,/ water. as, assis, m. an as (a auctor, oris, m. author, aratrum, i, n. a plough. Roman copper coin.) adviser ; me auctore,
arbitror 1. to think, to ascendo, di,

sum

3. to

upon my
thority.

advice.

account
thing).

(one some-

ascend, mount.

auctoritas, atis,

au-

ascensus, us, m. ascent.

n.

arbor, oris,/

arcanum,
cadian.

i.

Areas, adis,

a tree. asinus, i, m. an ass. audacla, ae, / self cona secret, asper, era, erum, rough, fdence. [bold. m. an Ar- aspernor 1. to spurn. audax, acis, confident,
asporto
off.
]
.

to carry

away, aud^o, ausus

sum

2. to

arceo, ui 2. to keep
arcesso,
ivi,

assentior,

sensus

sum sum
3.

dare, venture.

itum

3.

to

4. c. dat. to assent to.

audio

4. to hear.

send for, bring. assequor, secutus Archias, ae, m. Archias. 3. to attain.

auditor, oris, m. hearer.

auffero, abstuH,
3. to

ablatum

Archimedes,
chimedes.

is,

m. Ar- assido, edi, essum to sit doum.

take away, bear

away.

326
augeo,
xi,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
ctiim
n.
2.

to beate, adv. peacefully,

buris,
tail.

is,

/.

a ploughn. butter,

increase, enrich.

beatus
py.

3. peaceful,

hap-

augurium,
auguror
did.
]
.

i,

augury,

buty rum,
i,

i,

divination.
to divine,

bellum,

n.

war.

Augustus,
tus.
Siuisi,

i,

C. bene, adv. well, rightly. Cachinnatlo, onis, f. m. Augus- benedico 3. c. dat. to loud, unrestrained
pre- bellus 3. hecmtiful, neat.
praise.

laugh.

ae, f. court.

beneficentia, ae,

6e-

cacumen,
corpse.

inis, n. to;?.

aureus 3. golden. ne/icence. Aureus, i, m. Aureus beneficium,

(mountain).
auris, is,/, the ear.

cadaver, eris, n. carcass,

i,

n. kind-

ness, favour.

cado, cecidi,
to fall,

casum

3.

beneficus

3. beneficent.

happen.
3.

aurum,

i,

n. gold.
1. to listen. 1. to

benevole, adv. kindly,

benevolentia, ae,
nevolence.

caducus
caecus
caedo,

ready to fall,

ausculto

be-

falling.
3. blind.

ausplcor
either

commence.

aut, conj. or; aut

^aut,

benignus

2. kind.

caedes, is,/, slaughter,

cecidi,

or.

bestia, ae,/. beast.

caesum

autem,
its

(takes bestiola, ae, /. the second place in animal.

conj. but

little

3. to fell, to kill.

caerimonia, ae,
li-

cere-

sentence).
i,

bibliotheca,
brary.
bibi,

ae, /.

mony.
Caesar,
aris,

autumnus,
auxilium,

m. axdumn.
n.

m. Caesar

i,

aid;

pi. bibo,

bibitum

3.

2)

an

emperor.

auxiliary troops.
avaritia, ae,/. avarice,

to drink.

[bodied.
oris,

bicorpor,
i,

double-

Caius Marius, Marius.

ity, loss,

Caius

avarus
dy.

3.

c.

gen. ava- bidiium,

n. the space calamitas, atis,/.caZam.

ricious, covetous, gree-

of two days.
bilis, is,

misfortune,

f the gall.
sum
m.
4. to

calcar, aris, n.

a spur.

aversor
averto,

1.
ti,

to shun.

blande, adv. gently.

3.
to

calculus,

i,

m. pebble.

sum

blandior, itus
fatter.

caleo 2.

to be

warm,
darkness.

turn away,

to avert.

caligo, inis,
ycis,
the calix, icis,

avidus

3. c.

gen. desir- bombyx,

silk

ous, greedy.
avis, is,/,

worm.
atis,

bird.

bonitas,
ness.

/
;

m. a cup. callidus 3. cunning. good- Callisthenes, is, m. Callisthenes.

avoco
avolo
avus,
ther.

1. to call off.
1.
j,

tojly away.

bonus

3. g-oorf

bonum,

calor, oris, m. heat.

m. a grandfa-

axis,

is,

m. an
B.

axle.

i, n. the good, good, calyx, ycis, m. the bud. Boreas, ae, m. Boreas, camelus, i, m. camel. north udnd. campus, i, m. a plain. bos, ovis, c. ox, cow. canalis, is, m. a caned.

brevis, e, short
(sc.

brevi, canis,

Babylon, onis,/ BabyIon.

tempore),

in

is, c. a dog. a cannabis, is,/ hemp.

short time, soon.

i,

cano, cecini,
to sing.

cantum

3.

Bactra, orum,n. Badra. Britannus,

barba,
basis,

m. a Bri-

ae,/
3.
is,

beard.

ton.

canto

1. to

sing.

barbarus

barbarian.

Brundusiixni/i. n.Brun- cantus, us, m. song.

/ foundation,

dusium.
Brutus,
i,

Canusium,
m. Brutus.
sium.

i,

n.

Canu-

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
capesso,
seize
;

327

ivi,

itum
battle.

3. to
to

proelium,

commence
capillus,
i,

m. the hair.

on one's guard, circumdo, d6di, datura, dare, to place around, ab aliquo, before some surround, (c. dat. of one ; 2) establish, propers. and ace. of [to give way. vide.
to he

capio, cepi,

captum

3.

cede, cessi,
quented.

cessum
,

3.

thing,orc.acc.ofpers.

to take, seize, capture, celeber, bris,

bre, fre-

capra, ae,/, she-goat.

capto
caput,
ter,

1. to

catch, strive celebrltas, atis, /.

and abl. of thing), circumeo (circueo), li, great itum 4. to go around.

to catch.
itis,

number, great multi- circumsedeo, sedi, sesn.head, chapcity.

tude.

sum
1. to celebrate.

2. to

sit

around,
spexi,
(c.

chief

celebro

besiege.

carbasus, i,f.Jlax. circumspicio, celer, eris, ere, swift. spectum 3. career, eris, m. a pmon. celeritas, SiXis, f. celerity,
cardo, inis, m. hinge.
swiftness.
to look

ace.)
(after

around

something). want, eelerlter adv. sudftly. celo 1. e. dupl. aec. to eircumsto, 6ti stand around. caritas, atis, /. love. conceal. carmen, inis,/ poem. censeo, sui, sum 2. to cito, adv. quickly,
careo
2. c. abl. to

Caria, ae,/. Caria.

1.

to

csoco,

ca.Yms,f.fesh.
i,

vatv, account, think,

i,

eivilis, e,

cim/

bellum
suh-

m. Charles. Centaurus, carpentarius i, m. wheeltaur.

Carolus,
unight.

m. a Cen-

civile, civil

war.

civis, is,

c.

citizen,

cerasum,
inis, /.

i,

n. cherry.

ject.

Carthago,
thage.

Car- cerasus, i,/

is,

cherry-tree, civitas,

atis, /.

dtizen2)

Ceres, eris,/. Ceres. m. eerno, crevi, cretum

to see,
3.

ship,

state;

right

Carthaginiensis,

of citizenship.
elades, is,/, defeat.

a Carthaginian.
earus
3. beloved, dear.

judge.
inis,

[test,

eertamen,

n.

con-

clamo

'[.to

cry out.

casa, ae,/. a hut.

cassis, idis,/. helmet. cassis,
pi.
is

certe, adv. surely.

clamor,

oris,

m. a

cry.

certo, 1. to contend. certo, adv. surely.

clare, adv.
dently.

clearly,

cm[ed.

(commonly
?.

casses, ium),

certus
eervus,

3.

sure,

certain, clarus

3. clear,

renown3.

hunter^s net.

definite, positive.
i,

classis, is,

f feet.
sum
to

Cassius,
eastigo
castra,

i,

m. Cassius.
n. camp,

m. stag.
steel,

claudo,
close.

si,

1. to reprove.

ceteri, ae, a, the rest.

orum,

chalybs, y bis, m.
Christus,
cibus,
i,
i.

clausus

3. closed.

casus, us, m. fall, mis- chorda, ae,/. string.

rlavis, is,/, key.

fortune, chance.
catena,

m. Christ,

ae,/
is,

chain.

m.food.

elemens, tis, mild. elementer, adv, mildly.

Catilina, ae, m. Catiline, cicer, eris, n. chick-pea.

caulis,

Cleomenes, is, m. CleoCicero, onis, m. Cicero. m. cabbage. menes. ciconia, ae,/. stork. Clitus, i, m. Clitus. Cato, onis, m. Cato. Clodius, i. m. Clodius. caussa, ae, /. ground, cicur, uris, tame.
cause,
civil

process

cieo, ivi,

itum 2.

to raise,

clypeus,

i,

m.

shield.

(with a gen. preced- cingo, xi, ctum gii'd, surround. ing) on account of.

3.

to

coactor, oris, m. collector.

cautus
ful.

3. cautious, care- cinis, eris,

m. ashes. m.
circle, cir-

coalesco,
to

lui,

litum 3.
to

cireulus,

i,

grow

together,

caveo, cavi,

cautum

3.

cuit.

coalesce.

^
coaxo
codex,
1. to

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
croak.
to

attend

to, cultivate,

comperio, peri, pertum

1. to ascertain,

cochlea, ae,/. a snail.

Ic'is,

revere, honor.

co\oma, ae,f. colony. codicilli, orura, m. writ- color, oris, m. color. ing-tahlet. columba, ae,/. dove.
m. book.
coelestis, e, heavenly.

compea, ed\s,f. a fetter. complector, exus sum

3. to embrace.

colus, \,f. distaff.

compleo,

evi,

etum

2.

coelum,

i,

n. heaven.

comburo,

ussi,

coena, ae,/. a meal. 3. to hum up, coeno 1. to partake of comedo, edi, esum 3. to eat, consume. food ; coenatus 3.

ustum toJiU. hum. complico,

avi,

atum

1.

to fold together ;

corn-

plicatus 3. involved.

having

eaten.

coepi, pisse, to have be-

gun. coerceo
tion.

cometes, ae, m. comet, compliires, a or ia, gen. ium, very many. comicus 3. comic ; poetsi comicus, comic poet, compono, sui, sltum 3.
comis,
ness.
e,

2. to restrain,

courteous.
atis,

cogitatio,

onis,/

re/kc- comitas,

kindn.

to put together, dispose; pacem, to es-

tahlish

peace

se

cogitato,
Jlection.

adv. ivith

re-

comitia,

orum,
1.

as-

comp.

in aliquid, to

sembly of the people.

to

set one's self right.

otis,
c.

cogito

1.

think, con-

comltor
ny.

to

accompa- compos,
1. to

gen.
of.

irfcr.

powerful, possessed

cognitio, onis,
ledge.

know-

commemoro
tion.

men- compositus 3. composed. comprehend, di, sum

3. to seize.

cognitus

3.

known.

commendatio,

onis, /.

cognosco, novi, mtum 3. to become acquainted until, perceive, understand.

commendation.

compungo,
recomto prick.

xi,

ctum
essum
self.

3.

commendo
mend. committo,

1. to

concedo,
misi,
to

essi,

3.

cogo, coegi, coactum

to compel.

3.

sum

3.

miscommit to ;

to allow, confess, 2) to

surrender one's
unite.

2) to commit.

concilio 1. to concUiaie,

cohaereo,

si,

sum

2. to

commoditas, atis,/. convenience.

hold together.

concino, inui,
i,

entum

3.

cohors, tis./. co^r^.

commodum,

n.

ad-

to

sing together, sound

1.

cohortor
incite.

1. to

encourage,

vantage, use.

together.
to

commodus S.convenient. concionor

egi,

ha-

colligo,

ectum
hSll.

3.

to collect. collis, is,

m. a
in

commonefacio, feci, rangue the people. factum 3. to remind, concipio, cepi, ceptum coramoneo 2. to remind, 3. to conceive, receive ;
admonish.

colloco

1.

c.

abl. to

suspicionem, conceive

place in, bestow

something.

colloquium,
ference.

i,

n.

upon commoveo 2. to move. a suspicion. communis, e, common, concito 1. to excite, raise. conknown by all. conclamo 1. to call out. commutatio, onis, /. concludo, si, sum 3. to

colloquor, locutus
S. to converse.

sum

change.

include.
ae. /.

como, compsi, comp- concordia,

harmocreto-

collum,
nate.

i,

n. neck.
1.

collustro

to

my. illumi- comoedia, ae,/. comedy, concresco, crevi,

3. to

tum

comb, adorn.

comparo
cultum
3.

1.

to prepare,

tum

3.

to

grow

colo, colui,

acquire.

gether.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
concupisco, pivi, pitum congrego
3. to desire.
1. to

329

assemble. conservatio,6nis,/.p'C3.

conjicio jeci,
to

jectum
in

servation.
oris,

condemno

1.

con-

to

throw

piido- conservator,

demn ; capiiis,to death. condimentum, i. n. seersoning.

rem

coniic'i, to be dis-

conservatrix,
preserver,

icis, /.

graced.

condio

4. to season.
i,

conservo 1. to preserve. conjungo, nxi, nctumS. considero 1. to consider.

conjugo,
]. to

unite.

condiscipulus,
low-student.

m.felcondi-

to join.

consido, edi,

essum
to

3.

conjuratio, 6nis,y! conspiracy.

conditio, onis,/.
lion.

down. consigno 1.
to sit

note^

conjuratus
idi,

3. conspired^

point out.

condo,

itum

3.

to

preserve,

conceal,

a conspirator. consilium, i, n. counsel^ connecto, exui, exum 3. deliberation, purpose,

to connect.

found.

plan, wisdom.

confectio, onis, /. mak- Cono, onis, m. Conon. consolatlo, onis, /. coning, composing. conor 1. to undertake, soling, consolation.

confero, contuli, collaturn 3. to bring

to-

venture, try.

consolor

1. to

console.

gether, join, compare,

gen. partaking of. find consolation in some- conspectus, us, m. sight. 2) to confer (e. g. favors) ; se conferre, thing, conspergo, rsi, rsum 3. to betake one's self. consanesco, nui 3. to to besprinkle, strew.
evi,
tis c.

conquiesco,
in
c.

etum 3. consors,

abl.

to

conficio,
3.

feci,

fectum

become well.

conspicio, exi,

ectum

3.

to

perform,

con- couscendo, di,

to

sum,

3.

to discover,

dude ;

2) to impair,

mount up,

to as-

conspicor
see.

1. to discover,

consume.
confido, Isus
confide in.

cend.

[cimus.
3.

sum

3, c.

conscientia, ae,

con- conspicuus

conspi-

dat. or abl. to trust to,

sdousness, conscience, constanter,

adv.

with

consclus
to

3. c.

gen. con-

constancy, constantly.

confirmo
confiteor,

1.

confirm.

scious

of

constantia, ae, /. stead-

consector 1. to pursue. fastness. 2.to acknowledge, con- consenesco, nui 3. to consterno, stravi, strafessus

sum

ps,
confligo, xi,
fight.

grow

old.

tum

3. to strew. ui,

ctum

3. to

consensus, us, m. agree- constituo,

ment.

utum

3.

to establish, determine, 3.

confluo,

xi,

xum

3. to

consentaneus
to.

suited

constitute,

fiow

together.

consto,

iti,

atum
c.

1.

c.

confodio, odi,
to stab.

ossum
form.

3.

consentio, nsi,

nsum

4.

abl. or ex

abl.
to

to
;

to agree with.
1. to

consist

of;
it is

cost

conformo
confringo,

consequor, secutus

sum

fregi,
to

frac-

tum

3.

break

3. to follow, to attain, in consero, rui, rtum 3.

to

known. constringo, inxi, ictum

constat,
3. to

draw

togetlier,

pieces.

join together

ma-

bind together.

congero,

essi,

estum

3.

num cum
be

aliquo, to consuesco, evi,

etum

3.

to collect together.

hand

to

hand with

to

accustom one's

self,

congredior,gressus
3. to

sum

some one.
to set

be accustomed.

meet (with one), consero, sevi, situm 3. consuetQdo, inis,/. hab-

fight.

with plants.

ity

intercourse.

28*

330

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
si,

'

consul, ulis, m. consul, contremisco, tremui 3. corrado,

sum

3.

to

consulatus, us, m. consulship.

to tremble.

scrape together.

contueor, tuitus

sum

2. correctio,

onis, /.

cor-

consulo,

liii,

hum
c.

3. to

to consider.

rection.

deliberate;

ace. to contundo, udi,

;

usum
bring

3. corrigo, rexi,

rectum

3.

consult some one

dat.
to

c.

to

crush,

to

to correct, improve.

consult for

naught.

[cover, corriio, ui 3. to

rush torind,

some one.
lif.

convalesce, lui 3. to re-

gether.
icis,

consulto, adv. designed- conveho, exi,

to
3. c.

ectum

3. cortex,

m.

bring together, car-

bark.

consultus

gen. ac-

ry together.
convello, velli,

corvus,

i,

m. a crow.

quainted
3. to

ivith.

vulsum

cos, cotis, /. whetaione,

consumo, mpsi,
contamlno
inate.
1. to

mptum
contam-

3. to rend, convulse.

grindstone.

consume.

convenio, veni,
4.
c.

ventum crambe, es,/.

;

cabbage.

to

comje together

eras, adv. tomorrow.

ace. to visit
rti,

crebro, adv. frequently.

3.

contemno,

mpsi,
1.

mpcon-

converto,
to turn
to,

rsum

credo, dldi,

ditum

3.

tum

3. to despise.

around, turn

to believe, to trust.

comtemplor
sider.

to

turn.

credulus

3. credulous.

eonviva, ae, m. guest.

di,

cremo
creo
crepo,

1. to

burn.
choose.
1.

contendo,
stretch,

tum

3. to

convivium,
tainment.

i,

n.

enter-

1. to create,

stretch

one's

ui,

itum

to

self, strive after

some- convivor

1. to

eat with.

creak.

in locum, to convoco 1. ; march ; to contend er. ab aliquo, to demand, convolo 1.

thing

to call togeth- cresco, crevi,

cretum
grow,

3.

to increase,

tojly, hasten Creta, ae,/. Crete.

contentus
tented.

3. c. abl. con-

together.

crimen,

inis, n.

coorior,
trivi,

ortus

sum

4. crinis, is,

crime m. hair.
Croton,

contero,
to

tritum

3.

to arise, burst forth,

crinitus 3. hairy.

break

in pieces; copla, ae,/. abundance, Croto, onis, m.

multitude
nity
;

contritus 3. threshed.

opportu- cruciatus, us, m. torture,

conticesco, ticui
bt silent.

3.

to

pi. troops.

crucio
;

1. to

torment, tor-

copiosus
inui,

3.

abundant

ture.

contineo,
2. to

entum
;

2) rich in expression, crudelis, e, cruel.

fluent.

hold together
to stop

cru dell tas, atis,/ cmeZty.

copulo 1. to join. breath; abstain. coqua, ae,/ a cook. contingo, tigi, tactum eoquo, xi, etum 3. 3. to fall to ons lot. cook.
the

animam,

cruentus

3. bloody,

to cruor, oris,

m. blood.
1. to re-

crus, uris, n. shin, leg.

continiio, adv.forthwith. cor, cordis, n. heart.

cubo,

iii,

itum
eris,

continiius 3. continuous. Corinthius

3.

Corin-

dine.

contorqueo,

rsi,

rtum

2.

thian.

cuciimis,

m.

cu-

to hurl, shoot.

Corinthus, i,/ Corin^^.

cumber.
culina, ae,/. kitchen.

contra, adv. on the con- corneus 3. of horn.

cornu, us, n. ^m. contraho, axi, actum 3. corona, ae,/. garland,

trary.
to

culmen,

Inis,

ti. i<?p.

culpa, ae,

f guilt, fault,
attention

draw

together.

corpor6us

3.

corporeal, cultus, us, m.

to, clothing,

contrarius 3. opposite,

corpus, oris, n, body,

worship.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
cumulo
load,
1.

2Z%

to

heap up, decerno, crevi, cretum dejicio, jeci, jectum 3. to cast down. 3. to determine, dis-

delecto 1. to delight; cem. crcMfie. cunae, arum, pass. c. abl. to he dedecerpo, psi, ptum 3. cunctor 1. to delay. lighted, to rejoice. to pluck off, break off, cunctus 3. the whole ; deleo, evi, etiim 2. to take from. pi. all, all together. destroy, annihilate. cupiditas, atis,/. desire, decerto 1. to contend. cupidus 3. c. gen. de- decet 2. c. ace. it is delibero I. to deliberate,
sirous.

/a

proper.
1. to declare.
;

consider.

cuplo, pivi, pitum 3. to declare

desire, imsh.

delictum,

i,

n. offence.

cur, adv.

why

decorus 3. becoming decorum, propriety.

dellgo, egi,
select.

ectum

3. to

cura, ae,/, care; curae decresco, crevi,

cretum Delphi, orum, m. Delphi.

mihi
ious.

est,

am
m.

anxthe

3. to decrease.

decus, oris, n. honor.

onis,

Delphicus

3.

Delphic

curculio,

dedecet

2.

c.

ace.

it is

delinquo, iqui, ictum 3.

not proper. to do wrong. dedico 1. to.dedicaie. delude, si, sum 3. to deceive. euro 1. to care ; c. ace. to dedo, idi, itum, 3. to deliver up. Delus (os), i. Delos be concerned, to look (an island). out for something; c. defatigo 1. to weary, to make weary ; pass, to Demaratus, i, m. Degerundive, to cause. become weary. maratus. curriculum, i, n. race defende, di, sum 3. to demerge, si, sum 3. to course, course.

corn-worm.
i,

Curius,

m. Curius.

curre, cucurri,
3. to run.

cursum

defend.

plunge under,
ssui,
3. to offer.

sink.
3.

defere, detuli, delatum, demete,

ssum

currus, us, m. chariot.

custedia, ae,f. watch

deferre
cease

to cut

down.
misi,

cursus, us, m. a course, defervesce,

bui,

3.

to demitte,
3.

missum
let

boiling,

cease

to

send down,

custedie

4.

to

guard,

raging.
defetiscer,
3. to

fall.

watch, keep.
custes, odis, m. keeper,

fessus

sum deme,

become weary, be
[to fail,

cymba, ae,/.

boat.

wearied.
deficle, feci,

mpsi, mptum 3. away. demolier, itus sum 4.

to take

Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus. Cyprus, i,/. Cyprus.

fectum
3.

3.
c.

to

demolish
1.

defige
abl.

xi,

xum

in

demenstre
out.

to point

to fix firmly, fix

D.

upon something.
condemn,
definie
4. to define.
1.

Demosthenes,
Demosthenes.

is,

m,
at

Damne
dea,

1. to
i,

damnum,

n. injury,

deflagre
to

to

ae,/ goddess. deambulo 1. to go

walk.

deflectd, xi,

bum up. demum, xum 3. to length.

denique,
finally.

adv. first,

turn from, deviate.

ugitura 3.

adv. at

last,

[must, defugio, ugi,

deb6e

debilis, e, weak.

c. ace. to escape. dens, tis, m. tooth. degener, ris, degenerate, densus 3. thick. decede, cessi, cessum deguste 1. to taste. dentatus 3. toothed, deinde, thereupon, then, denue, adv. anew. 3. to go away, die, December, bris, m. De- Deianira, ae, f, Deja- depasce, pavi, pastum cember. nira, 3. to feed down.

2. to

owe, ought,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
depono, posui, posjtum detraho, axi, actum 3. diligo, lexi, ler.tum 3. to 3. to lay down, lay to draw from, remove. esteem, love. aside. detrimentum, i, n. in- dilucidus 3. dear. deprehendo, di, sum 3. jury. diluo, ui, utum 3. forfito seize, catch.

detrudo,
thrust

si,

sum

3.

to

lute,

weaken.

deprimo, pressi, pres-

sum
life

3. to depress.
1. to fight (for

deus,

i,

down. m. God.
1. to

dimico 1. tojight. dimidium, i, n. half.

dimitto
3.

depugno

devasto

lay waste,

to dismiss.

or death). derideo, isi, isum

deride.

2.

to

descendo,
describo,

di,

sum
ptum
ctum
3.

3.

to descend.
psi,

devinco 3. to conquer. Dionysius, i, m. Dionydevoco 1. to call down. sius. devolo 1. to fiy forth, diphthongus, i, diphhasten away. thong. devoro 1. to devour. diriplo, ipui, eptum 3.

3. dialectica, ae,/. Zog-tc.

to plunder.
diriio,
iii,

to describe, note.

dialectus,
1.

i,

/. dialect.

uium

3. to de-

deseco,
to cut

cui,
off.

Diana, ae,/ Diana.

dico, xi,

stroy.

ctum 3.

to say, dirus 3. horrible.

desero, rui,
desert.

rtum
i,

to

caU.
dictator, oris, m. dicta-

discedo, cessi,
3. to

cessum go away, depart.

us,

desiderium,
desidero
feel the

n. long-

tor.

discessus,
1
.

m.

de-

ing, earnest desire.

1. to

dictlto

to

say often.

parture.

long for, dies,

ei,

m. day.

discindo,
3. to

cidi,

cissum

want ofsoms3.

difRcIlis, e, difficult.

tear

in pieces,

something.
desido,

difficultas, atis, /. to fall

cidty.

diffi-

rend.
disciplina, ae,

edi

disd-

down. designo
desino,
cease.

difFido, isus
1. to designate.

sum

3.

to

pline.

distrust.

discipulus,

i,

m.

disciple.
3.

sii,

situm

3. to diffindo, fidi, to split.

fissum

3.

discludo,

si,

sum

to

separate.

desisto,

stiti,

stitum

3.

difFundo, fudi,

fusum 3.

disco, didici 3. to learn.

discolor, oris, party-col-

to desist, cease.

to diffuse, disperse.

despero
despicio,

1. to

ored, variegated. despair of. digero, essi, estum 3. to discordia, ae,/ discord. spexi, specseparate, digest.

tum

3. to despise.

digitus,

i,

m. finger.

discordo
one.

1.

cum

aliquo,

destituo, ui,

utum

3. to dignltas, atis,/. dignity.

to disagree with

some

desert, leave behind.

dignus
3.

3. c. abl. worthy,

destruo, uxi,
to destroy.

uctum

deserving.

discrimen,
to

inis,

n. dis-

dijudico
guish.

1.

distin-

tinction, danger.

desum, fui, esse, to be wanting ; c. dat. rei,

to neglect.

discutlo, ussi,

ussum

3.

dilabor, lapsus
to glide

sum

3.

to disperse, to dispel.
3. eloquent.

away, disap- disertus

[pieces,

detego,
detect.

xi,
.

ctum
rsi,

3.

to

pear.

disjicio, jeci,

jectum

3.

dilacero

1.

to

tear

in

to scatter.

detergeo,
to

rsum

2. dilanio 1. to lacerate.

dispar,

aris,

unequal,

wipe

off.

dilrgens,

tis, diligent.

diverse.

deterreo

2.

to

frighten diligenter adv.diligently. dispello, puli,

diligentia, ae,

pulsum
asunder,

from,

deter.

dili-

3.

to

drive

detestabilis,e,(i!efe5toWe.

gence, exactness.

to dispel.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
dispergo,rsi,rsum
disperse, scatter.
3. fo

333
i,

documentum,i,n. ^roq/*. Dyrrhachium,

doleo
2.
to

n,

grieve, feel

Dyrrhachium.
E.

displcio, exi,
to

ectum

3.

pain.
doliarium,
i,

open

the eyes.

n. cellar.

displiceo 2. to displease, dolor,

dissenslo, onis, /. dissension.
grief.

oris,

m.

pain, Eblandior itus sum 4. to gain hy flattery.

dolus,

dissero, rui,

rtum

3.

to

discuss, discourse.

eburneus 3. of ivory, i, m.fravd. ivory. domesticus 3. domestic. domicilium, i, n. resi- ecclesia, ae, f. church.
dence.

dissimilis, e, dissimilar.

echo, us,f. echo.

dissipo

1. to scatter.

dissolvo, vi,
dissolve.

utum

3. to

dominatlo, onis, /. do- edisco, didlci 3. to commit to memory. minion.

edo,
di,
idi,

[dissuade, dorninor 1. to reign.

si,

sum

3. to eat.

dissuadeo,

sum

2. to 2.

dominus,
ter.

i,

m.

lord,

mas- edo,
1.

itum

3.

to

put

distineo, inui,

entum

forth,
ui,

proclaim,

per'
2. to

to hold from each other,

domo,

Itum

to

occupy, detain.

subdue.
us,

form. edoceo, cui, ctum

instruct, inform.

distinguo, nxi,
distraho, axi,
to

nctum 3. domus,
ace.;

f house, palat

to distinguish.

do mi,

horm

edolo

1. to

hew properly
bring up.

actum

3.

domo, /rom home.

donee,
that,

to square.

draw asunder,
ui,

dis-

cunj. until, until

educo
educo,

1. to

solve, waste.

even until.

xi,

ctum

3.

to

distribiio,

utum

3.

c. dat. to distribute.

diu, adv.

a long

timje ;

dono 1. to give, present. lead forth. effector, oris, m. maker, donum, i, n. present. efFeminatus 3. efftmidormio 4. to sleep.
dos, dotis, f. dowry, portion.
nite.

diutius, Zong'cr.

diuturnitas, atis,/. Zong"

effero, extuli,
1. to dr^ubt.

elatum

3.

continuance.

dublto

to carry forth, bury.

diuturnus
tinned.

3.

long-con- dubius 3. doubiful.

efFicio,
3.

feci,

fectum
rui
3.

3.

duco,
3. different.

xi,

ctum

to

to effect,

make.
to

diversus
dives,

lead,

draw, lead away

effloresco,
flourish.
effodio, odi,

itis, rich.
isi,

2) to consider, regard
3.

[dig up,

divido,

isum

to

divide.

as something. dulcedo, inis /.

ossum

3. to

siveet- efFiiglo,

fugi,

fugltum

divinus

divitiae,

ness, pleasantness. 3. c. ace. to flee away, arum,/, riches, dulcis, e, sweet, lovely. efTundo, udi, usum 3. do, dedi, datum, dare, dum, conj. while, so long to pour forth, throw to give, attribute ; litas ; with subj. until, off. teras dare, to write a untU that, so {as) long efFusus 3. unrestrained,
3. divine.
letter.

as

provided
n.

that.

egeo, ui 2.

to

want, he want,
3. to

doc^o, cui,

ctum

2. to

teach, inform.

dumetum, i, dummodo,
1. to

thicket.

in want.
atis, /.
I.

conj.

with egestas,

docilis, e, teachable.

subj. provided that.

ego, pron.
ejicio, eci,

doctor, oris, m. teacher, duplico

doctrina, ae,/. doctrine, duro
instruction, science.
1.

double.

ectum

to last, endure.

cast forth.

durus
dux,
eroL

3. hard.
c.

ejulo 1. to complain,

ductus
lit

3. learned, versed

cis,

leader,

gen- ejusmodi, of this kind, of like kind.

334

'

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

elabor, lapsus
to glide

sum

3.

emolumentum,

i,

n. ad- eruo,

iii,

utum

3. to

dig

away. vantage. elaborol.to bestow pains emorior, ortuus

up.

sum

3. esurio 4. to be

hungry.
et

upon

in

c.

abl.

to

to die.

[chase, et,

conj.

occupy one's self with emptio, onis, something. en, adv. behold
elegans,
tis,

pur-

both
well

and ;
and,

et,

so

[as)

as also.

elegant.

Endymlo,
dymion.
ele-

onis,

m. En- etiam,
1. to

conj. also.
if.

elegantla, ae,/. elegance.

etiamsi, conj. even

elementum,

i,

n.

eneco, cui,

ctum

Etruria, ae, /. Etruria.

kill by inches, vex to etsi, conj. even if, almentary principle, letdeath. though. ter (of the alphabet). enim,/or (^ 101. R. 1). Europa, ae,/. Europe. elephantus, i, m. ele- enitor, isus or ixus sunt evado, asi, asum 3. to

ment, beginnings de-

phant.
elicio,
ui,

3. to exert

one's self,

go

out, become.
niii 3. to dis-

itum
elicit.

3.

to

strive.

evanesco,

draw
elido,

out,
isi,

ensis,
3.
to

isum

m. sword. appear. enumero 1. to enumer- evello, velli, vulsum

is,

3.

dash, break, weaken.

eligo, egi,

ate.

to

pluck out.
it

ectum
ae,

3.

to eo, adv. thither, so far.

evenit 4.
suit.

happens.

select out, elect, choose, eo, ivi,

itum,

ire, to

go. eventus, us, m. event, re-

eloquentia,
quence.

do- Epaminondas, ae,

m.

Epaminondas. everto, ti, sum 3. to eloquor, cutus sum 3. Epheslus 3. Ephesian. overturn, prostrate, deEphesus, i, /. Ephesus. to pronounce. stray. eluceo, xi 2. to shine Epicurus, i, m. Epicu- evito 1 to avoid.
.

forth.

rus.

[gram, evolo

1. to fly forth.

eludo, usi,

usum
to

3.

to

epigramma,
epilogus,
i,

atis,n. epi- evolvo, Ivi,

latum
Itum

3. to

dude, deride.

m. epilogue.
letter.

unfold, bring out.

emendo

1.

improve, epistola, ae,/.

evomo,

iii,

3.

to

ementior, itus
state falsely.

sum

4. to

epulae,
feast.

arum,/ a

meal,

belch forth,

send forth.
3. to

exaciio, ui,

utum

emergo,

rsi,

rsum

3. to

eques,

itis, wi.

horseman

sharpen.

emerge, to work one's

self out.

cavalry, knight.

exagito

1. to

harass.
n.

equidem, adv. indeed.

1. to ride.

ex&men, ims,

swarm.

emetior,

emensus sum equito

exammo

1. to

examine.

to 4. measure off; equus, i, m. horse, steed, exanlmo 1. to deprive of travd through. Erechtheus, ei, m. Ereclife, to kill. emico, ui, atum 1. to theus. exardesco, arsi, arsum

gush forth. ergo, conj. therefore. emigro 1. to move out. erlplo, ipui, eptum 3. emineo, ui 2. to be emisnatch Jrom.
nent.

3. to take fire.

[ion.

to

exascio

1. to

hew, fash-

exaudio

4. to listen to.

erraticus 3. wandering, excedo, cessi,

cessum
c. abl.

emitto, misi,
to

missum

3.

erro

1. to

wander,

err.

3. c. abl. to

or ex

send forth, thrust error, 6ris,wi. error; out. wanderings. emo, emi, emptum 3. eriidio 4. to instrud.
to purclvase.

pi.

go forth,
iii

depart.

excello,

3. to excel.

excelsus

3. elevated.

erumpo,

rupi,

ruptum excerpo,

psi,

ptum

3.

emoUio

4. to soften.

3. to break forth.

to take out, extrad.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
excessus, us, m. depar- exoro
ture.
1.

335
c.

to erUreat ear- exsul, ulis,

an

exUe,

nestly,
idi,

obtain hy

en- exsulto 1.
exult.

to

leap

up,

excido,
excieo,

isum

3. to

treaty.

expedio 4. to disengage ; extemplo adv. immediately. se exp. to get ready. itum 2. or excio, ivi, itum 4. to expello, pull, pulsum 3. extenuo 1. to lessen.
destroy.
ivi,

excite, arouse.

to expel.

extermmo
feci, fac-

1.

to

exter-

exclpio,

cepi,

ceptum expergefacio,

minate.

3. to receive.

excito

1. to excite, raise.

exclamo
excludo,

1. to

cry out.

arouse extern us 3. external. turn 3. to exterus 3. foreign. (from sleep). expergiscor, perrectus extimesco, mui 3.

c.

usi,

usum

3.

sum

3. to

wake up.

ace. to

be afraid

of
2.

to shut out, hatch.

experior, pertus
3.

sum 4.

something.

excolo, olui, ultum

to cultivate.

to ascertain, to try.

extorqueo,

rsi,

rtum

expers,

rtis, c.

gen. des3.
to

to wrest from, extort.

excors, rdis, senseless.

titute of.

extremus
itum
last.

3. outerrmst,

excrucio
cuse.

to torment,

expeto,

ivi,

excusatio,

onis,

ex-

strive to obtain.

extrinsecus,
3.

adv.

from
3.

exedo, edi, esum 3. to expleo, evi, etum consume, corrode. exemplar, aris, n. modjUl up, fulfil.
el,

expingo, nxi, ctum to paint out.

2.

without.

extrudo,
to

si,

sum
to

to

thrust from, out.

exulcero
3.
to

1.

make sore,
3.
off.

pattern.
i,

explico
n.

1. to
si,

explain.

render worse.

exemplum,
exeo,
out,
ii,

exam- explode,
clap

sum

exuo,

ui,
off,

utum
take

to

pie, instance.

off,

drive

off.

draw

itum,

ire, to

go

explorator, oris, m. spy.

go forth.
2. to exercise.

exploro
cxer-

1. to

search out,
.

F.

exerceo

exercitatio,

onis,/

me,

practice.

exercltus, us, m. army,

m. artisan exposco, poposci 3. to (of each art); faber lignarius, carpenter. demand, request. exprimo, pressi, pres- fabricator, oris, m. makexplore.
bri,

Faber,

exhaurlo,
exhilaro

si,

stum

4.

sum

3. to express.
1. to 1.

er,framer.
i,

to exhaust.
1. to exhilarate,

exprobro

reproach. Fabricius,
cius.

m. Fabri-

expugno
exquiro,

to take.

exigo, egi,

actum

3. to

isivi,

isitum 3.

fabiXla, ae, f. Jable.

facesso, ssivi, ssitum 3. to examine. pass (time). to make ; negotium, exiguus 3. little, paltry, exsilium, i, n. banishment. to make trouble, vex [become, be. eximius 3. distinguished, excellent.

exsisto,

stiti 3.

to arise,

2) to off

take one's self

existimatio, onis, /. es- exsors,

timation,

rtis, c.

gen. des-

opinion,

titute of.

facetus 3. delicate, witty.

exspecto 1. to expect, facile, adv. easily. judgment. await, wait. facilis, e, easy. existimo l.to esteem, conexstinguo, nxi, nctum facinus, oris, n. deed, sider one something. 3. to extinguish, obexordior, orsus sum 4. foul deed. literate, kill. facio, feci, factum 3. to to begin. make, to esteem. exorlor, ortus sum 4. to extruo, uxi, uctum 3. to erect, construct. factum, i, n. deed. appear, arise.

S0I5

LATIN-ENQLISH VOCABULARY.
ferrum
i,

facultas, 2it\3ff. faculty,

n. iron, sword, flagro 1. to

bum,

power.

fertilis,e, c.

gen. fertile, flam ma, ae,fjlame.

facundia, ae, f. fluency ferus 3. wild; ferae, flavus 3. yellow, fair. arum,/, wild beasts, fleo, evi, etum 2. to of speech
fagus, i./. beech tree.
fallax, acis, deceptive.
fallo,
fefelli,

fessus

3. wearied,

fa-

weep.
flo 1. to blow,

tigued.

wave.
account.

falsum

3. festivitas, atis, /. pieas- flocci faeere, to consid-

to deceive.

antness.

er

of no

falsus 3. /oZse.

fama, ae, /. fame, nown, rumor. fames, is,/, hunger.

femilia, ae,f. family.
familiaris, e,

festivus 3.fne, sprightly. ($88.9.) re- ficus, i and us, /. fg- floreo, ui 2. to bloom.
tree.

flos, floris,

m. a flower.
river.

fidelis, e, faithful.

flumen,
;

inis, n. river.
i,

fideliter, adv. faithfidly. fluvius

ei,

m.

belonging fides,
;

/ fidelity
c.

fi-

foede, adv. basely, in a

base manner.

to a family

res fa;

dem

habere

dat.
confi-

jmlsins, property

fa-

to trust,

have

foedus

miliaris, subst. friend.

dence in some one.

3. base, foul. foedus, eris, n. league.

i,

famulus,

i,

m. servant,

fides, is,/, string; fidi- folium,

n. leaf.

fanum,
fastidio

i,

n. temple.

fascis, is,

m. bundle.
c.

bus canere, to play follis, is, m. bellows. on a stringed instru- fens, ntis, m. fountain.
to

4.

ace.

ment.
fido,

foris, is,/, in plur. fold-

loathe, spurn.
fatallter, adv.

fisus

sum

3.

to

ing doors.
foris, adv. ivithout.

according

trust.

to fate.
fateor,

fidus 3. faithful, true,

2. figura,

fornix,
arch.

icis,

m. vault,

fassum sum
i,

ae,

flgure,

to acknowledge, allow,

form.
filla,

fortasse, adv. perchance.

forte,^

fatum,

n.fate.

ae,/. daughter.
i,

adv.

by

chance,

f&MX, cia,

throat.

fi\i6\u8,

m.

little

son.

perhaps.
fortis, e,

feveo, avi,

autum

2. c. fillus,

i,

m. son.

strong, bold.

dat
febris,

to

be favorable fingo, finxi, fictum 3. to forttter, adv. bravely.

to, favor
is,

some one.

form, feign.
finlo 4. to finish.
finis, is,

fortitiido,

ims,f bravery.
adv.

f. fever. fecundus 3. fruitful.

felicitas, atis,

fortuito,
tously.

fortui-

m. end.

happi- finitimus 3. neighbour- fortuna, ae,

ing.
tune.

f fate, forfortunate.

ness.
felix, icis,

happy.

fio,

factus

sum,

fieri to

fortunatus
i,

3.

ferax, acis. c. gen. pro-

be made, become, hap- foinim,

n. market,

mar-

ductiveof.
fere, adv. almost.
feriae,

pen;
test,

fieri

non poit

ket place.

quin,

is

not fossa,

ae,/

ditch.

arum,
ire,

holi-

possible, but that.

foveo, ovi,

otum

2.

to

days.
ferio,

[strike, firmltas, atis,

f firmness.

warm,
to.

cherish,

attend

to

thrust, firmlter, adv. firmly.

ferme, adv. almost. firmo 1. to render firm, fragilis, e, frail. fero, tuli, latum, ferre, strengthen, to har- frango, egi, actum
to bear, bring, relate.

3. to

den.

break, break in pieces;

ferociter, adv. fiercely.

ferox,

6c'i8, fierce.

firmus 3. firm. flagitlum, i, n.foul deed.

flagito 1. to

molis
grind.

frangere,

to

ferrous 3. of iron.

demand.

frater, tris,

m. brother.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
fraus, di8,f. fraud.
fi-emitus, us, m. noise,

337
i,

furor, oris, m. rage.

fustis, is,

Gordius,
tingen.

m. Gordins.
e,

m. a cudgel.

Gottingensis,

of Got-

frenum,

i,

n. [plur. fre- futilis, e. useless.

ni anc?frena)6iV, rein, futurus 3. /M^urc.

Graecia, ae,/. Greece.

i. m. a Greek. Graecus 3. Greek. grammatfcus 3. grammatical ; grammaticuSyi^m. grammarian

frequento

\. to

frequent

Graecus,

fretus 3. c. abl. relying

G.
Gallia, ae,/. Gaul.

upon something.
frigidus 3. cold.
frigus, oris, n.
coZc?.

Gallus,
gallina,

i,

m. a Gaul.
/.

ae,

a hen,

frondosus

3. leafy.

fowl.
garrio
4. to chatter.

grandis, e, great

natu

frons, ntis, f. forehead,

grandis, aged.

advan- garrulus 3. loquacious, granum, i. m. a grain. gaudeo, gavisus sum, grate, adv. gratefully. fruges, um, /. fruit (of gaudere c. abl. or de gratia, ae, /. favour. field and trees.) * c. abl. to rejoice. thank ; gratias agere,
fructus, us, m.
iage.

frugifer,

era,

erum, gaudium,

i,

n. joy.

to

thank, give thanks

fruitful.

gelldus 3. ice-cold, cold.

i,

frumentum,

n. grain, gemitus, us,

eri,

m. groan. m. son-inproduce.

fruor, fructus or fruitus gener,

gratiam referre, to rcturn a favour ; gratia (with a foregoing

gen.),

sum
joy.

3.

c. abl. to en-

laiv.

on account of
1.

genero
gens,
;

1. to

gratulor
ulate.

to

congrat-

frustra, adv. in vain.

ntla,

a people.

frutex, icis,
ip].

m.

shrub

genu, us,

n. knee.

gratus 3. agreeable

2)

bushes, shrubbery,

fuga, ae,
fugio,

f flight.
gitum
put
3. c.

genus, eris,n. race, kind. [ly. grateful. geometricus S. geomet- grasaXe, adv. unwillingrical.

gi,

gravis, e, heavy, difficult

ae, /.

ace. to fee.

fugo

1. to

to fight.
4.

Germania, many.
gessi,

Ger-

serious.

gra vitas, ati8,f. serious-

fulcio,

Isi,

Itum

to gero,

gestum

3.

ness, dignity.

support.

to carry, carry on.

graviter,

adv.

heavily,

fulgur, \ms,n. a fash of gestio 4. to make geslightning. tures, be transported.

violently,

forcibly;
to

graviter ferre,
displeased.

be

fulmen,
ning.

inis,

n.

light- gesto 1. to bear.

funambulus,
dancer.

i,

gigas, antis, m. giant, grex, gis, m. herd,fock. m. rope- gigno, genui, genitum gubernator, oris, m. pi3. to beget,
i,

bringJorth,
ice.

lot.

fundamentum,
foundation.
fundltus, adv.

n.

to bear.

guberno
rule.

1.

to

govern,
rdish.

glacies, e\,f.

from

the gladiator, oris,

cer,

m. fen- gusto

1. to taste,

foundation, wholly.

gladiator.
i,

fundo

1. to found. fundo, fudi, fusum

gladius,
3. glis, iris,

m. sword.

H.

m. a dormouse.

Habeo

2. to have,
;
;

hold;

(of an army), to rout, globosus 3. globular.

consider

sese
well.

ha-

fungor, nctus
funis,

sum

3. c. gloria, ae,/. glory.

bere, to be
bet,
it is

bene ha-

abl. to discharge.
is,

glorior

1. to

glory.
c.

m. a rope.

gnarus

3.

gen.

ac- habito 1. to dwell.

furfur, uris, n. bran.

quainted unth.
gnaviter, adv. zealously.

habitus,

us,

m.

hjabit,

furiosus 3. raving.

bearing, condition.

29

338
haereo, haesi,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
haesum Hispania,
m. Hanae,/. Spain,

identidem, adv. repeatedly.

2. to adhere, to stick,

historia, ae,/. history.

histrio, onis,

Hannibal,
nibal.

alis,

m. actor,
m. Homer.

idon^us
igitur,

S. Jit, JUted.

hodie, adv. to-day.

i,

conj.

ihereforCj

harpago, onis, m. hook, Homerus,

grappling-iron.

hence.

homo,

inis,

m. man.

ignarus

3. c.

gen. unac-

haruspx,
sayer.

icis,

m. sooth-

honest-dS,2itis,f.integrity.

quainted with.
cowardice.

honeste, adv.

decently, ignavla, ae,/. indolence,

hasta, ae,

spear.

honorably, virtuously.

baud, adv.

not.

honestus

3.

honest, up- ignavus 3. indolent, inactive,

hauiio, bausi,
4. to draiv.

haustum
^

right,

honorable, vir-

sluggish, cow-

tuous.
1. to

ardly.

hebdomas,
week.

adis,

/.

a honoro
honos,

honor.

oris,

igneus S.Jiery. m. honor, ignis, is, to. /re.

bebes,

etis,
4

blunt, dull,

obtuse.

post of honor, honor.

mmk

of igitobibs,
grace.
1.

e,

unknown.

ignominla, ae,
not to

/
to

dis-

hebesco

3.

to

become bora, ae,/ hour.

Horatius,
stupify, hordeurn,
i,
i,

dull, torpid.

m. Horace, ignoro
n. barley.

hebeto

1.

to

non ignorare,

know; know
3.

weaken. borno, adv. of this year, perfectly well. Hector, oris, m. Hector, borrendus 3. dreadful, ignosco, novi, notum to pardon. herba, ae, f. herb. horreum, i, n. granary. ille, a, ud, that. Hercules, is, m. Hercu- borribllis, e, horrible.
les.

hortor
bortus,

1. to exhort.
i,

iliuc, adv. thither.

illucesco, luxi 3. to bem. garden. herilis, e, of, pertaining bospes, itis, m. a guest. come light, dawn. imago, inis, to a master. image. bostilis, e, hostile. imbecillus 3. weak. Herodotus, i, m. Hero- bostis, is, m. enemy.
heri, adv. yesterday.

imber, bris, m. shower, hue, adv. hither. rain. humanitas, atis, huimbuo, ui, utum 3. to heus, adv. ho there ! manity. immerse ; c. abl. to hibernus 3. belonging bumanus 3. human. to winter. humerus, i, m. shoulder, fit with, imbue.
dotus.

herus,

i,

m. master.

/
.

hie, haecj hoc, this

hie,
this

humidus,
humilis
e,

moist.

imitatio, onis,
tion.

imvla-

adv. here
occasion.

upon
pass

low.

humus,
to

i,

/
I.

ground, imitator,
tor.

oris.

m. imita-

hiemo

1.

the

earth.

winter.

imltor

1.

c.

ace. to im-

hiems, emis,

unnter.
Ibi, adv.
there.

itate.
that,

hilaris, e, cheerful.

at

place,

bilarltas, atis, /.
ty.

hilari-

immanis, e, immaturus

vast, cruel.
3.

unripe,

ico,

ici,
;

bilariter, adv. cheerfully,

strike

immature, untimely. ictum 3. to (of a league), immemor, oris, c. gen.

[count.

joyfully.

to conclude.

unmindful.

on that ac- immineo 2. to threaten, llipinas, ae,m. Hippias. idem, eadem, idem, immo, adv. yes rather, birundo, Inis, / swalnay rather, on the conpron. the very same,
binnio
4. to

neigh.

idcirco, adv.

low,

same.

trary.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
immoderalus
perate.
3.

339
ae, /.

intern-

ing

c.

gen. unac- indulgentia,

dulgence.

in-

quainted with.

immodestus S.immodest. impubes, eris, youthful, indulgeo, Isi, Itum 2. c. dat. to give one's self immodicus 3. excessive. immature. immortalis, e, immoHal. impudens, ntis, imputo, be indulgent.
immortalitas,
immortality.
atis,

/.

dent, shameless.

induo,

iii,

utum

3.

to

inipurus
adv.

3.

impure.

put
Indus,

on, clothe.
i,

immortaliter,
finitely.

in- inanis, e, empty, vain.

m. an Indian

incedo, cessi,
i,

cessum

2) the

Indus

(a river), f. indus-

impedimentum,
hindrance.

n.

3. to walk upon. industrla, ae, incendium, i, n. con/latry.

impedio

4. to hinder.

gration.

industrius 3. active, in-

impello, puli,
to impel.

pul^m 3.

incendo,

di,

sum

3.

to

enkindle, inflame.
2. to

dustnous. indutiae,arum,y!a irwce.

iuermis,
e,

impendeo

impend, incertus

3. uncertain.
ivi,

unarmed, de-

impendo, pendi,

pen- jncesso,
attack.

itum

3.

to

fenceless.

sum
eral,

3. to bestow.

iners, rtis, unskilled, in-

imperator,

oris,

m. gen- incido,
on.

idi 3. to fall

up-

active.

emperor.

inertia, ae,/.
3. infans,
ntis,

inactivity.
c.

imperitus 3. inexperien- incipio, cepi, ceptum

ced.

child,

to begin.

minor.

imperium, i. n. com- inclto 1. to spur on, in- infero, intuli, illatum, mand, reign. cite. inferre, to bring ; belimpero I. c.dat. to reign, incognitus 3. unknoion. lum inferre alicui, to reign over, command, incola, ae, m. inhabitant. make ivar upon one.. impetro 1. to obtain. incolumis, e, unhurt. interns 3. being below, impetus, us, m. attack ; inconditus 3. unarranglow, inferior ; inferi,
2) vast extent.
ed.
[ble.

the

dead in the lower

3. unfaithful.

impius
fill.

3.

impious.

incredibilis,
2. to increpo, ui,

e,

incredi1.

world.

impleo, evi,
jmplico, avi,
involve.

etum

itum
berate,

c.

infidus

ace.

to

re-

infimus

3.

the

lowest,

atum

1. to

proach.

meanest.
infirmitas, atis, /. infir-

incumbo, cubui, cubiimplore.

imploro importo
some.

1. to
1. to

turn 3. in aliquid, to

mity.

import.
3.

lay one^s self upon, at- infirmus 3. weak.

importunus

trouble-

tend to something.

infligo,

xi,

etum

3.

c.

indago
c.

to trace out.

dat. to strike upon, infiict.

impotens, ntis, not master of.

gen. inde, adv. thence.

India,

ae,/

India.

inflo 1. to inflate.

imprimis, adv.especially. indico

1. to indicate.
c.

informo
spirit.

1. to instruct.
i,

imprimo,

pressi, pres- indigeo, ui 2.

gen. et ingenlum,
indig- ingens,

n.

genius,

sum

3. to

press into,

abl. to be in want.

impress.

indignor
nant.

1. to be

ntis,

immense,

improbitas, atis,/. wickedness.

very greM.
3.
c.

indignus

abl.

un- ingenue, adv. nobly, respectably.

3. to ingeniius
3.

improbus 3. wicked. worthy. imprudens, ntis, not induco, xi, etum bring in, induce. foreseeing, not know-

free-bom,

noble.

340
jngjgno,
geniii,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
geni- insectum,
i,

n. insect.

intereo,

li,

itum,

ire,

to

turn 3. to implant.

insero, sevi, situm 3. c.

;

decay, cometo naught.

ingratus 3. ungrateful
2) disagreeable.

dat.

to

sow
arum,

in,

in- intei-fector, oris, m.

derer.

mur3.

P'^ft-

ingredlor, gressus
3. c. ace.
to

sum
into,

irisidlae,

/.

am-

interflcio, eci,

ectum

go

buscade, snares. insidior

1
.

to

kill.

enter upon.

to

lie

in wait, interim, adv. in the

time.

mean

iubaereo,

haesi,

hac- insignis,
to

e,

distinguishis,

sum

2.

in

c.

abl.

ed; suhst. insigpe,

n. badge.

interlmo, emi,
3. to kill.

emptum

inhere.

inhumanus3. inhuman,
iiy.

iiisipiens, ntis, unwise,

interitus, us,
tion.

m. destructo

injmicitia, ae, /. hostil- in situs 3. implanted, in-

born.

interpreter

1.

inter-

iuimicus 3. hostile ; ini- insperans, tis, not expret, explain. micus, i, m. enemy. peeling, contrary to interpungo, nxi,
iniqiius 3. unjust.
.

nctum

expectation.

to distinguish.

initium,

i,

n, beginning,

inspicio, exi,

ectum

3. interrogo 1. to ask.

HijiCio, jeci,

jecium
into
;

3.

to look into, inspect,

iii,

intersum,
dat.
to

ftii,

esse

c.

to throw

la- instituo,

utum

3. to

he

in,

to be

queos,

to

lay snares.
3.

instruct.

presented at; interest,

onis, /.
;

jnjucundus
injuria,

unpleas- iustitutlo,
struction

in-

there
c.

is

a
it

difference

ani, disagreeable.

inst.

schoin-

gen.

concerns

ae,/

injustice,

lastica, sclwlastic

injury.
injuste, adv. unjustly.

struction.

one (^ 88, 10). intimus 3. inmost.

ble.

insto,
3.

stiti

1.

to threat- intolerabllis, e, intolera-

jnnascor, natus

sum

en, press upon,

comto

to be implanted.

pel

(some one).
xi,

intro

1.

c.

ace.

to

go
en-

innocens, ntis, innocent, instruo,

mnocentia, ae, f. innocence.

ctum 3. furnish; aclem

struere,
to

into, to enter,

in- introltus,

us,

m.

arrange
;

trance,

innoxius

S. harmless.
e,

thelineof battle

he\- intueor,

tuitus

sum

2.

innumerabilis,
merable.
inopla, ae,
ness, need,

innu-

lum

instr. to

prepare

to look

upon, consider.
within, in

for war.
/. helpless- insula, ae,/. island.

intus,

adv.

the house.
3.

digence.

want, in- integer, sound.

to

gra,

grum, inultus

unrevenged,
veni,

inutilis, e, useless.

inops, 6])is,helpless,poor, intelllgo, exi,

destitute, needy.

ectum

2. invenio,

ventum
out^

understand.

4. to find, find out.

1. to trace

inquam, / say.
insanus
rascius
3.

intempestive, adv. un- investlgo

timely.

insane.

investigate.

3. c. gen. not intentus 3. stretched invictus 3. invincible. knowing,not acquaintc. dat. or in c. ace. invideo, vidi, visum 2. ed with. attentive, fixed upon e. dat. to entry. inscribo, psi, ptiim 3. something. invidia, ae,/ envy^ hac. dat. to write in or interdum, tred. adv. some-

upon something,
scribe.
[to

in-

times.

invidus

3. envious.
isi,

engrave, interea, adv. in the

mean

inviso,
visit

isum

3. to

jnsculpo, psi,

ptum

3.

time.

'

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULART.
invito 1. to invite,

341

juba, ae,/. m. mane.

to bid, order.

lac, ctis, n. milk.

invitus 3. unwilling.

jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. Lacaena,

3.

involve, vi,
involve
;

utum

3. to

ae, /. Lacedemonian woman.

involutus

jucunde, adv. pleasant- Lacedaemon,

ly,

onis, /,

difficult to

understand.
is,

agreeably.
atis,/.jZea5-

Lacedemx)n, Sparta.

Iphicrates,
crates.

m. ipAi- jucunditas,
self,

Lacedaemomus,

i,

m.
tear

antness, agreeableness.

a Lacedemonian.
1. to lacerate,

ipse, a,
ira,

um, pron.

jucundus
icis,

3.

pleasant, lacero

ae,f. anger.

agreeable.

in pieces.
lacesso, ivi, itum m. judge. provoke. n. judg3.

iracundia, ae, f. anger, judex,

irascibility.

to

judicium,

i,

irascor,

iratus

sum

3.

ment.
1.

lacrlma, ae,/. tear.

to

c. dat. to be

enraged, judico

judge

c.

lacus, us, m. lake, pond.

si,

iratus

3.

enraged, an-

dupl. ace. ^o con5ic?er laedo,

sum 3. fo ^wr^

gry.
irrideo,
si,

sum

2.

<o

on something. jugum, i, n. yoke,

ri^g-e

Laellus, m. Laelius.
top, laetitla, ae, f. joy.
1.

mock, deride.

(of a mountain), laetor

c.

abl.

to

re-

iiTumpo, rupi, ruptum Julius (i) Caesar (aris) joice. m. Julius Caesar. laetus 3. joyful, delight3. to burst in. ed. is, ea, id, pron. he, she, jungo, nxi, nctum 3. to
it ;

that one
is,

Isocrates,
tes.

iste, a,
ita,

join, unite. lapideus 3. of stone. ; the same, lapis, idis, m. a stone. m. Isocra- Junius, i, m. June. Juno, 6ms, f. Juno. larglor, itus sum 4. to Jupplter, Jovis, m. Jubestow largely. ud, pron. that.
piter.
late, adv. widely.

adv. so, thus.

Italia,

ae,/. Italy.

juro

1. to

swear.
n.

lateo, ui 2.
cealed.

to

be con-

itaque, conj. therefore,

jus, juris, n. right.

item, adv.

likeivise.

jussum,
justitia,

iter, itineris,

n.

course, jussus, us, m.

way, journey, march,

'iterum, adv.

command. Latinus 3. Latin. command. Latmus, i, m. Latmus (mountain in Caria). ae,f. justice.
i,

again, the Justus 3. just.

second time.
J.

Juvenilis,
nal.

is,

lat us 3. fcroac?. m. Juve- laudabilis, e,

praise-

loorthy.

juvenilis, e, youthful.

laudo

1. to praise.
i

Jaceo
jacto

2. to lie low.
1.

juvenis,

is,

m. a youth, laurus,
laurel.

or us,

the

to

throw hither

young man.

and

thither, extol.

juventus, utis, /. youth, laus, dis,/. praise.

jac- juvo, juvi,
suf-

jactura,

ae,/ loss ; turam facere, to

loss.

jutum

1. c.

lavo, lavi,
to

lavatum
bed.

1.

ace. to assist.

wash.
i,

fer

lectus,

m.
i,

L. jam, adv. now, already. legatus, jam pridem, long since. Labefacto 1. to cause to dor.
]aiiua, ae, J. gate.
totter,

m. amhassa-

shake.

lector, oris m. reacfer.

jecur, jecinoris,
liver.

n.

Ae. labor, lapsus

to Jail.

sum

3. legio,

lego, gi,
toil,
;

onis,/ Zegion. ctum 3. <o read

adv. mildly,

jocor,

1.

to jest.

labor, oris, m. labor,

lenio 4. to soothe.

jocosus
^ocus,
i,

3. sportive.

laboro

1.

to

labor

c. leniter,

m. a jest.

ah\. to suffer from.

leo, onis,

m.

Zion.

29*

3^'
lepidus

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
3. elegant, neat, littus, oris, n.

sea-shore,

lepor, Oris,

m. agreea- loco

1. to place, set.

bleness, jest.

locuples, etis,
rich.

magis, adv. more. magister, tri, m. teacher, wealthy, magistratus, us, m. magistracy,

lepus, oris, m. a hare.

authority

Lesbus,
levir,

i,f.

Leshos.

locupleto
i,

1. to enrich.

magistrate.
3.

Iri,

m. hrother-in- locus,

m. place, situa- magniflcus

;

magni-

law.
levis, e, light.
levitas, atis,/ levity.

tion,

room

pi. loca.

Jicent.

loiige, adv. far, widely,

magnitude,
nitude.

inis,/.

mag-

longinquitas,
re-

atis,

/.

levo

1.

to

lighten,
abl,

length, extent.

magnopere, adv. greatremote,

ly.

lieve; c.
^

to free
[tion.

longinquus
distant
;

3.

from.

e longinquo,

magnus S.great ; comp.

major,
older.

le^-gis, /.

law, condi-

from
longus
city.

afar.
3. long.

us,

greater,

libens, n\\s, willing.

libenter, adv. willingly, loquacitas, atis,/. loqua- majores,

um, m.

ances-

with delight.
liber, bri,

tors.

m. book.

liber, era, erurn,/ree.

liberalis, e,free.

loquax, acis, loquaciotts. male, adv. badly. loquor, locutiis 3. to maledico 3 c. dat.
speak.

to

reproach.

liberalitas,
aliiy.

atis,/

liber-

Luceria, ae,
Lucretius,
tins.
i,

Luceria. ma\edicus

S. slanderotis.

m. Lucre- maleflcus
evil,

3.

doing
;

evil,

liberalrter, adv. liberally.

wicked

subst.

libere, adv. freely.

lucrum,

i,

n. gain, ad-

evil-doer.

Iib6ri,6rum, m. children
(in

vaniage. ludibrlu

malevolus
i,

3. ill dispos-

relation to their luctus, Qs, m. grief.

ed, malicious.

parents).

n.spor^
3. to play.

malitla,

ae, /.

malice,

libero

1. to liberate.

ludo,

si,
i,

sum

wickedness.

libertas, atis,/ liberty.

liliet,

Indus,

m. play.

uit 2. it pleases.
inis,

lugeo, xi 2. to grieve, la-

libido,

desire,

mtnt.
luna,

malo, malui, malle, to wish rather, prefer. mh\\im, \, n. apple.

passion,
liha-a,

lust.

ae,/ moon.
i,

malum,

i,

n.

evil,

mis-

ae,/ a pound.
3.

lupus,

m. wolf.

fortune.

licet, uit 2. it is allowed,

luscinia, ae,
gale.

nightin- mains, i,/ apple-tree.

ligneus

wooden,
n. ivuod.

of

wood.

lusus, us, m. sport.

\,

mains 3. evil, bad. mando, di, sum 3.

chew.

to

Wgnum,
lingna,

\ux,\nc\s,f. light.
clear, luxuria,

Iimpidus3. limpid,
ae,

ae,/
i,

luxury.

mane,
ing.

adv. in the

mom2.

tongue, Lycnrgns,

m. Lycur-

language.
liquetacio, feci, factum
3. to m^lt.
lis, litis,

gus.

maneo,
m. Lysis.
await.

nsi,

nsum

linter, tris,/ boat, skiff. Lysis, is,

to remain', c.

ace. to

M.
Macedo,
onis,

Mantinea, ae,
m.

Man-

civil process,

tinea.

strife.

llttera,

ae,

letter (of
litterae,

Macedonian. Macedonia, ae,

cedonia.

Ma-

manus, us,/ hand; 2) a company.

Marcell us,
Zm5.
i,

alpliabet);

m. JkfarccZ-

arum,/
ture.

letter, litera-

machinatio, onis,/ machine

;

device, artifice,

mare,

is,

n. sea.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
margo,
inis,
i,

S43i,

Marius,

misere, adv. wretchedly, m. margin, mentior 4. to lie. mercator, oris, m. tra- misereor, misertus or miseritus sum 2. c. der. marmor, oris, n. marble. gen. to pity. marmoreusS. o/*MirWe, merces, edis,/. recommiseret me alicujusrei, pense. marhle.

m. Marius.

Marilus,

\,

m. Mars.

mater,

tris,/. mother.

mereor, merltus sura2. to deserve; de aliqua

it

excites

my pity for

something.

re mereri, to deserve miseria, ae, /. misery, m. i, mathematicus, want. mnthemntidan. of something. misericordia, ae,/.jnft/. mature, adv. speedily, in meritum, i. n. desert. mkescoS. to render soft, merx, rc'is, f. wares. season.

maturus

3. ripe.
c. dat. to cure.

messis, is,/, crop.

Metellus,
i.

tame.

to soften, m. Metellm. mitigo 1. mitigate. medicina, ae, /. medi- metior, meiisus sum 4. mitis, e, soft, mild. to measure. cine, remedy. mitto, misi, missum 3. medicus,i,m. physician, metuo, ui 3. fo/ear. to send. mediocris, e, middling, metus, us, m. apprehen-

medeor 2.

meditatio, onis,/. meditation.

sion,fear.

mobllis^
ernor.

e,

movable.
oris,

meus,
1.

3. mine.
1. to glitter.

moderator,

m. gov-

meditor

to

reflect

mico, ui
tion.

Medus,

upon, study into. i, m. a Mede.

ae, /.

migratio, onis,/. migra-

moderaius 3. temperate. moderor 1. c. ace. to

govern, rule.

Megara,

Megara.

migro
miles,

1. to

migrate

c.

mel, mellis, n. honey.

ace. to transgress.
itis,

modestia, ae,

f modesty,

membrana, ae,/ membrane.

soldier.
i,

m. warrior, modestus 3. modest. modlce, adv. temperis,

membrum,
memini,

n. limb.

Miltiades,
des.

m. Miltia-

ately.

isse, c.

gen. or

modius,

i,

m. bushel,

minax, acis, threatening, modo, adv. only, now conj. c. Subj. if only, memor, oris, c. gen. Minerva, aG,f Minerva. modo, now minime, adv. least, not modo mindful of. now. at all. memoria, ae, /. memon/, modus, i, m. manner, time ; minXior 1. to threaten, remembrance, way. memoria tenere, to minor 1. to threaten. hold in remembrance, minuo, ui, utum 3. to moenia, lum, n. walls (as defence). lessen, diminish. memoriter, adv. from moeror, oris, m. grief, mmus, adv. less. memory, by heart.
ace. to remember.

memoro
relate.

1.

to mention, mirificus 3. wonderful.

sorrow.

miror
dri,

1. to

wonder

2) Moesia, ae, J. Moesia,

Menander,
nander.

m. Melying
;
.

to admire.

moles, is,/ mass.

ly

mirus
acis,

3.

wonderful, ex- moleste, adv. grievovS'

;

mendax,
mena,tis,

traordinary.

mol. fero, take

ae, f.
3.

it

subst. liar.

misceo,
turb.

scui,

stum or

ill.

f sense, mind,
spirit,

xt\im2.

to mix, to dis- molestia.,

annoytrouble-

understanding, state of mind.

ance.

miser, era, erum, lorcfc^- molesius

ed.

mensa,
mensis,

ae,
is,

table.

some.
3. pitiable,

m. month.

miserandus

molior, itus

sum

4. to

344

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
munio
4. to fortify.
eris, n. service
;

prepare, get ready.

lum
war.

navale,

naval-

mollio
mollis,

4. to soften,

make munus,
murex,

soft, alleviate.
e, soft.

2) present.
icis,

navigo

1. to

navigate.
;

m. a pur-

navis, is,/ ship

navis

inoWitia, ae,

f softness.
Molon.
n.
ciri,

pie fish, purple.

\oiiga, war-ship.

Molo,

onis, m.

murmur,
mur. murus,
i,

uris, n.

momentum,
cuvistance.

mur- ne, adv. not (with Imperat., and Subj. of

exhorting),
ne, conj. that not
[^
;

m. wall (as a

moneo 2
mons,
tain.

to

admonish,

structure).

that

ntis,

m.

moun- mus, muris, m. mouse. musca, Sie,f. a fiy.

i,

106, 1

and

3.)

ne, interrogative particle,

(^

monumentum,
monun.ent.

n.

musicus, \,m. musician.

115. 3. b. a.)

muto

1.

to

change, ex- ne

quidem
not
also,

not even,

mora, ae,/. delay. change. morbus, i, m. disease. mutus 3. dumb. mordax, acis, biting. mordeo, momordi, morN.

(has
rests
parts).

the

word on which the

emphasis tween its
conj. for

be-

sum 2.
bite.

to bite,toback-

Nam, namque,
3. to obtain.

nebula, ae,/. mist.

(neque),

nanciscor, nactus

sum nee

and
nee

not,

morior,

mortuus sum,
to die.

also

mon,

narratio,
re-

onis,/ narra-

que)

nee

not

(ne-

moror 1. to delay, ace. main; c. make nothing of. morosus 3. morose.

mors, tis,/ death.
mortalis, e, mortal.

tion, narrative.

neither

(neque),
not yet.
3.

nor.

to

narro

1. to relcite.

necdum, and
3. to

nascor, natus
natalis,

sum

necessarlus
sary
;

neces-

be born, to spring.
is,

related ;

homo

m. birth-day.

necessarius, friend.
it

natio,

onis,

nation, necesse est,

is neces-

mos, oris, m. custom, tribe. manner ; plur. charac- nato 1. to swim. natura, ae,/ nature. ter. motus, us, m. move- naturalis, e, natural. ment ; motus terrae, natus, us, m. birth ; major natu, older; minor earthquake. natu, younger. moveo, vi, turn 2. to
move.

sary

105. R. 4.)

necessitas, atis,/ necessity.

neco

1. to kill.

nectar, aris, n. nectar.

necto, xui,

xum

3.

to

join together, weave.

3.

natus
thereupon,

3.

bom

post nefaiius

infamous.

mox,

adv.

(i/lerwards.

Christum natum, af nefas, (indecl.) n. wrong. ter the birth of Christ ; negligo, lexi, lectum 3.
old

muller, eris,
wife.

woman,

(when the year

in

to neglect.
1. to

has been specified, nego

i,

deny, say no.

1.

MiJIlerus,

m. Midler.

which

this case negotlor

to

pursue
busi-

multitudo,
titude.

Inis,

/ mulpunish.

stands in the ace.)

business, trade.
i,

muho

1. to fine,

naufragium, i, n. ship- negoiium, nss. wreck; naufr. facere,

to suffer shipwreck.

n.

multus

3.

much, many.
i,

nemo

(in is)

c.

nobody,

mundus,

m. world.

nauta, ae, m. sailor.

\\a\a\\B,e,naval,pertain-

no one, (gen. andabl.

not used).
neptis,
is,

munificentia,
nificenre.

ae,/ mw-

ing

to

a ship

pugna

grand-

munificus

3. munificent.

navalis, sea-fight; bel-

daughter.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
Neptunus,
tune.
i.

345
any one f any

m. JVepitum,
adv.
effect.

do)

only
ivi,

sed etiam, no<

hut also.

ble that

thing

nequeo,

ire,

not to be able.

nondum, adv. nonne ? not ?

not yet. not

nunc, adv. now.

in- nundlnae,

arum,

f,

nequicquam, vain, to no
nescio
4.

in

deed"^ whether not.

market.

nonnunquam,arfv.some- nunquam, adv. never.

times.

nervus,\,m.nerve, sinew.
not to know, not knowing
;

nuntlo

1. to
i,

announce.
m. message,

nosco, novi,
to
ivith.

notum

3.

nuntius,

nescius

3.

become acquainted

news
nuper,

messenger.

non sum nescius, / know full well.

lately.

noster, tra, trum, our.

nurus, us, f. daughterin-law.

[nisi),

conj.

unless.

if not, nostras, atis, m. of our country, fellow-conn-

nusquam, ac?v.
nutrio
4. to

no-tu^cre.

nidifico
nest.

1.

to

build a

tryman.
nota, ae,/. mark, sign,
notio, onis,/. notion.

nourish.

nutrix, icis,/. nurse.

nidus,

i,

m.

nest.

nutus, us, m. nod, com-

niger, gra,

grum,

black, notitia,

ae, /.

knowl-

mand.
nux, nucis,/ a nvt.

nihil (indecl.) n. nothing.

edge.

nihilum,

i,

n. nothing,

nimls, adv. too

much,
too much,

nolo 1. to mark, brand. notus S. known.

O.

nimlum, adv.
too very.

November,
JVovember.

bris,

m. Obdormisco, mivi, mi-

tum

3. to fall asleep.
xi,

ningo,
nisi,
cept.

xi, 3. to snoiv.

novi, isse, to know.

ex-

obduco,
obedio
obeo,
3. c. die.

ctum

3. to

conj.

if not
3.

novus

3.

new.

overspread, cover,
4. to obey.
li,

nox, noctis,y! night.

shining, nubes,
is,

nitrdus

/.

doud.

itum,

ire,

to

splendid.
nitor,

nubo,
or

psi,

ptum

nisus

nixus
to rely
;

dat. to

marry (of the obitus,

no one, no
;

us,

m. departure,

sum

3. c. abl.

woman).
3.

death.

upon something
something
to strive
;

ad nullus

oblecto

1. to delight.

aliquid, to strive after

nullus non, every one. oblino,

evi,

itum
/.

3. to

in aliquid num,interrogative
[ 1 15, 3, b, c,].

word

besmear, contaminate.
oblivio,
ion.

against some-

onis,

ohliv-

thing.
nix, nivis,/ sn/}w.
nobilis,
e,

Numa, ae,
Numantia,
re-

m. JVuma.
ae, /.

known,

mantia.
to

JVu- obliviscor, oblitus sum 3. c. gen. or ace. to

forget.

nowned. numero 1. nohWito 1. to make knoivn, reckon.

renowned.

number,

obrepo, repsi, m. numher,'

3.
c.

reptum
to

numerus,

i,

dat.
steal

creep

noceo

2. to injure.

multitude, rhythm.

upon,
obruo,

upon, sur3. to

Numida, ae, m. a JVunocturnus 3. nocturnal. midian. nodus, i, m. knot. Numidia, ae, /. JVunomen, Inis, n. name. midia. nomino 1. to name. nummus, i, m. money, a non, adv. not (stands sesterce. before its verb) non numquis, numqua,
noctu, adv. by night.
;

prise some one.

ui,

utum

cover over, overwhelm.

obscuro 1. to obscure. obscurus 3. obscure. obsequium, i, n. submission, obedience.

solum (tantum, mo-

numquid,

is

U possi-

obsequor, secutus

sum

346
3.
c.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
dat.
to

obey,

occupo

1.

to

take pas- opinor 1. to think.

comply with. observo 1. to observe.

ade, siege.

session of, fall upon, opitulor 1. to lend aid.

to surprise.

oportet 2.

it is

necessary,

obsessio, onis,/. block- October,

tober.

bris,

m.

Oc-

( 105.

R.

4.)

opperior, pertus
i,

sum

4.

obsideo, sessi,
2. to besiege.

sessura oculus,

m.

eye.

to await.

odi, isse, to hate.

oppidum,

i,

n. town.

obsidio, onis,/ siege.

odiosus
to

S. hateful, hated,

oppleo, evi,
fUl up,fll.

etum

2. to

obsolesco,

odium, i, n. pass away, become an- Odofredus, tiquated. fned. obsto, stiti, statum 1. c. ofFendo, di,
levi
3.

i,

m.

Ott- op])6no S. to oppose.

opportune, adv. oppor-

sum

3. to

tunely.

to

stand against, in

offend.
obtiili,

opprlmo, pressi, presoblatum,

3.

ide

way
fui,

of,

to

be

a ofFero,

sum
ops

3. to oppress.
1. to attack.

hindrance, hinder.

3. to offer.

oppugno
(not

obsum,

esse

c. dat.

officio, feci, fectura

used),

gen.

to be against, injure.

to hinder, prevent.

op\s,f. aid.

obtempero

1. to

obey.

officium,
vice.

i,

n. duty, ser- optabilis, e, desirable.

obtineo, 2. to maintain.

optimas,

atis,

m. chief

obtingo, igi 3.
one's
lot.

to fall to

offundo, fudi,

obtrectatio, onis, f. detraction.

man. c. dat. to fow against; opto 1. to wish. pass, to spread one's opulentus 3. powerful, rich. self upon, surround
3.
c. ace. to

fusum

obtrecto

1. c. d. to

dis-

something ;
cover.

opus,

eris, n. icork.
est, it is necessary,

parage.

opus
n. oil.
[k

obviam, adv. against,

meet.

to

oleum,

i,

91. 5,

c]
i,

oYim, adv. formerly.

oraciil um,

n. oracZe.

occasio, onis, f. oppor- omitto, misi, missum3. oratio, onis,/. speech. tunity. to let go, pass over, orator, oris, m. orator.

occasus, us, m. setting,

downfall.

postpone.

orbis,

is,

omnino, adv. wholly,

ntis,

al- ordior,

m. circle. orsus sum

4. to

Occidens,

m.

set-

together.
;

begin.

ting sun, western re- omnis, e, each, whole

gions, west.
plur.
all.

ordo, inis, m. order, succession, rank.

occido, cidi,
to fall.

casum

3.

onero
onus,

1. to

load, burden. Orestes, ae,

eris, n. load.

Oriens,
rising,

ntis,

m. Orestes. m. suneastern

occido, cidi, cisum 3. to onyx, ychis, m. onyx.

kill.

east,

opera, ae,/ service ren-

regions.

occo

1. to

harrow.

dered,
3.

labour

ope- origo, inis,/ origin.

c. orior,
rise,

occulo,

uliii,

ultum

ram

dare, navare

ortus

sum
i,

4. to

to conceal.

dat. to

occupy one's

spring from.
n.

occulio

1. to conceal.

sdfwith.
opes,

ornamentum,

oma-

occultus

3. concealed.

um,

power,

ment, jewel.

occumbo,

cubiii,

cubi-

property, goods, trea- ornol. to adorn.

sures.

tum

3. to fall, die.

oro
3. /of, rich.

1.

to

speak; caus-

Gcr6a, a.e,f.greave (cor-

opimus
belief.

sam

orare, to plead;

responding
boot).

to

our opinio, onis,/ opinion,

2) to entreat.

oryx, ygisy m. gazette.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
OS, 6ris, n. /ace.
OS, ossis,

347

paries,
;

etis, /. if^aZZ

(of pauper ^ris, jooor.

n.

bone

pi.

a house).
pario, peperi,
to bear,

paupertas,

atis,

f.

pov-

ossa, bones.

partum 3.
;

erty.

ostium,

1,

n. door.

produce
prepare.
i,

ova Pausanias,
sanias.

ae,

Paw-

otium,

i,

n. leisure.

parere, to lay eggs.

ovis, is,/, sh^ep.

paro

1. to

ovum,

i,

n. egg.

parricldium,

n. parri-

dde, wicked deed.

P.
pars, rtis, /. part, side,
3.

pavidus ^.fearful. pavo, onis, m. peacock, pavor, oris, m. fear,

fright.
;

Paciscor,
to

pactussum make a bargain.

i,

plur. the characters in pax, pacis,/. peace

2)

a play.
;

permission.
i,

pactum,
nullo

n.

bargain
in

parsimonia, ae, /. fru- peccatum,

gality.

n.

sin,

pacto,

no
al-

fault.
clpis,

way. paene, adv. nearly,

most.

par- pecco 1. to sin, do wrong. particula, ae, /. a par- pecten, inis, m. comb.
particeps,

tidpating in.
tide.

pallrdus 3. pale, limd.

pecto,

xi,

xum

3.

to

pallium,

i,

n. cloak.
is,

partior 4. to divide.

comb.
pectus, oris, n. breast.

palumbes,
pigeon.
palus,
pool.

m. wood- parum, adv. too little. parvus, 3. small.

to

pecuDia, ae,/ money.

itis,

udis. /.

marsh, pasco, pavi, pastum 3. pedes,

pasture (of herds3.

in. footman,

foot-soldier.

pando, andi, assum,

to open.

men), <o/eerf; pascor, \)Q]GTo\.to swearfalsdy. pastus sum, pasci, to pello, pepuli, pulsum 3.
be fed, pastured, (of
to drive.

pango, peplgi, pactum

3. to fix in, to fasten,

herds).
i,

Pelopidas, ae, m.
n. pasture.

Pdo-

bargain, agree to on pascuum,

condition.

pidas.

panis,

is,

m. bread.
eris,

passim, far and wide, pelvis, is,/ basin, bowl. pastor, oris, m. herds- penates, lum, m. penapop-

papaver,
py.

n.

man.
patefacio, feci,

tts,

household gods.

factum pendeo, pependi [sup, 3. to makeknown. wanting) 2. to hang. papWio, 6ms, ly,. abutterpateo, ui 2. to stand pendo, pependi, penfly. eqmd ; par open. par, aris, sum 3. to pay for, sum c. dat. 1 am a pater, ti'is, m. father. value. patienter, adv. patiently, penitus, adv. wholly. match for some one. patior, passus sum 3. penna, ae,/./fa<^r. par, aris, w. a pair. i. to suffer, allow. Parapamisus, m. pensum, i, n. thread. patria, ae, / Parapamisus. native peracerbus 3. very bitparatus
dy.
3.

prepared, rea-

country.

ter, severe.

patrocinor

1. c.

dat.

to

perago, egi, actum

accomplish.

3. to

parco, peperci,
3.
c.

parsum

proted.
paullisper, adv.

dat.

to

spare, pauci, ae, a. few.

peragro

1.

to

pass

forbear.

little

through.
percipio, cepi,

parens,
rents.

ntis,
;

c. father

or

while.
little.

ceptum
1. to

mother

plur.

pa- paullulum, adv. a

3. to perceive.
ul,

pauUus
post,

3. little

paulo percrepo,
resound.

itum

par^o

2. to obey.

little

after.

348
percurro,
curri,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
cucurri
or perpetIor,pessussum3. perversTtas, atis, /!
to
to endure.
jper-

cursum

3.

versify.

perdo,

run through. didi, ditum

ui,

perpetro

]. to

perform,

pervideo,

idi,

isum

2.

3. perpetuitas, atis,/. per-

to consider,

examine.

to ruin, destroy, lose.

petuity, duration.

pes, pedis, m.foot.

perdomo,

itum

1, to

perpetuo, adv.
ually.

contin- peslilentla, ae,/. pestilence.

tame, suhdut.

peregre, adv. abroad. perpetuus 3. continued, pestis, is,/, pest, destrucpereo, ii, Itum, ire, to constant. tion.

go

to ruin, perish.
S. perfect.

perrodo,

si,

sum
rupi,
to

3. to peto, ivi,
to

itum
to
after,

3. c. ace.

perfectus

eat through.

strive

obtain,
attack,

perficio, feci,

fectum3. perrumpo,
turn
3.

rupbreak

strive

to finish, effect.

fetch.

perftdus 3 faithless.
3. to

through.

petulans,

tis,

wanton.

perfringo, fregi, fractum Persa, ae,

m.

a Per-

petulantia, ae,/.

wan-

break through.

sian.

tonness,licentiousness.

perfugium,

perfuga, ae, m. deserter, persaepe, adv. very of- Phidias, ae, m. Phidias. i, n. refuge. ten. philosophla, ae,/ philosophy.

pergo, perrexi, perrec- ^ers&no l.tocurewholly,

turn 3. to go, proceed, persequor, secutus

sum

philosophus,
lusopher.

i,

m. phi-

periculum, i, n. danger. periodus, i,/ ^criorf.

peritus 3.
c.

3. to

follow up, pur-

sue.

pie, adv. tenderly, piously.

gen.

ex- perse vero l.fo AoZdf owf.

perienced, skilled in.

persolvo,
to

vi,

utum

3. pietas,

atis,

pidy,
sloth-

permaneo, mansi, man-

pay.

filial love.

sum

2.

to

continue, ])ers6na, ae,

f person,
atum
1. to

ip'iger,

gra,

grum,

hold out.

persto,
1.

iti,

ful, dull.
pigritia, ae,

permano
through.

to

fiow

persist.

inactivity.

perstringo, inxi, ictum pilosus 3. hairy, covered

isi,

permitto,

issum 3.

3.

to

draw
si,

through,

with hair.
pi'^go,
inxi,
;

to permit.

censure.

permoveo,

movi,
to

mo- persuadeo,
stir

sum

2. c.

to

paiut

ictum 3. acu pin-

tum
up.

2.

move,

dat. to persuade, con-

gere, to embroider.

vince.
Isi,

pin us, us,/ pine,

2. to frighten, piper, eris, n.

permulcfio,
to

Isum

2.

perterreo
pertinax,

pepper.

stroke,

please,

put in fear.
acis,

\imim,
obstin-

\,

n, pear.

charm, soothe.

ip'irus, i,

pear-tree.

ipennuhusS. very many. piscator, oris, m.fisherate. pernicies, ei,/ destruc- pertlneo, 2. to extend; man. tion. ad aliquem, to per- piscis, is, m.fish. perniciosus 3. pernipiscor i. to fish. tain to some one. cious, destructive. perturbatio, onis,/ dis- pius 3. pious, grateful.
pernosco,
3. to

novi, notum turbance. placeo 2. to please. become thorough- perturbo 1. to disturb, placide, adv. gently. ly acquainted with. pervehor, vectus sum 3. placidus 3. gentle. perosus 3. hating greatto be conveyed off. placo 1. to appease.
ly.

perverse, adv. perverse- plane,

ly.

adv.

wholly;

plainly.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
planetes, ae, m. planet.
planitles, ei,y! a plain.

349
6ns,

populor
popillus,

1. to
i,

lay waste. praeceptor,

teacher.

m.

m. people.
poplar.

planta, ae, /. plant.

Plato, onis, m. Plato.

populus,

\,f.

praeceptum,i,n. precept,
principle.

porro, adv. moreover.

j)ortrcus, lis,/, portico.
]. to bear.

plaustrum,
ivagon.
Plautus,

i,

n.

draught- porta, ae,y! gate.

praeclare, adv. nobly..

plausus, us, m. applause. porto

i,

m. Plautus.
gen. full.

portus, us, m. haven.

praeclarus 3. noble. praechido 3. to shut: praeco, onis, m. encamiast.

plenus

3. c.

posco, poposci

3. to de-

plerique, aeque, aque,

mand.
possesslo, onis,

praecordia,

onim,

very many, most.

pos-

plerumque, adv.
monly.
Plinius,
i,

com-

session, possessing.

diaphragm. praecox, cdcis,

cious.

preco-

possum,
us,

potui, posse, to

ploratus,
plaint,

plures, a,

praeda, ae,/. booty. be able {can). m. Pliny. m. com- postea, adv. afterwards. [)raedico 1. to extol. [many. posteaquam, conj. after praedico 3. to predict. praedltus 3. c. abl. enG.ium. 7nore, that.

plurlmus
pluviosus

3. most.

plus, uris, n. more.

8.

dowed with. postero die, on thefolloioing day ; in po- praedium, i, n.farm.

sterum diem, following day.
postis,
is,
till

rainy.

the

praedor

1. to

make booty.
latum,

poema,

poem. l>oeusi,fie, /.punishment

atis, n.

praefero,

tuli,

m.post.
conj.

ferre 3. to prefer.
after prael6quor,locutus
3. to

poenas dare,
punished
it
;

to

be

postquam,
that.

sum

2) revenge.

poemtetme
repents

postremus 3. last ; praeparatio, 6u\s, f prepostremum, lastly. thing. postulo 1. to demand. paration. Poenus, i, m. a Cartha- potens, lis, c. gen. pow- praeparo 1 to prepare. ginian. praepono, osiii, ositum erful, master of. poeta, ae, m. poet. [tily. potentia, ae,/ power. 3. to prefer.
alicujusrei,

speak before. ad praemium, i, n. reward.

me of

some-

polite, adv. elegantly.

pel lex,

icis,

m. thumb.

potestas, atis, /. power. praepropere, adv. haspotio, onis, drinking, praesens, tis, present.

polliceor, citus
to promise.

sum

2.

drink.
potior,
abl.
titus

praesertim, adv. espec-

sum

4. c.

ially,

[dent.

Pompeii, drum, m. Pompeii (a city).

to possess one's praeses. Id is, m, presi-

self of.

])raesidium,
adv.
es-

i,

n.

aid^

Pompeius,
pey.

i,

m. m.

Pom- potissimum,
Pompotius, adv.
rather.

protection, support.

pecially, principally.
i,

praestabllis, e, excelletU.
superior.

Ponipilius,
pilius.

much more,

praestans,

tis, excellent.

pomum,
pondero
pono,
lay,

i,

n. i^\m'. eata- potus, us,

m. drink.
2.

praesto,

iti,

atum
;

1.

<

ble fruit.
1. to

praealtus 3. very deep.

ponder.

be distinguished; aliciii,

praebeo

to

afford,

to

surpass
to

to be

situm 3. to place ; ponere in

sui,
set,

lend; se praebere, to
prove, show one's
ing,
self.

better;

bestow; to

pay

se praestare, to
one's self.

aliqua re, to

place praeceps, cipitis, inclin-

show
hand.

upon something.
pons,
lis,

rugged,

steep

praesto, adv. present, at

m. bridge.

precipitous.

ao

350
praesiim,
fui,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
esse, to
alicui, to prohlbeo, bui, bitum 2. to prevent, keep off. some one. probrum, i, n. disgrace, proinde, adv. therefore ; proinde quasi, just as probus 3. vpright, ex-

probari

be placed before, preside over.

please

praetereo,
to

ii,

itum,

ire,

pass by

before.

cellent.

if.
i,

praeterltus 3. past.
praetoriiim,

Probus,

m. Probus.

promitto, misi,
3. to promise.

missum
promptu

praetor, oris, w. ^rae^or. procella, ae,/. s/orm.

i,

n. gener- proceres,
bles.

um, m.

the no-

promptu,

in

aVs tent. prandeo, di,

breakfast.

esse, to be ready.
3. slim, tall.
di,

sum

2. to

procerus procudo,

promptus3.
pronuntio

ready.
to

sum

3. (of

1.

pro-

money) to coin. nounce. pratum, i, n. meadow. pra vitas, atis,/. deprav- procul, adv. far off,from prope, adv. near: nearly, almost. a distance. iiy.

2)

preces, um,/. entreaties procumbo, cubili, cubi- propere, adv. hastily. propitius 3. propitious, turn S. to fall doivn. precor 1. to entreat;

bene

pr.

alicui,

to

ivish well to one.

procuro prodeo,

1. to
li,

take care of.

ire, to

favorable.

Itum,
depart.
3.

propositu m,
3.

i,

7i.

pur-

premo,

pressi,

pressum

go forth,
fid.

pose, design.
otvn, pecu-

3. to press.

prodigiosus
n.

wonder- proprius
liar.

pretiosus

3. precious.
i,

pretium,
value.

price, proditio,
ery.

6ms,f.

treach- propterea, adv.

on

this

account.

pridem, adv. long ago ; prodltor, oris, m. traitor, propugnator, oris, m. champion, defender. jam pridem, long prodo, didi, ditum, 3. to propulso 1. to drive deliver up, betray. since.
Priene, es, /. Priene (a proellum,
city
i,

n.

en^oun-

back.

of

Ionia).
the first

ter.

prorepo 3.
3. profane.

to creepforth.

primo, adv. in
place.

profanus
profecto,
truly.

adv.

prorsus adv. entirely. 1. to look indeed, prospecto

forth.

primum, adv. in
place.

the first

profero,
ipis,

tuli,

latum, fer- prosperitas, a.t\8,f.prosbring forperity.

princeps,

m.

first

re,

3.

to

the first.

ward.
i,

[fessor. prospicio, spexi,

spec-

principium,

n.

be- professor, oris, m. pro-

tum

3.

to see before

ginning
priscus 3.

principio, proficio, feci, fectum 3,

to profit, accomplish,

one's self.

in the beginning.
old.

prosterno, stravi, stra-

i)roficiscor, fectus sijm,

tum

3. to prostrate.
fui,

pristfnus 3. former.
prius, adv. sooner.

3.

to

set

out

(on a prosum,
de-

desse

c.

journey),
before

march,

dat. to be useful, beneftt.

priusquam,

conj.

part.
profiteor, fessus
to

that, ere, before.

sum

2.

prothma, adv. immediately.

privatus 3. private.
I)robe,

acknowledge freely,

adv.

excellently,

promise, offer freely.

proverbium,
erb.

i,

n.

prov-

suitably, uprightly.

profusus 3. unrestrained.
3.
to

prohltas,
ness.

SLtis,f.

upright- progredior,

gressussum providentia,
provideo,

ae, f.fore-

step forth, ad-

sight, providence.
vidi,

probo

1.

to

approve

vance.

visum

2.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
to foresee
;

351
conj.

c.

tiat.

to

ctum

3.

to sting, to

que,

and (always
its

provide for something;

2)
to

harass.

attached to
cor-

word).
adv. in

be

on

one's

guard, look out.

provincia,
vince.

Punic us 3. P//mc. punio 4. to punish,

red.

quemadmodum,
what manner, qued ivi, itum,
be able {can).

as.
ire,

ae,

/
next.

pro-

to

puppis,
3. next.
tis,

is,y*.

the stern

of

proxime, adv.
proxlrnus

quercus, us,/, oak. a ship. purgo 1. to purify, justi- querela, ae,/ complaint,

prudens,

wise,

pru-

fy.

plaintive cry.

dent, skilful.

prudenter, adv. wisely,

prudently.

purus 3. pure. puto I. to think,

consider.

queror, questus
believe,

sum

3.

to

complain.

qui,

quae, quod,

who.

prudentia, ae,/. ivisdom, Pylades, ae, m. Pylades. qui, how, whence, whereby.
prudence.

Pythagoras, ae, m. Py- quia, conj. because.

n.

prunum,

i,

a plum.

thagoras.

quicunque,
que,

prunus, i,/ /)^Mm<ree. pubes, eris, grown up.

publice,
adv.
publicly,

quaecunquodcunque,

Q.
Quaere,
sivi,

whosoever.

on behalf of the State, to seek, at tlie cost of the State. quo, to ask of one. publico 1. to make pub- quaeso, I pray, beseech,
lie.

situm 3. quidam,quaedarn, quiddam and quoddam. nh or ex ali[ 31. 6)].

quidem,
quidni,

indeed
its

(is

quaestio,
3.

oriis,

ques-

placedafler

word),

publicus
street.

public

in

tion.

why

not.

publico, in

a public

qualis,

e,

of what
;

sort,

quies, etis,/ quid.

character

as.

quiesco,
to rest.

evi,

etura

3.

pudor,
puella,

oris,

m. shame.
6o^
pueri,

qualiscunque, of whatever sort, character.

ae,/ mmd.
;

puer,

eri, wi.

quam,

adv.

how,

quietus 3. quiet. as; quin, [$ 107, 3. b)].

?

children.

conj. (with the

com- quinam
quippe,
so

who
adv.

then'^
indeed,^

puerilis, e, childish.

parative) than.

pueritia,

ae,

child-

quamdiu, how long,

namely.

hood.

puerulus,

i,

m.

little

boy.

quis ? quid ? who ? what ? long as. quamvis, conj. with the quis, qua, quid anrf qui,
subj.

pugnai, ae, f. fight, battie.

how much soever,

quae, quod

[31,1)]

any one. pugno 1. to fight. quisnam, quando, adv. when. quaenam, pulcher, chra, chrum, quanquam, conj. with quidnam, ivho, what
although.
beautiful, fair.
indie,

though,

at-

pulchre, adv. beautifully.

though.

then% quispiam,

quaepiam,

quanto,
the.

(with

comp.)

qiiidpiam and quod-

pulchritudo,inis/1 6caMty.

piam
and

[ 31, 3)].

quantoiiere, fu)w greatly, quisquam,

icis,

pulex,

m. afiea. quantus 3. how great ; pullus, i, m. th young quantum, how much. (of animals), c^/cA:en. quantuscunque, how
pulvis,
dusi.
eris,

quicquam quodquam,
any
one,

(scarcely)

m.

sand,

great soever.
quasi, as
it

[31,4)]. quisque, quaeque, quid-

were, as

if,

que and quodque

31,7)].

pungo, pupiigi,

pun-

as though.

352

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
cepi,
take
;

quisqiiis, quicquid,ifj/io- recipio,

ever. { 30.

ceptum
hack.,

refrico, cui,

catum

1. to

R.

2).

3.

to

re-

rub again, renew.

quo,adv, whither;
eo, (in

quo-

cornp.) the
the.

ceivt
to

se

recipere, regina, ae,y! queen.

one's
self regio, onis,/. region.

betake

so

much

back.
as, until, recito 1. to

reglus 3. royal.

quoad, so long

read

to.

until that, even until, recordatio,

onis, /.

re-

tjuocunque, adv. whithersoever.

collection.

regno 1. to reign. regnum, i, n. reign, kingdom.

xi,

rccordor

1.

c.

ace. to rego,

ctum

3.

to

quod,

conj. that, because.

.

remember,

call to

mind.

govern, guide, rule,

recreo 1. to renew, re- rejiclo, jeci, jecturn 3. quodsi, if now, but if to throw away, reject. <juominus,Maf (^07,2). fresh. recrudesce, dui 3. to religlo, onis,/. religion, quoniodo, adv. how. conscientiousness. break open afresh. quondam, adv. once,
formerly.
recte, adv.
rectly.

rightly, cor- religiose,

adv.

scrupu-

quoniani, conj. because.

lously.

quoque, adv.
quot.^

also.

rector, oris, m. governor, relinquo, liqui,licturn3.

how many 7
however
3. daily.

rectus

S. straight, direct,
;

to leave behind, desert.

quotannis, adv. yearly.

right

recta consci- reliquus 3. remaining.

quotcunque, many.
quotidianus
quotles, adv.

entia,
science.

good con- remaneo,

to

nsi,

nsum

2.

quotidle, adv. daily.

remain behind, remain, recumbo, cubui, cublturn 3, to lie cfoti^n reminiscor (without the
again.

how

often.

quotlescunque,
however ojten.

adv.

recupero

1. to recover.

P^Kf-) '^' ^' S"* ace. to remember.

^
2.

redamo
turn.

1. to

love in re- reinoveo, ovi,

to remove.

otum

quotqi\ot,however many.

quotus

3.

tvhat

one in redarguo,
as,

ui,

utum

3.

order.

to refute.
;

ren,

qiuim, conj. wlien

since,

reddo,
make.

idi,

itum

3. to

Remus, i. m. Remus. (commonly plur. renes, um, m.) kidneys.

give back again, give,

[turn, reor, ratus

to be

sum,

reri, ^.

R.
Raines, ci,f madness, rabiosus 3. mad.
radix, icis, /. rooi.

redeo, u, itum 4. toreraditus, us, m. rettirn.

persuaded, think.

repente, adv. suddenly.

reduco,

xi,

ctum

3. to reperio, peri,

pertum
itum

4.

lead back.

to find, find out.

rana, iie,f.frog.

redundo
refercio,

1. to

redound, repeto,
to refute.

ivi,

3. to

rapid us
rapid.

3.

tearing away, refello,

elli 3.
rsi,

call back, retrace.

rtum

3. to repleo, evi,
fill

etum

2. to

rapio, pui,

ptum
off.

3.

to

stuff, fill

up.

up.
1. to
]. to 1.

snatch, carry

refero, tuli, latum, ferre replico

3. to

repeat.

raro, adv. rarely.

bring back, re- reporto

;

bear
to

off.

rarus 3. seldom.
ratio,

turn again
reason
;

requite

repugno
1.

contend

onis, /.

refer to.

against.

manner.
ravis, \s,f. hoarseness.

refert 3. c.

gen.

it

con- reputo

to iveigh, con-

cerns. ( 88. 10).

1. c.

sider.

recedo,
3. to

cessi,

cessum reformido

ace. <o requles, etis, (ace. requi-

go

bade, retire.

fear something.

em),/,

rest, relaxation.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
requiesco, evi,
(ex)

353
4. to rage.

etum

3.

Rhodus,
laugh laugh

i./.

Rhodes.
ace.

saevio

c. abl. to

repose, rideo,

risi,
;

risutn 2. to saevus S.Jlerce.

c.

requiro,

quisivi,

quisi-

to sagitta, ae,/. arrow.

sal, salis,

turn 3. to search after,

inquire for.

at, deride.

m. salt

loit.

ridiculus 3. ridiculous,

salio, lui,

hum

4^.

to leap,

res, rei,/. affair, thing, ripa, ae,/. 6anA;.

saltern, adv. at least.

rescindo,

idi,

issum
break
li,

3. risus, us,
rite,

m. laugh.

salto 1. to dance.

to tear off,

off.

adv.

in a proper salus, ut\s, f. prosperity,

welfare, safety.

rescisco, ivi or

itum
2. to

manner.
rivulus,
i,

3. to ascertain.

m. stream.

salularis, e, salutary.
1. to
!

reseco,
cut

ciii,

ctum

robur, oris, n. strength, saluto

salute.

off.

reservo
to

1.

to reserve.

robustus 3. strong. rogo 1. to entreat, ask.

2.

salve, hail

(Imper. of

salveo 2. to he well).
;

resldeo, edi,

essum

Rotrianus

3.

Roman
i,

salvus
nite.

3. safe, well.
itis,

remain behind. resisto, stiti, stitum

to resist.

Rornanus,
3.

m.

a Samnis,
sanclo,

m. a Sam-

Roman. Romulus,
lus.

i,

m.

Romu-

nxi,

ncitum

4.

resono 1 resonus
respiro

to resound.

to sanction.

3.

resounding, rosa, ae, /. rose.

sancte,

adv.

sacredly,

echoing.
1. to breathe.

Rosclus,

i,

m. Roscius.
n. beak.

conscientiously.

rostrum,
2.

i,

sanctus

3. sacred.

respondeo,
to

di,

sum

rotundus

3.

round.

sane, adv. truly.

sarrguis, inis,

answer, reply.

ruber, bra, brum, red.

tis,

m. blood.

responsio, onis, /. an- rudens,

swer.
stay.
i,

m.

rope,

sano

1. to heal, cure.

sapid us 3. palatable.
gen.
crude, sapiens,
tis,

respf)nsum,
swer.

n.

an- rudis,

e, c.

wise

subst

unacquainted with, wise num. respublica, G. rei pub- rudo, ivi (i), itum 3. to sapientia, ae,y. ivisdom.
licae,/. State.
roar.
3.

sapTo, ui 3. to be wise.
rupi,

respuo,
reject.

ui,

utum
nxi,

to

rumpo,

ruptum
3.

3. sarcio, rsi,

to break, tear.

rtum 4. make good again,

i,

to
re-

restingiio,

nctum, ruo,
to

riii,

rutum

to

pair.

[bi'anch.

3. to smother,

ex-

rush.

sarmentum,
diff.

n. shoot,

tinguish.
restis, is,/, rope.

rupes, \s,f rock,

sat, adv. sufficiently.

rus, ruris, n. country.

3. to rustlcus3,rwsh*c,- subst.

satlo 1. to satiate.
sattra, ae,/. satire.
satis, adv. sufficiently.

restituo,

iii,

utum
1. to

restore.

countryman, boor.
be left
;

resto,

stiti

ruXx\u^ ^. fkry red.

Saturnus,

i,

7n.

Saturn.
to he

2) resist.
rete,
is,

saxum,
S.
2.

i,

n. rock.
c. abl.

n. net, toil.

scateo, ere,

retineo, inui,

entum

Sacer, era,
sacred

to hold back, retain.

crum, safull of something. cred; sacra, orum, n. seaturigo, inis/. spring.

rites.
c.

reus,

i,

m. defendant.
:

seeleratus 3. wicked.
priest, seelus,
eris,

reverter, Perf!
3. to return.

reverti sacerdos, otis,

priestess.

n.

crime,

transgression.
i,

revoco
rex,

I. to recall.

saeculum,

n.

a hun- schola, ae,/

school,
q/"

m. king. Rhenus, i, m. Rhine.

g'ls,

dred years.

scholasticus3.

or ^er-

saepe, adv. often.

taining to a school.

30*

354
scilicet,

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
adv.
truli/^

to sententia,
merit,

ae, /.

senti- similitudo, inis, /.

like-

wit.
scintilla, ae,f. spark. ecio 4. to know.

opinion.

ness.
4. to

sentio, nsi,

nsum

simplex,

icis,

simple,

feel, think,

judge.

s\nm\, adv. at the

sam

scipio, onis, m. staff.

Scipio, onis, m. Scipio.

scribo, psi,
write.

ptum

3.

to

m. (commontime. ly plur. semes), thorn- simulac, conj, (never hush. before a vowel or h) separo 1. to separate, as soon as.
sentis,
is,

scriptor, oris, m. writer.

disjoin.

simulatio,

onis, f. pre-

scrobis,

is,

m.

hole, ditch,

sepelio,

pelivi,

piiltum
4.

tence.

iscrupulus,

i, m. scruple. 4. to inter, bury. Scytha, ae, m. a Say- seplo, sepsi, septum

simulatque simulac. simulo 1. to liken one^s

thian. to hedge in, inclose. self to ; to feign. secerno, crevi, cretum sepono, posui, posltum sin, conj. but if. 3. to sunder, separate. 3. to lay aside. sinapis, is,y! mustard. seco, cui, ctum 1. to September, bris,m.*S'e/>- singuli, ae, a, sing-^e.
cut.

tember.
1. c.

sino, sivi,
i,

situm
conj.

3.

to

sector

ace. to pur- sepulcrum,

burial.

n. grave,

permit, allow.

sue, strive after.

siquidem,

if

in-'

secundus

3.
;

favorable, sequor, secutus

sum

3.

deed.
siser, eris, n. carrot.
;

fortunate
securis,
et.

res secun-

c.

ace. tojollow.
3. clear,

dae, prospeiity.
is,

serenus

bright, sitio 4. to thirst

to
thirst

c.

ace.

/. axe, hatch- serius 3. grave.

after

some-

sermo, onis, m. conver3.

thing.
sitis, is,/, thirst.

securus
fledeo,

secure,

sctfe.

sation, discourse.

!4ed, conj. but.

sero, sevi,
2.

satum

3.

to situs, us,

m. situation

sedi,

sessum

sow, plant.

to sit.

serus

3. /oo iaie.

2)mould,fUth. situs, 3. placed;

serviried.

situm

sedes, is,/ seat.

seditlo,

servlo 4. to serve.

esse, tobe placed, bu-

onis,/

sedition, servitus, utis,

sedo

1. to quiet.

tude.

sive fo preserve.
i,

sedulo, adv. busily.

seges, etis,/ crop.

servo

1.

er

sive, conj. whethor, either

i,

or,

servus,

m. slave.

soccus,
law.

m. sock, shoe.

semen,

Inis, n. seed.

seu, conj. see sive. se Veritas, atis,/ severity.

si,

socer, eri, m. father-insocietas, atis,

seniper, adv. alivays.

sempiternus

3. ever-dur-

union,
as-

ing, eternal.

conj.

if,

if also.

league,

alliance,

eenator, oris, m. seimtor. sic, adv. so, thus. senatus, us, m. senate, sica, ae,/ dagger.

sociaiion.

socius,

i,

m.
is,

ally.

senectus,
old age.

utis,

age, sicanus,

i,

m. assassin. Socrates,
it

m. Socra-

siccine, adv. is
1. to

so ?

tes.

senex, senis, oW;subst. sicco

old

dry.
Sicily.

socrus,
law.
sodalis,

us,/ mother-in[ion.
is,

man.

Sicilla,

ae,/

senilis, e,

belonging to signum, i, n. sign. old age; aetas seni- silentinm, i, n. silence,

siler, -eris, n. willow.

m. compann. solace.

sol, solis,

m. sun.
i,

lis,/ old age.

solatium,
solea, ae,

sensus,

us,

m.

sense, sWva, an, f.

a wood.

sole;

so-

feeling,

simllis, , like.

16a equi, horseshoe.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
soleo, 1o he

355

solitus

sum

2. spiritus, us,

m. breath.

stultus S. foolish, silly.

wont
tis,

splen, enis, m. the spleen. suavis, e, lovely, agreeable.

solitudo, inis,/. solitude. splendeo, ui 2. to shine.

sellers,
skilful.

dextrous, splendid us

3.

splendid.
?n.

suavitas,
ness,

atis,

sweet-

splendor, oris,
1. to

mag-

loveliness

of

solliclto 1. to disquiet.

nificence, splendor.

character.

soUicitudo, Inis, /. soli- spolio

citude, anxiety.
sollicitiis 3.

deprive, rob. suaviter,

adv.

sweetly

spondeo,

spopondi,
2. to

agreeably.

anxious.

sponsum
spurius
3.

be re- suber, eris, n.

cork

tree.

solum,
solus

i,

n.

ground.

sponsible for.

subigo, egi,

actum

3. to

3. alone.

spurious.

work; subjugate.
subitus 3. suddenly.

solutus 3. unbound.
solvo,
vi,

stabilis, e, stable, firm.

utum
to
i,

3.

to stabilitas, atis,/. stabil- subjicio, jeci,

ity.

jectum
risum

3.

loose,free.

to subject.
risi,

somnio 1. somnium,
somniis,
i,

n.

dream. dream.
sleep.

statim, adv. immediately. subrideo,

statio, onis, station.
statiia,

2.

to smile.

m.

ae,y! statue.

subsequor, secutus
3. to follow.

sum

sonltus, us, m. sound.

status, us, m. posture.

to Stella, ae,/. star.

sono,

ui,

itum

1.

substerno, stravi, stra-

sound. sonus,
i,

stercus, oris, n. dung.

tum

3. to

spread un-

der. goad. subterfugio, ugi, ugisophista, ae, m. sophist. stipendium, i, n. pay. tura 3. to escape. stem, oriSophocles, is, m. Sopho- stirps, pis, subvenio, veni, ventum gin. cles.

m. tone.

stimulo

1.

to

sordid us 3. mean.
sorex,
icis,

sto,

steti,

m.
771.

a
an

Jkldowl.

stand,
cost.

be

statum 1. gained

to

by,

4. to come to help. succedo, essi, essum 3.

mouse.
sorix, icis,

to succeed.

strenue, adv. vigorously. succenseo, ui, 2. to be

strideo di, 2. to whistle.
stringo, inxi,

soror, oris,/ sister.

sors, tis,/.
lot.

enraged.

ictum

3.

succumbo, cubui, cubi-

sospes,

Itis,

safe, sound.

tograze,draw{s\No\'A).

tum

3.,

to sink under.

spargo,

rsi,

rsum
n.

3. to strix,

igis,/ horned owl. succurro, cursi, cursura

to strive,
self,

strow, scatter, spread. studeo, ui 2.

3. c. dat. to
sist.

aid,

as-

spatium,

i,

space,

exert

one's

en-

deavor ; c. dat. to oc- sudo 1. to sweat. cupy one's self zea- sudor, oris, m. sweat. lously toith, favour sugo, xi, ctum, 3. to speciosus 3. striking, some one. suck. [tator. beautiful. spectator, oris, m. spec- studiose, adv. zealously, em, p7'on. of him, [her^ it) self. specto 1. c. ace. to look studiosus 3. c. gen. devoted to ; stud, esse Sulla, ae, m. SvlUt. at, belvold, have somec. gen. to occupy one's sum, fui, esse, to he, he thing in view.
length of time.
species, eA,f.form.

spec us, us, m. cave. sperno, sprevi, spretum 3. to spurn,

self
to

zealously

with,

peculiar,

belong, per;

apply one's self to

i,

tain

to

c.

gen. or
;

something.

dat. to possess

cum
tOy

spero

1. to

hope.
\lei.

studlum
study.

n. effort, zeal,

dupl. dat. to tend

serve

spes, ei,/ hope.

for somethings

spiuther, eris, n. brace- stuliitia,

ae,f folly.

some one.

356
summa,
ae,/. sum.
3.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
Syracusae, arum./. Sy- tego,
racuse.
xi,

ctum
i,

3.

to

Bummus
highest.

greatest,

cover.

[ering,
n.

Syius,
surface of

i,

m. a Syrian,

tegumentum,
teluni,
i,

cov-

surnma aqua,
the water.

n. arrow, dart,

sumo, mpsi,
to take.

mptum
3.

3.

T. Tabula, ae, /.
table.

temere,
board,

adv.

rashly^

without reason.
temeritas, atis, /. rashness, hastiness.

[sew.

suo, sui,

sutum
ectrlis,

to taceo, 2. to be silent. 3. silent.

supellex,

f.fur- tacitus
taedet

temperantia, ae,
peranrx.
1. to

tem-

niture, utensils.

me

alicujus rei,

su^erhus
nifcent.

S. proud,

mag;

it

excites

disgust

in tempero

modercUe

me
us,

at something.
i,

non temp, mihi quin,

1 cannot refrain from. tempestas, atis,/. time; 2) weather, storm.
temple.
n.

superior,

higher

talentum,
talis,

n.

talent

subst. conquerer.

(sum of money).
e,

supero

1.

to

overcome,

of such
;

sort,

surpass.

character
itis,

such.

superstes,

c.

dat.

tam,
so

surviving.

so;
as.

tam

templum, i, n. quam, tempus, oris,

tempore, at
time.

tim;

the right

Buperstitio, onis, /. su- tamdiu,

perstition.

adv. so long.

tenax, acis, c. gen. pertamen, conj. yet, stiU. Buperus 3. above ; su- Tamesis, is, m. Thames. severing, tenacious. peri, the gods. tandem, adv. finally, tendo, tetendi, tensum suppedito 1. to furnish. and tentum 3. to exthen. supplex, icis, suppliant, tango, tetigi, tactum 3. tend, distend ; ad alisuppliclum, i, n. puntangi de quid, to strive qfier to touch ;
ishm^nt.

coelo, to be struck by
1. c.

something.
tenebrae, arum,/.
cfarA:-

suppilco
entreat.

dat.

to

lightning.

tanquam, just
if,

as, as, as

ness.

supra, adv. above.

as

though,

as

it

teneo, nui,

ntum

2. to

gupremus

3. last.

were.
i,

hold, holdfast, occupy,

surgo, surrexi, surrec- Tantalus

m. Tanta-

restrain.

tum

3. to arise.

lus.

tener, era,
(in
the.

erum,

tender.

sus, suis,/ sow, swine,

tanto,

comp.)

so tento

1.

to try.

suscipio, cepi,
3.

ceptum

much
ly.

tenuis, e, slender, smaU,

slight.

to

undertake,

re- tantop^re, adv. so great-

ceive.

tergum,
terra,

i,

n. back.
earth, land.

Buscito

1.

to arouse.
1.

tantum, only.
tardltas,
atis,

ae,/

BUspTcor
sustento
to

to

suspect, tantus 3. so great.

terreo 2. to frighten.

imagine.
1. to

/
n.

slow- terrestris,

e,

earthly;
terrestre,

support.

ness.
2.

proelium
3. slow.
i,

sustineo, inui,

entum
part.
its),

tardus

landfight.

sustain

sust. par-

Tareutum,

Taren-

terribtlis, e, terrible.

tes, to act

turn (a city).
his Tarquinlus,
i,

suus 3. own.

his {her,

terror, oris, m. terror. m. Tar- testamentum, i, n. tes-

quinius.

lament,
testis, is,

tvill.
c.

symbolis, de symbolis Tarquinii, orum, m. edere, to eat at comTarquinii (a city).

witness.

teter,

tra,

trum, fotd^

mon

expense.

tectum,

i,

n. house, roof

hideous.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
texo,
xui,

357
tutudi,

xtum
i, j/i.

3.

to totus 3. the whole.

tundo,

tunsum
under-

weave, braid.

tractatlo, onis, /.

hand-

3. to heat, stun.

Thebanus,
ban.

a Theis,

ling, pursuit.

tunica,

ae,

/.

tracto

1. to

handle, pur-

garment.
turba, ae,/. crowd.

Themistocles,
Themistocles.

m.

su, perjorm.

trado, didi,
i,

ditum

3.

to

turbo

1. to

cause confur

Theophrastus,

m.

deliver over, give, sur-

sion, disturb.

Theophrastus. Thracia, ae,/. Thrace,

Tiberis,
tibia,
is,

render, relate.

turgidus

3. swollen.

tradux, ucis, m.

a vine

turpis,
base.

e,

disgraceful^

m. Tiber.

branch, vine-layer.
traho, traxi, tractum 3.
to

ae,

shin-hone, tragoedfa,

ae,/ tragedy, turpitude,

ness.
turris,

Tnis,/.

base-

pipe, Jlute.

Tigris, is,/ Tigris.

tiiiieo,

draw.
li,

is,/ tower.
iiris,

ui 2. to fear.

transeo,

Itum,

ire, to turtur,

m.

turtle

timiditas, atis,/ /mM^ity.

pass

by,

pass

over.

dove.

transfigo, xi,

xum

3. to tussis,

is,/ cough.

titnidus 3. timid.
tittior, oris,

transfix, stab.

tutus 3. safe.

gressus tuus 3. thy, thine. tyrannus i, m. tyrant. pass over, transigo, egi, actum 3. Tyrlus, i, m. Tyrian. theus. tingo, nxi, nctum 3. to to bring about, trancolor. sact. U. toleranter, adv. pati- transllio, silui, sultum Uber, uberis, abounding in, rich. ently. 4. to leap over.
m.fear.
i,

transgredior,

Timotheus,

m. Timo-

sum

3. to

tolero

1. to

endure.

tollo, sustuli, 3.

sublatum,
up,

Trasimenus, simenus (a
tribuo, ui,

i,

m. Tra- uber,

eris, n. udder.

lake).

ubertas, atis,/ richness^

copiousness.
;

to

raise

bear trenio, ui 3. to tremble.

away.
tondeo, totondi,
2. to shear.

utum
give,

3.

to uh'i, adv. where

2) con/,

tonsum

distribute,

imcom-

as soon as, when.

putt.
tribus,

[pc^ny.

ubicunque,

wherever

tonitru, u, n. thunder.

us,/
tis,
i,

tribe,

ubicunque
where in

gentium
world,

tono, ui

1. to thunde?'.
tn.

tridens,

m.

trident.

all the

tonsor, oris,

barber.

triennTum,

n. the space

tonstricula, ae,

afe-

of

three years.

ubinam, adv. where then. Ubius, i, n. a Ubian.

adv.

mole barber.

tristis, e,

sad, lowering, ubivis,

will.

where you

tormentum,

i,

n. torture, triticeus 3. of wheat.

i,

torpeo, ui, 2. to be tor- tropaeum,

pid, inactive.
tu,

n. trophy,

ulciscor, ultus

sum

3. c.

pron. thou.
eris, n.

ace. to

take

revenge

torqueo,
torquis,

torsi,

tortum tuber,
neck-

hump.

2. to torment, torture,
is,

tueor, tultus sura 2. to ullus 3.

behold, keep, protect,

upon some one. any one.

m.

chain.

defend.
tis,

torrens,

m. torrent,

turn,

adv.
;

ulmus, i,/ elm. umbra, ae,/ shade. thereupon, una, adv. at the same
time, together.

torreo, torriii,

tostum

2.

then

at that time.

to dry, roast.

tortus 3. twisted.
tot,

so

many.

unda, ae,/ wave. tumultus, us, m, tumult, unde, adv. whence. tunc, adv. at that time, undique, adv. from
tumfio, ui, 2. to swell,
then, there.
sides.

all

totidem, just so many.

358
ungo,
unguis,
(unguo),

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
nxi, valetudo, inis, /. health, verbero 1. to heat.

nctum

3. to anoint.

valldus
varius
varix,
vein.

3. strong.
i,/.

verbum,
pect.

\s,

m. nail, claw, vaiinus,

corn-fan.

i, n. word. verecimdia, ae, /. res-

universus 3. whok. unqiiam, adv. ever.

3. various.
icis,

m. swollen vereor, veritus

to reverence,

sum

2.

unus

3.

one

only, alone.

have res-

unusquisque, uuaquae- vas, vasis, w. (plur. vasa, drum, n.) vessel, vase. unumquidque que,
end-

pect for, to fear.

Veritas, atis,/. truth.

unumquodque, vasto
7).

]. to
\s,

lay waste.

vermis,

is,

m. worm.

each one {^S\,

wates,

prophet.
alis,

vernus
toll,

3.

vernal; ver-

urbanus

3.

belonging
city.

to vectigal,

n.

nus
day.

dies,

spring

ike city, city-like.

tax, income.
vectis,
is,

urbs, bis,/,

m.

lever, holt,

vero, conj. hut; 2) adv.

urgeo,
ursus,

rsi,

2.

to press,

oppress.
i,

vehemens, tis, vehement. (as an answer) yes. vehementer, adv. vehe- Verres, is, m. Verres.
inently,
violently,

m. a hear.
even as. in
order

versor
3.

1.

inc. abl. to be

usus, us, m. use.

ut, adv. as, ut, conj. that,

greatly.

occupied in a thing.
versus, us, m. a verse.
verto,
rti,

veho, vexi, vectum

to carry, bring,

equo

rsum
in

3.

to

that, thai not, { }06);

\eh\, to ride, he borne

off.

as[HlO,

1.

2)]; ut

primurn, as soon as. uter, tra, trum, which of

the two.

vel, conj. or

even

vel, either

turn; to put vel verus 3.

er.

v.

fugam,

to fight.
true.

or.

vervex, ecis, m. a weth"

velox, ocis, swift.

uterque,

utraque,

u- vellum,

i,

n. sail.

vescor (without perf!)

3. c. abl. to eat.

trumque, each (of the

two), both.
utilis, e, useful.

velut, adv. even as, as.

vena, ae,/. vein.

venatio, 6ms, f. a hunt.

vesper, eri

and ens, m.
vesperi,

evening
evening.

at

utilltas, atis, /. use,

ad- venatus,

iis,

m. a hunt.

venator, oris, m. hunter, vester, Ira, trum, your. vantage. utinam, conj. with suhj. vendo, didi, ditum 3. vestio 4. to clothe, attire. to sell. vestis, is,/, a garments, Othat. [to use. cloth. utor, usus sum 3. c. abl. veneo, li, ire, to he for Vesuvius, i, m. Vesuutrum, interrogative sale. word [115, 3. b, d)]. veneror 1. to revere. vius. uva, ae,/ grape. venlo, veni, ventum 4. veto, ui, itum 1. to forto

come.
1. to
i,

bid.

V.

venor

hunt.

vems,

eris, old.

Vacca, ae,/ cow.

vetustas, atis,/ age. m. wind. vacillo 1. to rock, waver. Venus, eris,/ Venus, vetustus 3. old. vae, alas! veuustas, atis,/ grace- vexo 1. to vex, annoy. vagor 1. to wander. via, ae,/ way. fulness.

ventus,

valde, adv. very much.

vepres,

is,

m.

thorn- viator, oris, m. traveller.

vicinus,
i,

valeo

2.

to

he

well; be
able
;

hush, bramble.
ver, veris, n. spring.
eris,

m. neighbor.
;

sound,
valeat,
to

strong,

victor, oris, victorious

valeant, adieu verber,

2) to

n.

(com-

subst. conqueror.

something;

monly
blows.

plur. vtrbera,) \\ctor\a, ae,f. victoi-y.

victus, us,

avail.

m.food.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
vido,
to

SS9

vidi,

visum

2.

virus,

i,

n. poison.

voluptas, atis, /. pleas-

see

pass, seem, vis, [gen.

and

dat.

wantmul-

ure, sensuality.
vi,

appear.
vigeo, ui 2. to be vigorous.

ing

plur. vireSjium), volvo,

roll.

utum

3.

to

f. power, force,
titude.
eris,

voveo, vovi, votum 2. to vow. monly \A\ir.) inwards. vox, vocis,/ voice. vigilantla, ae, f. tvatchvisum, i, n. appearance. Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan, fulness. ae, /. watch, Visurgis, is, m. the We- vulgaris, e, common, vigilla, vulgus, i. n. people, the ser. night-watch.
vigil, Ills, ?n.

watchman. viscus,

n.

(com-

vigilu

1. to

watch.

vita, ae,/. life.

common people.
vice,

vigor, oris,

m. power.

vitiositas,

atis, /.

vulnero

1. to

ivound.

vincTo, nxi,

nctum

4. to

vidousntss.
vitiosus 3. defective.

vulnus, eris, n. wound.

vulpes, is,/ fox.
vultLir, uris,

bind, restrain.

vinco,
to

vici,

victum

3. vitium,

i,

n. fault, vice.

m. vulture.
m.
expres-

conquer, vanquish, vilo

1. to

avoid.

vultus,

us,

overcome.

vitulinus 3. of calf.
i,

sion, feature,

counte-

vineulutn,
clmin.

n.

bond, vitulus,

i,

m.

calf.

nance.
3. to

vitupero
n.

1.

to censure.

vinea, a vine.

vivo, vixi,
live.

victum

vinum,
violo

i.

wine.

Xenophon,
3. living.

ontis,

m.

1. to violate.

vivus
vix,

vir, viri,

m. man.
i,

adv

scarcely.

Xenophon. Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes.

vireo, ui 2. to flourish.

voco
volito

1. to call, invite. 1. to fly, flutter.

Virgilius,

m. Virgil.

virgo, rnis,y. virgin.

viridis, e, green.

volo
volo,

1. to fly.

Zama, ae,/ Zama,

velle,

volui,

to

Zeno, onis, m. Zeno.

zingiber, eris, n. ginger.

viritim,

man

hj man.
/.

virtus, utis,

wish (would). virtue, voliicris, is,/ bird.

voluntas, atis,/.
urill.

bravery.

II.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Abroad, peregre.
Absent, absens,
tis.

A.
Abate, mollire.
Ability, facultas, atis,/

Accounted

(to be), exis-

timari, haberi.

Absent

(to be),

abesse.

Able

(to be), posse, qui- Absolve, absolvere.

;

re, valere

not able.
n.

Abstain, abstinere.

Accustomed (to be), solere, consuescere. Acknowledge, confiteri,

fateri;
profitiri.

nequire.

Abode, domicllium,

i,

Abundance, abundantia, ae, / copia, ae,/; to

have
c, abl.

f^^^Vi

Abound, abundare. Abounding in, locuples,

etis.

abundare Acorn, glans, dis,/

Acquainted with, peritus 3. consultus 3. gnarus 3. c. gen. Acquainted unth (to be),

Accompany, comitari.
circiter.

About,

Accomplished, eruditus 3.

Above, superus.

360
novisse
noscere.
Acquire, parare,
[

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
77,
3)]
;

thoroughly, per-

Agree to (on condition), Ancus Martius, Ancus Martins, i. m. pangere. Agreeable, grains 3. ju- And, et, ac, atque, que.

compai,

cundus
Agricola,

3. suavis, e.

^^d

not,

neqne

(nee).

rare

(sibi).

Agricola, ae, Anger,

ira, ae,/.

iracun-

Acre, jugerum,
Act, agere.

n.

m.
ae,/.
.^rrf,

dia, ae,/.

Agriculture, agricultura, Angry, iratus 3.

Actor, histrlo, onis, m.

Announce, annuntiare.

Acute, aeutus 3. subtilis, e.

auxilium,i,n.prae- Annoy, vexare.

sidinm,

Adapted,
tus 3.
acc.

accommodac. dat.

Aid,
.

or ad

c.

Announcement, oracui, n. lum, i, n. adjuvare c. ace. succurere c. dat. to Another (of several), a;

lend aid, opitulari.

AlotS
!

llus, a,

ud.

Add, addere.
Address, alloqni.
./3//^er6aZ,

vae

Another, alienus 3.

Alcibiades,
is,

Alcibiades, Answer, respondere.

Antiochus,

Adherbal, alis,

m.

Antiochus^

m.
w^c?mim&Ze,admirabilis,e.

Alexander,
dri,

Alexander,

i,

m.
(

m.

Antiquity

= ancientud is,

Admiration,

admiratio, .^/exanrfria, Alexandria,

ness), vetustas, aiis,/.

*6!n7;iZ,

onis,/
Admire, admirari.

ae,/
All, ornnes, ia.

incus,

Anxious

(am),

curae,

niihi est. Admonish, monere, ad- Alliance, societas, atis, monere. Anxiotishf, anxie. / foedus, eris, w. Admonition, adinonitio, Allohroges, Allobroges, Any, ullus 3. Ape, siniia, ae,/ um, m. onis,/

Adopt, adsciscere.

Allow, jubere.
i,

Apollo, Apollo, inis, m.

^tforn, ornare,adornare. Ally, socius,

m.

Appear,
deri.

apparere,

vi-

comare.
Advantage,
n.

Almost, fere, ferme, pe-

lucrum,
i,
i,

i,

ne, prope.

commodum,

emolumentum,
fructus, us, m.

n. Aloe, a]oe, es, f. n. Alone, solus 3. unus 3.

Appease, placare. Applaud, ayplaud^re,

dat.

c.

Alps, Alpes,

ium,/

Apple, malum,

i,

n.

Adversity, res adversae. Already, jam.

Apple-tree, nialus, i,/

Advise, suadere.

Also, etiam, quoque.

i,

Apply

one's self to some-

Mduan,

jiEduus,

m.

Although, quamvis.

thing, incurabere in

or ad aliquid. Mmilius, iEmilius, i, m. Always, semper. ^neas, iEneas, ae, m. w3mazon,Amazon,6nis/. Apprehend, vereri, meAmbassador, \egktus^\,m. tuere. Affair, res, rei,/ .^^dct/, affectus 3. Ambuscade, insidiae, a- Appreliension, metU9,us,
Affirm, aio.

rum,/
Amiable,
arr>abilrs, e.

wi.

appropinAmple, amplus 3. quare, adventare. Jlfler that, iwstquam, c. Anaxagoras, Anaxago- Appi'oach, aditus, us,m. ras, ae, m. ind. perf. Approbation, approbatio, onis,/ Against (prep.), adver- Ancestors, majores, um. Ancient, antlquus 3. ve- Approve, approbare, sus. tus, eris, priscus 3. [m. Age, aetas, atis,/ i)robare.
Afford, praebere.

Approach,

Africa, Africa,/

Agesilaus, Agesilaus,

i,

Anciently, antiqultus.

Arch, fornix,

icis,

m.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Archimedes,
des,
is,

~361

Archime-

aliquo),

interrogare, Await, opperiii.

m.

rogare (aliquem).
Ass, asinns, i,m.
Assassin, sicarlus,
i,

Axe, securis, is,f.

Axle, axis,
is,

Ardea, Ardea, ae,/. Ardor, ardor, oris, m.

m:

m.

Ariovistus, Ariovistus,i, Assaidt, oppugnare.

B.

m.
Arise, surgere, cooriri,
exorlri.

Assemble,
ere.

convocare, ^6?/Zon, Babylon, onis,

conflu-

congregare,

B abylonia?i Jiahy\oni[ia
to,

f.

[3.

Aristides,

Aristides,

is,

Assembly, coetus, us, m. Bad, mains 3.

m. m.
.^rms, arma,

Assent

assentiri.

Aristotle, Aristoteles, is. Assiduously, assidfle.

Assign, tribuere.

Badge, insigne, is, n. Bake, torrere. Band, agmeii, inis,

n.

orum,

w.

./355isf,juvare,
c.

adjuvare

manus,
Banisher,
icis,y.

uSjjT.

Army,
n.

exercitus, us, m.
i,

ace.

succurreri,

expultrix,

Arpinum, Arpinum,

auxiliaric.dat.
Assyria, Assyria, ae,f.

[ae,/!
river), ripa.

5anA- (of a

Arpinum

(of), subst.

Ar- Athenian

(a.

and
is,

s.)

Bargain
cisci.

(to

make), pa-

pinas, atis, m.
Artist, artifex,
icis,

Atheniensis,

m.

^/.

m. Attach ons self to some Bargain, pangere. one, se applicare ad Base, foedus 3. turpis,
e,

Arrange (line of battle), aliquem. aciem instruere. Attack, impetus,

Arrival, adventus,

sordidus,

a, urn.

us, m.

Basely, foede.

us. Attack, aggredi, adorlri. Battle,

pugna,
i,

ae J.
n.

m. Arrogance,
ae, /.

Attacking,
arrogantia,
onis, f.

oppiignatio,

proelium,

Be, esse

in somtali-

Attain, assequi.
sagitta, ae,/.

thing, versari in
i,

Airow,

Attains, Attains,

m.

qua re
adesse,

present,
intere;^se
;

AH,
is,

ars, tis, f.

Attempt, conari, moliri,

Artaxerxes, Ariaxerxes,

suscTpere.

wanting, desse,
deficere.

m.

Attend

to,

attendere.
to,

Artificer, artifex, icis,

m. Attention

cultus, us, Bear,

portare, gestare,

and/I
As,
ut,

m.
quuin,
velut. Attentive, attentus 3. Attentively, attente.

ferre;
tare.

o^,repor-

quomodo,

quemad-

Beard, barba,
Beat, ferire.
i,

ae,/*.

modum, ac (atque). As if, quasi, ac si, tanquam.

Atticus, Atticus,
Attic,

i,

m.

Beast, bestia, ae,/*.

jBeaiffijf/,pulcher,chra,

Atticus 3.

As often as, quoties. As soon as, ubi, atque. Autumn, autumnus, m.^ [ no, 2)] Avail, valere. As well as (also), et

Augustus, Augustus, m.

clirum.
i,

Beauty,

pulchritudo,

lms,f.
Beautifully, pulchre.
quia,

et.

Avarice, avaritia, ae,/*. Because,

c.

quod,

Ascend, ascendere.

Avaricious, avarus 3, gen. Ascertain, experiri, resciscere, comperire.

quoniam.
Become,
cet
;

fieri,
it

evadere

Avenge (one's self on

one), ulcisci.

becomes, deit

Ashes, cinis, eris, m.

does not
{k

Asia, Asia, ae,/*.

Avert, avertere.
ab, Avoid, vitare, evitare.

become,
89, 2).

dedecet.

Ask, quaerere

[ex,

31

; :

362
Becoming, decorus
tea,

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
3.

Bitter,

amarus,
3.

3. acer-

irrump6re

Before, ante, prius, an-

bus

break out afresh, den-

antequam, prkis- Black, niger, gra, grum. uocrumpere; through, perrumpere. that, an- Blind, coecus 3. tequam, priusqiiam. Blockade, obsideo, onis, Breakfast, prandere.

quam

Beget, gignere. Begin, inclpere,

exordiri.

/
ordiri,

Breast, pectus, oris, n.

inis,

Blood, sanguis,

m. Bridge, pons,

tis,

m.

Bloody, atrox, ocis.

Bright

(=
3.

clear), sere-

Begun
se.

(to have), cepis-

initium, Beginning, principium, i, n. Beggar, mendicus, i, m.

spectare.
Belief, opinio, 6nis,y.
Believe, credere, putare.

Bloom, jflorere. Blooming, florens, Blows, verbera, n. Boar, aper, pri,m ;

ivild,

nus
tis.

Bring, ferre, arcessere

about, efficere

aper, pri, m.

re

forward, afferup, edu-

Behold, adsplcere, tueri, Boat, linter, tris,/.

care.

Body, corpus, oris, n. Bring war upon some Bodily powers, corporis one, bellum inferre,
vires.
alicui.
(s.),

Bellows,

follis, is,

m.

Boeotian

Boeotus,

i,

Britain, Britania, ae,/.

Belly, alvus, \,f. m. Belong to some one, es- Bold, audax, acis.

Broad, latus

3.
tris,
i,

Brother, frater,

m.

se alicujus

88, 7).

Boldness, audacia, ae,f. Brutus, Brutus,

Bolt, vectis,
is,

m.

Bend,

flectere.

m.

Build, aedificare.

Benefit, utilitas, atis,

Benefit, prodesse.

f. Bone, Book,

OS, ossis, n. liber, bri, m., coicis,

Building,
i,

aedeficium,

n.

Beset, circumsedere.

dex,

m.

Besides, porro.

Besiege,

obsidere,

Booty, praeda, ae,f. cir- Border, finis, is, m.

Bundle, fascis, is, m. Burn, ardere, flagrare

up, deflagrare,

cumsldere. Born (to be), nasci. Born, natus 3. Besmear, oblinere. and, et et. Bestow, largiri, adhibe- Both re, praestare Boiv, arcus, us, m. upon, collocare in c. Boy, puer, eri, m.

comburere.
Bushel, modius,
Busily, sedulo.
i,

m.
i,

Business, negotium,

n.

Business,

it is

the busi-

abl.

Bracelet, spinther, eris,

n.
is,

Betake one's self, se conferre

;

ness of some one, est, alicujus.

3.
(^

back, se Bramble, sentis,

m. Busy, sedulus
101. R.).

recipere.

vepres,
proditio,

is,

m.

But, autem, sed, at

Betraying, onis,/.
Bid, jubere.

Brand, notare.
Brass, aes, aeris, n.

But

if,

sin.

Brave,

fortis, e.

Butter,

butyrum,

i,

n.

Bind, vincire. Bravely, fortiter. Binding (to make), ad- Bravery, fortitudo,
stringere.

Butterfiy, papilio, onis,

inis,

m.

J.

virtus, utis,/.

Bird, axis, is,f. Bread, pan is, is, m. Birds of passage, volu- Break down (= over- Cabbage, crambe, es,/. cres adventitiae. come), frangere. caulis, is, m. Birthday, natalis, is, m. Break down, rescindere Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. Bite, mordere. forth, erumpe- Call, appellare, vocare, Bithynia, Bithyniajae^/". re, cooriri nominare, dicere in,
;

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
to

363

mind, recoY-

thing),

curare
3.

with Choice, voluntas, atis,/.

Choose, ellgere, creare
rather, raalle.
i, m. Church, ecclesia, ae, /. Chrysogonus, Chrysogonus, i, m.

dari

c.

ace.

and gen.

gerundive.
Cease,

together,

con- Cautious, cautus

tere.

vocare.

deslnere, desis- Christ, Christus,

Called

(to

be),

vocari,

nominari,
[^ 84. c)].

appellari.

Celebrate, celebrare.

Censure,
Callisthe-

vituperatio,

Callisthenes,

onis,/
Censure, vituperare.
Cerberus, Cerberus,i,
Ceres, Ceres, eris,/.
rn.

Cicero, Cicero, onis, ?w.

m. Camel, camelus,
nes,
is,

Cimon, Cimo,

onis,

m.

i,

m.

Cinna, Cinna, ae, m.

Circe, Circe, es,/.
Circle, orbis, is,

Camillus, Caniillus,i, m.

Camp,

castra, pi.

Certain, certus 3.

m.

Can, posse, quire. Cannot, nequire.

Canal, canalis,
plicium,
n.
i,n.
is,

Chabrias, Chabrias, ae, Circle of the earth, orbis terrarum. m.

m.

Chain, vinculum,

i,

n.

Circuit, circuitus, us,m.

Capital punishment, su^- Chain, vincire.

i,

Citadel, arx, cis,/.

is, c.

Chalcis, Chalcis, idis,/. Citizen, civis,

CopiYo/, Capitolium,

Chance, casus, us,

Citizenship, cixitas, atis,

Caprice, libido,

inis,jr.

by chance, fortuito.

/.
City, ui'bs, bis,/.
Civil, civilis, e.

Change, vicis, is,/. Caph'vc (to take),capere. Change, mutare. Character, mores, urn, Capture, expugnare. Care, cura, ae,/. m. Care, take care, curare, Charge one with somecavere. thing, insimulare aliquern alicujus rei. Careful, diligens, tis.
arbitrium,
i,

n.

Cm7ii?ar, bell nm

civile.

Class, classis, is,/.

Claw, unguis,

is, wi.

Clear, liinpidus, 3.

Carefully, diligenter.

Charles, Carol us,

i,

m.

Clear (not cloudy), serenus, 3.

Cleomenes,
is,

Carefulness,

diligentia. Chatter, garrire.

CAecA:,

Cleomenes,
Cleopatra,

ae,/
Caria, Caria,
rius.

compesci.

m.

ae,/

Cheer, exhilarare, del- Cleopatra,

ectare.

Carpenter, faber lignaCarrot, siser, eris, n.

ae,/
Clitus, Clitus,
i,

CAee?/M^/?/, hilariter, se- Cliff, rupes, is,/.

rene.
;

i,

m.
i,

Carry,

portare,

ferre
;

on, gerere
over, trajicere
;

Cheese, caseus,
Cherish, fovere.

m.
n.

Clodius, Clodius,
Close, claudere.

m.

Cherry, cerasum,

i,

Clothe, vestire.

forth, e&erre.

Cherry-tree, cersisus,i,f.

Cloud, nuhes,
Club, fustis,

is,

Carthage,
inis,/

Carthago,

Chicken, pullus,

i,

m.

is,

f. m.
i,

Chick-pea, cicer, eris, Carthan. giniensis, is, m. Chief-city, caput, itis, n. Cassius, Cassius, i, m. Childish, puerilis, e. Catch, capere, depren- Children (in reference

Coalesce, coalescere.
Coelius, Coelius,

Carthaginian,

m.

Coin, procudere.
Colchis, Colchis, idis,/.

Cold, frigidus, 3.

dere.
Catiline, Catilina, ae,

to their parents),

li-

Cold

(s.),

frigus oris, n.

m.

Cato, Cato, onis, m,

orum, m. (without such

beti,

Collect, colligere.

ref-

Colony, colonia, ae, /.

Cause, causa, ae,/

erence),

pueri. Color, color, oris, m.

Cause

(to

do

some-

m.

Comb, pecten,

inis,

m.

364
ComCj venire
come,
out,
;

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
desire to
;

Confidence (to have),

fi-

acclre

dem

habere.

Contracted, angustus 3. Contrary (on the), contra.

effugere

evadere, fugere, Confidently, audacter. ; to, ad- Confirm, confirmare.

;

Conversation,
onis, m.

sermo,

venire
pass,
dat.

convenire
fieri,

together,
to

Confiagration, incendiura,
i.

n.

Convict, convincere.

incidere.
c.

Command, imperare

Confused, dissonus 3. Confusion, confusio,

6nis,y.
(to

Convince, persuadere c.
dat.

Corinth, Corinthus, i,/.

Commence, aggredi, aus- Confusion

picari.

throw

in- Corinthian,
3.

Corinthius

to), pertubare.

Commit,

committere Connect, connectere. Cork-tree, suber, eris, n. committere. Conqueror, victor, oris, Corn (a), granum, i, n. m. Cornelius JVepos, CorCommon, communis, e. nelius (i)Nepos (otis), Companion, socius, i. m. Conscience, conscientia, comparare, ae, f, a good conm. Compare, science, conscientia Corn-fan, vannus, i, /. conferre.
to,
;

Compel, cogere. Complain, queri;

of, acciisare.

recta.

Corpse, cadaver,
consci- Correctly, recte.

eris, n.

Conscious, consclus 3.
Consciousness,
entia, ae,y.

Correct, corrigere.

Complain
ejulare.

(=

weep),

Corrode, exedere.
Cost, stare, constare.

Consider, intueri, pervj- Corrupt, corrumpere.

dere, reputare.
as,

Comply
3.

with, ohsequi.

Composed, compositus, Consider

Composition, confectio,
onis,/.
Conceal, occultare, occulare,
bltrari,

existimare, Costly, pretiosus 3.

;

habere, judTcare, ar- Cover, tegere

up^

ducere
ace.
[

c.

obruere.

dupl.
a)].

89. 5. Covetous, avarus 3.

celare

c.

Consolation,
i,

Cough, tussis, is, f. solatium, Counsel, conslUum, i, n.

Countenance, 6s, vultus, us, m.
oris, n.

dupLacc. [91.5.6)].
Concealed, occultus 3.

n. consolatio, onis,

/
Consort, uxor, oris,/!

Concede, concede re.

Concern, cura, ae,/!

Conspiracy, conjuratio,
6nis,y!
[i,

Country, terra, ae./. regio, onis, /. rus, ruris, n.

Conclude (of a league),

icere.

wi.

ager, gri, m.
rustlcus,

Conspirator, conjuratus. Countryman,

Condemn,

damnare,
;

Constitute, constituere.
to

i,

TO.

condemnare
death, capitis.

Consul, consul,

lilis,

Consult, consultare.

m. Courage, animus, i, m. aequo Courageously,

animo. Condescending, submis- Consume, absumere, exedere, comedere. sus 3. Course, cursus, us, m. Condition, conditio, Contempt, contemptio, Cow, vacca, ae,/ bos,
onis, /.

onis,/.

bovis,c.

Conduce to something, Contend, certare, de- Cowardice,\gn-dyia, ae,/. certare. Cowardly, ignavus 3. for some one, esse c. dupl. dat. [ 90. 4. Contented, contentus 3. Crassus, Crassus, i, m.
a)].

Continue, pergere.

Creaky crepare.
Creator, creator, oris, m.

Confer, conferre.
Confess, confiteri.

Continuous,
3.

continuus Create, creare.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Crime, scelus, eris, n. Croak, coaxare.
Croesus,
;

365

Day, dies, ei, m. by day, Deprive, privare, spointerdiu.

liare c. abl.

Croesus,
is,

i.

in.

Dead

body,

cadaver,
to

Deride,
dere.

deridere,

irri-

Crop, messis,
ges, etis,/.

f.

se-

eris, n.

Dear, carus
dear,

3.

hold Descend, descendere.

proles, is,/.

Croton, Croto, on is, m.

carum habere. Descendant,

Desert, deserere, relinDeath, mors, lis, /. Crow, corvus, i, m. quere. Cruel, saevus 3. imma- Decay, interire, occidere. Desert, meritum, i, n. nis, e.
Cruelty, crudelitas, atis, Deceive,
fallere,

delu- Deserve,

mereri,
esse
;

dig-

/.

dere.

num
December,

of

Crush, contimdere.
Cry, clamare.

December,

something, mereri de

Cry

(plaintive), querela,

bris, m. Deaxase, decrescere.

aliqua re.

Designedly, consulto.
Desire, cupido, inis,/,

ae,/.

Dedicate, dedicare.

Deep, altus 3. Cultivate, colere, exco- Defend, defendere. Delay, cunctari. lere.
Cultivation,
culture,

Cucumber, eris, m.

cucun\is,

Deed, factum,

i,

n.

cupiditas, atis,/, appetitns, us, m., ardor,

oris,

m.

unre-

strained, libido, inis,/

Deliberate,

deliberare, Desire,

concupiscere,
[pldus 3.

cultus, us, m.

consultare.
f. Deliberately, consulto. Delicate, tenuis, e.

cupere.

Cunning, astutia, ae, Cup, calix, icis, m.

Desirous, avidus 3. cu-

Despair, desperare.
Despise, contemnere.
Destitute,

Curb, continere, com- Delight,

pescere, perdomare.

oblectameni,

tum,
Delight,

n.

inops,
of,

opis;
rtis,

Cure, curatio, onis,/.

delectare, ob-

expers,

Cure,

sanare

c.

ace;

lectare,

permulcere.
3.

exsors,

rtis, c.

gen.

mederi

c. dat.
i,

Delight (with), libenter. Destroy, delere, destruere,

m. Delightful, jucundus suavis, e. Custom, mos, oris, m. Customary, usitatus 3. Delightfully, suavlter.
Curius, Curius,

dimere, evertere,
i,

excidere.
Destruction, exitlum,
n. pernicies,

Cut

off,

resecare, dese- Deliver

from something,
c.

ei,/

care.

liberare aliqua re, le- Destructive, perniciosus

i,

Cyrus, Cyrus,

m.

vare

abl

up,

3.

iradere.

Deled, detegere.

D.

Delphi, Delphi,

orum, Deter, deterrere, absterere.

Dagger,
Dance,

sica, ae,/.

m.
cere,
\,n.

Daily, quotidie.
saltare.

Demand, postulare, pos- Determine,

deposcere
;

constituere,

decernere.
obtrectatio,

Danger, periculum,

back, reposcere, Detraction,

Demaratus, Demaratus, Dare, audere. onis,/ i, m. Darius, Darius, i, m. Deviate, deflectere. Darkness, caligo, inis,/ Demolish, evertere. Devote one^s self, se deDart, telum, i, n. Demosthenes, Demosdere. thenes, is, m. Datamas, Datamas, anDevour, devorare. tis, m. Dense, densus 3. Dialect, dialectus, i,/ Daughter, filia, ae,/. Deny, negare. Diamond, adamas, an-

Dawn,

illucescere.

Deplore, deplorare.

tis,

m.

31*

366
Dtan, Diana, ae,/.
Dictator,

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Dismiss, dimhtere.
obtrectare
abc. dat.

haurire
ellcere
;

forthf
together,

dictator, oris, Disparage,

m.
Die, mori, obire.

contrahere.
discutere,

Dispel,
i,

Dream, somnlum,

i,

n.

Dionysius, Dionysius

stergere.

m.
Different, diversus 3.
Difficult,
difficllis,

Disperse, dispergere.
Displease, displlcere.

Dress, vestire. Drink, potus, us, m. Drink, bibere.

e,

Disprove, redarguere.
onis,^!

Drive hack, propulsare.

off,

gravis, e.
Difficulty,

arduus

3.

Disputation, disputatio, Drive

explodere.

difficultas,

atis,/.
Difficulty, ivith difficulty,
difficiliter.

Diffuse, diffundere.

Drunken, ebrius 3. Disquiet, exagitare. Duck, anas, atis,/. Dissatisjied (to be) with Duty, oiSicrum, i, n. musomething, indignari nus eris, n. it is th duty of some one, alic. ace. / am dissat; ;

Dig, defodere
6re.

out

isjied ivith

something,

cujus

est.

or up, efFodere, eru-

poenitet
rei.

me

alicujus Dwell, habltare.

Dignity, dignitas,

atis,

Dissent, dissentire.

amplitudo, inis, gra vitas, atis,/.

ae,/.

/., Dissolve, dissolvere.

E. Each, omnis, e, quisque.

Dissuade, dissiiadere.
Distaff, colus, i,/.

Each of

two,

uterque,

Diligence,

diligentla.

utraqiie,

utrumque.

Distinction,
diligens,
tis,

Diligent,

inis, n.

discrimen, Eager, avidus 3. Eagerly, avide, cupide.

industrius 3.
Diligently, diligenter.

Distinguish, dijudlcare, Eagle, aquila, ae,/.

distingufire.

Ear,

auris, is,/.
;

Diminish, deminuere, Distribute, distribiiere, Early, maturus 3 too dispertire, dividere early, praematurus 3. comniinuere, minuEarly (adv.), mature. ere. c. dat.

Earth, terra, ae,/. telDiphthong, diphthon- Distrust^ diftidere. lus,uris,/ humus, i/. gus, i./ Disturb, turbare, solliEarthly, terrestris, e. incomcitare. Disadvantage,

modum,
num,
dus
i,

i,

n.

dam-

Disturbance,
tio,

perturba- Earthquake,ten'a.e
tus.

mo-

n.

onis,/.

Disagreeable,
3.

injucun- Divine, divinus 3.

3. in-

Easily, facile.

ingratus

Do, agere, faceye.

J^og, canis,
is, c.

Easy,

facllis, e.

suavis, e.

Discharge, fungi.
Discipline,
ae, /.

disciplina, Domestic,

Discord, discordia, ae,

Ddlar, thalerus, i, m. down, depascere. domesticus3. Dominion, dominatio, iJc/jo, echo, us,/ imperium. Edifice, aedificlum, onis,

East, orlens, ntis, m. Eat, edere, vesci;

i,

n.

/
Discover, prosplcere.

i,

n.

Effect, efFicere, creare.

Discourse, loqui.

Door, fores, pi./. Effectual, efFicax, acis. effeminaDoubt, dubltare. Effeminate, tus 3. Discourse, oratio, onis, Doubtful, dublus 3. anceps, cipltis. Effort, studlum, i, n. aut or, aut. Either Disease, morbus, i, m. Dowry, dos, dotis,/

Dishonorable, inhones- Draught, potus, us,

tus 3.

n.

vel

vel.
is,

Draw,

trahere, ducere, Elbe, Albis,

m.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Eled^ eligere, deligere. Enter upon, ingredi. Ever, unquam. Enticement, illecebra, Every, omnis, eligans, tis.
J

367

Elegant

e, (^ 94.

Elegantly, eleganter.

ae,/.

11).

Elephant, i, m.

elephantus, Entreat, rogare, preca- Evidently, plane. ri, petere (ab aliquo). Evil, malus 3.

Elicit, elicere.

Entreaty

(to

obtain Evil

(s.),

malum.
i,

Elm, ulmus,
Eloquence,

i,/.

by), exorare.

Evil-doer, maleficus,

m. Epaminondas, Epami- Examine, exquirere. ae,/. nondas, ae, m. Example, exemplum, i, Eloquent, disertus 3. Embrace, amplecti, Ephesian, Ephesius, 3. n. complecti. Ephesus, Ephesus, i,/. Excel, excellere. Embr aider, Q.CU pingere. Epicurus, Epicurus, i, Excellence, praestantia, Eminent (to be), emlae,/. m. nere. Epirus, Epirus, i,/. Excellent, praestabilis, Emit, evomere. e, eximlus 3. praeEqual, aequalis, e, par, Emotion, perturbatio paris. stans, tis. onis,/. Equally, aeque. Excite, excitare, excieEmperor, imperator, 6- Equanimity,a.equus anre and excire.
eloquentla, Envy, invidia, ae,/.
vis,

m.

imus.
Ere, antequam,
prius-

Exercise, exercitatio, onis,/.

Exercise, exercere.

Emulate, aemiilari. Encompass, cingere.

Encounter, proeljum,
n.
i,

quam.
Erectheus,
ei,

Erectheus, Exert one^s

self,

con-

m.

tendere, intendere.

Encourage,

hortari, ad- Erect, aedificare,

ere.

hortari, cohortari.

End, End,

finis, is,

m.

finire.

Endeavor, studere.

Err, errare. Error, error, oris, Escape, effugere c. ace.

stm- Exertion, contentio, 6nis,/. labor, oris, m. Exhaust, exhaurire m. entirely, enecare.

Endowed, praedltus 3. Establish, cavere. Exhilarate, exhilarare. Endure, ferre, tolerare, Estate, res familiaris. Exhort, hortari, adhorsustlnere, perferre Esteem,a.Qs\iu\kve (magtari.
;

(=
rare.

last),

dum.
di-

ni

etc.), diligere.

Exist, esse.

Estimate,
hostis,
i,

aestimare,

Enemy,

is,

censere.

Expect, expectare. Expel, exterminare, abigere.

inimicus,

m,.

Eternal,

aeternus
3.

3.

Enfeeble, hebltare,
liiere, elidere.

sempiturnus
tis,/.

Experience,
tia,

experien-

Eternity, aeternltas, aatis,

ae,/.

Enigma, aenigma,
n.

Explain, expllcare, interpretari.

is,

Etruria, Etrurla, ae,/.

frui,

Enjoy,
abl.

perfrui

c.

Eumenes, Eumenes,

Explore, explorare.

Enjoyment, fructus, m.

us,

Enough, sat, satis. Enraged, irritatus

Enrich, augere. Enter, intrare.

3.

m. Expression, vultus, us, Eurystheus, Erystheus, m. ei, m. Extend, tendere. Europe, Europa, ae, /. Extirpate, exstirpare. Evening, vesper, eri, Extinct (to become),

and

eris,
if,

m.
si.

extingui.

Even

etiam

Extinguish, extinguere,

368
Extolj praedicare.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Fear
exceedingly, exti- Flax, carbasus, \,f. Flaxen, flavus 3.
in),

Extracts

(to

make

from), excerpere.

mesc6re. Fear (to put

terere.

per- Flee, fugere

c.

ace.

ExuU,\aet\imexu\ta.re,

Fled,

classis, is,/.

Eye, oculus,
F.

i,

m.

Feel, sentire.

Fleeting, fluxus 3.
Flight, fuga, ae,/.
to),

Feeling, sensus, us, m. Flesh, caro, carnis,/.

Fell, caedere.
i,

Fabius, Fablus,

m.

Fencer, gladiator, oris. Flight (to put

fu-

Fable, fabula, ae,/.

m.
idis, /.

gave.

Fabncins,F'dhncius, \,m. Fetter, compes,

Fail,

Flock, grex, gis, m. ag-

Faculty, facultas, atis,/. Fever, febris, is,/.

men,

inis, n.

def icere.
pulcher,

Few, pauci,

ae, a, pi.

Flourish, virere.

Fair,

chra, Fidelity, fides, ei,/

Field, ager, gri, m.

Flow
6re.

together,

conflu-

ehrum.
Faithful, fidus 3.
Faithless,

Field-mouse, sorex,
3.

icis,

Flower,

flos, floris,

m.
fa-

perf idus

m.
saevus
3.

Fluency of speech,
cundia, ae,/.

Fall, labi

(in war). Fierce,

;

down, Fiery, ignfius 3. Fly, musca, ae,/. Fight, pugna, ae,/. Fly, volare. to one^s lot, contin- Fight, pugnare, dimi- Follow, sequi, consegere, obtingere aliqui c. ace. care, confligere, conoccidere

procumbere

cui.

gredi.
Fill,

Folly, stultitia,
i,

ae./

False, falsus 3.

implere, complere. Food, cibus,

;

Far, longe.
Fate, fatium,
i,

refercire
n.

up, Fool, stultus,

Foolish,

m. i, m.
in-

for-

explere, opplere.

stultus 3.

tuna, ae,

/
tris,

Finally, denlque.

sipiens, ntis.

Father, pater,

Father-in-law,
eri,

m.
i,

Fault, vitlum,

catum, i, n. Fault (to commit), pec- Finger, digitus,

care.

Find, invenire, reperire. Foot, pes, pedis, m. Find satisfaction in. Footman, soldier, ^edes, acquiegcere c. abl. or itis, m. n. pecin c. abl. conquies- Forbear (can not), facere c. abl. cere non possequin.
socer,
i,

m.

m.

Forbid, vetare.

Finish,
i,

finire.
is,

Force,

vis,

vim,/

Faustulus, Faustulus, m.

Forehead, frons, ntis,/ m. Firm (to make), confir- For how much ? (with Favor, beneficium, i, n. mare. verbs of buying and benefactum, i, n. Firmness, selling), quanti. constantla, Favor (to do), gratiam ae,/ Foreign, alienigena, ae, facere. First, at first, primum. m. alienus 3. Favor, favere. Fish, piscis, is, m. Foresee, providere. Favorable (to be), fave- Fit, aptus 3. idoneus 3. Foresight, providentia, re. Fitted, aptus 3. idoae,/ Fear, metus, us, m. tineus 3. Forget, oblivisci c. gen. raor, oris, m. pavor. Fitly, apte. [g^re. or ace. oris, 7/z. i^/omf, flamma, ae,/ jPorm, conformare, finFear, timere, vereri. Flatter, adulari, blan- Former, pristinus 3 ; in metuere, reformidadiri. [oris, m. former times, antiFire, ignis,
re.

Flatterer,

assentator,

quitus.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Formerly, quondam.
Forthwith, continuo. Fortify, munire.
Fortuitous, fortuitus
3.

369
i,

Gain,

G. lucrum,

i,

n.

Gordius, Gordius, Gorgias, Gorgias,

m.
ae,

Fortunate, hesitusS. felix, icis, prosper, era.

quaestus, us, m. Garden, hortus, i, m. Garland, corona, ae,/. Garment, vestis, is,/.

m. Govern, gubernare,
derari.

mo-

Governess, moderatrix,
icis,/.

erum.
Fortunately,
feliciter.

Gate, porta, ae,/

Gaul, Gallus,
Gazelle, oryx,

i,

m.

Government, imperium,

Foi^tune, i'ortuna, ae,/.

yg'is,

m.

\,

n.

Fortune
tunae.

(gifts of), for-

General,
oris, m.,

imperator.

Governor,
oris,

moderator,
rector, oris,

dux,

cis, c.

m.

Foul,
tra,

foedus

3.

teter,

Generally,

trum;
sordidus

(=
3.
i.

Genius, genius,

filthy),

m. plerumque. ii, m. Gram, frumentum, i,n. Grammar, grammatica, ingenium, i, n.

ae,/. Grand-son, nepos, otis, m. Germania, Grand-daughter, nepi.

Foul
n.

deed, flagitium,

Gentle, placidus 3.

German, Germanus,

Found, condere. m. JPozmc?a^2ow,fundamen- Germany, tis, is,/. tum, i, n. ae,/. \m. Founder, conditor, oris. Get one^s self ready. Grand-father, avus, i, expedire. m. Fountain, fons, ntis, m. Giant, gigas, antis, m. Grape, uva, ae,/. Frail, fragllis, e. Frailty, fragilitas,atis,/ Ginger, zingiber, eris,n. Grappling-iron, harpain^'eerfom, liber tas,atis./.

Give,

dare,

tribiiere;
at-

go, onis,

Freely, libere.

attention,

Gravity, gra vitas, atis,/.

Freeze, frigere, algere.

tendere
self up
c.

one^s

Great,

magnus 3

Frenchman, Francogallus,
i,

to,

indulgere

very, ingens, ntis.

m.
celeber,

Frequent, frequentare.

Frequented,
bris, bre.

way. Greatly, valde, vehementer, admodum. Glide away, dilabi, ela- Greatness, magnitude, inis,/ bi.
dat.
;

cedere.

Friend, amicus, i, m. Glory, glorlari. Friendship, amicitia, ae. Go, ire, pergere around, circumire ; Frighten, terrere, per6acA;, recedere
;

Greece, Graecia, ae,/I

Greedy, avidus 3.
Greedily, avlde.

Gree^
Green,

(s.),

Graecus, i,m,

terrere.

Frightful,

horibllis,

e.

forth, exire out, excedere

Greek, Graecus 3.
virldis, e.

atrox, ocis.

Frog, rana, ae,/

Fruit, fructus, us, m.

Fruitful, ferax, acis

c.

accedere away, abire. Goad, stimulus, i, m. God, deus, i, m.

to,

Green

(to be), virere.

Grief, moeror, oris,

luctus, us,

m.

m.

Grieve, dolere.

gen.
Fulfil, explere.

Gold, aurum,

i,

n.

Grotto, specus, us, m.

Golden, aureus 3.

Full, plenus 3.

Good, bonus

3.
i,

Ground, solum, Grow, crescere

n.

i,
;

n.

Full

(to be), scatere.

Good

(s.),

bonum,
'

old,

consenescere.

Goodness, honitas, atis. Guard, custodire ; he Fulvia,Yu\\'m,SLQ,f. Furniture, suppellex, on one's guard, ca/. ectilis,/. vere. Goose, anser, eris, m.

370'

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
He, she, it, is, ea, id. Head, caput, Itis, n.
inis, jT.

Guide, regere.
Guilt, culpa, ae,J'.

Homer, Homerus, i, m. Honor, honos, oris, m.

decus,
lere.
oris, n.

GymnastiCjgymnicus 3. Health, valitudo,

Hear, an dire.
ll.

Honor, honorare,
cordis, n.,

co-

Heart,
i,

cor,

Hadrian, Hadrianus,
m.

animus, i, m. Heat, calor, oris, m. Hair, crinis, is, m. ca- Heaven, coelum, i, n. pillus, i, m. Heavenly, coelestis, e. Hah-y, pilosiis 3. Heavy, gravis, e. Hedge around, sepire. Half, dimidium, i, n.
Halicarnassus,lia\\car- Height, altitudo,
nassus, i,f.
inis,jr.
c.

Honorable, honestus 3.
honoriftciis 3.

Hope, spes, ei,/. Hope, sperare.

Horace, Horatius, i, m. Horn, cornu, us, n. Horse, equus, i, m. Horseman, eques, itis, m.
e.

Heir, haeres, edis,

us,/*.

Hand, manus,

Helmet,. ca^^\s, idis,/".

Hand

in hand,

manum
ali-

Helplessness, inopia, ae. Hostile, hostilis,

conserfire

cum

f.

quo. Hen, gallina, ae, /. Hannibal, Hannibal, Hence, hinc. aedes, is,y. alis, m. Hephaeston, Hephaes- How, qui. tlo, onis, m. Happen, acddere, evenHow long, quamdiu. ire, cadere it hap- Herb, herba, ae, How many ? quot ? f. J9ens, accidit, contin- Hercules, Hercules, is. How much? quantum? git. m. Hoiv often ? quoiles ? Jferrf, grex, gis, m. Happily, feliciter. However much, quam;

Hour, hora, ae,f. House, domus, us, /.

Happy,

felix,

ic\9,hea.- Hesitate, duhltavec. inf.

vis.

tus 3.

Hew,
High,
ae,

exasciare.
altus
3.
;

Human, humanus
very Humanity,
aX\s,f.
3.

3.

Hard, durus 3. Hardship, aerumna,

humanitas.
e.

A/g-^,

praealtus 3.

f
Hare, lepus,
Hasten,
oris,

Highest,

summus
is,

Humble, humllis,

m.

Hill, collis,

m.

Hump,

tuber, eris, n.
is,jr.

Harrow, occare.
accellerare
up, advolare.
;

Himself, of himself, sui. Hunger, fames,

etc.

Hindrance,

impedii,

Hunger, esurire. Hunt, venari.

Hunter, venator,
oris,

Hastily, propere, prae-

mentum,

n.

m.

propere.

Hatch, excludere. Hate, odisse, [k 77. 3). esse. Hated greatly, perosus Hipparchus, 3. chus, i, m.

Hindrance (to be), ob- Hunter''s-net, cassis, is stare, (commonly j?/wr.), m. impedimento
Hurt, laedere.

Hippar- Husbandman, agricola,

ae, m., rusticus,
i,

wi.

Hating greatly, pero- His,

sus 3. Hatred, odium, i, n. Have, habere, esse
90.
3),
;
;

her, its,

suus, ejus. Hut, casa,

ae,f
I.

94.
off,

35).
exsibilare.

Hiss
(

History, historta,

ae,f
;

I,

ego.

in, te-

Hoarseness, ravis, is,y.

Ice, glacies, ei,jf.

nere
self,

in

use. Hold, tenere,

one^s

obtmere
(

Ides, Idus, ium,jf.

Idle, otiosus 3.
si.

uti c. abl.

back, retlnere.

sese habere.
us,

Home
R.).

(at),

domi.

92. If,

Haven, ponus,

m.

Ifnot,nm.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
If
alsOf
etsi,

371
tis.

tametsi, Increase,

augere,

ac- Intelligent, prudens,

Intercourse,

etiamsi.

crescere.

consuetuis interest-

i^no6/e, illiberalis, e, in- Incredihle,\ncredihl\l8,e.

do, inis,/".
Interest,

Incumbent on some one honestus 3. (to be), esse aliciijus. Ignominy, ignomima,
a.e,f.

one

ed

in, interest, refert.

^,

Indeed,

Ignorance,
ae,y.

ignorantia,

quidem (stands the word to which it refers).

after

(88.10).
Ijitermix, admiscere.

Invent,
perire.

invenire,

re-

Ignorant, ignarus 3.

Indicate, indicare.

Ignorant
//Z (adv.),
Ill

(to be),

igno- Indignant (to be),

dignari.

in- Inventress,

inventrix,

rare, nesrire.

icis,y.

male.

Indolence,

ignavla,

^e. Investigator, mdrngiiXYW.

icis,/!

disposed,
3.

malevolus
collustrare.
Inis,/*.

f. pigritia, ae,/". inae, f. ties, ei,y.

ertia,

segni- Invincible, invictus 3.

Invite, invitare.

Illuminate,

Image, imago,
Imitate,
( 89. 2).

Indolent,

piger,
3.

gra, lo, lo, us,/.

ig- Irascible,

imitari c.

ace.
[y.

grum, tardus navus 3.

iracundus 3.
iracundia,

Irascibility,

Imitation,\\mt2itlo,bms, Indulgent to [to hG),\n-

ae,/.

Immature, imm^tnru^^. dulgerec.dat. [/. /reZawc?, Hi berma, ae,/. Immediately, extemplo. Industry, industri'a, ae, Iron, ferrum, i, n. statim, protinus. Inflame, accendere, in- Iron, of iron, ferreus 3. Immense, ingens, ntis. cendere. Irruption (to make), irImmodesty, immodestia, Inform, edocere. rumpere.
ae,/.
Inhabitant, incola, ae,m. Is
e.

it
[

possible that ? 115. 3. b.

(c)].

num
is,

/wmorZZ, imraortalis,
Immortality,
itas, atis,/.

Injure, nocere, obesse.

immortal- Injurious,

noxlus

3. Isocrates,

Isocrates,

perniciosus 3.

dam-

m.
Issus, Issus, i,/.

Impious, impius 3. Implant, igignere. Import, importare. Impress, inipremere. Improve, emendare. Impunify, impunitas,
atis,/.

nosus
^wjwn/,

3.

injuria,

ae, /. It is the part

of some

ofFensio, onis,/.

one, est alicujus.

Italy, Italia, ae,/.

Inmost, intimus 3.
Innocence,

innocentia, Ivory,
temeritas,
'

of
:

ivory,

ebur-

ae,/.
Insolence,
,

nu;;3.
v^^

Impute,

dare,
c.

ducere,

atis,/.

.J.
Jest, lepor, oris,

vertere

dupl. dat.

In

like

que

manner

Innumerable, innumerabllis, e.

as, ae-

Join

together,

m. conjun-

atque(ac).

Inquiry, quaestio, onis,

gere.

""""''-v.^^

Inborn, insitus 3.
Incite, incitare.

/. disputatio,6nis,/. Joint, aiticulus, i, m."'^ Instruct, erudire, infor- Journey, iter, itineris, n.

Include, contTnere.
Inconsideratencss,
meritas, atis,/.

mare, edocere.
institutio, te-

Journey, proficisci.
J<w/, laetitia,

/wcoMf", vectigal, alis,n. Instruction,

ae,/.
icis, i.

onis,/.
Instructress,
ae,/*.
Intellect,

Joyfidorjoyous,\aetus3.
magistra,
/ttrfg^,

judex,

Inconsiderately, temere.

Judge, judicare, existitis,

Inconstancy, inconstantia, ae,/.

mens, ingenium.

f.

mare, sentire.
Judgment,'}udiCium,\,n.

372

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
navare alicui
rei, o-

Jnguriha, Jugurtha, ae,

Length

(of time), lon-

m.
Julia, Julia, ae,f. Julius Caesar, Julius,
i,

peram

collicare

in

ginquttas, atis, f.

Caesar, aris, m. June, Junius, i, m. Junius, Junius, i, m.

Jupiter,

Less (adv.), minus. aliqua re. Labor, laborare, elabo- Letter (epistle), epistola, ae,y. litterae, arum,/". rare.
'

m.
Just as,

Lacedemon, Lacedae- Letter ^6f the alphabet), littera, ae,/. mon, 6nis,y. Juppiter, Jovis, Lacedemonian, Lace- Level, adaequare. Liar, rnendax, acis. daemonius, i, m.
Lake, lacus, us, m.
Liberal, ingeniius 3.
ut,

Just, Justus 3.

Licentious, petulans,tis. Lament, lugere. Just so many, totldem. Land, by land and by Licentiousness, petulantia, ae, jf. Just so much, adv. (with sea, terra marlque. verbs of valuing, es- Language, lingua, ae. Lie, situm esse

sicut

teeming, buying, sellf. oratio, 6nis,y. ing), tantidem. Lark, alauda, ae,/.

by, adjacere.

Lie

(to state

a false-

K
Keep, servare.

Last, extremus

.3.

hood), menth-i.

Lasting, diuturnus 3.
Later, posterior.

Lije, vita, ae,/. lAght, lux, lucis,y.

Keep from, arcere.

Key, clavis, is,/.
Kill,

Latin, Latinus

3.
i,

Latium, Latium,

n.
e.

Lightning, fulgur, uris, n. fulmen, Inis, n.

Like, similis,
e.

occidere,
:

exani- Laudable, laudablhs,

mare, necare

outright, enecare.

Kind, genus, eris, Kind, benignus 3.

Kindly, benevole.

n.

Laugh, ridere. Laugh, risus, us, m. Law, lex, gis,f.

Lawgiver, ris, m.
i.

legislator, 6-

Limb, membrum, i, n. artus, us, m. Line (of battle), acies, ei,/. to arrange in a line, aciem instruere.
;

Kindness, beneficium,
n.

Lay

before,

bene factum, i, n. King, rex, regis, m. Kingdom, regnum, i, n.

Knee, genu, us, n. Knot, nodus, i, m.

open,
re,

proponere Liofi, leo, onis, m. apenre, Listen to, exaudire.

;

waste, devasta- Literature,Viterae,a.rum,

popular i.
i,

/
n.
Little,
little,
;

Lead, plumbum, Lead, ducere

;

exiguus 3; very
perexigiius 3.

Know,

scire

per-

back, rediicere

Little (adv.), paullulum.

fectly well, nare,

non igout, educeie. non esse nes- Leader, dux, cis, m.

to

Little (to esteem), parvi aestlmare.

cius

not

know,

ig-

n6rare,j3k(eseire.

Live, vivere, ver^ari. Leafy, frondosus 3. League, foedus, eris, n. Lively, alacer, cris, ere.

tedge,

peritia, ae.

Leap,

salire
;

?=:

down iwer, jecur, jecinoriSjW.

over.

cognitio, onis,/.
;

Known, cognltus 3

U
Stat.

desilire

Living being, animans,

antis.
Liivy, Livius,
i,

transilire.

is

known,

con--

Learn, discere. Learned, doctus

m.

^^

3.

Load, onus,

eris,

j^

Leave
L.

behind, destitue- Loathe,

re, relinquere.

Leg, crus, unH^n. Labof, labor, oris, m. Labor (to bestow on Legion, legio, onis,/.
something), operam Leisure, o\\um,
\,

I loathe some^hing, me taedet alicujus rei. Lofty, excelsus 3. \m.

Z(0?7cre;',

n.

cunctator, oris,

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Long, longus 3
;

373
Maturitas,

of Magnesia, Magnesia,ae, Maturity,

atis,/. long continuance, d\uf. magnifi- Means, opes, um, /. Magnificent, turnus 3. facultates, um,/ cus 3., snperbiis3. Longing, desiderium, i,

n.

^^

Make, facere, reddere

re
;

Measure, consilium,

i,n.

Look ouTjorsmiel'liSi^^^ curare c. ace. curam

habere,
picSre,
c.

good, praesta- Measure, metiri.

ivar upon.
all-

Meet

(adv.),

obvlam.

gen. pros-

inferre
cui.

helium

Membrane, membrana,
ae,/.

provide re,
c.

consulere,

dat.

Malice, malitia, ae,/.

;

Memory, memoria, ae,/.

Look

upon

intueri

into, inspicere.

iroo5e, solvere.

Loquacious, loquax, acis, garrulus 3.

Loquacity,
atis,/.

3. Metal, metallum, i, n. m. Metellus, Metellus, i, m. vir, viri, m. Mid-day, xneriAXeB, t,i,m. Man hy man, viritim. Migrate, migrare. to Manage, administrare. Mild,m\i\s, e;

Malicious, malevolus

Man, homo,

inis,

garrulitas.

Mane, juba, ae,/

Manlius, Manlius,
i,

become, mitescere.

m. Milesian, Milesius, i, m. Lose, perdere, emittere. Manner, modus, i, m. ; Milk, lac, ctis, n. (with a moral Milo, Milo, onis, m. Loss, damnum, i, n.
Lot, sors, tis,/
reference),
oris,

majoris, Miltiades, Miltiades,

is.

Love,

amor,

m.

m.

m.

caritas, atis,/ Many, multi, ornm'. Mind, animus, i, m.; very many, complu(state of ), mens, Love, amare, diligere ; res, a and ia, plures, tis,/ in return, reda-

mare.

a,
e.,

gen. ium.
oris, n.

Low,
Us

humilis,
3.

infer- Maple-tree, acer, eris, n, Minerva,

Mindful, memor, oris. Minerva, ae,/

calamltas,

Marble, marmor,

Misfortune,

Low

state (to

be

in), ja-

cere.

Marathon, onis, m.

Maratho,

Lower

regions,

inferi,

Marble, of marble,

malum, i, n. Mist, nebula, ae,/ mar- Mistress, domina, ae,/

atis,/

orum, m. Lowery, tristis,

moreus
e.

3.
i,

Misuse, abuti
Mithridates,

c. abl.

Marcellus, Marcellus,

Mithrida-

Ludlius, Lucilius, i, m. Luxuriously, luxuriose. Luxury, luxuria, ae,/ Lycurgus, Lycur^us, i, * m. Lydia, Lydia, ae,/ Lying, mendax, acis. Lysander, Lysander, dri, m.

m.

March,
cere.

iter, itineris.

m. Mix, miscere.
tes, is,

Mxrc/t, proficisci.iter fa- Moderately, modice.

Moderation, moderatio,

Marcus Agrippa, Marcus,

i,

Agrippa, ae, m.

onis,/ without moderation,'mtemper3.,

Margin, margo, inis, m. anter. Marsh, pal us, udis,/ Modest, modestus Marry (of the woman), pudlcus 3. nubere c. dat. Modestly, modeste.
ae, m.

M.
Macedonia, Macedonia,

Massagete, Massagetes, Modesty, modesiia,ae,f.

Master, not

ae,/
Macedonian,
onis,
7rt.

Macedo,
i,

pos, otis,
ntis.

Molon, Molo, onis, mr^ im- Money, pecunia, ae,/ impotens. Month, mensis, is, m.
of,

[/ Monument, monumen(glairs), res, r6i,

Magian, magus,

m.

Matter

turn,

i,

n.

32

374
Moon,
luna, ae,/.
a,

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
JVeck-chain, torquis,
is,

JVot even, ne-quidem.

More, plures, lum.

Most, plurimus

gen.

m.
JVeed, indigere c. abl.
;

JVot only

hut also,

modo (tantum)
etiam.
JVot yet,
'

sed
-

non

Mortal, mortalis,
3.

e.

there is
est.

need

of,

opus

nondum.
i;lMiiliilt

Must

(adv.),

plurlme.

JVeedy, inops, opis.

JVeglect, negligere.

^i^ ri (iyii

ii

ij_^

Mother, mater, tris,/.

JVotion, notio, onis,/.

Move, movere, commo- JVeigh, hinnire. vere ; out, emi- JVeighhor, proximus, i, m. grare. JVeither (of two), neuMound, ager, gri, m. ter, tra, trum. Mountain, mons, ntis, JVeither nor, nee (nem. nee (neque). que) Mov^e, mus, muris, m. JVero, Nero, onis, m. Mow, metere. Much, multus 3 for JVerve, nervus, i, m. much, (with verbs of JVever, nunquam. buying and selling), JVevertheless, taraen. magni ( 88, 9). JVews, nuntius, i, m. Much (with verbs of A^ex<, proximus 3. valueing and es- JVicomedes, Nicomedes, teeming), magni. is, m.

J^ourish, nutrire, alere.

JVovember,
bris,

November,

m. JVow, nunc, jam. now, modo JVow

a,

modo.
JVoxious,
urn.

noxius,

JVuma PompUius, Nu-

ma

(ae)

Pomilius

(i),

m. JVumantia,
ae,/.

Numantia,

JVumber, numerare.
JVurse, fovere.

Multitude,

multitude, J\ight, nox, noctis, /.; by night, noctu. inis,/. copia, ae,y.
luscinia,

O.
O,

JWitnt^cen^jmunifreus 3. JVigUingcde,

that! utinam

c.

Murderer,
oris,

interfector,

ae,/.

Subj.

m.

JVo

(a.)

nullus

3.

nemo
;

Obey, obedire, obsequi,

Must, debere.

(inis) c.

obtemperare parere.
115, 5
no.
Object, res, ei,/.

JVo, see

N.
JVame, nominare.
JVapoleon,
onis, m.

nay, rather, (in opp.). Oblivion, oblivto, onis,

immo
JVoble

15, 5).

/.

Napoleo,

JVoble, praeclarus 3.

Obscure, obscurus 3.

JVarrative, narratio,6nis,

(= noble born) Observe, observare. Obtain, adipisci. ingenuus 3.

Occasion, occasio, onis,

JVarrow pass, angustiae, JVobody, nemo (gen. /. Occupy one's self zealarum,/. and abl. not used). ously unth something, JVoctumal, nocturnus S. JVaiion, ivdtio, 6ms, f studiosus esse alicuJVatnral, naturalis, e. JVoise, fremitus us, m. jus rei, studere aliA^a^ire, natura, ae,/. jVb/a, Nola, ae,/ cui rei, operam naJVavigate, navigare, JVo one, nullus 3. nevare alicui rei. mo (Inis) c. JVavigation, navigatio, onis,/. JVot, non; (with Imper. Ocean, oceanus, i, m.
J^ear, prope.
Jvearly, prope, paene.

JVobly, praeclare.

and Subj. of encour- Offended

aging), ne.

(to

be),
c.

suc-

J^eat, lepldus 3.

JVot

merely

censere, irasci
but also, Offer, deferre.
etiOffice,

dat

JVecessary
tet,

(it

is),

opor-

non solum
am.

sed

munus,

eris, n.

opus est res or re.

Offspring, proles, is,/.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Oftener^

375

saepius

very Ought, debere.

often, saepisslme.

Oil,

oleum, i, n. Old man, senex,

m.

Our, ours, noster, trum.

Outliving,
itis, c.

tra,

Peac{to make), pacem^ coipOnere. Peac^l, beatus 3.

Peacok, pavo, onis, m.

senis,

susperstes, Peacejdly, beate.

dat.

Old age, senectus,

f.

iitis.

Overcome, superare. Ovid, Ovidius, i, m.

Pear, jTrum,

i.

n.

Pear-tie, pyrus, i,/.

Older, major,
tu.

major na- Owe, debere.

Peculia, proprlus 3.
3.

Oum, proprlus
of,

ip- Peculiaity,

On

account

causa

sius,

ipsorum,
( 94. 7).
c.

ipsa-

liarit[

it is a pecuof some one,

( 88,

R.

3).

rum,
alteru-

alicujis est.

One, unus 3.

Ox, bos, ovis,

P.

Pedestcd^hasis, is,/.

One of
One,
the

the two,

Pelopida,
ae,

Pelopidas, m.

ter, utra,

utrum.

alter

one

m.
jopulus,
;
i,

the other.

alter.

Pain, dolor, oris, m. Paint, pingere

;

People,

gens, Uis, /.

com-

out, expingere. Onyx, onyx, ychis, m. Open, aperire to stand Palace, domus, us,/. Palate, palatum, i, n. open, patere. Opinion, opinio, onis, /. Pale, pallidus 3. sententia, ae,/ exis- Pardon, venia, ae,/ timatio, onis,/ Parents, parentes, ium, 3. c. Opposite, ad versus contrarius 3. Parian, Partus 3.

mon
i,

pple, vulgus,
piier, eris, n.

n.

Pepper,
Perform,
trare.

Perceive, ajnoscere.
fingi,

perpe-

Perhaps, fotasse.
Pericles, Pe*icles,
is, m. i,/

Oppress, urgere.

Parricide,

(a.),

parrici- Period, perlidus,

Or, aut

(in

a double
;

da, ae, c.

Perish, pere;e.

question),

an

or not. Parricide, parricidium, PermiV, sineie.

i,

nee ne, annon.

Oracle, oraciilum,
i,

n.

Permitted
particeps,
3.

(it is),

licet.

n.

Part, pars, rtis,/

Pernicious, perniciosus

Orator, orator, oris, m.

Partaking
;

of,

Order, ordo, inis,

m.

cipis.

Persevere,
i,

permanere,

of
Orrfer,

battle, acies.

Partner, soclus,

m.

perstare.

ei,/ jube re.

Pass

over,

trausire, Persia, Persia,

[s),

ae,/

Order, in order that,

Persian ut; Pass (time), agere, exm.

praeterere.
igere,

Persa, ae.

in order that not, ne.

Persian, Perslcus 3.
cupiditas,

Orestes, Orestes, ae, m. Passion,

Ori^'n, origo, inis,/

atis,/ appetitus, us,

Persian war, Persicum.

Pest,
peat'is,

bellum

Ornament, ornatus, us, m. libido, inis,/ m. Past, praeteritus 3.

Ornately, ornate.

\s,f

Pasture, pasci.
ei,

Phaedo, m.
P/iiZ?)?,

Phaedo, onis,
Philippus,
i,

Orpheus,

Orpheus,

P</t, callis,

is, c.

w.

m.

Patiently, patienter.

Philippi,

Philippi,
?.
,

Ostentation, ostentatio, Pausanias,

Pausanlas,
praes-

orum,
phus,
pliari.

onis,/
alter, era,

ae, m.

Philosopher, '^philosdi,

Other, the other of two, Paij^

|>end6re,

m.
philosfi-

erum.

tare.

Philosophise,

Olherwise, aliter.

Peace, pax, pacis,/

376

/ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Precept, preceptum,
i,n.

PhUosophy,i>h{\oshhia, Poet, poeta, ae, m.

ae,/
I

Point

out, consigiiare, Precious, pretiosua S.

Pkocion, Pliociojonis,
Phoenician,
icis,

describere.

Precipitately,
i,

praepro-

Poison, venenum,
Phjbnix,
[m.
I
i,

n.

pere.
Predict, praedicere.

virus,

i,

n.
i,m.

m.

Physician, medcus,
Piety, pietas, all,/.

Pompey, Pompeius, Pond, lacus, us, m. Pool, palus, udis,/

opis.

Preeminence, virtus,
uiis,yi

Prefer,

praeferre,

an-

Pilot, gubernatr, oris, Poor,;?awj9er, er is, in ops,

teponere.
Prepare, parare.
Present,

m.
Pine, [)inus,

PiWar, Pindaas,
i,|.

\,

m. Po/j/ar, popul us,

i,/.

praesens, lis;
to be, adesse.
n.

P^WIJj papaver,

eris, n.

Pisisfratus, Piistratus, Portico, porticus,

i,

us,/. Present,

m.
I

Posidonius, Posidonlus,
c?iip),

donum, munus, eris, n.

;

i,

Pitch (of a
nere.

po-

i,

m.

[esse

c.

gen. Present with, donare.

;

Po55es5, tenere, habere

Preserve, servare
i)rotect),

(=

P%, miseric^rdia,ae,/.

Possess one's self

of,

po-

conservare.

Pity (it excitis my), me tiri c. abl. miseret (a|icujus). Possessed of, compos, Pity, mlser^i c. gen. ; otis c. gen. [onis,/ to have ^ity, mise- Possession, possesslo. reri. Possible (it is), fieri poPlace, locua i, m. test it is not possiPlace, ponire, ble but that, fieri non in c.

Preside over, ])raestare, praeesse c. dat.

Press, premere. Pretence,
onis, /.

simulatio,

Pretor, praetor, oris, m.

Prevail upon by entreaty,

abl.

potest quin.

exorare.

Place somening around Post, pot?tis, is, m. Prevent, itnpedire, prosomethink or sur- Post (of honor), honos, hibere obstare c. round 8(}mthing ivith oris, w. dat.
;

Pound, libra, ae,/. ahquid alicui, or Pour forth, effundere. aliquem aliqua re. Poverty, inopla, ae, /. PZam, campus, i, m. paupertas, atis, / P/an, consiliurp, i, n. Poifjer, vis, (nom. and Plant, planta, e,/ dat. plur. vires, ium).
something, cii'cumdare
Plato, Plato,
ojiis,

Previously, prius.

Prick, pungere.

Pride, superbia,
Principle,
i,

ae,/
ae,/

preceptum,

n. doctrina,

Proceed, proficisci.
Productive, fecundus 3.
frugifer,
fertilis, e.

m.
3.

vigor, oris, m. poten- Produce, gignere.

tia,

Play, ludere.
P/efl5an/,

ae,/ opes,
3.

um,/

amoenus

Poiyer/w/, poten s c. gen.

era,

erum.
[ficere.

Please, placere, probare

alicui.

opulentus
onis,

[m^ Practice,
atis,

exercitatio.

PZe5wre, voluptas,

Progress

(to

make), pro-

habit). Promise,

piomittere,

Plough, arare. P/mcA:, eve Here. Plumtree, prunus, i,/ Plunder, dirlpere.
Pluiarch, Plutarchus,
i,

consuetudo, inis,/
Praise, laus, dis,/

polliceri profiteri.

m.

Pronowwce,pronuntiare, one hapeloqui Praise, laudare, collaudare bene dicere c. py, fortunatum praedicare aliquem. dat. Prayers, preces,um,f. Proper, it is proper for
;

Poem, carmen, inis, poema, atis, n.

n. Precede

some one, praecedere alicui.

me, decet

c.

ace.

it is

not proper, dedecet.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Properly,
rite,

377

probe.
is,

Prophet, vates,

m.

Pythagoras, Pythagoras, ae, m.

Recently, nuper.
Recollect, recordari.

Propitious, propitius 3.
Proportionately, aequa-

Recompense,

merces,

edis,/. Q. biliter. Quantity, numerus, i. Recover, convalescere. Propose, proponere. m. vis (gen. and dat. Red, ruber, bra, brum. wanting, plur. vires. Redound, redundare. Propriety (of conduct),

honestas, atis,/
Prosperity, res
dae, fortuna, ae,/.

lum),/.
Question,
nis,/.

Refer, referre.
Reflect upon, cogitare.

secun- Queen, regina, ae,/.

quaestio, 6- Reflection,
jois,/.

cogitatio, 6-

Prosperous, prosper, era,

erum.
Prostrate, prosternere.
Protect, custodire.

Quickly, cito.

Refresh, recreare.
7.

Quiet

[s.),

quies, etis,/. JRe/w^e, receptus, us,

Quiet

(a.),

quietus

3.

Protection, tutela, ae,/

tranquillus 3.
Quiet, sedare.

Region, reglo, onis,/. Reject, rejicere, respuere.

praesidiurn,

i,

n.

Proud, superbus 3. Quietly, quiete, Provided that, modo, quille. dummodo. [ae,/ Providence, providentla, R.

tran- Reign,

regnum,

i,

n.

Reign, regnare, dominare, imperare.

Rejoice, delectare,

gau-

Provident, cautus 3. Race, genus, 6ris, n. Province, provincia, ae. Rage, saevire.

dere.
Relate, narrare,
rare.

memo-

/
Provoke, lacessere. [/. Prudence, prudentia ae, Prudent, prudens, tis. Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. m. Pungent, acerbus 3. Punic, Punicus 3.

Rain, imber,
cire.

bris,

m.

Raise, perciere, or per- Relieve, levare.

Religion, religlo, onis,/.

inis,

Rank, ordo,

m.

Religiously, religiose.

Remain, manere, reRapid, rapidus 3. manere. [tis,/ Rare, rarus 3. Rashness, temeritas, a- Remarkable, insignis, e.
Rather, potlus.

Punish, punire, multa- Reach, pervenire. re. Read, legere ; Punishment, poena, ae, perlegere ; through, supplicium, i, n. to, recitare. I*urplefsh, niurex, ic'is, Reading, lectio, onis,/ m. \n. Ready, p'romptus 3., Purpose, propositum, i, paratus 3. [us, m. Pursue, persequi, con- Readiness, promptus, sectari some- Reap, metere. thing earnestly, studi- Reason, ratio, onis,/ osum esse alicujus Reason, there is no reasrei ; literature, on that, non est quod,

Remedy, remedium, i, n. Remedy, mederi. Remember, remi nisei, memini, recordari c.

gen. or ace.

Remembrance, memor^af ae,/ Remind, commonere, commonefacere. Remove, resecare.

literas tractare.

Pursuit, tractatio, onis, studium, i, n. Recall, revocare. Renowned, clarus Pylades, Pylades, ae, m. Receive, accipere, suscibllis, e. Pyrenean, Pyrenaeus 3. pere. Repair, sarcire.

Removed (to be), abesse. Remus, Remus, i, m. Renew, refricare. nihil est quod with- Renown, fama, ae, /, out reason, temere. gloria, ae,/
;

3.,

no[re.

Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus,

i,

m. Received, exceptus

3.

Repd,

pellere,

repelld-

32*

378
Repent,
poenitere
;

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
I Ripe,

maturus
oriri.

3.

Sailor, nauta, ae, m.

Salt, sal, salis,

repent of something, Rise,

poenitet
rei.

m.
e.

me

alicujus Rising, ortus 3.

Salutary,

salutaris,

River, fluvius,
nis,
is,

Report, fama, ae,/.

Repose, requies, etis,f.

inis, n.

saluber or bris, bre. m. amm. flumen, Same, is, ea, id ; very same, idem, eadem.
i,

Reproach,
n.

probrum, opprobrium, i,

i.

Roar, rudere.
Rock, rupes,
is,/.,

idem
sax-

at the

same

n.

time, simul, una.

turpitudo, inis,/.

um,

i,

n.

Samnite
itis,

(s.),

Samnis,

Reproach, maledicere.
Reprove, castigare.
Reputable, honestus 3.

Rome, Roma, ae,/.

Roman
i,

(s.),

m. Romanus, Sanction, sancire.

Sapid, sapidus 3.

m. Request, petere, rogare J2omaw (a.), Romanus 3. (ab aliquo). Romulus, Romuhjs, i,wi. Resist, resistere. Roof, tectum, i, n. Resound, resouare. Rope, restis, is,/ Resounding, resonus. jRowg-/i, asper, era, erum. Resource, opes, um. Round, rotund us 3. Responsible, to become Rout, fundere. responsible, spondere. Royal, regius 3.
Rest, quies, etis,/

Sappho, Sappho, us,/

Satirize, perstringere.

Save, parcere

c.

dat.

Save from something. servare ex or ab aliqua re.

Say, dicere,
77. Rule).
Scarcely, vix.

inquam

Rest

upon

something.
re-

Rub Rub

off,

detergere.

thoroughly, perfri- Scatter, disjicere.

niti c. abl.

care.

Restore,

reparare,

Rude
Ruin, Rule

=
e, c.

Scholar, discipulus,
unskilful).

i,

m.

Scholastic

instruction,

cuperare,
Restrain, coercere.

rudis
to

gen.
to,

institiitio scholastica.

go

dilabi.

School, schola,

ae,/
m.
conra-

Retain, retinere.
Retire, recedere, disce-

(a

carpenter's),

Scipi,o, Scipio, onis,

amussis, is,/
Rule, regere, gubernare.

Scrape together,
dere.
[dat.

dere.

Return, reditus, us, m.

jRe/urn, redire, revertere,

Scruple, scrupulus,

i,

m.

Rule
to,

over,

imperare
;

c.

Scrupulously, sancte, religiose.

remeare.
maledicere,
c.

Run, currere

in;

[m.

Reverence, \ereri.
Revile,
dat.

diffliiere

Scythian {s.),Scytha,Sie,
Sea, mare,
is,

through, percurrere.

n.

Rush
i,n.

in, irruere.

Season, in season,
^^^'^*

ma-

Reivard, praemlum,

z*'*^
/

Rhine, Rhenus,
Rich, dives,
pies, etis.

i, m. Rhodes, Rhodus, i,/

JM

Seasoning,

condimen[m.
onis.

Sacred ntes, sacra,6rum,

n.

tum,

i,

n.

itis,

locu-

Seat, sedes, is,/

Sacredly, sancte.

Sedition,

seditio,

Riches, divitiae,

arum,/
.

Sacredness,

sanctitas. Seditious, seditiosus 3.

See,

Ride, equltare.

atis,/
e.
[itis.

videre,

conspicari,

Ridge (of mountains). Sad, tristia, jugum, i, n. Safe, tutus

Right, jus, juris, n.

carnere.

3.

sospes. Seek, quaerere.

>S'eize,

Ridiculous, ridiculus 3. Safety, salus, litis,/

Saguntum,
i,

Saguntum,
i,

deprehendere. comprehendere, capere,

Right

(a.),

rectus

3.

n.

occupare, ca-

Rightly, recte.

Sail,

velum,

n.

pessere.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Self, ipse
(

379

94. 6).

Should, debere.

Snares, insidrae,arum,/.

Self confidence, audacia, Shout, clamor, oris, m. Snow, nix, Show one's self se prae- So, ita so ae,/. bere, se praestare. quam Sell, vendere. tantus 3 Senate, senatus, us, m. Shun something, aver; ;

nivis,y*.

so as, tarngreat,
l^^ng,

Send, mittere
accire.

for,
us,

sari.

tamdiu
as,

Shut, claudere.

Sense,

sensus,
tis,/.

mens,

m. Sick, aeger, gra, grum. Side (on the other), contra.

dum, quamdiu, quoad [ 110, 4)]; many, tot, in;

Sensible, prudens,

tis.

decl.

soon as,

Sentiment, sententia, ae, Siege, obisdio, onis, obsessio, 6nis,jr. /

ci ude re, secerriere.

f
it

ubi, simulac (atque)

[ 110, 2)].

Separate, separare, dis- Sight, conspectus, us,m. Socrates, Socrates, is,m.

Sign, signum,
i,

i,

n.

Soldier, miles,

itis,

m.

Sepulchre, sepulcrum,
n.

is

the sign of

some

Solicitude, soUicitudo,

one, est alicujus.

Silence, silentia, ae,y.

inis,/.
Solid, solid us 3.

Serious, gravis, e.
Serve, servire.
Service, officium,
i,

Silent (to be), tacere.

n.

Solon, Solo, onis, m.

Silkworm, bombyx,ycis, m. Servitude, servitus, Otis, Silver, argentum, i, n. Set out on a journey, Simple, simplex, Icis.

Some, nonnulli.

Some

one, allquis, a, id.

proficisci.

Sin, peccatum,

i,

n.

Several, plures, a,

com-

Sin, peccare.
Since,

Sometime, aliquando. Sometimes, interdum. Son, fillus. i, m. Son-in-law, gener, eri,

plures, a

and

ia.

quum.
;

m.

[pore).

Severe, gravis, e.
Severity, severitas,

[f
atis.

Sing, cantare, canere.

Sink, demergere
doivn, desidere
;

Soon, mox, brevi (temSooner, prior.

Soothe^ lenire.
Sophist, sophista, ae, m.

Shake, convellere, labefactare.

under, succumbere.
Sister, soror,

Sliame,

ashamed of something, me pudet

lam

dns,f
at

Sorrow, aegritudo,

Inis,

Sit,

sedere

/
Soul, animus, i, m. Sound, integer, gra,

Share with
aliquo.

table, accubare. alicujus rei ( 88. 1). some one, Situation, locus, i, m.

communlcare cum
Sharing
ipis,

Size,

magnitudo, inis,/.
tis c.

grum.
Sow, serere.
Spain, Hispanla, ae,y.

Skilful, peritus 3., pruin,

particeps,
tis.

dens,

gen.
i, i,

cousors,

Sky, coelum,

n.
m..

Spaniard, Hispanus,

i,

Shear, tondere, radere. Slave, servus,

m.
c. dat.

Shepherd, pastor, oris, Slay, occidere, interfi- Spare, parcere

m.
Shin, crus, uris, n.

cere:

Sleep,

somnus,

i,

m.

Sparta, Sparta, ae,f. Speak, dicere, loqui.

Spectator,
oris,

Shine forth, elucere.

(S/ti/?,

Sleep, dormire.

spectator,

navis, is,/!

[i,n. Slender, gracilis, e.

3.

m.

Shipwreck, naufraglum. Slim, procerus

Short,
brevis,

Speech, sermo, onis,

oratio, onis,y.
Spirit,

m.

in Small, parvus, 3.

short
(sc.

time,

brevi Small, olfacere.

tempore).

Smile upon, arridere.

Smith, faber,
bri,

Short time, paulisper.

m.

animus, i. m. mens, tis,/. ingenium, i, n.

380
Spiritedly, acriter.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
tendere
3.,
;

Splendid, splendidus
nitidus 3.

reluctari

against

against, Sweet, dulcis, velox, ocis.

e.

Swift, celer, eris, ere,

\m.

something,

niti, in ali-

Splendor, splendor, oris,

Split, diffindere.

quid
tari.

to obtain, Swiftly, celeiiter, cito.

petere, expetere, sec- Swiftness, celeritas,ati8,

m. Spread, pandere;
Sport, ludus,
i,

/
Swollen, turgidus 3.
n.
i,

(=

Strong, valid us 3.

cover), oblinere.

Study, studium,

Spring,

oriri, casci,

ex- Subdue, domare, perdo-

oriri. mare. Spurn, spern6re, asper- Subject, civis, is, c. nere, fastidire. Subjugate, subigere. Spy, explorator, oris, m. Succeed, succedere. Stab, confodere. Such, talis, e ; is, ea,

Sword, gladius, i, m. ensis, is, m. ferrum, j,n. Syracuse, Syracusae,

arum,/.
Syria, Syria, ae,/!
id.

Stability, stabilitas, atis,

Sudden, subitus

3.

T. Tabu, tabula, ae,/.

Table (to sit at), accuf. perpetuitas, atis,y; Suddenly, subito. Stadium, stadium, i, n. Suffer, pati, perpfiti bare. Staff, scipio, onis, m. from, laborare Take, capere, adimere ; Stand, stare. c. abl. away, toll^re, Star, Stella, ae,y. auferre, demere, adSufficiently, satis. rei- Suitable, idoneus, a,um. State, respublica, imere Jire, expublicae, f. ci vitas, Sulla, Sullae, ae, m. ardescere; from^
;

atis,y.

at the

cost

Summer,

aestas, atis,

eripere
self

one^s

of the State, publice. Sun,

Station, statlo, onis, f. Statue, statua, ae,y.

sol, sol is,

m.

off,

facessere

Superstition,8uper8titio,

possession

of,
tip.

onis,/.

occupare
tollere
;

Stay {= large rope), Suppliant, supplex,icis. rudens, tis, m. Supplicate, supplicare. Steel, chalybs, ybis, m. Supply, suppeditare. Steep, praeceps, cipitis, Support, fulcire. arduus 3. Supremacy, principatus, Step, passu s, Qs, m. us, m. summum imStern, puppis, is,y*. perium.
Stick, haerere.
Still,

upon

one's self suscipere.

Talent (sum of money), talentum, i, n.

Tame, cicur, uris. Tame, domare.

Tanaquil,
[ilis,/.

Tanaquil,

Surely, certe, sane.

adhuc, porro.

Surface, aequor,

oris, n.
c.

Tarentum, Tarentum,

Stone, lapis, idis, m.

Stone,

of
3.

stone,

lapi-

deus

[m. i, m. Tarquin, Tarquinius, i, Superbus, Surprise, obrepere c.dat. Tarquinius

Surpass,
dat.

praestare,

Supe^Tarquinius Surrender, tradere. Storm, procella, ae, f. Surround, circumdare, bus, m. tempestas, atis,y! cingere, ambire ; of- Tarquinius, Collatinus, Strengthen, firmare. Tarquinius, Collatifundi alicui rei. [tare. Stretch, tendere. nus, m. Surviving, superstes,
Stork, ciconia, ae,y.
Strife,
lis,

litis,/.

itis c. dat.

Taste,
ace.

gustare, degusc.

Strike, ferire.
Strive,

Sustain, sustentare.
c.

[/ Teach, docere
inis.
[^

dupl.

studere
c.

dat., Swalloiv,

hirundo,

89, 5. b)].

petere

ace,

niti

ad Swear, jurare.

Teachable, docilis 3.
Teacher,

aliquidtendere, con- Sweat, sudare.

praeceptor,

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
6ris,

381

Thornbush, sentes, ium, Trace, vestigium, i, n. Track, vestigium, i, n. Tear in pieces^ lac^rare, Thou, tu. Trader, mercator, oris, dilacerare. Thoughtless, levis, e. m. [m. Tell, dicere. Threaten, minari; (= Traitor, proditor, oris, Temple, templum, i, n, impend), impendere, Trajan, Trajanus, i, m. immin^re. aedes, is,/". Transgress, migrare, c. tener, era, Threatening, minax, aTender, ace. [gestire. erum. cis. Transported (to be), Tenderly, pie. Three-headed, triceps, Travel through, emetiri.
m. magister,
tri,

Terrible, terribilis, e.

cipjtis.

Treachery, proditio, 6nis,/.

[J,
out, extru-

Territory, finis,

is,

Thales, Thales,

is,

m. m.
is,

Thrust doum, detrudere

;

Treason, proditio, onis,

Treat, tractare.

Thames, Tamesis, m. Than, quam.

dere.

Thumb,

pollex, icis, m. Tree, arbor, oris,/

n.

Thunder, tonitru, u,
gra- Thunder, tonare.

Tremble, contremiscere.
Trench, fossa, ae,/.
the

Thanks
That,
id
;

(to

give),

tias agere.
ille, a,

Thus,

ita.

[um. Tribune of
a,

people,

ud

is,

ea,

Thy

or thine, tuus,

tribunusplebis.

iste, a,

ud.

T^t,

that

not,

see

105108. The so much

the (with

the comparative), quo

eo,

quanto

tanto.
i,

m. Thebes, Thebae,arum,y. Themistocles, Themistocles, is, m. fetisci. Then, turn, deinde. Titus, Titus,
Thence,
illinc,

Theban Thebanus,

i, m. Time, tempus, oris, n. Time, long time, diu. Timid, timldus 3. Timoleon, Timoleon, ntis, m. Timotheus, Timotheus, i, m. Tire out, defatigare, de-

Tiberius, Tiberius,

Trojan, Trojanus 3.

TVoop, agmen, Troops, copiae,

inis, n.

arum,/

Trouble, molestia, ae,/

aerumna, ae,/.
Trouble, angere
;

one's self about something, curare altquid,

operam

dare.

i,

m.

Troublesome, molestus 3., impoi tunus 3.

Troy, Troja, ae,/. m. Truce, indutiae, arum,

inde.

Together, una.
Toil,
labor,
oris,

Theophrastus,

Theom.

pii^-uPhrastus, ^There, ibi.

i,

opera, a,/.

Tomi, Tomi, orum, m. There are, sunt is, Tomorrow, eras. est. Tongue, lingua, ae, /. J%ermopylae, Thermo- Too much, nimium. pylae, arum,y. Tooth, dens, tis, m. "^^k, crassLis 3, Torment, cruclare, vex7liicktt, frutex, icis, m. are, torquere. Thing, res, rei,^*. Torrent, torrens, tis, m.
;

/ True, verus

3.

Trunk

(of a tree), cau-

dex, icis, m. Trust in, fidere c. abl. Trust one, credere, fidere, fidem habere,
alicui.

Truth, Veritas, atis,/I

Think, putare, arbltra- Torture, cruciatus, us, Try, tentare, conari, ri, exist! ma re, cogim. tormentum, i, n. experiri.
tare;
itari.

of,

med-

Torture, cruciare, tor- Tullus Hostilius, Tulquere. lus Hostilius, m.

Thirst,
Thirst,

sitis, is,/.
si tire.

Tourh,
Tower,

tangere
turris,

attin-

Turn

out,

evadere

gere, conting6re.
is,
/*.

out well, continggre

This, hie, haec, hoc.

towards. cDuver-

382
tere
;

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.

upon
3.

some- Untimely
pestive.

(adv.),

intem-

facessere

vex

things defigere in c.
abl.

to death, ei\eciive.

Twisted, tortus
p-

Unwise, insipiens, tis. Vexation, angor, 6ris,w. Unworthy, indignus 3. Vice (= viciousness),
vitiositas, atis,/.
3.

7)jrant, Tyrannus i, m. c. abl. Tyrian (s.), Tyrlus, i, m. Upright, probus

hon-

Vice, vitium,

i,

?.

estus 3.

Vicissitude,v\c\s, vicis,/.

U.
Udder, uber,
eris, n.
is,

Uprightly, probe.

Victory, victoria, ae,/.

Vieiv,

Uprightness,
Use, usus, us,
Use, uti
c.

probitas,

Ulysses, TJlixes,

m.

atis,y!honestas,atis,/.

Vieiv

conspectus, us,m. {== sentiment),

Umhrenus, Umbrenus, i, m. Unacquainted ivith, ignarus 3. imprudens,

litis.

m.

sententia, ae,/.

abl.

Vigorously, strenue.
Vint-hranch, tradux, ucis,

Useful,

utTlis, e.

Useless, inutllis, e.

m.
violentus
tis,

Utica, Utlca, ae,/.

e.
3.,

Violate, violare.

Unarmed, inermis,
anceps,
cipitis.

Violant,

3.,

Uncertain, incertus
Uncover, detegere.

V.
Vain, irrltus 3.

vehcmens,
ocis.

atrox,

Vain, in vain, nequic- Violently, graviter.

Understand, intelligere,
tenere.

quam.
Valuable, carus 3.
Value, preiium,
i,

Virgil, Virgilius,

i,

m.

Virgin, virgo, inis,/.

n.

Understanding,
tis,/.

mens,

Virtue, virtus, utis,/.

Value,
snscip^re,

aestlmare, cen- Virtuous, honestus 3.

Voice, vox, vocis,/.

Undertake,
moliri.

sere magnietc.
Vanish, a vol are.

Volcanic, ignivomus 3.

Unfavorable, iniqilus 3.

Vanquish, vincere, de- Vow, yovere.

vincere. C7rj/bre5cen,i mpro visus3. Vulture, vultur, uris, m. Unfortunate, calamito- Vapor, vapor, oris, m. Variance (to be at), disW. sus 3., miser 3. cordare. Wages, stipendium, f^n. Ungrateful, ingratus 3. discolor, Wait, expectare. Uninjured, integer, gra, Variegated,
*'

grurn.
Unintelligent,

oris.

Walk
3.

(to
;

impru-

Various, varius

lare

go

take),

ambdto walk,

ambulare. Vein (swollen), varix, Unite, conjungere, conicis, m. Walk upon, inceder. cilia re. Venison, caro ferina, Wall (of a house), ''paUnjustly, injuste. earn is ferinae. ries, etis,/! (S6 a protection ), moenia, Unknown, incognitus. Veires, Verres, is, m. Versed in, peritus 3., Unless, nisi. ium, n. (a* Unlike, dissimllis, e. consultus 3. structure), munus,
dens,
tis.

Unmindful

of,

immee.

Very,

admodum,

valde.

eris, w.

mor

c.

gen.

Unprnfitahle, inutllis,

Unrestrained, effusus 3.

Very often, persaepe. Vespasian, Vespasianus, i, m.

Vessel, vas, vasis, n.

Waneler, errare.

Wandering, error,
m. Want, egestas,
inopia, ae,/.

oris,

Unripe,
Until,

immaturus
donee,

3.

atis, /.,

Unskilful, imperitus 3.

Vesta, vesta, ae,/.

dum.

quoad, Vesuvius, Vesuvius, i, m. Wemi, carere Vex, angere, negotium War, bellum,

c. abl.

\,n.

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Warfare, res militaris.

383

Who,

qui, quae, quod.

? inter, quis,

Wares, merx, rcis,/.

Warlike, bellicosus 3.

Who

Word, verbum, i, n. quae, Work, opus, eris, n.

World, niundus,
i,

Warm,
Waste,
cere.

callldus 3.

quid ? Whoever you

quilibet.

please,

Worm, vermis,
Worthy,
abl.

is,

m. m.
3.
c.

Wash, lavare.
atterere,
corifi-

dignus

Whole,

universus omnis, e.

3.,

Wrest from, extorquere.

Wretched,

Watch, vigllare;

keep Wholly, omnino. Why, cur. watch, excubare.

Wicked, implus
leratus
3.,
3.,

miser,

ei*a,

erum.
sce- Wretchedness,
ae,/.
miseria,

Water, aqua, ae,/.

3.,

Waver, vacillare.

im{)r6bus

aerumna, ae,/.
m
n.

Way,

vfa, ae,/. iter, iti-

maleflcus3.

Write, scribere.

iieris, n.

Wickedly, improbe.

Writer, scriptor, oris,

Way {=
dus,
j,

Way

(to

manner), mo- Wickedness, pravilas, atis,/. m. stand in), ob- Wide, amplus 3.
Widely, late.
Wife, uxor, ons,f.
3.,

Writing, scriptum,
Writing-tablet,

i,

codicil-

stare, ofFicere c. dat.

Weak, infirmus
potens,
tis.

ini-

li, orum, m. Wrong, injuria, ae,/. Wrong[Ao), delinquere.

Wild, ferus 3.
Will, testamentura,
i,

Weaken, diluere.
^i'eakness, infirmitas, atis,/.

n.

voluntas, atis,/.
Will, velle
nolle.
;

Xenocrates,
tes, is,

Xenocra-

not to will,

Wealthy, locuples, etis.

Wearied, fessus, 3.
defatigari.
^''eather,

Willow,

siler, eris, n.
i,

fVeary (to be), defetisci, Wind, ventus,

m.

m. Xenophon, Xenophon, ontis, m. Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m.

Wine, vinum, i, n. tempestas,atis, Winter, hiems, eims,f. Wisdom, consilium, i, n. Year, annus,
Wise, sapiens,
tis,

i,

m. this

Weqf>, flere.

pru-

year, (adv.),
Yes, see
^

homo.

Welfare, salus, utis,/*.

dens,

tis.

115. 5.

Well {to be), valere.

Weser, Visurgis,
is,

Wisely, sapienter, pru-

Yes, (to say), aio, [ 77.

m.

denter.
tis,

West, occidens, ntis.

Wether, vervex, ecis,

Wise man, sapiens, m. m.

pere.

Yesterday, heri, hodie.

Yet, at,

tamen.
juvenis, is, [inis,/

What

(in
?

number
quotus

or Wish, optare, velle, cu-

Young man,
m.

order)

? 3.

When, quum.
Whence, unde.

m^, ubi.
Wr, ewith,
Whether
ne,
qui.
(in

Young woman, virgo, Wit, sal, salis, m. Without (to be), carere. Younger, natu minor. Your, vester, tra, trum. Wolf, lupus, i, m. Woman, muller, eris, /. Youth, ju ventus, utis,/

indirect

questions),

num,

utrum.
the two,

femlna ae,y. Wonder, mirari. Wood, lignum, i, n.

adolescentla, ae,/.

Youth
tis,

(a),

adolescens,

Whetstone, cos, cotis,/.

Wood

(a.), silva,

ae, f.
lig-

lus,

m. adolescentui, w. juvenis, is,m.

Which of
tra,

uter,

trum.

Wooden, of wood, neus 3.

is,

While,

dum.

Z. Wood-pigeon,Yia\umhes, Zeal, studium,

i,

n.

Whither, quo.

m.

Zealously, naviter.

ERRATA.
13, line 7, read proavus for proavu. p. 17, 1. 18, debeo for dobSo. 23, 34, consonants for vowels. 29, 25, name (m.) for 25, 24, bona for bona. name (n.). 32, 9, neuter for feminine. 33, 39, antecedet for antecedet. 34,

Page

20, venator, oris for venator, oris. 39, 1, wild 35, 38, adversis for adveris. for mild. 42, 33, object for objective. 43, 36, cantus, us, m. for cantus. us n. 47, 25, vitupero for vitupero. 60, 10, Ro51, 5, quoddam for quodam. for Roman. 61. 1, (ob) for (ab). 63, 25, n"** 62, 26, Aenea for Aena. for were. 69,5, frater for fater. 71, 7, premature for primature. 83,29, portTcus for porllcus. 83, 31, old woman for old man. 90, 8, amatus for amamatus. 105, 5, compSro for coraparo. 109, 37, potio for portio. 132, 1,^ coena for coeno. 146, 24, flagitia for flagita. 152, 9, heat for heart. 157, 10, spondeo for spandeo. 210, 2, pliiit for puit. 253, 23, molest.iis for mola-fus^ 255, 7, idonei for idoni. 263, ^^sentence for sentences. 291, 'bottom, third for second. 303, 10, Hac for Haec. 307, 10,flectendum for lectendum. 307, note, pick for prick. 310, 8, philosophum for philospophum. 320, 14, Ci^nio or Canto.

mam

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