Lecture 5 Strain Transformation

Chapter Objectives
Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate system for strain

components
Determine principal strains and maximum in-plane shear strain
Determine the absolute maximum shear strain in 2D and 3D cases
Know ways of measuring strains
Define stress-strain relationship
Predict failure of material
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Equations of plane-strain transformation
4. Principal and maximum in-plane shear strain
5. Mohrs circle for plane strain
6. Absolute maximum shear strain
7. Measurement of strains
8. Stress-strain relationship
9. Theories of failure
10. Concept Quiz
In-class Activities
APPLICATIONS
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION
In 3D, the general state of strain at a point is
represented by a combination of 3 components of
normal strain
x
,
y
,
z
, and 3 components of shear
strain
xy
,
yz
,
xz
.

In plane-strain cases,
z
,
xz
and
yz
are zero.

The state of plane strain at a point is uniquely
represented by 3 components (
x
,
y
and
xy
) acting on
an element that has a specific orientation at the point.
TRANSFORMATION (cont)
Note: Plane-stress case plane-strain case
Positive normal strain
x
and
y
cause elongation
Positive shear strain
xy
causes small angle AOB
Both the x-y and x-y system follow the right-hand rule
The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the
normal and shear strain components are to be
determined) will be defined using the angle . The angle
is measured from the positive x- to positive x-axis. It is
positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

Normal and shear strains
Consider the line segment dx
u
u
sin '
cos '
dy dy
dx dx
=
=
u
u
c c c c
c
u
u
c c c c
c
u u u c u c
o
c
u u c u c o
2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
cos sin sin cos
'
cos sin cos '
'
'
2 2
'
xy y x y x
y
xy y x y x
x
xy x x x
xy y x
dx
x
dy dy dx x
+
=
+
+
+
=
+ + = =
+ + =

Similarly,
( ) u u u c c o
u u c u c
2
sin cos sin
sin cos sin '
xy y x
xy y x
dy dy dx dy
+ =
+ =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) + + =
+ + + + =
90 cos sin cos
90 sin 90 cos 90 sin
2
2
u u u c c
u u u c c |
xy y x
xy y x
y
( ) ( )
u
u
c c
u u u u c c | o
2 cos
2
2 sin
2 2
sin cos cos sin
' '
2 2
' '
xy y x y x
xy y x y x
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
+ = =
EXAMPLE 1
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 105a.
Determine the equivalent strains acting on an element of the
material oriented at the point, clockwise 30 from the
original position.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6
10 200 , 10 300 , 10 500

= = =
xy y x
c c
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Since is positive counter-clockwise,

Solutions
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) (Ans) 10 213
30 2 sin
2
10 200
30 2 cos 10
2
300 500
10
2
300 500
2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
6
'
6
6 6
'

=

(
+
(

+
(
+
=
+
+
+
=
x
xy y x y x
x
c
u
u
c c c c
c
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) (Ans) 10 793
30 2 cos
2
10 200
30 2 sin 10
2
300 500
2 cos
2
2 sin
2 2
6
' '
6
6
' '
=

(
+
(

=
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
y x
xy y x y x
u
c c
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
By replacement,

Solutions
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) (Ans) 10 4 . 13
60 2 sin
2
10 200
60 2 cos 10
2
300 500
10
2
300 500
2 sin
2
2 cos
2 2
6
'
6
6 6
'
+
(

+
(
+
=
+
+
+
=
x
xy y x y x
y
c
u
u
c c c c
c
PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN
Similar to the deviations for principal stresses and the
maximum in-plane shear stress, we have

And,

2 2
2 , 1
2 2 2
2 tan
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
=
xy y x y x
y x
xy
p
c c c c
c
c c

u
2
,
2 2 2
2 tan
2 2
plane - in max y x
avg
xy y x
xy
y x
S
c c
c
c c
c c
u
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN (cont)
When the state of strain is represented by the principal
strains, no shear strain will act on the element.

The state of strain at a point can also be represented in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In this case
an average normal strain will also act on the element.

The element representing the maximum in-plane shear
strain and its associated average normal strain is 45
from the element representing the principal strains.

EXAMPLE 2
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain defined by
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 107a.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the point
and the associated orientation of the element.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6
10 80 , 10 200 , 10 350

= = =
xy y x
c c
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Looking at the orientation of the element,

For maximum in-plane shear strain,

Solutions
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
31 1 and 9 . 40
80
200 350
2 tan
s
xy
y x
s
u

c c
u
( ) (Ans) 10 556
2 2 2
6
plane in max
2 2
plane in max
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
c c
xy y x
MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN
A geometrical representation of Equations 10-5 and 10-
6; i.e.

Sign convention: is positive to the right, and /2 is
positive downwards.

2 2
2 2
and
2
where
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
xy y x y x
avg
R
c c c c
c
( )
2
2
' ' 2
'
2
R
y x
avg x
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

c c
MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN (cont)
EXAMPLE 3
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the
components:

Determine the principal strains and the orientation of the
element.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6
10 120 , 10 150 , 10 250

= = =
xy y x
c c
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
From the coordinates of point E, we have

To orient the element, we can determine
the clockwise angle.
Solutions
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
6
6
plane in max
' '
6
plane in max
' '
10 50
10 418
10 8 . 208
2
=
=
=
avg
y x
y x
c
( )
(Ans) 7 . 36
35 . 8 2 90 2
1
1
=
=
s
s
u
u
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
State of strain in 3-dimensional space:
2
min max
min max max abs
c c
c
c c
+
=
=
avg
EXAMPLE 4
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the
components:

Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain and the
absolute maximum shear strain.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6
10 150 , 10 200 , 10 400

= = =
xy y x
c c
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
From the strain components, the centre of the circle is on the axis at

Since , the reference point has coordinates

Thus the radius of the circle is

Solutions
( ) ( )
6 6
10 100 10
2
200 400

=
+
=
avg
c
( )
6
10 75
2
=
xy
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6
10 75 , 10 400

A
( ) ( ) ( )
9 6 2
2
10 309 10 75 100 400

=
(
+ = R
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Computing the in-plane principal strains, we have

From the circle, the maximum in-plane shear strain is

From the above results, we have

Thus the Mohrs circle is as follow,

Solutions
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
6 6
min
6 6
max
10 409 10 309 100
10 209 10 309 100

= =
= + =
c
c
( ) | |( ) ( ) (Ans) 10 618 10 409 209
6 6
min max plane in max

= = = c c
( ) ( ) 10 409 , 0 , 10 209
6
min int
6
max

= = = c c c
MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS BY STRAIN
ROSETTES
Ways of arranging 3 electrical-resistance strain gauges

In general case (a):
c c xy c y c x c
b b xy b y b x b
a a xy a y a x a
u u u c u c c
u u u c u c c
u u u c u c c
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
cos sin sin cos
2 2
2 2
2 2
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
VARIABLE SOLUTIONS
Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions
MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS BY STRAIN
ROSETTES (cont)
In 45 strain rosette [case (b)],

In 60 strain rosette [case (c)],

( )
c a b xy
c y
a x
o o o
o o
o o
+ =
=
=
2
( )
( )
c b xy
a c b y
a x
c c
c c c c
c c
+ =
+ =
=
3
2
2 2
2
1
EXAMPLE 5
The state of strain at point A on the bracket in Fig. 1017a is
measured using the strain rosette shown in Fig. 1017b. Due
to the loadings, the readings from the gauges give

Determine the in-plane principal strains at the point and the
directions in which they act.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6
10 264 , 10 135 , 10 60

= = =
c b a
c c c
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Measuring the angles counter-clockwise,

By substituting the values into the 3 strain-transformation equations, we
have

Using Mohrs circle, we have A(60(10
-6
), 60(10
-6
)) and center C (153(10
-6
),
0).

Solutions
= = = 120 and 60 , 0
c b a
u u u
( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6
10 149 , 10 246 , 10 60

= = =
z y x
c c c
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
(Ans) 3 . 19
, 10 9 . 33
, 10 272
10 1 . 119 10 5 . 74 60 153
p2
6
1
6
1
6 6 2
2
=
=
=
=
(
+ =

u
c
c
R
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Use the principle of superposition

Use Poissons ratio,

Use Hookes Law (as it applies in the uniaxial direction),
al longitudin lateral
uc c =
E o c =
( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) | |
y x z z z x y y z y x x
v
E
v
E
v
E
o o o c o o o c o o o c + = + = + =
1
,
1
,
1
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (cont)
Use Hookes Law for shear stress and shear strain

Note:
xz xz yz yz xy xy
G G G
t t t
1

1

1
= = =
( ) v
E
G
+
=
1 2
Dilatation (i.e. volumetric strain )
z y x
V
v
e c c c
o
+ + = =
( )
z y x
E
v
e o o o + +
=
2 1
For special case of hydrostatic loading,

Where the right-hand side is defined as bulk modulus R,
i.e.

( ) v
E
e
P
p
z y x
2 1 3
=
= = = o o o
( ) v
E
k
2 1 3
=
EXAMPLE 6
The copper bar in Fig. 1024 is subjected to a uniform
loading along its edges as shown. If it has a length a = 300
mm, b = 500 mm, and t = 20 mm before the load is applied,
determine its new length, width, and thickness after
application of the load. Take 34 . 0 , GPa 120 = =
cu cu
v E
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
From the loading we have

The associated normal strains are determined from the generalized
Hookes law,

The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore

Solutions
0 , 80 , MPa 500 , MPa 800 = = = =
z x y x
o t o o
( ) ( ) ( ) 000850 . 0 , 00643 . 0 , 00808 . 0 = + = = + = = + =
y x
z
z z x
y
y z y
x
x
E
v
E E
v
E E
v
E
o o
o
c o o
o
c o o
o
c
( )
( )( )
( )( ) (Ans) mm 98 . 19 20 000850 . 0 20 '
(Ans) mm 68 . 49 50 00643 . 0 50 '
(Ans) mm 4 . 302 300 00808 . 0 300 '
= + =
= + =
= + =
t
b
a
THEORIES OF FAILURE (for ductile material)
Maximum-shear-stress theory (or Tresca yield criterion)
2
max
Y
o
t =
THEORIES OF FAILURE (for ductile material) (cont)
For plane-stress cases:

} signs opposite have ,
signs same have ,
2 1 2 1
2 1
2
1
o o o o o
o o
o o
o o
Y
Y
Y
=

)
=
=
Maximum-distortion-energy theory (or Von Mises
criterion):

Applying Hookes Law yields

oc
2
1
= u
( ) | |
2 3 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
o o o o o o o o o + + + + = v
E
u
For plane or biaxial-stress cases:
2 2
2 2 1
2
1 Y
o o o o o = +
Maximum-normal-stress theory (for materials having
equal strength in tension and compression)

Maximum principle stress
1
in the material reaches a
limiting value that is equal to the ultimate normal stress
the material can sustain when it is subjected to simple
tension.
ult 2
ult 1
o o
o o
=
=
Mohrs failure criterion (for materials having different
strength in tension and compression
Perform 3 tests on the material to obtain the failure
envelope
Circle A represents compression test results
1
=
2
=
0,
3
= (
ult
)
c
Circle B represents tensile test results,
1
= (
ult
)
t
,
2
=
3
= 0
Circle C represents pure
torsion test results, reaching the
ult
.
EXAMPLE 7
The solid shaft has a radius of 0.5 cm and is made of steel
having a yield stress of
Y
= 360 MPa. Determine if the
loadings cause the shaft to fail according to the maximum-
shear-stress theory and the maximum-distortion-energy
theory.

EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Since maximum shear stress caused by the torque, we have

Principal stresses can also be obtained using the stress-transformation
equations,

Solutions
( )
( )
( )
MPa 5 . 165 kN/cm 55 . 16
5 . 0
2
5 . 0 25 . 3
MPa 195 kN/cm 10 . 19
5 . 0
15
2
4
2
= = = =
= = = =
t
t
t
o
J
Tc
A
P
xy
x
MPa 6 . 286 and MPa 6 . 95
2 2
2 1
2
2
2 , 1
= =
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=

xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
o
EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Since the principal stresses have opposite signs, the absolute maximum
shear stress will occur in the plane,

Thus, shear failure of the material will occur according to this theory.

Using maximum-distortion-energy theory,

Using this theory, failure will not occur.
Solutions
( )
360 2 . 382
360 6 . 286 6 . 95

2 1
>
s
s
Y
o o o
( )
( )( ) ( ) | |
129600 9 . 118677
360 6 . 286 6 . 286 6 . 95 6 . 95

2
2
2
2 2
2 2 1
2
1
s
s
s +
Y
o o o o o
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statement is incorrect?

a) Dilatation is caused only by normal strain, not shear strain.

b) When Poissons ratio approaches 0.5, the bulk modulus tends to
infinity and the material behaves like incompressible.

c) Von Mises failure criterion is not suitable for ductile material.

d) Mohrs failure criterion is not suitable for brittle material having
different strength in tension and compression.

Lecture 5 Strain Transformation

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Lecture 5 Strain Transformation

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Chapter Objectives

Navigate between rectilinear co-ordinate system for strain

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