CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Water is the most important elements needed for basic life support, environment, ecosystem and development. Foundation for economic development and improving quality of life is the source of good quality water (Hammer, 1996). Increase in population, urbanization and uneven distribution of rainfall has exposed the rivers that become the main source of water supply to the pressure that led to the problem of flooding, drought, degradation of water quality and the environment. To enable the river serves as a source of water, flow systems, hydro power, food, eco-tourism and other resources it is imperative that this water be conserved and must be kept clean and not contaminated. With the acceleration of development of water supply also needs to continue to increase.

There are many natural and man-made lake in the country that serves as the main source of water for various uses and habitat for aquatic life (Hammer, 1996). Rapid development has resulted in many catchment areas upstream lakes receive significant effect on the capacity of the lake, water quality and flows. Other foreign countries have implemented water programs between academic science to study the status of the lakes and the threats in terms of quantity and quality issues. Therefore, a detailed study should be done to identify the status of lakes in the country and recommend appropriate remedial measures lakes, environmental management strategies and also the basis for planning and recovery management and conservation of lakes in Malaysia.

1.2 Background of Problem

Lake Hi-Tech Zone 1 was a lake which is located in an industrial area and the lake near the plant First Solar is a factory that produces solar panels. This lake is rarely used for recreational purposes or recreational. This is because it is far from the placement of students and lack of promotion of the existence of the lake itself. This situation causes the environment and the lake itself becomes disorganized and less of a pull. However, the existence of this lake has formed an ecosystem which supports a number of species of flora and fauna. Lakes and rivers are inhabited by several species of aquatic life as well as several other animal species such as fish, lizards, turtles and others. Figure 1.1: Project site layout plan

As explained above, the presence of impurities will affect water quality in the lake. Although the lake is rarely used for recreational activities such as fishing, it is important to the beauty of the lake has always cared for the purpose of preventing the occurrence of problems for residents around the lake as the spread of disease and odor problems. The presence of a very high percentage of impurities can cause serious aesthetic problem in water bodies. When the color of the water body has changed, this will eliminate the interests of the visitors to come and recreation at the lake.

Presence of impurities are expected not to damage the ecosystem akuastik life living in the lake and can damage the drainage routes in the vicinity of the inlet and outlet of the lake. Drainage will be coated with dark brown silt. This will impair the scenery around the lake. Other problems expected to arise is the fishy smell and taste of the water they drink tastes bitter and is not suitable for recreational purposes. This will cause inconvenience to visitors.

Based on initial monitoring around the lake, most likely the problems of water quality of lakes is caused by water flowing from a solar panel manufacturing plant located near the lake as well as factories in Industrial Zone Phase 1. Channel factories chemicals and untreated toxic directly into the drains and streams which in turn will flow into this lake. In addition, other possibilities are as of the remnants of rubbish discarded by visitors and lack of supervision of the relevant parties to monitor continuously kabersihan lake.

1.3 Research Objectives

There are several things to be studied and analyzed, and hopefully can bring benefits that are useful in understanding and knowing the level of fitness and class Lake Hi-Tech Zone 1 is for recreational use and so on. The main objective of this study will be conducted to analyze the phenomenon of the presence of impurities in the lake. Lake Hi-Tech Zone 1 is the scope of the study area was selected. This study is very important to know the percentage of impurities in the lake.

Among the matters to be discussed and goals to be achieved in this study are:

A. To find out the content of impurities present in the lake, whether a high concentration or vice versa.

Two. Identify the main causes of the presence of impurities in the lake.

1.4 Scope of Work

The scope of this study are concentrated in the Lake Hi-Tech Zone 1. This is because there is a problem of excessive trash in the area. The study site was conducted to identify the presence of impurities content and composition in the lake. This study include: -

A. In-situ experiments on water quality parameters of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity.

Two. Laboratory experiments involving the analysis of the physical parameters of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS).

The study was conducted at three stations that cover the entire Lake Hi-Tech Zone 1. Twice the sampling experiments will be conducted at such times as specified.

CHAPTER 2

STUDY LATERATUR

2.1 Introduction

Work on lake water quality status monitoring to detect any changes in lake water that can affect humans and the environment. This monitoring shall be conducted from time to time by the relevant authorities such as Department of Environment (DOE), particularly that of the environment while always guaranteed.

As we know, pollution is caused by industrial areas, waste dosmetik, visitors who throw rubbish into the lake, and so forth. Between pollution produced are like plastic,

oil, sewage, and biological contaminants. It has an adverse effect on aquatic organisms and the ecosystem of the lake.

2.2 Theory

Lake pollution category is divided into three, namely contamination of the physical, biological, and chemical.

A. Physical pollution is pollution that does not dissolve in water as rubbish metal, paper, glass and silt.

Two. Biological pollution is the pollution caused by organic materials such as animal faeces. This material may lead to the emergence of bacteria such as coli or E coli Ezcherichia, nematode worms and other microbes.

Three. While chemical pollution is the contamination from chemicals dissolved from physical and biological pollutants and heavy metals.

2.3 Causes of Water Pollution Lake

Lake pollution caused by land development and release of waste or effluent into the drainage system and into the lake. Contaminants released into the water usually consists of sewage, chemical waste, oil spills, sediment and waste terms.

I. Resources from the Mainland

Pollution arising from land areas contributing to most of the lake water pollution. Typically water pollution sources located in the plateau lakes are the activities of industry, urban development, construction, aquaculture is not limited and uncontrolled. Most of the contaminants from land draining into the lake water.

II. Manufacturing Industry

Among the resulting pollution from the industrial sector are heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead. It is a risk to aquatic life when the accumulated sediment is very dangerous policy to human health when it is contained in aquatic organisms in food by humans, such as fish and others.

III. Domestic

Sewage in terms of housing (domestic) and industrial effluents such as waste containing organic matter and biological contaminants released into waters without prior treatment given. It will cause outbreaks of disease because sewage contains bacteria and microorganisms (pathogens) that could pose a threat to human health. In addition, the amount of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can lead to reduction of oxygen can be harmful to aquatic organisms. Nutrient enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus also cause eutrophication, which encourages the development of algae and lead to reduction of oxygen. It can kill aquatic organisms and affect the diversity and reduce the amount.

IV. Agriculture and Livestock

Chemicals used to kill or control pest or plant disease and insect pests of agriculture. Use of these materials such as pesticides (pesticides) and fertilizer (manure) will cause pollution of groundwater and surface. Runoff from this land would contribute to increased nutrients, thereby affecting aquatic organisms. In addition, organic pollution from animal farming is one of the factors of pollution, particularly pig and poultry farming. The flow of untreated waste as manure, dead-animal carcasses and waste processing resulting in reduced quality of natural water.

V. Solid Waste

Solid waste is not biodegradable, such as garbage, plastic, construction waste, Cardboard, rubber, glass, metal, medical waste and food waste thrown into the lake is dangerous. It will interfere with the activities of aquatic life and aesthetic damage to lake water.

VI. Precipitation

Precipitates, and particles siltation caused by activities such as disclosing the ground (land clearing, land reclamation, timber) will cause soil erosion and increase the flow of sediment or soil runoff into the drainage system such as a lake. The effect of this activity will increase turbidity and reduce light penetration of water and aquatic in growth.

VII. Dissolved Okigen

Dissolved oxygen is the oxygen present in water and is the most important measure of water quality. This is because oxygen is a basic need such as fish and aquatic

microorganisms. Without oxygen all lakes and rivers of life can not survive and reproduce. Dissolved oxygen value drops off rapidly will result in increased water temperature and water will be contaminated when the lower oxygen solubility.

VIII. Temperature

Temperature is the physical properties of water can affect aquatic life. High temperatures may cause plants in water and aquatic life threatened terggangu. Temperature can also influence biological activity in water. This is because the majority of microorganisms such as bacteria will become more active at high temperatures, this can lead to increased bacterial growth rate and grew faster. Effects of high bacteria cause an increase of dissolved oxygen decreases the degree of the response of bacteria such as aerobic bacteria use oxygen to obtain food. Lack of oxygen will cause the plant and aquatic life can not survive.

IX. The pH value

pH is the amount of hydrogen ions present in the samples. pH is used to determine the acidity and alkalinity of the sample. Hydrogen ions into more acidic solutions, while the lack of hydrogen ions will make the solution alkaline. Aquatic organisms and bacteria are sensitive to changes in pH. If the pH value is low, the life aquatic organisms will be threatened and metal erosion will also occur. pH can be determined using litmus paper, pH meter and calorimeter methods.

X. Suspended solids content (SS)

Suspended solids are particles suspended in the lake and can not be dissolved in water. Suspended solids consist of particles of organic and inorganic particles. The particle size of suspended solids is typically greater than 0001 mm. Microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses may be contained in the suspended matter. Some examples of suspended solids such as plastic, wood, paper, dead, and so forth.

Suspended solids in the lake would cause various problems arise such as changes in odor, turbidity, aesthetic value and damage aquatic habitat. The quantity of suspended solids can be determined through laboratory tests by means of filtration and weighing of heavy particles which remain on the filter paper. The quantity of suspended solids that remain on the filter paper will show whether the solids content in lake water tested high or vice versa.

XI. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the oxygen required by microorganisms to megurai biodegradable organic material in nature. BOD value is inversely proportional to the DO. The higher the BOD value the lower the DO in the test sample. By the BOD value in the contaminated water is high.

XII. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

COD is the amount of oxygen needed in the oxidation of chemical compounds tested. COD test better than the BOD test for the oxidation of a shorter time to oxidize almost all organic materials tested as highlighted in the lake.

XIII. Ammonia Nitrogen

It results from the oxidation of organic nitrogen and is a source of nutrients to plants. However, at high concentrations it can impact on fish poisoning (concentration of 2 mg / L). Ammonia in water will usually undergo a process of nitrification is the conversion of ammonia to nitrate.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The research methodology is a way, method or approach used to achieve other objectives of the study to facilitate the search process and review the information collection. Several studies to be done to obtain information relevant. Among the methods to be used is a review of the study area, sampling, interviews with the parties concerned with water and the environment, scientific reference materials, magazines and internet.

Addition of water analysis methods measuring either parameter in situ or laboratory tests should be conducted to obtain relevant data to complete this study.

Samples were collected at the lake near the plant First Solar will be taken on every week for six weeks.

I. Method of Study

I. Review of Study Area

Initial survey of the study area is very important to obtain an initial overview of the actual situation of the study area. Through this review a more detailed study can be done to ensure that operations run smoothly and study regularly. Way to go to take a sample of the study area should also be determined through this survey that there is no transportation problems that will arise when it is time to take samples. In addition the parties concerned should also be identified to be contacted for permission and information about the study area.

II. The interview method

Interviews with parties related to the water is a means to obtain information related to the study area. Eg Department of Environment is responsible for ensuring the monitoring of water and rivers and lakes that are in non-polluted. The show involves information related to the field work done by the DOE, the parameters involved in the test water quality, sources of water pollution, water pollution control measures and other relevant information.

III. Scientific Reference Materials

Information from reference sources such as books and magazines to increase the understanding of the research topic. In addition there are books in the Library of Lambunao, journals and articles is also an important source of information. Gathering information from lecturers who are experts in this field is also important that the studies conducted did not deviate from the objectives of the study. Other sources such as browsing the Internet and also the last report of the study can also be used as additional reference to get more information and updates.

IV. Taking samples

Sampling is one of the important activities in this study. 5 samples will be taken and brought back to the lab for the test. Samples will be taken on every week on time and location specified. Before taking samples of some of the things you need to take particular care with respect to how to bring the sample to the laboratory. This is to maintain the original condition and results of the sample so that accurate readings can be obtained experimentally.

V. In-situ measurement parameters

Paremeter water quality can be measured in-situ or brought to the laboratory to be tested and analyzed. In-situ measurements usually use meters can senag phones brought to the study area as the DO probe and probe tool HORIBA Water Quality Checker U10. Among the parameters that can be measured in-situ is dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity values.

VI. Measurement of samples in the laboratory

Parameters that can not be measured using the in-situ can be measured in the laboratory by specific experiments. Method of storage, preservation and storage containers of water samples for the measurement of parameters to be managed for laboratory analysis. Each sample should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion. The label on the sample must have no record of the sample, collector name, collection date and time, place and method of preservation. The parameters to be tested in the laboratory is as BOD, COD, Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Suspended Solids. The instrument used to test samples in the lab is like Spektrofometer DR4000, heaters, tools to measure BOD, suspended solids penurusan equipment and spare others.