Introduction --First computers became more visual, then they took a step further to understand vocal commands and

now they have gone a step further and became TOUCHY, that is skin to screen A touch screen is the simplest, most direct way for a person to interact with a computer. The basic way users interact with a touch screen is age-old. You point to what you want. It's intuitive for virtually every child and adult in the world today. 2 histry Touchscreens emerged from academic and corporate research labs in the second half of the 1960s. One of the first places where they gained some visibility was in computer-assisted learning that was used in 1972 as part of the PLATO(Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) project. They have subsequently become familiar in kiosk systems, such as in retail and tourist settings, on point of sale systems, on ATMs and on PDA (personal digital assistant ) where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the screen and to enter data. 3 1 pt touch /multi Until the early 1980s, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and only few hadthe capability to sense how hard one is Touching the screen. This is starting to change with the emergence of Multi Touch technology. Multi touch refers to a touch sensing surface's (touchscreen) ability to recognize the presence of two or more points of contact with the surface at a time. 4 attributes It enables one to interact with what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than indirectly with a mouse or touchpad. It lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand. 5 how technology diffrnt 1.No special commands to learn. 2.No use of keyboards etc. 3.Entering wrong information is impossible. 4.No fear of damage or lost of loose hardware pieces. 5 construction In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are typically four layers; Top polyester layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the bottom Adhesive spacer Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the top Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting. When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical current that flows through all the layers to the display and the result is displayed on the screen 6 sensor A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface.The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change

7 controllr The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the PC. The controller determines what type of interface/connection you will need on the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can understand. 8drivr The driver is a software that allows the touch screen and computer to work together. This makes touching the screen as same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This allows the touchscreen to work with existing software and allows new applications to be developed. 9 resistive The most common touchscreen technology. used in high-traffic applications immune to water or other debris on the screen. lowest-cost touchscreen implementation. 10 A resistive touchscreen panel is composed of several layers. The most important are two thin metallic electrically conductive and resistive layers separated by thin space. When some object touches this kind of touch panel , the layers are connected at a certain point. The panel electrically acts similar to two voltage dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current which causes a touch event and then it is sent to the controller for processing.

11 capacitive A capacitive touchscreen panel is coated with a material, typically indium tin oxide, that conducts a continuous electrical current across the sensor. The sensor therefore display a precisely controlled field of stored electrons in both the horizontal and vertical axes - it achieves capacitance. The human body is also an electrical device which has stored electrons and therefore also display capacitance. Capacitive sensors work based on proximity, and do not have to be directly touched. Proximity Sensor in phones is that it detects how close the screen of the phone is to your body. This allows the phone to sense when you have brought the phone up to your ear. At that point, the display turns off in order to save battery. It also stops detecting touches, as to avoid unwanted input, until you take the phone away from your ear. 20 capacitive It has a higher clarity than Resistive technology, but it only responds to finger contact and will not work with a gloved hand or pen stylus. Capacitive touch screens can also support Multi touch. A good example of this is Apple's iPhone and iPod Touch, and HTC's T Mobile G1. 21 Projective capacitive This technology offers superior optical clarity it has significant advantages over surface-capacitive screens.

 Projected capacitive sensors require no positional calibration and provide much higher positional accuracy. can detect multiple touches simultaneously. 22 Surface-capacitive touchscreens much clearer display than the plastic cover. sensors in the four corners of the display detect capacitance changes due to touch. activated by a finger or other conductive object. The sensor's controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel: the larger the change in capacitance, the closer the touch is to that corner. 25 advantages Creates the perception of touching physical buttons and switches Provides fast, tactile response synchronized with sound and graphics Enhances usability, particularly for noisy or distracting environments Helps improve user performance, productivity, and safety Programmability can be used to further enhance usability Diminishes the effects of device complexity Generates performance and differentiation advantages 28 applications Customer Self-Service Gas stations Restaurants Grocery stores Bank cash advance and teller machines Control and Automation Systems Hospital and hotel directories (check-in, registration) Banks and Financial Reporting, Point of sales Computer Based Training Used in smart class. Presentations. Colleges .,Institutions .