You are on page 1of 88

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdpnf;kH;a&;aumfrwD.

au;a=umfoH

twGJ (1)

trSw(8) f

2012 rwfv

rmwd u m
ESp(20) ed*;Hk csKyfe@J a&S@vyief;(2) f kf pDtiaaat(CIA) nerL; bmvkyz@dk vmrSmvJ(6) dk f fS f NLD . tajymif;tvJ(7) umwGe;f aeOD;. umwGe;f vuf&mrsm;(9-10) 'Drua&pD-+ir;f csr;f a&;-(11) dk d jynfoawG vkcsiwhJ jynfwi;f +ir;f csr;f a&;(13) l d f G d aemufjyefrqkwawmhw(15) f hJ 'Drua&pDc&D; reD;ao;bl;(18) dk b,fo@l twGuf 'Drua&pD(21) dk wHv#yudk wHv#yv@dk y(22) f f J uk,pnf;0ki;f xJ r#m;ac:+y;D (24) d hf d vkaewmu qif}u;D avmuf(28) d jynfo@l tusK;d aqmif=ur,f(33) h wyfrawmf tiftm;&Sr(35) dS ppfvuf0g;}u;D tkyf ajr,mOya'=urf;(37) v,f,mpkuysK;d a&;ESi(42) d f hf Ekiia&;'\e vrf;cG(45) dfH J qk&,vpfwyfrL;rsm; tyki;f (1)(47) d S f S d nxJu =u,f(51) tm&S ypdzwu=H urRm(62) d f tm&yfaEGO;D ppfwrf;w&yf(66) tm&S ypdzwa'ouk(67) d f d 2011 twGi;f owif;(10) ck (69) ta&S@ar#mvmwJh 0g&iwef(74) f Sf &k&m;qk&,'ru&ufwpf(76) S d S f D dk ,cif qkA,uf jynfaxmifp(81) dD k uGejf rLepf0g'. rlrsm(85) =um;jzwfa&G;aumufy(87) JG acgi;f }u;D aqmif;yg;(88)

A[kpnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf d

ESp(20) ed*;Hk csKye@J a&S@vyief; f f kf


Armjynfuejf rLepfygw/D A[dpnf;H;k a&;aumfrwD G k (COC)

(1) 2012 ckESpf rwfvwGif ygwD (A[dk) . wm0efudk A[dk pnf;H;k a&;aumfrwD (COC) u ,lcwm ESpf hJ (20) wif;wif; jynfcyg+yD? 1985 A[daumfrwDu h hJ k 1990 a&G;aumufyukd oydwrarSmufz@kd / NLD udk JG f rJyHkatmay;=uzdk@ jynfolvlxkodk@ aqmf=oonfh a=unmcsuxw+f yD;aemuf (COC) zG@J pnf;a&;udyJ f k k vkyconf? (1992) rwfvusrS (COC) pwif zG@J f hJ pnf;+yD;onf? (1992) rS (2012) txd ESpf (20) twGi;f vkycwhJ vkyief;rsm;udk aygi;f csKyfo;kH oyf+yD; f hJ f Ted*Hk;csKyfcsufudk wifjyygonf? (2) Auy. oufwrf; (70) ausmfwGif tedrfhusqHk; tcse/f tiftm;tenf;qH;k tcsewif A[dwm0efukd d d f G k ,lcJh&jcif;jzpfojzifh tcuftcJtvGef}uD;cJhygonf? Ed k i f i H a &;e,f y ,f w G i f -

ES p f (20) ed * H k ; csKyf c suf e J @ a&S @ vk y f i ef ; Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD / A[d k p nf ; H k ; a&;aumf r wD (COC) uwif j yonf (rwf v / 2012)

- ppftkyfpk. tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;udk &ifqdkifcJh&Hkomru tpOftvmrdwfzuf tif tm;pkrsm;uyg 0di;f y,fwmudk }uKHc&onf? tus,cs@J rwifjyawmhyg? odyrsm;ygonf? k hJ f f tawG ; tac:e,f y ,f w G i f - vpfb&,f'rua&pD0g'u tqufrjywfx;kd ESuwucuwmudk cHc&onf? pmeJ@ayeJ@ D kd f kd f kd f hJ a&;=uwmjzpfvdk@ &Sm+yD;zwfEdkifonf? vuf a wG @ Ed k i f i H a &;e,f y ,f w G i f - NLD u twufq;kH tcsermrS Auy u tedrq;kH tcsejf zpfaeojzifh Auy ajymor# d f S hf d t}uHjyKcsuf rSefor#udk ypfy,fwmcH&onf? ydkqdk;onfrSm NLD wGif;rS wdk;wuf wufu ormorwfusol tm;vH;k avmufukd ppftpd;k &u axmifoi;f tusO;f csay; G xm;onf? Armjynf. Ediia&;vufawG@rsm;udk ordi;f eJ@cs+D yD; enf;ay;vrf;jy t}uHay; kfH k vkyfEdkifolrsm;uvnf; tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfum wppauvGifhukef=uonf? Ed k i f i H w umh e ,f y ,f w G i f - tar&duefu igwaumaumonf? ppftpdk;&udk 0dkif;y,fonf? tpdk;&tajymif; tvJvyz@kd }udK;pm;onf? 'Dvvyav ppftpd;k &u wkw&ifcixJ wd;k 0ifav jzpfchJ k f kd k f f Gf onf? orRwbk&SfvufxufwGif ppftpdk;&eJ@wkwf r[mrdwfjyKr_ cdkif+rJoGm;cJhonf? 2

Auyudkvnf; wEG,fiifwpifyg xdk;ESufp&m jzpfoGm;onf? wkwfqef@usifa&;rSm Auy ryg&aumif;vm;vdk@ jypfwifarmif;rJ=uonf? 'gu ESpf (20) &J@ yxr (10) ESpyi;f rSmjzpfcwmawGyg? ygwD raoa&; }udK;yrf;cJ&wmawGyg? aemuf f kd hJ h (10) ESpfrSmawmh Auy raobl;qdkwm aocsmoGm;onf? ppftpdk;&a&m rdwfaqGrsm;yg wpHkw&m tod trSwfjyKvm&onf? ppftpd;k &u (olw@kd ajymwJh Auy vufuse) udk a'owckay;+yD; +idr;f tzG@J vkyz@kd wd;k wd;k wdwwwf f f f d urf;vSr;f vmonf? Auy u ,wdjywfy,fcsvuonf? ESpzuf oabmwlonfh wdi;f a&;jynf&mudp}P uD; kd f f k rsm;udk aqG;aEG;=u&ef/ aqG;aEG;yGukd jynfwi;f rSmvky&ef/ v#Kd @0u+f yD;aqG;aEG;um oabmwlncsu&=urS wdi;f J G f S D f k jynfo@kd wifjy&ef (Auy) u tqdjk yKcJonf? ta=umif;jyefcsuf r&cJyg? h h rdwaqGrsm;uvnf; Auy udk olw@kd . wyfaygi;f pk rsm;wGif yg0if&ef csO;f uyf=uonf? od@k aomf f wd;k wd;k wdwww? Auy u olw@kd tajctaeudk em;vnfv@kd jy\emr&Syg? tm;vH;k od@k acgi;f pD;wyf+yD; f d f d rdrdwdk@}uHqcsufudkyJ (Auy) u wifjycJhonf? ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolwOD;owfrSwfxm;+yD; Armjynf&J@vufawG@ EdkifiHa&;udpPrsm; tay:wGif xm;&Sdonfh tjrif/ oabmxm;ESifhvkyfief;rsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm wifjycJh ygonf? 2008 aemufyi;f rSmawmh Ediiwumhtajctaeuvnf; ajymif; oGm;jyefonf? Armjynfppftpd;k &u kd kfH rif;qd;k rif;npf&@J a&S@wef;pcef; r[kwawmh? xdawG@qufq&r,fh (pnf;H;k &r,f) tpd;k & jzpfonf[k tar&d f H h uefu oabmxm;vmonf?

ArmjynfrSmuvnf; vrf;jyajryHk (7) csuf atmifjrif+yD; v$wf awmfawG/ orRwawGeJ@ jzpfvm+yD? 'ga=umifh ppftkyfpku tar&duef&J@ xdawG@qufqHr_udk vdkvm;onf? }udKqdkvdkufonf? NLD vrf;pOfajymif;zdk@ jzpfvmonf? tajymif;tvJ jrefqefvmonf? NLD u wifa&; 0ifa&; qH;k jzwfonf? 'gu olw@kd up? Auy u axmufcwm rvkyovdk uef@uuf d P H f G wmvnf; rvkyf? odk@aomf 'Dvrf;a=umif;udk 0uFygvrf;vdk t0ifvG,fvdk@ txGufcufvdrfhrnf[k jrifonf? EdkifiHwumhtajctaeuvnf; tcktwdkif; worwfwnf;&SdaerSm r[kw? tar&duef-wkwf vGeqyu onf;oefjyif;xefvmvdrrnf? AD,uf f f JG JG hf erfppfy+JG yD;uwnf;u +idraeaom ANZUS (tar&duef/ =opa=w;vse@J e,l; f ZDvef ppfr[mrdwtzG@J ) jyef+yD;v_yvy&m;&Sm;jzpfvm+yD; wkwuvnf; Arm f f _ f S f jynfrm ausmufjzL-a&$v-cGerif; a&eH"mwfaiG@yuvi;f pDrue;f aqmif&uf S D f kd f kd H d G ae+yD? 'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrDu Armvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road) a=umifh *syef&J@tmHkusr_ cH&um ppfyGJtwGif; qGJoGif;cH&ovdkjzpfrSmudk rdrdwdk@ pdk;&drf ygonf? jynfwi;f tajctaeuvnf; tcktwdi;f wnf&aerSmr[kw? ppfAsL G k dS f dku&uf t&if;&SifpepfeJ@ taygif;toif; a&mif;&if; (Crony) "e&Sifpepf a=umifh tvkyform;/ v,form;/ +rdK@aevlvwfwef;pm;rsm; jzLumjymum

3
321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321 321098765432121098765432109876543210987654321

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

usae+yD? trsdK;om;t&if;&Sif rsm;vnf; vkyfief;udkifief;usyfwnf;=uvS+yD? EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJxuf pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&; tajymif;tvJudk olwdk@vdkvm;awmifhwae=u+yD? Armjynf tmqD,HOuUjzpfwmxuf tmqD,HvGwfvyfwJh ukefoG,fa&;a'oxJ Armjynf ygvm&if tusdK;xuf tqdk;jzpfvmavrvm;qdkwm pdk;&drfae=u+yD? rdrw@kd b,favmuftoifjh yif+yD;+yDv? a&$ausmif;ajymifajymif 0rf;acgiacgi jzpf=urvm;qdwmudk awG; d J f f k awm ylyefae=u+yD? ygvrefvrf;a=umif;jzifh wpwpjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; NLD vkyrmudk rdrw@kd ruef@uuyg? od@k aomf atmifjrifrnf[k D f S d G f rxifyg? ppftkyfpku ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;xJrSm usifvnfcJhwm =umvS+yD? acwfeJ@tnD tajymif;tvJvkyfwmrSm olw@kd u u|r;f usionf? Ediia&;av b,fbufuwduaeovJqwmudk odonf? ta&mifajymif;zd@k vnf; 0efrav;? f kfH k f kd ta&S@av wduaewke;f u jrefrmhq&,vpf taemufav wduawmh pnf;urf;&Sw'rua&pD vkywmud=k unfh k f kd S f k f d hJ D kd f v#if &Sif;onf? ukefukefajym&v#if trsdK;om;0HomEk zufqpfvufopf vkyfzdk@vnf; 0efav;=urnf r[kwf? BEDC u UMEH - MEC wdk@txd odr;ydu&&Sxm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;vuf 0g;}uD;tkyrukd vufrv$w&zd@k yJ f k f d f _ f olwdk@vkyf=uvdrfhrnf? 1990 aemufyi;f rSm e0wetz u anmifEpyif nDvmcHtwke@J Ediia&;upm;cJovdk tckvnf; 2008 kd S f kfH h tjccHOya'udk udkif+yD; EdkifiHa&;upm;vdrfhrnf? =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrSm b,fvdk&v'f xGufvmrvJqdkwmudk apmifh=unfhygrnf? 2015 taxGaxGa&G;aumufytwGuf b,fvOya'awG jymef;vmrvJqwmvnf; apmif=h unfh JG kd kd ygrnf? NLD u ygvDrefxJ0if+yD; 2008 tajccHOya' udk b,f[mup+yD; jyKjyifzdk@ vkyfrvJ qdkwmudk odcsifygonf? bmup+yD; jyKjyifzdk@vkyfrvJqdkwmudk apmifh=unfhygrnf? ygvDref jyifyvrf;a=umif;rSae+yD; tm;ay;ygrnf? Auy . oabmxm;udk &Si;f atmif wifjyygrnf? ygvDrefy vrf;a=umif;onf t"dujzpfonf? ygvDrefvrf;a=umif;. t&efr[kwf? tpG,ftyGm;r[kwf[k cH,lonf? ygvDrefvrf;a=umif;wGif;rS NLD . vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tjyKoabmjzifh a0zefoGm;rnf? uzsuf,zsufvkyfrnf r[kwf? tcsKyfoabmjzifh wifjyvdkonfrSm ESpf 20 wGi;f Auy vkycwmu yxr (10) ESpavmufu temukpm;ae&csejf zpfonf? 'kwd f hJ f d , (10) ESpfu emvefxcsdef jzpfonf? vkyfEdkifpGrf;tm; odyfr&Sdyg? odk@jzpfI Auy . }uHqcsuf udk tm;vH;k od@k wifjyonfenf;yJ vkyc&onf? 'Drkd 2006 }uHqcsuukd wifjyawmh wcsKd @u Auy q&mvkyf h f hJ f onf[k xif=uonf? yxr tm;pkxm;/ jynfo@l qENc,y usrS tife@J tm;eJ@ wduzsuypfa&;udk oabm H l JG k f f rawG@=u? tqifwi;f wduzsurnf [k qd=k uonf? od@k aomf tqifwi;f bmrSysuatmif rvkyEi? h kd k f f h kd f f kd f tckawmh tdrfjyef=u&awmhrnf? EdkifiHwumhtajctae ajymif;oGm;cJh+yD? tdrjf yefrjyefupu ud,tajctaet& vky=f u&rnfh olw@kd udpjP zpfonf? uef@uup&mrvdovdk d P k hf G f k axmufcHp&mvnf; rvdkyg? pdkaomvuf rajcmufzdk@ }udK;pm;ygrnf? Auy bmvkyrvJ? f 1990 uwnf;u ,l*sqif;xm;+yD; jzpfonf? D vufeufuiwuyJG A/S umvu Ediiwumhuejf rLepfvy&m;r_e@J tqufjywfaecJonf? U/G umv kd f kd f kfH G _ f S h rSmawmh us,us,jf yef@jyef@ qufqEiconf? qufq&mwGivnf; 21 &mpk rmhup0g' udk olw@kd b,fvpOf;pm; f H kd f hJ H f f f kd ovJ qkwmudk t"duxm;onf? d olwdk@wdkif;jynftajctaet& olwdk@bmvkyfovJqdkwm avhvmonf? olw@kd u odvv#if Armjynftajc kd taeudk ajymjyonf? Auy bmvkyaeovJqwm ajymjyonf? f kd 4

uGejf rLepfygwrsm;wGivnf; wcsKd @ tm%m&/ wcsKd @u tm%m t0ef;t0di;f twGi;f / wcsKd @u Oya'wGi;f / D f k wcsKd @u Oya'y (Oya'yu enf;onf? Auy eJ@ wcsKd @yJ &Sonf?) d olw@kd ue*&ufrsm;udk wufEiv#if wufonf? o0%fvmawmif;v#if ay;onf? G f kd f $ 'DtvkyfawGudk qufvkyfrnf? vufeufuiwuyJG A/S omefukd t&efa&G;cs,p&mtjzpf xm;&onfh ta=umif;udk wifjyvdonf? kd f kd f f k Auy udk acwfajymif;awmfvea&;vkyz@kd xlaxmifxm;wm jzpfonf? 'ga=umifvnf; puwnf;u S f f h rw&m;oif; a=unmcH&onf? Oya'wGif;a&mufwmuvnf; *syefawmfvSefa&;vd_if;udk pD;+yD; a&mufwm jzpfonf? (3) ESpyJ =umonf? f 1948 rSm vufeufuiwuyJG wduonf? rwduv#if Auy zsuor;f +yD; jzpfvrrnf? (1948 kd f kd f k f k f f d d hf wke;f u Auyudk wef;+yD; rw&m;oif; ra=unmyg? zqyv tpd;k & jynfxa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausm+f idr;f J u ol@oi,fcsi;f OD;ode;f az (jrif) udk Auy tm; tydip;D &ef vrf;&Si;f ay;wm jzpfonf? od@k aomf l h kf OD;ode;f az (jrif) u vuf0n!wa&; udyJ vkyaeonf? 'ga=umifh aemuf qH;k wGif OD;ode;f az h J D G f k f (jrif) udk zrf;&onf? Auy udvnf; rw&m;oif; a=unm&onf?) h k Auy u ajrv#dK;p&m&Sdv#if v#dK;zdk@ 0efrav;yg? awmcdkp&m&Sdv#if cdkzdk@ t+rJtqif oifjh zpfonf? ajrvnf; rv#Kd ;/ awmvnf;rcdv#if tm%m&SoawG xifwi;f tEdiusic&vdrrnf? k d l kd k f hf H hf Auy u ygwukd uspuspvspvspf zG@J onf? 'ga=umifh ygw0ifO;D a& trsm;qH;k umvurS D f f f D axmif*%ef; tenf;i,fyJ &Sonf? d ygwD0ifawGu b,folawGyg qdkwmudk tm%mydkifrsm;odk@ (b,fawmhrS) rwifjyEdkif? olw@kd bmom pHprf;,lz@kd yJ jzpfonf? Auy vufusef b,favmuf&w,f qdwmudawmh avhvm k dS k k pl;prf;olwi;f odonf? ppftyprm qdv#if pmwGvu/f "mwfye@J wuG &Sonf? ygw0ifopfawGawmh kd k f k S k J kd kH d D olwdk@ rodEdkif? rdrduvnf; pm&if;ray;Edkif? pm&if;ay;v#if A[dku opPmazmufwmyJ jzpfvdrfh rnf? 'ga=umifh Oya'wGi;f b0 tm;rusvyg vd@k tjywfa&;wm jzpfonf? S (7) Auy bmvdcsiovJ? tvkyorm;/ v,form;/ +rdK@aevlvwfwef;pm;/ ausmif;om;/ wdi;f &if;om; t&if;&Sirsm;&J@ k f f k f or*~awG/ tpnf;tHk;awG/ toif;tzGJ@awG um,uH&Sifrsm;udk,fwdkif zGJ@wmudk awG@vdkonf? txl;ojzifh tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om; or*~}uD; (3) ck zGJ@pnf;wmudk vdkvm;onf? olwkd@ vwfwavmrSm bmawGvkdcsifovJqdkwm odcsifonf? olwdk@&J@ vwfwavmawmif;qdkcsufawGudk avhvmcsifonf? 1980 uwnf;u +rdK@ay: rqv awmxJ Auy qd&if rd;k rqH;k ajrrqH;k wduae=u&vdrrnf? +idr;f csr;f a&;/ k k f hf wnf+idrfa&; &rSjzpfrnf? 'ga=umifh vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD ygwDwck &SdapcsifcJhonf? &Sdzdk@vnf; 1300 ta&;awmfykH wyfom;}uD; awGe@J !Ei;f cJonf? olw@kd .t}uH^m%f trsm;}uD; &onf? 1300 jynf&@J d _d h h a&$&wkEp (1350) rSm tJ'vkd ygway:zd@k tm;xkwc=hJ uonf? uHtm;avsmpm ay:onf? 'gayrJh uk S f D D f f G odkvfqdk;csifawmh ppfat;acwf ukefqHk;csdefeJ@ wdkufqdkifoGm;onf? ESpf (20) =umawmh txufrSm azmfjycJhovdk jzpfay:ajymif;vJcJhonf? ygvDrefvrf;a=umif;eJ@ ygvDrefyvrf;a=umif;qdk+yD; jzpfaeonf? (8) Auy u jynfo@l 'rua&pDo@kd jyefom;rnf? wdi;f jynf.uH=urRmudk jynfoawGu,wif zefw;D Ediz@kd um,uH&if D kd G k l kd f kd kf S udk,fwdkif OD;pD;wJh/ vGwfvyfwJhor*~awG/ tpnf;tHk;awG/ toif;tzGJ@awG +rdKif+rdKifqdkifqdkif &Sdvmatmifvkyfrnf? 2008 tajccHOya' wduzsua&;twGuf jynfoukd pnf;H;k rnf? k f f l ygwD. taxGaxGvrf;pOfopf wckcsrSwfzdk@ }udK;pm;rnf?

Ekiia&; dfH pDtiat (CIA) !erL; bmvkyz@kd vmrSmvJ kd f fS f

a&atmifpnf

(1) pDtiat!erL; Armjynfom;r,fv@kd tar&duefbufuyJ avoH kd f f S G ypfw,f? OD;ode;f pdetpd;k &uawmh avoHwwaew,f? vufcoifh f d f H vufrcHoifh pOf;pm;ae[ef&Sdw,f? (2) pOf;pm;&ayvdrfhr,f? uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;/ wkwfqef@usifa&; avl;xaewkef;u ae0if; ppftkyfpku pDtdkifateJ@ ajymifajymif wif;wif; yvl;cJhw,f? uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;oifwef;wufzdk@ axmufvr;f a&;t&m&SawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; v$wcw,f? olw@kd S d f hJ xJu wcsdK@[m OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&xJrSm 0ef}uD;awG t&m&Sd}uD;awG jzpfae+yD? tJ'va[mif;awGe@J jyef+yD; qufo,z@kd e@J vlopfawGarG;zd@k D l G f vmcsifwm jzpfvdrfhr,f? (3) pDtiat!er; udk Armjynfom;zd@k wduwe;f olu tar&duef EdiiH kd f f G k f G kf jcm;a&; 0ef}uD;vd@k qdw,f? [kwEiw,f? EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}uD; rvkyf k f kd f kf Ediwmudk pDtiat !erL;u vkyEiw,f? wkwukd &efvywhJ kf kd f f S f kd f f k f pum;udk olu vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf ajymEdkifw,f? (4) OD;ode;f pdetpd;k &u pOf;pm;&ayvdrr,f? Armjynfvm+yD; wkwukd f hf f &efvkyfwJhpum; ajymwmudk cGifhjyKEdkifrjyKEdkif/ pDtdkifat oifwef; qif;awGudk jyefvnfqufoG,fwmudk cGifhjyKEdkifrjyKEdkif/ oifwef; vmwuf=uygO;D vd@k ajymvm&if jiif;y,f&tcuf vufc&tcuf jzpf H rSmvnf; pOf;pm;vdrfhr,f? 'ga=umifh toHwdwfaewmyJvdk@ wGuf ygw,f? (5) xnfwu&r,fh udpwckuvnf; &Sw,f? Advae0if;acwfu Arm h G f P d k f jynf&@J t}uD;qH;k +rD&iu *syefjzpfv@kd pDtiateJ@ yvl;wmudk &J&wif; Sf kd f J wif; vkyEiayr,fh tck OD;ode;f pdetpd;k &&J@ t}uD;qH;k +rD&iu wkwf f kd f f Sf jzpfae+yD? wkwf+idKjiifwmudk cH0HhyHk r&bl;? [dkwkef;uvdk LDC av#muf+yD; au;0efxy0efy;kd udk avsmyg;atmif vkyEiwtajctae kf h f kd f hJ r&Sdbl;? (6) Advoef;a&$qu tm%mtarGcvuwhJ OD;ode;f pdetpd;k &rSm wjcm; k f D H kd f f qd;k arGawGvnf; vufcvu&w,f? txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;bm H kd f a&; tcuftcJy? pDtiat!erL;u aiGxyyu+f yD; vmrSmr[kwf J kd f f S k f kd bl;? wynfha[mif;awGeJ@ jyef+yD;qufoG,f/ wynfhopf&SmwmyJ vkyfrSmjzpfvdk@ zGwfr& "m;rqHk; tjzpfcHEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? 6

Ekiia&; dfH
NLD

. tajymif;tvJ

(b0if ; )

tay;t,l r #aewm apmapmuwnf ; u NLD (a':pk) eJ@ etz (Akvoef;a&$) tay;t,lr#aewm apmapmuwnf;uvk@d odxm; d f ygw,f? bmay;+yD; bm,lr,fqkdwJhudpPu olwkd@udpPyJ jzpfvkd@ AuytaeeJ@ =um;u0if+yD; ajym p&mrvkv@dk rajymcJygb;l ? tckawmh ajym&awmhr,f? d h &J@ tusyftwnf; NLD u ESpf 20ausmf csufEkdifiH&J@ uwWDyg awmfvSefa&; vrf;a=umif;vkdufcJhw,f? csuEiie@J Armjynfu tajctaecsi;f vnf; rwl/ yx0Dtaetxm;csi;f vnf; rwlv@dk bmrS t&m f dk f H ra&mufcb;l ? &&if&- r&&ifcs tiftm;pkawG &mausmatmif tpktzG@J awG uG=J uwmyJ tzwf hJ f wifw,f? a':pkvnf; &mausm atmif *k%x;l aqmif bG@J awG qkawG &w,f? f f
NLD

tif ' k d e D ; &S m ; wpwp jyKjyif a &;vrf ; a=umif ; uwWDygawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif; t&mra&mufawmh NLD (a':pk) u tif'kdeD;&Sm; wpwp jyKjyifa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd tmHusw,f? 0ef}uD; OD;atmif=unfuwqifh Akvoef;a&$qukd k d f D tcsufjyw,f? tJ'Duwnf;u tay;t,lwnfhoGm;=uwmyJ? 'gayrJh NLD tzkd@u vrf;a=umiff; ajymif;a&;rSm tcuftcJ &Saew,f/? etz Akvoef;a&$tzk@d u rcufb;l ? vrf;jyajrykt& a&G;aumufyJG d d f H vky/f tm%mv$/J 2008 tajccHOya' touf0if/ orRw OD;ode;f pdef tpk;d &opf zG@J vu&if acsmarG@ dk f aew,f? NLD tzkd@uawmh racsmarG@bl;? uwWDyg awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif; uae 180H 'D*&D *i,fauG@ auG@&rSm jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh NLD ygwopf jyefz@JG &wmyJ? D emrnf r ajymif ; / vrf ; a=umif ; ajymif ; wJ h NLD a':pk OuU vkyfwJh NLD opf ay:vm+yD? ygwD0if wpfoef; pkrwJh? pkvkd@&csifvnf; &rSmyg/ uwWDyg awmfvSefa&; twGuf wufuv_yf&Sm;ol wpfaxmifpkzkd@om cufygw,f? }uHhzGH@ygwDeJ@ rdwfzuf tif'kdeD;&Sm;vrf;a=umif;vkdufr,fh NLD twGuf wpfoef; &zkd@u vG,fEkdif ygw,f? OD;odef;pdef a':pk awG@qkHyGJ[m Akdvfoef;a&$ a':pk tay;t,lr#=uwm&J@ tusKd;qufyg OD;ode;f pdeu AkvcsKyfatmifqef; t&yf0wfe@J ykatmufrm a':pke@J awG@wm[m Akvoef;a&$ f d f H S d f a':pk tay;t,lr#wm&J@ tusK;d qufy? OD;ode;f pdeu Akvoef;a&$udk tmcHvuwm r[kwb;l ? J f d f dk f f 7

a&S@vl v$Jcsvkd@ r& tkbm;rm;u ay:vpDajymif;csiawmh a&S@vbk&ukd v$csv@dk &w,f? OD;ode;f d f l fS J pdeu ajymif;csiawmh ol@u,ol aysmaysmif;ol vk@d ykazmfv@dk &w,f? a':pku tJ'D f f dk f h H vkd v$Jcsvkd@ r&bl;? 'ga=umifh ygwDa[mif;zsuf/ ygwDopf xlaxmif&w,f? uwWDyg awmfvSefa&;ukd oHa,mZOf wG,faeolawGukd uwWDyg vrf;cGJxm;cJhzkd@ ygwDopf axmif&wmyJ? Ak d v f a e0if ; eJ @ rwl b l ; ? ql[mwkdukd rif;tvSnfh +yD;+yD/ qif;ay;vkdufawmh-vkd@ ajymEkdifol &Sdayr,fh Akdvfae0if;ukd ajymEkdifol r&Sdbl;? yx0Dtaetxm;/ yx0DEkdifiHa&;uvnf; vkH;vkH; rwlb;l ? tif'e;D &Sm;u wki;f usyjf ynfusyf r[kwb;l ? wkwe@J ukvm;=um;rSm r[kwf dk d f f bl;? ork'&m (2) ckudk cGxm;wmyJ? N Ekiiwumhtajctaeuvnf; ajymif;aew,f? ppfat;acwf ysm;&nfqrf;csef dfH d vGec+hJ yD? urBmpepfopf vGeyJG pae+yD? olrsm;awG vGwatmif a&SmifEirmjzpfayr,fh f h f f dk f S Armjynf rvGwfEkdifbl;? tmqD,H OuU jzpfr,fEp-aemufwESprm tmqD,H vGwvyfwaps;uGu h S f f S f hJ f (AFTA) vmawmhr,f? Armjynfu vrf;ab;xrif;qkif zGiwmavmufyJ qk&ifawmh d hf d 'kuQawG@vdrfhr,f? =um;jzwf a &G ; aumuf y G J r S m a':pk Ekdifajc &Sdygw,f? OD;odef;pdefwkd@uvnf; &SdapcsifrSmyg? v$wfawmfxJrSm y0gpcs+yD; xkiaewJh a':pk &Sapcsirmyg? OD;a&$ref;/ OD;cifatmifjrif/h OD;wifatmifjrifO;D eJ@ Hk df d f S h tm;vk H ; u }uKd q k d = urS m yg? 0ef } uD ; wOD ; uawmh NLD w0uf x uf yk d r &bl ; vk d @ ajymaewmawmh &Sw,f? d ppftm%m&SifawGxJrSm aysmhaysmif;ol/ wif;rmol-qkdwm ,kHwrf;pum;yg? ppfAkdvfawG EkdifiHa&;vkyfaewJhacwfu ESpf50&Sd+yD? olwkd@ tHcGae+yDqkdwm rarhygeJ@? ArmjynfEiia&;ukvnf; tar&duef/ t*FvefEiia&;rsK;d vkd rpOf;pm;rdygapeJ@? dk f H d dk f H vrf ; cG J o G m ;wmuk d a0zef a ewm r[k w f / owd a y;aewmyg v$wawmfx0if+yD; 2008 tajccHOya'ukd jyifr,fqwmyJ odygw,f? bm f J dk awG b,fvjdk yifr,fqwm rodao;ygb;l ? od&ifawmh tjyKoabmeJ@ a0zefrmyg? dk S raocif 'Drua&pD &apr,fvvdk ajymoH =um;ygw,f? touf90 wef; dk dk txd ae&zk@d rSe;f &if ESp- ESpq,f tpdwtwGi;f &apr,fv@dk tmrcHwmvm; rodyg? f f f 2008 tajccHOya't& vkyr,fh a&G;aumufyawGudk rSe;f +yD; ajymwmvk@d xifyg f JG w,f? =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyrm ae&mtm;vk;H r[kwawmif trsm;pk &r,f? 2015JG S f rSm yk&r,f? 2020-2025 rSmawmh NLD u tuif;rJh tEki&r,fv@dk rsm; rSe;f ovm; d df rodygb;l ? pdwu;l ,Ofcihf &Sygw,f? 'gayrJh uk,&ifqiae&wmu Armjynfppf tm%m f G d d f dk f &Sipepf qkwmawmh owdjyKyg? f d Armjynf EkdifiHa&;rSm }uHhzGH@eJ@ NLD yJ &Sdaewm r[kwfbl; qkdwmvnf; ESvkH;oGif;yg?
NLD

umwGef;

umwGe;f aeOD;&J@ vuf&m(1)

umwGef;

umwGe;f aeOD;&J@ vuf&m(2)

10

Ekiia&; dfH 'Drua&pDa&;-+idr;f csr;f a&;kd trsKd ;om;aoG;pnf;nD!wa&; G f atmifoef;xGe;f


Armjynfordkif;rSm wEdkifiHvHk;aoG;pnf;nD!GwfcJhwm t}udrf av;}ud r f S d c J h w ,f v d k @ ord k i f ; q&mrsm;uajymavh & S d y gw,f ? 'D t xJ u yxroHk;}udrf[m ya'o&mZfacwfujzpfawmh tjiif;yGm;p&mawG &Sd aumif; &SEiygw,f? 'gayrJh ArmwEdiiv;kH +Adwo#uveD b0uae vGwf d kd f kfH d kd kd ajrmufatmif vH;k yef;;cJ=h uwJh *syefzufqpfawmfvea&;eJ@ aemufyi;f vGwf S f kd vyfa&;&&SdwJhtxdumvu trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udkawmh tod trSwfrjyKvdk@r&ygbl;? Armjynfom;awG&J@vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJordkif;[m ol@ u|efb0a&mufuwnf;u pwmqdkawmh bma=umifh vGwfvyfa&;&w,f qdwmeJ@ ywfouf+yD;ajymvm=u&if tjrifrwlnwmawG&Eiygw,f? 'gayrJh k D dS kd f tm;vHk;wlnDwm wckuawmh vGwfvyfa&;&wm[m trsdK;om;aoG; pnf;nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEdkifvdk@jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufygyJ? 'gayrJh vGwvyfa&;vnf;&+yD;a&m trsKd ;om;nD!wa&;[m jynf f G f wGi;f ppfjzpf+yD; uGom;ygawmhw,f? jzpf&wJh ta=umif;&if;uawmh tm%m J G &zqyvtpdk;&[m olwdk@eJ@t,ltqrwlolawGudk Oaya' abmifxJrSm wnf&SdcGifh/ EdkifiHa&; vkyfudkifcGihfray;bJ tjywfESdrfeif;vdk@jzpfygw,f? wnhf wnfhajym&&if 'Drdkua&pDwHcg;udkydwfypfvdkufvdk@ trsdK;om; aoG;pnf;nD !Gwfr_ ysufjym;/ +idrf;csrf;r_ ysufjym; jzpfoGm;awmhwmygyJ? aemuf+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;r&Sd/ trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;r&SdbJ pD; yGm;a&; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufwJh wdkif;jynfwqdkwmvnf; b,frSmrS r&Sdzl;ygbl;? jynfwi;f ppfjzpfaevd@k / trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&; +ydKuGaevd@k pD;yGm;a&; G G f J c|wf+cKHusoGm;wJh/ jymyHkxJu rwufEdkifwJhwdkif;jynfawGom tajrmuf tjrm; &Sygw,f? d 'Dae@tcgrSm jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufa&; toHawG pDpD nHatmif=um;vm&wm[m aumif;wJhudpP jzpfygw,f? Armjynf jynfol vlx[m toHav;enf;enf;xGuom&if +idr;f csr;f a&;awmif;qdoukd xGuf k f k H =uwmcsnf;yJvdk@awmif qdkEdkifygw,f? 'Dvdkawmif;qdk=u&mrSm wu,f jynfwi;f ppf&@J ppfwvif;ajrjzpfaewJh a'oawGujynfoawGrm awmif;qdk G l S cGifh rom=uygbl;? 1948ckESpfqDwkef;u jynfwGif;ppfpwifcJhwJh jynfrrSm vnf; 'Dtwdi;f yJ jzpfcygw,f? qdvwm vGwvyfa&;aemufyi;f Armjynf k hJ k kd f kd rSm 'Drua&pD&,fv@kd trl;ajytarmajy &SLEdiwacwfua&m/ rGe;f usyaewJh kd k f hJ f tcgrmyg aus;vufawGrm 'Drua&pDrxGe;f um;bl;qdwmygy? e,fa'o S S kd k J awG/ awmifay:a'oawGrm t&ifu jyLapmxD;wyf/ vJA;D wyf/ umuG,f S a&;wyfawGeJ@ ppfwyfawG[m e,fcHvlqdk;vlrdkufawGeJ@aygif;+yD; trsdK;rsdK; zdESdyftEdkifusihfcJhovdk 'Daemufydkif;rSmawmh ppfwyfu }uHhzGwfvdk/ pGrf;tm; &SifvdkvlrdkufawGudktm;udk;+yD; tEdkifusihf&rf;um;aeygw,f? ajym&&if 'D zdEywtyp;dk olawG[m Armjynfrm &mpkEpw0ufausmjf zpfaewJh ppfyukd dS f hJ k f S S f JG 11

jynfwi;f ppfv@kd awmif roH;k E_e;f ygb;l ? aomif;use;f olEreif;a&;vd@k yJ ac:qdk a&;om;avhdS G dS f wmyg? olwdk@u ta,mifaqmifaphpyfyGJ/ aqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfawmhrSom jynfwGif;ppf vd@k o;kH E_e;f wmjzpfygw,f? jynfwi;f ppf &Saeor# umvywfv;kH jynfoawGtzd@k jynf0wJh G d l h 'Drua&pDqwm r&Ediygb;l ? kd kd kf tJ'Dvdk tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;uom 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfolawGtay: zdESdyf&mrSm xifovdkusifhoHk;+yD; jynfolvlxkawGudk 'Drdkua&pD ray;wmawGa=umifh ArmjynfrSm vufeufuiyeuefoawG wzG@J +yD;wzG@J ay:vmcJwmjzpfygw,f? tck 'DtzG@J awGe@J pum; kd f k f l h ajymawmhvnf; Ediia&;jy\em/ wenf;- 'Drua&pDa&;jy\emyJ aS@wef; a&mufvm kfH kd wm r[kwygvm;? 'Dwcgrmawmh ppftpd;k &[m 'DtwGuf jyifqifxm;wJh oabm Sygw,f? f S d Advcif!e@f vufxufwe;f uvdk pD;yGm;a&;vkypm;cGi/hf oluG,f olaX; jzpfciav; avmufe@J k f G k f G fh r&awmhb;l qdwm olw@kd oygw,f? k d tckawmh AdvcsKyfoe;f pdew@kd &@J t&yfom;tpd;k &u +idr;f tzG@J awGa&m/ r+idr;f k f d f ao;wJhtzGJ@awGa&mudkyg olwdk@&J@ 2008ckESpfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'atmufrSm v$wfawmf xJ0if+yD;'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;awGcHpm;=uzdk@ wHcg;awGzGihfay;aeygw,f? rarhoifhwJh tcsufu 'DtzGJ@tpnf;awG p+yD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefcJh=uwkef;u ArmjynfrSm 1947 ckEpf zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya' &Saeygw,f? tJ'D Oya'xJrm ppfwyf&@J Ediia&;rSm OD; S f kH d S kfH aqmifrtcef;wd@k / ppfwyfutm%modr;f cGiw@kd qdwmawG rygygb;l ? 'gtjyif tJ'we;f u _ hf k h D k rJeJ@a&G;aumufwmr[kwfwJh ppfAdkvfawG25 &mcdkifE_ef;rygwJh v$wfawmfvnf; &Sdygw,f? olw@kd vufeufuiawmfvec=hJ uwm[m 'Dvtyp;kd olu ay;wJh 'Drua&pDrsKd ;udk rauseyf kd f S f kd k f kd vdk@jzpfygw,f? ygwDaxmif&if rSwfyHkwifp&mrvdk/ ygwD0if pm&if;ay;p&mrvdkwJh [dkacwf u 'Drua&pDuawmif rauseyfcwhJ 'Dtiftm;pkawG[m 'Dae@vkd tvkyorm;oydww/hJ kd kd hJ f f v,form;oydwwq&if a0gia0gia&S;-a0;a0;a&Smifvkyae&wJh ygwb0rsKd ;udk rufarm f hJ kd f f f D rSmr[kwfygbl;? wu,fusawmh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk 'Drdkua&pDjy\emrajz&Sif;bJ wnf aqmufw,fqwm[m tkwjf rpf raqmufbJ wduuwnfovdk jzpfygvrr,f? wduay: kd k f kd d hf k f wufae=u+yD;rS +ydKus&if ydq;kd ygvrr,f? 1963ckEpqwe;f u Advae0if;[m jynfwi;f k d hf S f D k k f G +idr;f csr;f a&;aphpyfyawG ac:cJ+h yD; olpwvr&wmeJ@ jyefzsuvuwaemuf &ufyi;f twGi;f JG d f kd f kd f hJ kd yJ awmxJrm xd;k ppfawGe@J vduwuwm/ +rdK@ay:rSmtHe@J usi;f eJ@zrf;wmawGukd rarhoihf S k f kd f k ygbl;? 'Daqmif;yg;rSm t"du ajymcsiwmu 'Drua&pDa&;-+idr;f csr;f a&;-trsKd ;om; aoG; f kd pnf;nD!wa&;wd@k [m wcke@J wck cGr&atmif qufpyfaew,f/ wckuwnfaqmufcsi&if G f J kd f usef2ckudkvnf; wnfaqmuf&r,f/ uGuf+yD; wnfaqmufvdk@r&bl; qdkwmygyJ? txl; ojzifh 'Drdkua&pDu tpjyK&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dae@ t&yf0wfppftpdk;&&J@ 2008 zGJ@ pnf;yHktajccHOya'[m ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGuom 'Drdkua&pDtcGihfta&;qdkwmudk teuf zGifhwma&m/ usifhoHk;cGifhay;wma&m vkyfcGihfay;xm;ygw,f? olwdk@ay;csifoavmufay;/ olw@kd jyefyor;f csiwtcserm jyefyor;f xifovdvyaewmawGukd 'Dae@ twdi;f om; k f d f hJ d f S k f d k k f k awG@ae&ygw,f? 'Drua&pDa&;-+idr;f csr;f a&;-trsKd ;om;aoG;pnf;nD!wa&; qdwmawGukd kd G f k trde@f tm%meJ@ wnfaqmufv@kd r&bl;qdwm owdjyKoihygw,f? 2008 zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH k f Oya'xJrSm jymef;xm;wJh tm%modrf;r_rsdK;eJ@qdk&if ydkvdk@awmifa0;ygao;w,f?

atmifoef;xGe;f
12

Ekiia&; dfH jynfoawGvcsiwjhJ ynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&; l kd f G A=o


'Dae@Armjynfrm t=um;&qH;k ta&;udpwcku jynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udpygy? S P G P J 'gudk OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u vufraxmifaeovdk 'ghtwGufvnf; OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&udk trSway;csiou ay;aeygw,f? oGm;avol Advcsi!e@f vufraxmifcwmudk owd& f f l k f f G hJ p&myg? taotcsmjyef=unhfvdkuf&if Adkvfcif!Gef@a&m Adkvfodef;pdefwdk@a&m olwdk@wnf aqmufcwhJ ppfrew/hJ a&&Snf tmrcHcsu&whJ +idr;f csr;f a&;&,fv@kd wckrr&Sygb;l ? typf hJ S f f dS S d &yfqdkwmrSmyJ &yfaewmyg? 'DxJrSm typf&yfacgif;aqmiftenf;i,f[m "eOpPm wpHkw&m pkaqmif;rdwmeJ@ b0arh+yD; vufeufudkifwyfawGudk vspfvsL_vdkufwmawG jzpfcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 0rf;r0wJh e*dkwyfawGeJ@ vufeufawG[m tcsdefra&G; xawmuf EdiwhJ rD;prD;eawGtjzpf wnf&+dS rJ wnf&aeygw,f? aemuf+yD; etztpd;k &u e,fjcm; kf dS apmifhwyfeJ@jynfol@ppf zGJ@w,f qdkwm[mvnf; tajccHEdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&; jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;wm r[kwfavawmh a'ocHjynfola&m/ tJ'Da'oawGeJ@a0;wJh jynfoawGyg &wufrat;EdibJ jzpf+rJjzpfaeygw,f? ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm tpd;k & l kf wyfvnf; a=umuf&/ 'DtoGiajymif; wyfawGuvnf; a=umuf&? usm;vnf;a=umuf&/ f kd usm;acs;vnf; a=umuf& jzpfaeygw,f? jy\em&J@ t&if;cHu tm%m&aewJh ppftyp[m +idr;f csr;f a&; auG;a=umf k f k oHudk zJwcsyfvdktoHk;jyKaewm/ 'D vufeufudkif tzGJ@awGudk 0g;rsKdzdk@eJ@ 'DtzGJ@awG&J@ e,fajrawGukd tydip;D zd@k ? aemuf+yD;trsm;od=uwJtwdi;f Ediiwumtv,frm trSwf kf h k kfH S ,lz@kd OD;wnfvyaewmjzpfv@kd 'Dvkd ppfvnf; r[kw/f +idr;f csr;f a&;vnf; r[kwwhJ tae k f f txm;wckrSm wpfqdk@}uD;jzpfaewmyg? olwdk@ wu,fvkyfaewmu pD;yGm;a&; (EdkifiH a&;r[kw)tcGita&;ay;+yD; vufeufuif tzG@J tpnf;awGukd wyfr/hJ e,fajrrJh atmif f hf dk vkywmomjzpfygw,f? 1963ckEpwe;f u Advae0if;&J@+idr;f csr;f a&;urf;vSr;f r_ upvd@k f S f k k f Advcif!e@f &@J typf&yfawGtv,f 'Dae@ AdvcsKyfO;D ode;f pdevufxuftxd ppftpd;k &awG k f G k f f vkycwhJ +idr;f csr;f a&; qdwmawG[m jynfovxk vdvm;awmifwaewJh +idr;f csr;f a&; f hJ k l l k h w&yfudk wnfaqmufwmr[kwfbJ olwdk@&J@auG@wauG@u EdkifiHa&;tcuftcJudk ausmf v$m;zd@k vkywmcsn;f jzpfygw,f? f aemufwcsuf axmufjyoifhwmu olwdk@wawGvkyfwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;qdk wmrSefor#rSm EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;wm vHk;0r&SdwmyJjzpfygw,f? ppfqdkwm EdkifiHa&;udk wjcm;enf;emeJ@ qufvkyfwmjzpfw,fqdkwJh 18&mpkESpfu *smrefppfynm&Sif um;vf uavmhZf0pf&J@tqdkudk vufcH&mrSm ArmjynfuppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef; csuwckukd ppfe@J &atmifvy&r,fqwhJ t"dym,fe@J om vufc[efwygw,f? jzpfym;ae f k f kd ` H l G wJhppfyGJwckudkajz&Sif;csif&if EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;&if;udk ajz&Sif;&r,fvdk@awmh t"dy`m,f rzGifh=uygbl;? 'ga=umifh Adkvfae0if;vkyfcJhwJh +id r f ; csrf ; a&;qd k w mrS m apm[ef w m omar$;wdk@ vufeufcswmudkyJ +idrf;csrf;a&;&w,fvdk@ vkyfvdkufEdkifygw,f? 198990w0dkufu Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ typf&yfvkyfief;awGrSmawmh EdkifiHa&;pum;ajymwmudk anmifEpyifnvmcHxrmyJ cGiay;vduygw,f? typf&yf awGtm;vH;k udk vrf;jyajryHxJ S f D J S hf k f k 13

usHK;oGif;vdkufwmygyJ? tckvnf; AdkvfcsKyfOD;oef;pdeftpdk;&[m typf&yfawGudk vrf;jyajryHk&J@ aemufqHk; tydkif;jzpfwJh 2008ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'eJ@ v$wfawmfxJudk usHK;oGif;aewmygyJ? tckvkyfaewJh wcsdK@ typftcwf&yfpa&;oabmwlncsuwcsKd @rm Ediia&;quf aqG;aEG;r,fv@kd qdxm;ygw,f? taumif J D f S kfH k txnfr&Sd/ ray:wJh rdk;rqHk;ajrrqHk;aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk awG@&OD;awmhrSmyg? typf&yfwm[m +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufz@kd twGuf yxrajcvSr;f r[kwb;l vm;qd&if [kww,f f k f vd@k ajymEdiygw,f? 'gayrJh jy\emu typf&yf[m typf&yfrmyJ &yfraezd@k vygw,f? typf&yfw,f qd+k yD; kf S kd aemuf r=umcifrmyJ jyefwu=f uwm/ typf&yfa'oawGukd wyfawG wd;k yd@k wm/ vufeuf topftqef;awG S kd wd;k jznhaewm/ ppftpd;k &bufu +cdr;f ajcmufpum;awG ajymvd@k wif;rmr_awG r=umc% ay:aewmawG[m f 'Dae@ typf&yfawG&@J t"duvuQ%mvdk jzpfaeygw,f? jynfwi;f ppfa=umifjh zpfay:wJh qd;k usKd ;qdwmawGxrm vlawG aoaus temw&jzpf=u/ pD;yGm;awG G k J S ysu=f u/ aouG- &SiuJG uG=J uwm/ ud,&yfu,&mudk pGe@f vw+f yD; xGuajy;=u&wm pwmawGavmufwif J f k hf kd hf G $ f ruygbl;? omref tvG,fwul rjrif&wJh qdk;usdK;awGvnf; trsm;}uD; Sdygao;w,f? 'DxJu wcsdK@udk axmufjy&&ifjynfoawG tcsi;f csi;f trke;f tmCmwawG }uD;vmjcif;/ 'Dxrm vlrsKd ;a&;tygt0if jzpfygw,f/ l J S trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; ysufjym;jcif;/ ppfwdkufaewJh t&yfawGrSm ppfwyf&J@=oZmtm%mu t&yfbufxuf }uD;rm;vm/ aemufqHk; A[dktpdk;&rSmvnf; ppfwyfu txufpD;a&mufvm/ tEdkifusifhvmEdkifjcif;/ 'Dve@J ppfwyf[m Ediiawmftm%mudyg tEdiusi,wtjyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;awGuyg vuf kd kfH k k f hf l hJ f kd 0g;}uD;tkyf,ljcif;/ wdi;f jynf&@J toH;k bwf*surm ppfo;kH p&dwukd trsm;pk oH;k ae&wJtjyif wESp+f yD;wESpf wd;k cs@J +yD;&if; k f S f h wk;d cs@J aewJtwGuf wdi;f jynf&@J ynma&;/ use;f rma&;utp tjcm;buftoD;oD;rSm qkw,wysujf ym; h k f k f &jcif; pwmawGygyJ? Adkvfoef;a&$-Adkvfcif!Gef@utp Adkvfoef;pdefvufxuftxd vkyfvmcJhwJhtypf&yfvkyfief;awGeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;qD vSrf;wJhvkyfief;awGu txufutcsufawGudk yaysmufapzdk@aeaeomom avsmhyg; wmawmifjzpfrvmcJhygbl;? +idrf;csrf;a&;awGwnfaqmufaeygrS ppftoHk;p&dwfudk tqrwefwdk;aeyg w,f? +idrf;csrf;a&;a&mifjcnfawGoef;aerS vufeufopf/ vufeufqef;awG 0,faeygw,f? 'Dae@ArmjynfrSmppfwyftiftm;wdk;csJ@aewm &yfoGm;+yDvm;? ppfoHk;p&dwfudk av#mhEdkif+yDvm;? ppfwyfu vlxkudk tEdkifusifhaewmawG yaysmufoGm;+yDvm;? ay:wmqGJ/ ppfom;opf twif;tusyf aumufwmawG aysmufoGm;+yDvm;? udk,hf&yfudk,fh&Gmudk pGef@v$wfxGufajy;=u&wJh tjzpftysufawG r&Sdawmhbl;vm;? ppfwyfu vufeufudkifxm;wmta=umif;jyK+yD; vmbfpm;/tcGefaumufwmawG &Saeao;ovm;? d ppfwyfxJrSmwdkufxm;wJh ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'rd_if;udk jyefajzae+yDvm;? aemufqHk;- ppfwyf[m ol@ae&mrSefjzpfwJh ppfwef;vsm;udkjyefoGm;zdk@toifhjzpf+yDvm;? vSHpGyfawG rdk;ay:axmifxm;wJhae&mrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;csdK;iSuf roufqif;Edkifygbl;?

A=o

14

Ekiia&; dfH

aemufjyef rqkwawmhwhJ f tajymif;tvJ qkygvm; d


armifr;dk OD;

Armjynf[m tajymif;tvJawG trsm;}uD;&SdcJhzl;ygw,f? uae@vnf; t ajymif;tvJawG jzpfaeygw,f? aemifrmvnf; ykrjkd refqefwhJ tajymif;tvJawG jzpf S d ay:zd@k ta}umif; trsm;}uD; &Sygw,f? tajymif;tvJwi;f rSm tajymif;tvJ '%fc& d dk H ole@J tajymif;tvJ tusKd ;cHpm;&olq+dk yD; tjrJjzpfay:cJygw,f? tajymif;tvJtusKd ; h ukd Armjynf wrsKd ;om;vk;H omwlnr# at;twl yltr# cHpm;&w,fqwm b,fwe;f D dk k urS r&Scyg? d hJ 1948 ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&wmuyJ p+yD;ajymr,fq&if 1948 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v S f dk S D 4 &ufae@up+yD; Armjynf[m udkvkdeDxrf;ydk;atmufu vGwfvyfoGm;cJhygw,f? 'Dtajymif;tvJ[m wdi;f jynfvuQ%m wckv;Hk ukd ajymif;ypfwhJ tajymif;tvJ jzpf k w,f? u|ewi;f jynfb0u vGwvyfwwi;f jynf jzpfvmw,f? wrsKd ;om;vk;H u|eb0 f kd f hJ dk f u t&Siocif b0udk a&mufvmwJh tajymif;tvJjzpfw,f? vGwvyfwhJ +idr;f csr;f wJh f f 'Drua&pDxe;f um;wJh Ediitjzpf Ekiiukd xlaxmifz@dk &nf&,c}hJ uygw,f? vufawG@ kd G kfH dfH G f rSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pD orRwEdkifiHukd xlaxmifvkdufygw,f? 'Dpepft& tm%m& tkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;awGom tcGifhta&;awG &&SdEdkif+yD; tzdESdyfcH jynfolvlxk}uD;rSm awmh 'Drua&pD qdwoO;f +rJ qdwoO;f wmjzpfawmh trsKd ;om; pnf;vk;H nDnwr[m dk f k f k G f _ vnf; +yKduGJoGm;+yD; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfwJhtxd tajymif;tvJ xyfjzpfygw,f? 1950 ckEpawG&@J tv,fyi;f umva&mufwtcgrmawmh tkyp;dk olawGxJ S f kd hJ S f rSm *d%;f tkyptuGt+yJawG ay:w,f? 'Drua&pDe@J vufeufvw,fqwhJ udpawG k f k J dk J dk P jzpfay:ygw,f? 'Dvtajymif;tvJawG jzpfayr,fh jynfwi;f ppfuawmh r&yfpEicb;l ? dk G kd J kd f hJ xyfqifh tajymif;tvJjzpfvmwmuawmh 1950 ckEpawG&@J tukeyi;f rSm Advae0if; S f f dk k f acgi;f aqmifwhJ ppftyp[m ryDrjyifjzpfvm+yD; 0wfpjHk ynfh avhusiwoabmeJ@ tm k f k hf hJ %modrf;wm vkyfwJhudpPygyJ? 'DaemufrSmawmh ppftkyfpk[m tawmiftvuf pkH vmwJtcdserm t+yD;wkif tm%m odr;f wmyJ? 1962 ckEpf Advae0if; acgi;f aqmifwhJ h f S d S k f ppftyp[m tm%modr;f wJtcgrmawmh Armjynf ygvref'rua&pDpepf[m csKyf+idr;f k f k h S D D dk oGm;jyD; ppftm%m&Sipepf xGe;f um;vmygw,f? 'g[m ta&;}uD;wJh tajymif;tvJ f wckygy? 'gayrJh jynfwi;f ppf[m &yfpom;w,f&,fv@dk r&Scyg? J G J G d hJ ppftypu ppftm%m&Sipepfukd awmfvea&;aumifpD trnfe@J 12 ESp}f um k f k f S f taumiftxnfazmf+yD;wJaemuf ppftypudk zk;H uG,z@dk jrefrmhq&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD h k f k f dk S f udk yGJxkwfvmw,f/ tajccHOya' a&;qGJw,f? v$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;w,f? 'DvkdeJ@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD emrnfcHxm;wJh Adkvfae0if; ppftkyfpk[m ygwD/aumifpD/ 15

v$wawmf/ tajccHOya' qkwhJ taqmifta,mifawGe@J ykpajymif;vkuw,f? ppftm%m&Sipepfypuvnf; f d H H d f f Hk Hk kd wygwtm%m&Sipepf ykpajymif;vkuw,f? tifrwef}uD;wJh tajymif;tvJygy? jynfwi;f ppfuawmh jzpfqyg? D f H H d f J G J Adkvfae0if;vnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;uae orRw}uD;OD;ae0if;/ aemufawmh OuUX}uD; OD;ae0if;tjzpf ajymif;ygw,f? tm%m&Sif rqvygwDeJ@ aumifpDawGvnf; jzKwf[/ xkwf[awGvnf; jzpf/ urBmhtajctae tajymif;tvJawGvnf; &Svm/ jynfovx}k uD;uvnf; rcHr&yfEijf zpfvmwJtcgrmawmh 88 vlxtHk ur_}uD; d l l kd h S k jzpfay:vmw,f? 'DwcsD tajymif;tvJ[m tkyfpkd;olawGudk t&SdKufxkd;rdvkdufygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftkyfpk[m vufO;D r_ jyeft&,l+yD; e0w qkwhJ ppftypukd ajAmif jyefz@JG ygw,f? 'gayrJh e0wrSm eHywf 1 ae&m[m ra& d k f k &mcJhyg? 'DumvrSm jynfwGif;ppfudpPrSm tajymif;tvJtcsdK@ &Sdvmygw,f? tJh'guawmh vufeufudkif wkdufyGJ0ifaewJh tiftm;pkwcsdK@eJ@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;qkdwmudk vkyfvkdufwmygyJ? typftcwf&yfpJayr,fh jynfwGif;ppfjzpf&wJh EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk raqG;aEG; rajz&Sif;bJ xm;ygw,f? 'ga}umifh jynfwGif;ppf[m &S+d rJ &Sae+yD; jynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;[mvnf; tvSr;f a0;qJygy? ppftypk wGucsurvwhJ 90 ckEpf a&G;aumufyJG d G J k f f f _ JG S vkyay;&wJh tajctaetxd tajymif;tvJ &Sygw,f? e,fpyfEiia&;v_y&m;r_ ay:ygw,f? f d kd f H f S ppftypk eHywf 1 ae&mrSm Advoef;a&$ ajc+rJvuf+rJjzpfvmwJtcgrmawmh e0wudk etz tjzpf k f k f h S ajymif;ygw,f? trsdK;om;nDvmcHqkdwmvnf; vkkyfygw,f? 88 vlxktkH}uGr_a}umifh ay:vmwJh EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGuvnf; tpDtpOf&&dS ESreif;ygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftypoufwrf; tESpf 20 ausmtwGi;f rSm dk dS d f k f k f AdkvfcsKyftawmfrsm;rsm; xGufay:vmovkd jzKwfwm xkwfwm cH&wJh AdkvfcsKyfawGvnf; trsm;tjym;yJ? trsdK;om;nDvmcH}uD;vnf; &yfvkduf/ usif;yvkduf ae&ma&$@vkdufeJ@ aemufqkH;rSmawmh 2008 tajccHOya' qkwm}uD;ukd a&;qGjJ ymef; twnfjyK+yD; 2010 a&G;aumufyvyvmw,f? }uH@z@HG ygwu rJtrsm;qk;H &w,fq+dk yD; d JG k f D v$wfawmftqifhqifhac: }uH@zGH@tpdk;& zGJ@w,f? AdkvfcsKyfawG t&yf0wfvJ+yD; OD;wyfum orRw/ 'korRw/ v$wfawmfOuUX/ jynfe,fwkdif;a'o}uD;awG&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyfawG jzpfvmukefw,f? 'Dtajymif;tvJ[m tawmf}uD;rm;ygw,f? tckq&if Ediia&;tusO;f om;awG trsm;tjym;v$way;+yD; 'DcsKyfvnf; rSwywifci&+yD; a&G;aumuf dk k f H f f Hk G hf yGJ 0ifcGifh &awmhr,f? typftcwf&yfpJa&;awGvnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;vkyfEdkifvm+yD? 'Dtajymif;tvJawG[m }uD;rm;ygw,f? vrf;awG wHwm;awGqkdvnf; a[mwck/ a[mwckeJ@wnfaqmufwmawG/ b,fwkef;urS r&Sdzl;wJh t&mawG ay:vmygw,f? +rKd@wnfeef;wnfqovkd aejynfawmf}uD;udvnf; acwftrDq;Hk ykpe@J wnfaqmuf kd k H H +yD;oGm;+yD? avqdyfawGvnf; wck+yD;wck wnfaqmuf+yD;+yD/ qnfajrmif;uefacsmif;awGvnf; wnfaqmuf ypfvkdufwm a[mwck/ a[mwckygyJ? 1948 ckESpfu p+yD; tajymif;tvJawG jzpfwdkif;jzpfwkdif;rSm tm%m&vlwpk aumif;pm;oGm;+yD; jynfovxu qif;&Joxuf qif;&Jom;wmyJjzpfygw,f? 1948 ckEpf Zefe0g&v 4 &uf vGwvyfa&;&wJh l l k G S D f ae@up+yD; wufvmwJh zqyv tpdk;&[m jynfwGif;ppfudk zefwD;wdkufckdufwmeJ@ wcsdefwnf;rSm wkdif;jynf jyefvnfxaxmifz@dk jynfawmfom pDrue;f csygw,f? pDrue;f ratmifjrifyg? jynfovxb0[m udveacwfu l H d H d l l k k kd D jynfovxb0udk rrDawmhyg? tkyp;kd olvwpkuawmh cGuapmif;ckwoH wnHne@J aumif;pm;oGm;=uygw,f? l l k f l f f H jynfovx}k uD;rSm vlwuk,/f wkuf wvk;H / um;wpD;/ 0ifaiG &Sp&mqkwmudk toHom=um;vku&+yD; vuf l l d d f d d f awG@b0rSmawmh touftkd;tdrfawG qkH;&SKH;=u&+yD; ajy;[/ v$m;[eJ@ jynfwGif;ppf'%fudk tvl;tvJ cHpm; vkduf&ygw,f? 1962ckESpf rwfvrSm Adkvfae0if;acgif;aqmifwJh ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifwhJ tajymif;tvJrmawmh jynfwi;f ppfukd yk+d yD; jyif;xef&ufpufpm wkuw,f? jzwf 4 jzwf qdwhJ S G G d f k 16

vlrqefwhJ enf;eJ@ jynfwi;f ppfukd wkuw,f? jynfoyior;f w,fq+kd yD; jynfovx&@J OpPm"eawGukd t"rR odr;f ,lwmawG G d f l dk f d l l k vkyw,f? ESp&nf ESpwdk pD;yGm;a&;pDrue;f '%fawGvnf; vlx}k uD; tvl;tvJcpm;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh wki;f jynf[mvnf; f f S f H d H d arSmifckdaps;uGuf}uD; jzpfay:vm+yD; tqif;&JqkH;EdkifiH pm&if;0ifoGm;ygw,f? ppftkyfpkrSm jyKwfwm/ xkwfwmawG&Sdayr,fh tm%mukvm;xkdifrSm zif+rJoluawmh uka}uG,folaX;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 88 vlxktkHur_rSmawmh ppftkyfpk[m ajymif;jyefxGufvm&w,f? eHywf 1 ae&mrSm vltajymif;tvJjzpfvm w,f? ygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd taumiftxnfaz:r,fqkdwJh uwday;&w,f? vlxkwkdufyGJudk &uf&ufpufpuf ESdyfuGyf w,f? ppftkyfpk[m 'Drkdua&pD azmfaqmifr,f/ +idrf;csrf;a&; azmfaqmifr,fqkd+yD; wzGzGajym/ tcsdefqGJ+yD; ppftm%m&Sif pepf ckdif+rJatmifvkyfw,f? o,HZmwypPnf;tm;vkH;ukd ppftkyfpku vuf0g;}uD;tkkyfw,f? acwfrDzGH@+zKd;wkd;wufwJh 'Drdk ua&pDEdkifiHtwGuf tajccHaumif;awG csrSwfw,fqdk+yD; tajccHaumif;taqmufttkHawG wnfaqmufw,fvkd@ ajym ygw,f? aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;vkyfw,fvkd@ajym+yD; yk*~vduydkifvkyfa&;qdkwmawG vkkyfw,f? 'ga}umifh vrf;azmuf/ wHwm; aqmuf/ qnfajrmif; wmwrHaqmufwmawG tifwkduftm;wkdufvkyfw,f/ pufr_ZkefawG aqmufw,f/ aejynfawmf wnfaqmufw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ ppftkyfpkxdyfoD;awGeJ@ taygif;ygolaX;wpk ae@csif;ncsif; }uD;yGm;csrf;omoGm;ygw,f? v,form;awGrm au;vnfyif;ckuom;+yD; v,fajr qk;H &SK;H wmawG rsm;vmw,f? tvkyvufrxk ykrdk }uD;xGm;vmw,f/ S d f G f hJ d 'ga=umifh jynfyxGu+f yD; tvky&m&olawG wk;d yGm;vmw,f? jynfovx}k uD; qif;&Jonfxuf qif;&Jw,f? f S l l typftcwf&yfpJa&;udk vufeufudkiftiftm;pk wcsdK@eJ@ vkyfvkdufw,f? tJh'Dvkdenf;eJ@ ppfvnf;rjzpf/ +idrf;csrf; a&;vnf;r&SdwJh tajctaewckudk zefwD;vdkufw,f? wu,fawmh vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@wyfawGudk wenf; enf;eJ@zsufodrf;+yD; EdkifiHa&;t& tzGJ@tpnf;awGudk taoowfypfzkd@vkyfwm jzpfygw,f? tcktcgrSmawmh 2008 tajccHOya' 2010 a&G;aumufyGJeJ@ ygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk taumiftxnfazmf w,f qkwhJ tajymif;tvJukd vkyaeygw,f? wzG@J csi;f eJ@ yxrtqifh typftcwf&yfpa&; vky/f 'kw,tqifh zG@H +zKd;a&;vky/f d f J d aemufqkH; jynfaxmifpktqifhrSm tiftm;pktm;vkH;eJ@ EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfr,fqkdwJh tajymif;tvJawG vkyfygw,f? tck Ediia&; tusO;f om;tm;vk;H eD;yg; v$way;ygw,f? 'DcsKyfudk rSwywifcijhf yKvkuygw,f? 'gawGtm;vk;H [m tajymif; kfH f f Hk G d f tvJawGcsn;f ygy? 'gayr,fh 'Dtajymif;tvJtm;vk;H [m 90 ckEpa&G;aumufy&v'fukd eif;acs zsuq;D vkuwhJ tajymif; J S f JG f d f tvJ/ ppftm%m&Sipepfudk toGiwrsKd ;eJ@ taumiftxnfaz:wJh 2008 tajccHOya' usK;H xJ qGoi;f wJh tajymif;tvJ/ f f J G ppfvnf;rjzpf/ +idrf;csrf;a&;vnf;r&SdwJh tajctaeudk jzpfay:apwJh tajymif;tvJ/ vufeufukdiftiftm;pkawGudka&m/ vufeufrudkifwJh tiftm;pkawGtm;vkH;/ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGtm;vkH;ukd vlxk }uD;eJ@uif;uGmapwJh tajymif;tvJyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfovxuawmh tzdEycb0eJ@ t+rJwrf;xm;r,fqwhJ tajymif; tvJjzpfygw,f? uae@ orRw OD;ode;f pdef l l k kd dS f H dk tpdk;&u ol@udk,fol rdbt&mrSmxm;+yD; wkdif;oljynfom;awGudk om;orD;vkd oabmxm;w,f? 2008 tajccHOya'/ tajccHrrm trsKd ;om;Ediia&;rSm wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifrtcef;rSm yg&r,f qdwmawG[m ppftyp[m rdbt&muae+yD; l S kfH _ k k f k wkdif;jynfukd ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfjc,fvS,foGm;r,fqdkwm &Sif;aeygw,f? 'Dae@vkyfaewJh tajymif;tvJawG tm;vkH;[m tJh'gawGukd wqifhcsif;/ wcsufcsif;/ wvSrf;csif; taumiftxnf azmfaewmyJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh orRwOD;odef;pdef tpdk;&[m aemufawmif jyefqkwfvkd@r&awmhwJh tajymif;tvJawGvkd@awmif wcsdK@u ajymaewmyJ? jynfolomtrd/ jynfolomtz/ jynfolom wkdif;jynf&J@t&Sifocif jzpfzkd@ tajymif;tvJr[kwfwm/ vGwfvyf/ wef;wl/ pnf;vkH;wJh 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;+yD; +idrf;csrf;om,mwJh zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufwJh jynfaxmifpkwck jzpfzkd@ tajymif;tvJ r[kwfwmawmh aocsmygw,f?

armifr;dk OD;
Zef 30/ 2012?

17

Ekiia&; dfH

'Drua&pDc&D; reD;ao;bl; kd
jrwfE;dk
etz ppftkyfpk0if AdkvfcsKyfa[mif;vnf;jzpf etz Adkvf oef;a&$ ppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;vnf;jzpfwJh }uHhzGH@ orRw OD;odef;pdefu oef@&Sif;wJh tpkd;& / qif; &JrGJawr_ yaysmufa&;/ aumif;rGefwJh tpdk;&pwmawGudk ajymvmw,f? 'grsdK;awG olwkd@vkyfaeusyJ qdk+yD; +yKH;vkdufrdao;w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm NLD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; wkdif;jynf&J@ vuf&dS tvm;tvmeJ@ ywfoufv@dk ajymif;vJr_ jzpfEiwhJ tajctaea&mufae+yD/ ajymif; kd f vJrj_ zpfom;+yDv@dk awmh rajymEdib;l ayg qdwpum;/ u|eraeeJ@awmh orRw OD;ode;f pde[m G kf h k hJ f f aumif;wJhbufukd oGm;csifw,f qdkwmuawmh u|efr,kH=unfw,f/ jyKjyif ajymif;vJr_ukd vkdvm;w,fqdkwm u|efr,kH=unfw,f qdkwJh pum;awG ajymvmjyefw,f? 'Dpum;awGukd =um;&wJhtcg vGwfvyfpGm oabmuGJvGJcGifhudk todtrSwfjyK&if; vlxktoHukd wwfEdkifor# em;pGifh=unfhrdw,f? olwkd@&J @ukd,fykdifb0vufawG@twGif;rSm r,fr,f&& ajymif;vJr,fh t&dyta,mif awG rawG@&ao;ayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J f EdkifiHa&;*k%foduQmudk av;pm;,kH=unfwma=umifh jynfolawGtaeeJ@ taumif;bufukd r0hHr&J ar#mfvifhwmawGudk=um;ae&w,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm }uHhzGH@ tpkd;&tay:rSm vkH;0 ,kH=unfpdwfcsr_ r&SdwmawGukdvnf; awG@ae&w,f? tkyfpkd;ol (txl;ojzifh ppftpkd;&) awGeJ@ ywfoufvm&if jynfolawG[m t+rJwap oHo,pdwfawG&Sdaewwf=uw,f? b,favmuf Ediia&; =oZm}uD;wJh yk*Kd~ vfu azsmif;zswmjzpfjzpf olw@dk &@J tpd;k &tay:xm;wJh kfH oHo,pdwudk tvG,wulpe@f ypfEipr;f r&S=d ubl;? 'guvnf; ta=umif;rJ jh zpfaewmawmh f f G kd f G r[kwfbl;? 'DvdkudpPrsdK;eJ@ ywfoufvm&if jynfolawGrSm usdK;a=umif;qDavsmf+yD; wdus ckdifrmwJh udk,fykdiforkdif;tawG@t}uKHawG &Sdaevkd@yJ? jrefrmjynfolawG[m wcsdK@EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG/ jrefrmh ta&;u|rf;usifolvkd@ trnfcHolawG xifovdk evydef;wkH;awG r[kwfbl;? &Sif}uD;0rf; 0ifcJhzl;ovkd/ &Sifi,f 0rf;vnf; 0ifcJhzl;=uwJh tawG@t}uKH tpOftvm}uD;olawG jzpfw,f? twdwfordkif;ukd wcsufavmuf iJh=unfhyg? jynfolawG[m 194* ckESpf vGwf vyfa&;acwfOD;u p+yD;/ ,ae@txdwufvmor# tm%m& tpdk;& tqufquf&J@ EdkifiH a&;oabmxm;awG/ a=unmcsufawG/ 0ef}uD;/ orRw/ ppfAdkvfcsKyfolawG&J@ rdef@cGef; qkdwmawG uwdu0wfqkdwmawGudk em;=um;jyif;uyfavmufatmif =um;cJh=u&+yD;+yD? tajymwrsKd ; tvkywrsKd ; rsuEmajymifwuf vdrwmudvnf; ESpaygi;f 60 ausmf tvl; f f S dk f k f tvJcc&+yD;+yD? jynfawmfom&rnf wJ/h jrefrmhenf;jzifh qk&,vpfavmuod@k cswuf H hJ d S f D thhHwJh/ a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif& EdkifiHa&;ygwDukd tm%mv$Jay;+yD; wyfrawmfu ppfwef; vsm;ukd jyefr,f wJ/h jynfawmifpk r+yKdua&;/ wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnwrr+yKdua&; JG k G f _ JG wJh/ pnf;urf; jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDwJh-- pkHaewmyJ? olwkd@om wkdif;jynfukd tcspfqkH; qkdwmuvnf; ygvdkufao;w,f? vufawG@b0rSmawmh zqyv 0ef}uD;awG/ trwfrif;awGom jynfawmfomukef =u+yD; wkdif;jynfuawmh jynfwGif;ppf twGif;rSm jymykHb0rSm a&mufcJh&w,f? 1962 ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpk yxptpdk;&qDu tm%modrf;+yD; ppfwyfwygwD tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ tkyp;dk cJv@dk ygvref tpk;d &vufxufu &ScwhJ tEkwpw*w(uky)pkwf 'Drua&pD uav; f h D d hJ f k f k f f dk awmif =uufaysmuf iSufaysmuf aysmufcJh&w,f? 18

jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efe@J tvkt,uf tajy;tv$m; cswufvuawmh Advae0if;eJ@ aemufvuf D dk f k f dk aemufygawG wu,fhukd qkd&S,fvpfavmuedAmef a&mufukef=uw,f? jynfolawGuawmh xkH;pHtwkdif; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf i&J}uD;&Spfxyf&J@ atmufqkH;rSm *sdK;(csdK;) uyfcJh=u&w,f? wkdif;jynfvnf; urBmh tqif;&JqkH; *k%fxl;aqmifbGJ@wHqdyf tyfESif;cHcJh&w,f? 1988 ckESpfrSm jynfolvlxk&J@ rqv tpdk;&udk qef@usifwJh vlxktkHur_}uD;ay:vmw,f? jynf oltrsm;u ygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDudk awmif;qkdcJh=uw,f? ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfykH}uD;twGif; jynf olvlxk}uD;u a':atmifqef;pk}unfukd jynfol@ acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKvdkuf=uw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifwJh NLD ygwDukd 1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJrSm jynfolawG wcJ euf rJay;cJhvkd@ tjywftowfEdkifcJhw,f? tEdkif&ygwDukd tm%mv$Jay;+yD; ppfwef;vsm; jyefr,fvkd@ tJh'D tcsdefu e0w ppfacgif;aqmif Adkvfapmarmifu uwday;cJhw,f? 'gayrJh NLD ukd tm%mv$Jray;ovkd ppfwyfu ppfwef;vsm;ukdvnf; jyefroGm;cJhbl;? etz ppftpdk;&trnfeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$ ppftkyfpku tm%m &SifpepfeJ@ qufvuftkyfcsKyfcJhw,f? jynfolawG&J@ pm;0wfaea&;b0u wae@wjcm; ykdqkd;vmw,f? tvkyform;awG[m vkkyftm;eJ@vkyfc rr#bJ ukefaps;E_ef; }uD;jrihfr_'%fukd tvl;tvJ cH=u&w,f? v,form;awG&@J v,fajrawGudk pD;yGm;a&; ukr%}D uD;awG ppfwyfawGu t"rRor;f ,lwmukd cHae ` d =u&w,f? wdkif;jynf&J@ tcsuftcsm pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rSefor#udk ppftkyfpk0if AdkvfcsKyfawGeJ@ aqGrsdK;om; csif;awGuom tydkifpD; jc,fvS,fcGifh &ae}uw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$ etz ppftkyfpk[m 1991 ckavmufup+yD; vlrsdK;pkvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;awGeJ@ Oya'wGif;0if typf&yf qkdwmvkyf+yD;/ NLD ygwDukd wjynfvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ uef@owf csKyfcs,fwmawG vkyfvmw,f? &efukefA[kdHk;csKyfrSty wjynfvkH; u NLD Hk;awGudk csdyfydwfypfw,f? a':atmifqef; pk=unf&J@ vlxkpnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOfawGudk aESmifh,Sufydwfyifw,f? v$wfawmftrwfawGudk axmifoGif; tusOf;cswm/ ygwDuae EkwfxGufckdif;wmawG vkyfw,f? aemufq;Hk a':atmifqef;pk=unfu,wivnf; ESp&nvrsm; tdrcsKyf tuscc&w,f? vk&if; kd f dk f f S f f H hJ d ajym&&if rw&m;zdESdyfcHcJh&wm rsufESmajymifwkduf+yD; ajymifvdrfcH&wmrsm;vmawmh ppftpdk;&&J@ ajym pum;awG/ au;a=umfoHawG/ uwdu0wfawGudk wefzkd;xm;+yD; tvG,fwulvufcHzkd@qkdwm jynfolawG twGuf rvG,fwJhudpPjzpfygw,f? ckvnf; }uHzG@H orw OD;ode;f pde&@J tajymxuf tvkyvufawG@uom tav;xm;=unfh =urSmyg? h f f kd OD;odef;pdefeJ@ }uHhzGH@ ygwD[m b,fvkdyk*~dKvf/ b,fvkdygwDqkdwmvnf; jynfolawGrodwm r[kwfygbl;? }uHzG@H ygw[m etz ppftm%m&Sif Advoef;a&$arG;xkwvuwhJ ygwqwm jynfoawG rarh=u ao;ygb;l ? h D k f f dk f D dk l pzGJ@pOfu jynfaxmifpk }uHhckdifa&;ESifh zGH@+zKd;a&;vlr_toif;}uD; vdk@ uifyGef;wyfygw,f? wcsdK@ vlxkawG t=um;rSmawmh jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESihf vlrdkufarG;toif;}uD;vkd@ avSmifajymifac: }uygw,f? tJ'vac:r,fqvnf; ac:avmufygw,f? }uHzG@H qdwm NLD ukd enf;rsdK;pkHeJ@ aESmifh,Suf+cdrf;ajcmuf h D dk dk h k &mrSm emrnfqkd;eJ@ausmf=um;wJh vlrdkuftoif;}uD;qkdwm wjynfvkH;odygw,f? a': atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;wkd@ukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfzkd@ }uHpnfwJh 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJ}uD;rSmvnf; wufwufuu yg0ifcJhwJh toif;yg? aemufydkif;rSm Adkvfoef;a&$u }uHhzGH@ udk EdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf ajymif;ypfvkdufygw,f? ygwD0if 11 oef;ausmf&Sdw,fvkd@ qdkygw,f? ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGukd t&yf0wfvJcdkif;+yD; }uHhzGH@ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; tjzpf wm0ef,lapygw,f? pnf;urf;jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDqkd+yD; au;a=umfckdif;ygw,f? ppftm%m&Sif pepfoufqkd;&Snfapzkd@ anmifESpfyifnDvmcHu csrSwfvkdufwJh 2008 tajccHOya'ukd t"rR twnfjyKyg w,f? 2010 twkta,mifa&G;aumufyGJrSm }udKwifrJawGeJ@ rJvdrfrJckd;+yD; }uHhzGH@ &kyfao;tpdk;&udk toufoGif;ay;vkdufygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfukdvnf; ol@pdwf}udKufa&G; cs,f cef@xm;ygw,f? }uHhzGH@ ygwDuvmwJh orRweJ@ ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,f 'korRw tygt0if 11 OD;&SdwJh trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vkHjcKHa&;aumifpDukd zGJ@w,f/ tJh'D}udK;ukdiftzGJ@&J@ t"duwm0efu ppftm %m&Sifpepf t"Gef@&Snfa&;udk tmrcHwJh 2008 tajccHOya'udk tE&m,fjyK xdyg;vm&if ppfwyfu w&m; 0iftm%modrf;,la&;yJ jzpfw,f? 19

wyfukd vufv$wfvdkuf&csdefrSm ppftm%m&Sif Adkvfae0if;[m Adkvfoef;a&$vufcsufeJ@ taervS/ taorvS b0 ysufoGm;cJh&w,f? tJh'Dvkd tjzpfrsdK; olukd,fwkdif jyefrcH&atmif vkdtyfwmrSefor# jyifqif+yD;rS t+idrf;pm;,lw,fqdk+yD; uef@vef@ umaemufuG,fudk v#dK0ifoGm;wmjzpfw,f? pdwfcsvufcs ajcypfvufypf tem;,loGm;wmrsdK;r[kwfbl;? wHigonf[m ykduf}udK;uukdif+yD; ykdufudkypfwm? kyfwm vkkyfovkd Adkvfoef;a&$[mvnf; trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;eJ@ vkH+cKHa&;aumifpDqkdwJh ykduf}udK;udkukdif+yD; vkdovdk upm;&r,fqdkwm odw,f? vuf&Sdtm%m& }uHhzGH@orRw OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&qkdwm Adkvfoef;a&$ppftkyfpk&J@ udk,fyGm;om jzpfw,f? 2008 tajc cHOya'qkdwm Adkvfoef;a&$ppftkyfpk&J@ toufjzpfw,f? tm%m& }uHhzGH@ tpdk;&&J@ t"du wm0efu ppftkyfpk&J@ touf 2008 tajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;yJ? }uHhzGH@ tpdk;& ay;r,fh 'Drkdua&pDqkdwm 2008 tajccHOya'udk rxdyg;wJh twkdif;twmtxdom jzpfvdrfhr,f? txufrSm ajymcJhwmawG[m jrefrmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;rSm tckdiftrmwnf&SdaewJh tajctaerSefawGyJ? vlyk*~dKvf wa,muf tpdk;&w&yf EdkifiHa&;ygwDwckudk tuJjzwfEdkifzkd@ jynfhpkHvkHavmufwJh oufaotaxmuftxm;awGyJ? q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm jzpfwnfaewJh cdivwhJ oufaotaxmuftxm;awGudk rsuu,jf yK+yD; r,fr,f&& taxmuftxm;r&SyJ }uHzG@H tpd;k &tay: k f Hk f G d h 'grSr[kwf orRw OD;odef;pdeftay: taumif;jrifzkd@qkdwm jynfolawGtzkd@ awmfawmfcufygw,f? orRw OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&tay: }udK;pm;+yD; taumif;jrifcsifw,fqkdOD;awmh vufawG@b0u cGifhrjyK&if ('Drkdua&pDtjynfht0 r&Sd&if/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;r&SdbJ vlrsdK;pka'oawGrSm ppfyGJawG w+cdrf;+cdrf;jzpfae&if/ Oya'pdk;rdk;r_r&SdbJ tvkyform;/ v,form;awG bufpkHtEdkifusifhcHae&&if ppfwyfu tcsdefra&G; tm%modrf;Edkifw,fqkdwJh tEW&m,f&Sdae&if) jynfolawGtaeeJ@ b,fvkdvkyf taumif;jrifpdwf arG;vkd@& yghrvJ? tcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rJh taumif;jrif/tqkd;jrifqdkwm Avmpum;oufouf qENpGJoufoufxuf rykdEdkifygbl;? a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t aeeJ @ pum;0k d i f ; awG u wqif h orR w OD ; od e f ; pd e f t ay: &k d ; &k d ; om;om; taumif ; jrif wmjzpfr,fqwmudk ,k=H unfygw,f? 'gayrJh uGvwhJ _axmifu=unf&if orRw OD;ode;f pdetaeeJ@ taumif;bufudk ajymif;vJ kd J JG h h f csifol pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;&Sdoljzpf&ifawmifrS 2008 tajccH Oya'ukd qef@usif+yD; bmwckrS vkyfEdkifp&mr&Sdygbl;? 2008 tajccHOya'qkdwm wckvkH;t&ajym&if ppftkyfpk&J@ taxGaxGtusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fwJh Oya'jzpfovkd wckcsif;t&ajym&if OD;odef;pdefwOD;csif;&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fwJh Oya'vnf; jzpfaew,fr[kwfvm;? }uHhzGH@ tpkd;&taeeJ@uawmh a':atmif qef;pk=unfeJ@ pum;ajymaeygw,fvkd@ EdkifiHwumeJ@ jynfolawGudk jyoEdkif&if EdkifiHa&;tjrwf&w,fqkd+yD; rm&oGefaqG;aEG;yGJrsdK; vky&av t}udKufawG@avaerSmygy? 'gxufru 2008 tajccHOya' oHwi=f um;ukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J NLD a&mufvm f J h dk av t}udKufawG@avaerSmygyJ? ta=umif;uawmh }uHhzGH@ tpdk;&&J@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf xdef;odrf;a&;ADZukd zkH;uG,f&mrSm tokH;wnfhvkd@ jzpfygw,f? jynfoawG&@J vufawG@b0 trSew&m;&J@ vrf;jyr_t&qk&ifawmh jynfoawG qufvuf cswuf&r,fvrf;a=umif;u l f d l D h 2008 tajccHOya' zsufodrf;a&; jynfolw&yfvkH;&J@ qENeJ@tnD a&;qGJxm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDzGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'w&yf ay:aygufa&; ,if;Oya'opft& jynfol awGa&G;aumufwifajrmufwJh 'Drkdua&pDt&yfom;tpkd;&w&yf ay:aygufa&;yJ jzpfw,f? 'Dvrf; a=umif;ay: a&mufatmif 2008 tajccH Oya'udk opPmcHaewJh orRw OD;odef;pdefuvnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJay;Edkifp&m rjrifygbl;? jynfoawGu,wiyJ pkppnf;pnf; nDnnwnwe@J cswuf=u&vdrr,f? }uHzG@H v$wawmfuae &or# tcGita&;ukd l dk f dk f k D G f G f D hf h f hf tokH;cs+yD; 2008 tajccHOya'udk jyKjyif,l&r,fqkdwJholrsm;&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;eJ@ jynfolawG&J@ yifrv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk aygif;pyf& vdrfhr,f? ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m vG,fvG,feJ@ aemufqkwfrSm r[kwfbl;? jrpfudkawG@&if wHwm;aqmuf/ awmifudk awG@&if Orifazguf+yD; csDwuf=u&vdrfhOD;r,f/ 'Drkdua&pDc&D;u reD;ao;bl; vkd@xifygw,f?

jrwfEdk;
1/ 11/ 2011? (&nfne;f ? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J ajympum;rsm;ukd 2009 pufwifbm 2011 =umoyaw;ae@xw/f twGJ 2/ trSwf 62 ? $ k jynfol@acwf*sme,frS a':atmifqef;pk=unfESihf awG@qkHar;jref;jcif; (20/pufwifbm/ 2011)

20

Ekiia&; dfH

b,fo@l twGuf 'Drdkua&pDaqmif=uOf;ay;rSmvJ


&Jabmf zk;d oHacsmif;

a&G;aumufyGJwck a&mufvmjyefygawmhr,f? {+yDv(1)&ufae@rSm usif;yzdk@twGuf }uHhzGwftpdk;&taeeJ@ aA'ifar;+yD;rS a&G;cs,vuwmjzpfEiygw,f? 'gayrJh 'D&ufukd urBmtES@H rm (April Fools Day) tl;vkywae@v@kd f kd f kd f S f hJ owfrwf em;vnfxm;=uygw,f? Armjynfrmtl;vkyy}JG uD;wck xyfawG@&OD;awmhr,f? +yD;cJwhJ 2010a&G;aumufyxuf S S f h JG ydrajymifajrmufwhJ tl;vkyywckukd jrif&avmufygw,f? (jynfovxukd tl;vkyjf yzd@k }uKd;yrf;cJwm[m jynfovl k kd f JG l l k h l xka&S@rSm l;jywmyJ jzpfoGm;cJhzl;ygw,f?) tckqdk&if }uKdwifrJawG/ jynfya&mufrJawG wif;eJ@awmif;eJ@ toifhjzpfaeavmufyg+yD? b,folEdkifap/ b,folH_;ap qdkwmudk rJay;olawGu qHk;jzwfwmr[kwfbJ =uyfajy;uae qHk;jzwfrSmyg? 'gayrJh pdwfcsyg? 'Dwcg a&G;aumufyrm Advoef;pdew@kd [m ab;tjrifrm olrwlatmifoef@pifjyr,fv@dk wGuouwGuf ygw,f? ta=umif; JG S k f f S f l uawmh 'Da&G; aumufyGJrSm olwdk@vlawG tm;vHk;H_;oGm;vnf; v$wfawmfxJrSm olwdk@vlawGu 80txuf xd e f ; csKyf x m;rS m rd k @ jzpf y gw,f ? aemuf + yD ; 0if t a&G ; cH r ,f h ol w d k @ }uH h z G H @ ud k , f p m;vS , f a vmif ; qd k w muvnf ; 0ef}uD;ae&mtwGuf vsmxm;olawG r[kwygb;l ? tjznfcu,pm; vS,avmif;awG/ =uufpum;eJ@ajym&&if cGyvufcH f h H kd f f f trwfavmif;awGom jzpfrSmrdk@yg? aemuf+yD; wcsufckwfESpfcsufjywf qdkovdk olwdk@udkapmifh=unhfaewJh urBmh todkif;t0dkif;xJuvlawG&J@ rsufvHk;xJrSm armifa$dk; jzpfr,fr[kwfvm;? wu,fawmh 'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m 2010a&G;aumufyGJ&J@ tpdwftydkif;wckom jzpfygw,f? wenf;ajym&&if 2010ckEpf vdrvnfy}JG uD;&J@tqufom jzpfygw,f? Advoe;f pdew@kd tm%m&a&;twGuf w&m;0if atmif vkyay;&wJh S f k f d f f ajcvSrf;tqufom jzpfygw,f? OD;Adkvfoef;pdefwdk@twGuf tcsdKay: oumavmif;r,fh a&G;aumufyGJom jzpfygw,f? 'if;wdk@wawG uHxw,fvdk@ qdk&rvm; rodygbl;/ }uKdwifrJawG/ ta0;a&mufrJawGeJ@ orRwvkyfwmudkawmifrS ajzmifhrwfw,f/ ,Hk=unf&w,fvdk@ csD;usL;wmawG jzpfaeygw,f? jyefpOf;pm;vdu&if 'Dtpd;k &opf wufvmvd@k 1ESpe;D yg;=umwJtcgrm 'Dae@ ArmjynfjynfoawG&@J pm;0wfae k f f h S l xdirb0 tajctaeudk jyefpOf;pm;=unhvuyg? =um;jzwfaG;aumufyJG usi;f yr,fqwta=umif;eJ@ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ kf _ f kd f kd hJ avmifpmqDc/ v#yfppfrDwmc/ rD;&xm;cawG jrihfwifcJhygw,f? 'DumvtwGif;rSm qENjywmawGay:cJhwmudk 'Dtpdk; &opfu enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ ydwfyifzsufqD;cJhygw,f ('DqENjywmawGtem;udk b,fEdkifiHa&;ygwDrS ruyfwmvnf; owdxm;rdygw,f)? v,form;awGtay: trsKd ;rsKd ;tEdiusiwmawG/ rsm;oxufrsm;/ qd;k 0g;oxufq;kd 0g;vmovdk k f hf jynfwi;f ppf&@J AH;k oHtajrmufoawG[m us,avmifoxuf us,avmifv@kd om vmaeygw,f? 'gawGe@J w+yKdieufwnf; G H f f f rSm ADtattoHviXme&J@ a&;cGir&aom owif;rsm;urSm azmfjyp&mawG[m ajymolrEdiavmufatmif jzpfaeyg kd $ fh hf kf w,f? aocsmwmuawmh Advoe;f pdew@kd &@J tajymif;tvJqdwmudk aiGa=u;"e tajctae awmifwif;olrsm;u k f d f k h ar#mfvifhcsufxm;ae=u+yD; atmufajcqif;&Jom; jynfolawGuawmh ar#mfvihfcsuf rJhoxufrJhvmaeygw,f? 'DvdktajctaeawG &SdygvsufeJ@ Akdvfodef;pdef[m tar&duefu 0g&Sifwefydk@pfowif;pmeJ@ tifwmAsL;&mrSm olw@kd bufuawmh wm0efaus+yD/ taemufEiiawGbufu ydwq@kd wmawG jyefziygawmhv@kd ajAmifajymvduygw,f? kd f H f G fh k f 'dt&if &ufydkif;uav;wkef;uyJ olwdk@tckvkyfaewmawG[m b,foluvkyfcdkif;vdk@zdtm;ay;vdk@rSr[kwfbl; qdkwJh oabmrsKd ; ajymcJygao;w,f? tckawmh a&mhywWjrm;- ay;e*g; vkyaeyg+yD? h f 'g[m Adkvfoef;pdefeJ@ }uHhzGH@tpdk;&u zefwd;aewJh'Drdkua&pDygyJ? Armjynf jynfolvlxktzdk@uawmh rD;SL;rD;yef;awGukd ai;arm=unhaewke;f txkyf vlc;kd cH&wJtjzpf }uKHae&yg+yD/ wu,fu 'Da&G;aumufytyg OD;ode;f pdef f h JG wdk@ vkyfaewmawG[m AdkvfcsKyfawGtwGuf vGwfvyfpGm vdrfnmcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm aoG;pkyfcGihf/ vGwfvyfpGm ppfcif; cGihfawGudk a&$vifyef;eJ@ wifay;aewmomjzpfygw,f? 2 1

jynfovxuawmh l l k wHv#yudk wHv#yv@dk yJ odygw,f f f apmt,fx;l

Ekiia&; dfH

acwfopfArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH(1938) [m tvGef ta&;}uD;wJtcef;u ygcygw,f? ArmjynfEiia&;ordi;f rSm tauG@tcsKd ;}uD;wckvnf; jzpfchJ h hJ kd f H k ygw,f? ArmjynfEiia&;vrf;a=umif;[m vGwvyfa&;/ 'Drua&pDa&;/qk&,vpfa&; jzpfw,f kd f H f kd d S f qkwmukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jrifapcJw,f? Armjynfacwfopf Ediia&;avmuukd acgi;f aqmifr_ d h kfH ay;wJh xl;c|efxufjrufwufwJh vli,facgif;aqmifrsdK;qufopf wokwfudk arG;xkwfcJhw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dx;l c|exufjrufwufuGwhJ vli,facgi;f aqmifawG[m jynfovxtusKd ; f l l k ukd OD;xdyfyef+yD; ukd,fusdK;pGef@um ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;yJ rsuf ajctjywfrcHbJ av#mufvr;f ole@J jynfovxudk cseif;um rdru,usKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf Arm S l l k d kd f jynf Ediia&;vrf;a}umif;ukd _yyaxG;axG; vkyypfwoawGq+dk yD; ESpyi;f uGom;w,f? 'D[m&J@ kfH f _ f f hJ l f dk J G tusdK;qufuawmh ArmjynfrSm trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr_ +yKduGJapcJhwmyJ/ jynfolvlxk udk cseif;um rdru,usKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf ArmjynfEiia&;vrf;a=umif;ukd _yyaxG;axG;vkyol d dk f kd f H f _ f f acgif;aqmifpku EdkifiHa&;tm%m&vmwJhtcgrSmawmh jynfwGif;ppf(1948) jzpfawmhwmyJ? tJ'ae@up+yD; Armjynf jynfovxk (vlrsKd ;aygi;f pkjH ynfovx)}uD;[m vGwvyfa&; t&om h D l l l l k f qkwm bmrSe;f rod&awmhbJ jynfwi;f ppfr;D yifv,fxrm urf;rjrifvrf;rjrif ,ufuef,uf d G J S uef ul;cwf&if; +idrf;csrf;wJh 'Drkdua&pDurf;ajcudk wrf;wae&wmu uae@txdygyJ? Armjynf[m 1943 ckEprm vGwvyfa&;twk wcg &zl;ygw,f? zufqpf0g' t&om S f S f ukd aumif;aumif;cHpm;vkduf&ygw,f? 1948 rSm vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd ar#mfrSef;+yD; +Adwdo# "eo[m,tzG@J xrmawmif raebl;qd+k yD; vGwvyfa&;ukd a=unmcJygw,f? 'gayrJh aESmif}udK; J S f h tr#iwef;eJ@ jzpfcygw,f? tkyp;dk oljzpfvmwJh zq-qk&,f (zqyv tzG@J csKyfudk qk&,vpfawG f hJ f d S d S f tkyp;D rdom;vk@d zqyvtpd;k &udk tJ'we;f u ac:wJtrnf) tpd;k &[m "e&Sif ygvref 'Dru f G h D k h D dk a&pDuvnf; yDjyifatmif rxlaxmifEicb;l ? zqyv tpd;k &[m "e&SiaygupADZu vm=u dk kd f hJ f f olrsm;+yD; Ediia&;tm%m&vm+yD;rS Ediia&;tm%meJ@ bmt&if;tES;D udk vuf0g;}uD;tkywhJ kfH kfH f AsLkdua&pDt&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;ukd wufvSrf;&wm jzpfawmh ygvDref'Drkdua&pD 'grSr[kwf "e&Sif 'Drua&pDudk tom;usatmif rvkyEiao;bl; jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfovxtwGuf kd f kd f l l k 'Drua&pDudk rqdxm;eJ@ olw@dk wufvr;f p AsLku&uft&if;&Sixrmawmif 'Drua&pDudk yDjyif kd k S d f J S kd atmif rvkyEicb;l ? tJ'ga=umifh tJ'we;f u 0ef}uD;csKyf vkycoudk b0&Sirif;=wm;}uD;vk@d f kd f hJ h D k f hJ l f ajymqk=d uwmawmif &SwmyJ? 'Dvdk 'Drua&pD qdwoO;f cJv@dk vnf; jynfwi;f ppf jzpfcwmyJ? d dk f k h G hJ tJ'we;f u 'Drua&pD Ediiawmfw@dk / jynfawmfom&rnfw@dk / jynfaxmifpw@kd / vlwa,muf/ h D k kd kfH k wduwvk;H /um;wpD;/ 0ifaiG 800 usyf & &r,fw@dk / vufeufe@J 'Drua&pDvwmwd@k / qdwmawG k f kd J k ukd jynfolvlxk}uD;u em;rqHhavmufatmif=um;cJh&ygw,f? taumiftxnfawmh rjrifvkduf}u&ygbl;? 22

jynfolvlxk}uD; xdawG@cHpm;vkduf&wmu ygvDref'Drkdua&pDvkd@ emrnfwyfxm;wJh wjynfaxmifpepf/ AsLkdu&uf t&if;&SifpepfeJ@ AsLkdua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;}uD;jzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv 2 &ufae@rSmawmh Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpku tm%modrf;ygw,f? ppftkyfpkukdvnf; awmfvea&;aumifpq+dk yD; emrnfwyfygw,f? awmfvea&;aumifpu jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[ef qk&,vpfpepfudk cswuf S f D S f D d S f D r,fv@dk ajymygw,f? Ediia&;orm;tawmfrsm;rsm; rsupvnfueygw,f? wcsKd @qkd ordi;f wacwfopfc+hJ yD wk@d bmwd@k awmif kfH f d k f k ajymvmygw,f? qk&,vpf 'Drua&pD usio;Hk r,f? avmavmq,f pyfu;l rwfu;l umv wck jzwfoef;&w,fv@dk ajym+yD; d S f dk hf rqv wygwtm%m&Sipepfudk xlaxmifygw,f? ygw/D aumifp/D v$wawmfqwmawG/ jynfaxmifpqwmawG ajymyg D f f kd k dk w,f? jynfolvlxk}uD;cHpm;vkduf&wmu wjynfaxmifpepf/ ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ppfAsLua&pD,E&m;yJ jzpfygw,f? 1988 vlxktkHuGr_a}umifh rqv wygwD tm%m&Sifpepfysufayr,fh e0w tm%modrf;wufvm+yD; ygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;r,fqkdwJh uwdeJ@ ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ppfAsLkdua&pD,E&m;ukd ajAmif usifhokH;ygw,f? 1990 rSm a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;ayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumiftxnfazmfzkd@ jiif;y,f+yD;wJh aemuf etz tjzpf trnfajymif;w,f? trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;/ ygwDEdkifiHa&;qkdwm ajymvmw,f? trsdK;om; nDvmcH usif;yvkduf/ &yfem;xm;vkduf/ jyefusif;yvkdufvkyf+yD; trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;rSm wyfrawmfu OD;aqmifr_tcef;u yg&r,fqdkwJhtcsufukd r& &wJhenf;eJ@ csrSwfcJhw,f? 'DaemufrSmawmh pnf;urf;jynfh0wJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDpepfqkdwmudk ajymvmw,f ? 2008 tajccH O ya'uk d a&;qG J w ,f ? 2010 rS m a&G ; aumuf y G J v k y f + yD ; 2008 tajccH O ya't& jynfaxmifpvwawmf/ jynfe,fEihf wki;f a'o}uD;v$wawmfawG qdwm ay:vmw,f? orRw OD;ode;f pdeacgi;f aqmifwhJ k $ f S d f k f }uHz@HG tpd;k &qdwm wufvmw,f? umuG,a&;eJ@v+Hk cKHa&;aumifpqwm ay:vmw,f? Advoef;a&$e@J Advarmifat;wd@k udk h k f D dk k f k f etzzsuor;f vkuw,fv@dk a=unm+yD; topfz@JG pnf;ykxrm b,frmrS rawG@&awmhygb;l ? orRwOD;ode;f pdetpk;d &uvnf; f d d f H J S S f pnf;urf;jynfh0wJh ygwDpkH 'Drkdua&pDpepfukd usifhokH;r,f/ tajymif;tvJukd tavmw}uD;vkyfvdk@rjzpfbl;? wpwpyJ vky&r,fq+dk yD; etz tpd;k & vufxufu vkywtvkyawGuyJ qufcef@caeygw,f? f f hJ f dk JG wu,fawmh 2008 tajccHOya'wk@d a&G;aumufyw@dk v$wawmftqifqifw@dk / orRw acgi;f aqmifwtpd;k &wk@d / JG f h h hJ pnf;urf;jynfh0wJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDwkd@qdkwmawG[m [efjyawGomjzpf+yD; ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ppfAsL&kdu a&pD,E&m;udk zkH;uG,fxm;zkd@oufoufyJ jzpfygw,f? tajymif;tvJqkdwmawG[mvnf; [efjyawGom jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh wHv#yfukd a&xifwJholawGukdvnf; ay:aygufapcJhwmuawmh trSefyJ? vlwcsdK@ukd vSnfhpm;vkdufEdkifygw,f? jynfolvlxk}uD;uawmh ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ppfAsLua&pD,E&m;ukd 2008 tajccHOya' o&zlaqmif; vdkufw,fqdkwmukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;jrifygw,f/ pnf;urf;jynf0wJh ygwDpkH'Drkdua&pDpepfwdk@/ jynfaxmifpkwdk@/ aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;wk@d qdwm toHom =um;&+yD; vufawG@rm ppftm%m&SipepfuyJ &ifqi&w,f? ppfAsLkua&pD ,E&m;eJ@yJ k S f dk kd f d zdESdyfcH&w,fqdkwmudkyJ cHpm;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh orRw OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&ukdvnf; t,kHt=unf r&Sdygbl;? wHv#yfukd a&vkd@ xifaeolawGukdvnf; pdwfr0ifpm;ygbl;? jynfolvlxk}uD; pdwf0ifpm;wmu olwdk@vnfukyfay: cGpD;aewJh 2008 tajccHOya' o&zl aqmif;xm;wJh ppftm%m&Sipepfe@J ppfAsLkua&pD ,E&m;}uD;ukd b,fvdk cgcsypf&rvJqwmygy? tJ'D vnfuycp;D xm;wJh raumif; f d dk J k fG qkd;0g;udk cgcsypfEdkifrS wu,fh+idrf;csrf;a&;/ wu,fh'Drkdua&pD/ wu,fhjynfaxmifpk/ wu,fhwef;wlr_/ wu,fhzGH@+zdK;r_awG &&SdEkdifr,fqkdwm tawG@t}uKHt& &Sif;&Sif;jrifxm;vdk@ygyJ?

apmt,fx;l
'DZifbm 13/ 2011?

23

uk,pnf;0ki;f xJ r#m;ac:+y;D d hf d pnf;xJa&mufrS tjywfacsre;f r,fh _ OD;ode;f pde&@J r[mAsL[m f


nKdpe0if; d f

Ekiia&; dfH

ppfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tpkd;&opf&J@ wESpfajrmufae@tjzpf orRwOD;odef;pdefu &$ef;&$ef;a0 atmif rdef@cGef;acoGm;cJhygw,f? EkdifiHwumukda&m jynfwGif;tiftm;pkawGukdyg tqifhwck txd olw@dk t,koi;f vk@d &+yD/ yki+f yD Eki+f yD/ atmif+yDtxife@J tm;wufoa&m rpm;& 0cref; H G d d ajymoGm;wJh rdef@cGef;yg? (jynfolvlxkeJ@ jynfwGif;jynfyu r,kH=unfolawG &Sdaewma=umifh ,kH=unfr_ vkdtyfw,fvkd@ xnfhajymae&ygao;w,f) rleJ@ aysmhaysmif;r_ukd tpyft[yfnDpGm okH;pGJoGm;wJh rdef@cGef;vkd@vnf; qkdEkdifygw,f? rlu 2008 tajccHOya'yg? aysmhaysmif;r_u trsm;pkukd r#m;ac:wJh rufavmufp&m pum;vkH;awGyg? OD;ae0if;/ OD;oef;a&$wkd@&J@ rlukd umuG,fwJh pdwf"mwfrsKd;eJ@ a'gufwmarmifarmif&J@ taysmhqGJ avcsKdaoG;+yD; 1974 tajccHOya'atmufukd qGJoGif;wJhenf;ukd tokH;jyKoGm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tajccHwJhrlu rlrSm;}uD;rkd@ wkdif;jynftwGuf tusKd;rjzpfwJhtjyif tE&m,fjzpfapr,fh rdef@cGef;yg? atmifjrifrawG p&ae+yDq+dk yD; olw@dk tpk;d &tzG@J tljrL;ae=uygw,f? OD;ode;f pdere@f ce;f _ f d G xJrm tljrL;wJavoHawG txif;om; ay:vGiaeygw,f? =unfyg? S h f h ('Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ukd zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'eJ@tnD t&Sdeft[kefeJ@taumif txnfazmfaqmif&GufcJh&mrSm 'Duae@ +idrf;csrf;pGm toGiful;ajymif;a&; vrf;a=umif;opfukd pepfwus wnfaqmufEic+hJ yD jzpfygw,f) wJ? (u|eawmfw@dk &@J toGiu;l ajymif;r_udk Burma dk f h f f Spring Myanmar Spring tp&SwhJ trnfemr trsK;rsK; uifye;wyf cHae&wmukvnf; d d d G f d u|efawmfwkd@ od&Sdxm;ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@&J@ wnf+idrfrSefuefwJh toGiful;ajymif;r_tay: EkdifiH wum tokdif;t0kdif;&J@ em;vnfr_awG jrifhrm;vmae+yD jzpfwJhtwGuf ,kH=unfr_awG qifhyGm;ay: vmatmif ) wJh? ('Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;r_ jzpfpOf[m rdbjynfolrsm;twGuf wpfu,fh ukd *k%,0rf;ajrmufz,&m/ pHerlem om"u jyKzG,&m atmifjrifwhJ ul;ajymif;r_}uD;yJ jzpfyg f l G f f w,f) wJ? &Suz,? 'Drua&pD ul;ajymif;a&;ukd zG@J pnf;yktajccHe@J tnDqkuwnf;u ppfrewhJ h f G f dk H d S f b,fvkd 'Drkdua&pDrsKd;rS r[kwfEkdifwm t&Sif;}uD;yg? tajccHtusqkH; zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'eJ@ wjcm; tajccH rlabmifawG rajymif;ao;bJe@J bm 'Drua&pD toGiu;l ajymif;a&;rS rjzpfEiyg dk f dk f bl;? xm;awmh? olwkd@ pnf;0kdif;xJukd OD;odef;pdefu b,fvkd r#m;ac:aew,fqkdwmukd t"duxm; ajym vkdygw,f? 24

ol rdef@cGef;ajymwmu v$wfawmfxJrSmyg? v$wfawmfqkdwmu 2008 tajccHOya'ukd aemufcH tjzpf tok;H jyKygw,f? 2008 tajccHOya'ukd a&$uvyfay:wif+yD; txGwtjrwf OD;xdy&u/f uwWyg f f G D teDpeJ@ v$r;f um aemufrm xm;+yD; ajymwJh rde@f ce;f yg? 2008 tajccHOya'ukd aemuf S G cH xm;+yD;ajymwJh ta,mifaqmif 'Drua&pD avcsKat;yg? ta,mifaqmifv@dk ajym&wmu 2008 tajc dk d cH Oya'tay: tajcjyK+yD; ajymwJh tajym/ vkywhJ vky&yfawGqwmu tppftrSef 'Drua&pD b,fvrS f f dk dk dk rjzpfEkdifvkd@ygyJ? 2008 tajccHOya'u ppftm%m&Sifpepf om;pOfajr;quf wnfwHha&;twGuf ppftkyfpk u yEMu&uxm;wmrk@d 'Drua&pD&@J qef@usibuf jzpfae+yD; 'Dtay:u ajymwJh b,fvpum;rsK;d rS 'Drdk f dk f dk f dk ua&pD tawG;tac: tppftrSef r[kwEiygb;l ? twdtus ajymygr,f? 2008 tajccHOya'[m 'Dru f dk f dk a&pD vk;H 0 r[kwb;l ? 'Drua&pDe@J enf;enf;rS rtyfpyfb;l ? f dk rdef@cGef;&J@ tESpfom&ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifEkdifatmif owfuGif;udpPukd t&if &Sif;ygr,f? v$wfawmfqkdwmu olwkd@&J@ pnf;0kdif;yg? 'Dpnf;0kdif;twGif;rSm armif;cvkwfawG tqifhqifheJ@ owfuGif; jyifxm;ygw,f? yxrqkH; olwkd@*k%f,l0ifhum;pGmeJ@ qef@usifzuftawG;tac:awGukd acsr_ef;zkd@ jyifxm;wJh armif;cvkwfu v$wfawmfukd ppfbufu vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;r_ygyJ? ta&twGuft& vuf0g; }uD; tkyfxm;r_u ykdjrifomygw,f? v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawG&J@ ta&twGufu yxr armif;cvkwfyg? ppfwyfu wrwfom;ae&mawG ajAmif ,lxm;ygw,f? usefwmawGuvnf; t&yf0wf 0wfxm;wJh ppf bufuvlawGeJ@ ppfbufu OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;xm;wJh }uHh@zGH@ ygwD0ifawGtrsm;pkyg? }uH@zGH@ygwDu b,fol@yg wDv/J b,fou ukixm;ovJ qkwm txl; &Si;f jyp&m rvkawmhb;l xifygw,f? 'Dawmh ppfbufu l df d d tenf;qk;H 75 &mckiEe;f v$r;f rk;d tkyp;D xm;wJh v$wawmfyg? olw@dk udk qef@usif vmwJh b,ftawG;tac: df _ f f b,ft,ltq b,ftqkjd yKcsuawGurqkd 'D 75 &mckiEe;f ausmf tykip;D xm;wJh v$wawmftrwfawG f dk df _ df f uae tjywftowftiftm;eJ@ tEkdif,l acsr_ef;ypfvkd@&wm tvGef&Sif;yg w,f? aemuf+yD; 'Dtwkdif;vnf; vkyfae=uwmygyJ? EkdifiHwumeJ@ jynfolvlxkukd t,kHoGif;zkd@ vkdtyfvmrS (aemuf+yD; topf jzpfwnfvm wJh olw@dk tpk;d &ukd 'Drua&pDt&yfom; tpk;d & toGiaqmifjycsiwhJ tcgusr) wcsK@d tqkjd yKcsuawG t dk f f S f Ekdif&atmif olwkd@vlawGu wHcg;ukd [ay;vkduf=uwmyg? 'kwd, armif;cvkwfu tckdiftrm XmeawGukd OD;pD;xm;wJh 0ef}uD;awGyg? ta&;}uD;wJh 0ef}uD; XmeawGukd ppfAkdvfawGeJ@ ppfAkdvfvlxGufawGu csKyfukdif tykdifpD;xm;wmukd owdjyKyg? wwd, armif;cvkwfu umvkH(trsKd;om; umuG,fa&;eJ@ vkH+cKHa&;aumifpD) yg? 'DaumifpDrSm vnf; ppftkyfpku 90 &mckdifE_ef;ausmf vuf0g;}uD; tkyfxm;wmyg? ykd+yD; ta&;ygwJh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rsKd; yg? wki;f jynftwGuf wu,f ta&;ygwhJ tajymif;tvJawG v$wawmfu wufvm&ifawmifrS 'DumvkH d f tzGJ@u [ef@wm; acszsufypfvkdufvkd@ &ygw,f? pwkw armif;cvkwu 2008 tajccH Oya'yg? olw@dk toufb;l vkd olw@dk taotvJ umuG,f f aewm 'DtajccHOya'jzpf+yD; olwkd@ pnf;&kH;aewmuvnf; 'DtajccHOya'atmuf 0ifa&mufvma&; jzpfyg w,f? aemufq;Hk armif;cvkwuawmh umvku 2008 tajccHOya'ukd uki+f yD; tm%modr;f a&; jzpfyg f H d w,f? (tm%mrodrf;ygbl;vkd@ olwkd@ xGufajym0Hhaewmu usefwJhtqifhawGuae 2008 tajccHOya'ukd olwkd@umuG,fxm;Ekdif+yDvkd@ tykdifwGufxm;vkd@yg/ olwkd@ppftkyfpk tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd wu,fwrf; +cdrf;ajcmuf vm+yDqkd&if tm%modrf;zkd@ 0efav;rSm r[kwfyg?) 'Darmif;cvkwfawGu tay:,H ta&cGHajymif;xm;wJh olwkd@ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd umuG,fa&; armif;cvkwfawGygyJ? 'Darmif;cvkwfawGeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd qef@usifwJh tawG;tac:awG/ tqkdjyK wifjycsufawG/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGukd taoxk acsr_ef;ypfrSmyg? 'Dvkd jyifqifxm;r_tay:rSmvnf; olwkd@u ,kH 25

=unfpwcsr_ &Saeygw,f? auseyftm;&r_ &Saeygw,f? 'Dvdk jzpfvmatmifvnf; 2010 vdrnmnpfywf wJh d f d d f a&G;aumufyGJtygt0if ESpfwcsKd@ olwkd@ }uKd;pm;vmcJh&wmukd;? tckawmh t&yfom;tpkd;& ta&+cKHxm; +yD;+yD/ v$wfawmfukdvnf; ukd,fhtiftm;eJ@ tykdifpD;xm;+yDqkdrS ukd,fhpnf;0kdif;xJ 0ifvmatmiftjyifxGuf+yD; r#m;ac: vkduf/ 0ifvmrSmukd pnf;0kdif;xJu 'l;ESH@+yD; apmifhaevkduf vkyfygw,f? 'Dpnf;0kdif;xJukd OD;odef;pdef r#m;ac:aewmrSm tjrifomqkH;udpPu xm0& +idrf;csrf;a&; azmfaqmifa&; t wGuf tqifh(3)qifhqkdwmyJ jzpfygw,f? (OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&u oabmw&m;a&;t&a&m/ vufawG@t&yg taumif txnf razmfEkdifwJhxm0& +idrf;csrf;a&;qkdwmukd avvkH;xGm;+yD; ajymoGm;vkdufygao;w,f? a&&SnftmrcH csuf&SdwJh +idrf;csrf;a&;ukdom wkdif;jynfu azmfaqmif}uKd;yrf;oGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f) 'kwd, tqifhukdyJ azmfjyygr,f? ('kwd,tqifhuawmh jynfaxmifpktqifhyJ jzpfygw,f? 'DtqifhrSm aqG;aEG;&r,fhtcsufawGuawmh jynfaxmifpk uae b,fawmhrS cGrxGuz@dk / 'k@d wm0ef ta&;ok;H yg;ukd vufcz@dk / pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ zG@H +zKd;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif ESpzuf yl; J f H f f aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@/ rl;,pfaq;0g;eJ@ pdwfukd ajymif;vJapwwfwJh aq;0g;rsm; wkdufzsufa&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzkd@/ EkdifiH a&;ygwDrsm; xlaxmif+yD; EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufzkd@/ v$wfawmfwGif; a&muf&Sdvmv#if tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh taustvnf aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;+yD; zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya' jyifqifzkd@/ zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'eJ@tnD wckwnf;aom vufeufukdif wyfrawmftjzpf &yfwnfa&; ndE_dif;aqmif&Gufzkd@) qkdygvm;? vufeufuif wki;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J usewi;f &if;om;awG&@J qENu jynfwi;f ppf Ekiia&;jy\emukd dk d f dk G dfH pm;yG0i;f rSm wef;wl&nfwl awG@qaqG;aEG;zk@d yg? r[muk%meJ@ OD;ode;f pdef zGiay;xm;wJh wHcg;u olw@dk owfui;f jyif J dk Hk hf G xm;wJh v$wawmf pnf;0ki;f xJuyg? yxrtqifh typftcwf &yfpa&;umvrSmukyJ tcsef trsm;}uD; =umygvrr,f? f d dk J d d d hf Ekiia&;ygwD zG@J pnf;cseus&ifvnf; vufeufuitzG@J tpnf;u Ekiia&;ygwD wkuuz@JG v@dk r&bl;qk+d yD; t&yfom;toGif dfH d f dk f dfH d f dk f ajymif;cki;f rSmrk@d tcsetrsm;}uD; xyf=umvdrr,f? txpftaigawG trsK;d rsK;d vky=f uOD;rSmyg? 'DtwGi;f rSm wki;f &if;om; d d f hf h d tzGJ@tpnf;awG tiftm;enf;oGm;a&;eJ@ +zKdcGJa&;awG enf;rsKd;pkH okH;+yD; vkyfOD;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'DtzGJ@awG EkdifiHa&;ygwD zG@J vm&ifvnf; a&G;aumufyJG tEkir&atmif enf;rsK;d pkH ok;H +yD; npfO;D rSmyg? v$wawmfxJ a&mufom;&ifawmh olw@dk u df f G ykdif+yDaygh? aemuf+yD; jynfaxmifpktqifhrSm aqG;aEG;&r,fh tcsufawGukd tay:pD;,l+yD; owfrSwfxm;ygao;w,f? }uKdwifuef@owfcsufawG vkyfxm;wmyg? b,fvkdrS vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh/ wef;wl&nfwl&SdwJh aqG;aeG;r_rsKd; jzpf rvmEkdifygbl;? aemufqkH;uawmh wckwnf;aom vufeufukdifwyfrawmf qkd+yD; olwkd@vufatmufcHwyfawG vkyfypfvkdufrSmygyJ? 'geJ@twl olwkd@ajymwJh (xm0& +idrf;csrf;a&;) qkdwmvnf; typftcwf &yfpJa&;ukd tcsdefqGJ+yD; 2008 Oya'abmifxJ usKH;oGif;a&;uvGJvkd@ wjcm; bmrS r[kwfbl;qkdwm }uKdwifwGufqxm;vkd@ &ygw,f? e0w etz tpkd;&&J@ tcsdefqGJenf;eJ@[efjyvkyfcJhwJh twkta,mif+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ xl;rjcm;em;ygyJ? aemufwck olwkd@pnf;0kdif;xJa&mufatmif usKH;oGif;vkdufwmuawmh trsKd;om; jyefvnf aygif;pnf; nD nGwfa&;/ xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&; aqmif=uOf;a&;pwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOf qkdwmygyJ? jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfrSm yg0if oifh yg0ifxuf yg0ifEioawGtm;vk;H yg0ifci&a&; qkwhJ All Inclusive Political Process ukd u|eawmfw@dk }uKd; dk dk f l G hf dS d f yrf; wnfaqmufcygowJ? 'g[m v$wawmfwi;f 0ifa&mufa&;ukd ne;f qkaewmom jzpfygw,f? (jynfwi;f EkiiH hJ h f G d G df a&;tiftm;pk tm;vkH;[m tajccHOya' rlabmiftwGif;uae 'Drkdua&pDusifhpOfawGukd vkdufemusifhokH;+yD; jynfol@ ukd,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifzkd@ pdwftm;xufoefpGm }uKd;yrf;vm=uwmukdvnf; 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m jrifawG@ae&+yD) wJh? tusOf;om;awG v$wfwmukdu yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajym&&if =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJrSm tm;vkH; yg 0ifcGifh&apa&;wJh? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtygt0if tm;vkH;aom EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGukd ol@ v$wfawmfxJ r#m; ac:aewm &Sif;vSygw,f? v$wfawmfwGif; a&muf&if olwkd@tusKd;pD;yGm; qef@usifwJh tqkdjyKcsufawG 26

t,ltqawGukd olwkd@&J@ jyifqifxm;wJh tiftm;eJ@ y,fcs+yD; trsm;oabmrwlvkd@ v$wawmfu twnfjyKvufcEijf cif; r&Syg bl; qk+d yD; vkyvurmyg? olw@dk tusKk ;d pD;yGm; f H dk d f dk f S odyfrxdcdkufwJh tqkdjyKcsufawG t,l tqawGavmufukdom vufcHtwnfjyKay;rSm jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGukd olwkd@ jzpfapcsifwmu olwkd@wnfaqmufxm;wJh tiftm;eJ@ acsr_ef;vkd@&wJh v$wfawmfwGif; EkdifiHa&;ygyJ? v$wfawmfwGif;a&muf&if olwkd@ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;wJh tiftm;awGeJ@ 0kdif;zdxm;=urSmomru 2008 tajccHOya'qkdwmeJ@vnf; olwkd@u zdxm;OD;rSmyg? (2008 tajccHOy a'&J@ t"du ruswJh tcsufawGavmufom olwkd@u tav#mhay;xm;wmyg) OD;odef;pdef&J@ rdef@cGef;xJrSmukd 2008 tajccHOya'ukd wkdifwnfajym =um;wJhpum;awG rkd;r$efaeygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD acwfopf pepfopfwJh? ,kH=unf=uygovm;? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOy a'ukd A[kdjyK+yD;vkd@ OD;odef;pdef txl;jyK+yD; ajymoGm;wmukd em;v#rf;rsufpdv#rf; rjzpf=uygeJ@? 'Drkdua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&;qkdwmuvnf; zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'eJ@tnDygwJh? ol@&J@ 'Drkd ua&pDokyfrSefukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; zGifh[jyvkdufwJh pum;uawmh 'Drkdua&pD toGiful; ajymif;a&;&J@ ydnmOf rlabmif}uD;jzpfwJh zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rSm tm%m(3) &yfukd tnD tr# cGa0ay;xm;wm jzpfygw,f qkwmygy? ppfbufe@J ol@aemufawmfygawG tm%m J d J tnD tr# cGJa0xm;wmuvGJvkd@ wjcm; bmrSr[kwfygbl;? 2008 tajccHOya'u ydnmOf rlabmif}uD; vkyfxm;wJhtxJu b,fvkd ppfrSefwJh 'Drkdua&pDrsKd; xGufvmrSmwJhvJ? v,form;awG rw&m; ajr,mtvkt,ufcHae&csdef/ 'kuQEGHxJ tvl;tvJ epfrGef; ae&csdefrSm/ aemuf+yD; v,form;awGu v,form;or*~awGukd ukd,fhbmom zGJ@pnf;zkd@ jzpf vmwJhtcsdefrSm ac|;odyfwJhtaeeJ@ v,form;or*~awG/ tvkyform;or*~awG/ trsKd;om; pme,fZif;aumifpDawG pepfwus zGJ@pnf;a&;ukd xnfhoGif;ajym=um;oGm;ygw,f? pepf wusqkdwmu olwkd@tpDtpOftwkdif; zGJ@pnf;zkd@yg? rqvacwfu tvkyform;aumifpD/ v,form;aumifpD/ pmayvkyfom; qkdwmrsKd; jzpfvmrSmyJ qkdwmu aA'ifar;r=unfhbJ od EkiwhJ udpyg? df P olre@f ce;f wckv;Hk ukd Rule of Law qkwhJ pum;vk;H ukd t}udr}f udrf ok;H +yD; xde;f csKyf d G d oGm;ygw,f? ol@&@J Rule of Law u jynfoawG vkvm;wJh ppfrewhJ w&m;Oya'pepfe@J ppf l d S f rSewhJ w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&; r[kwygb;l ? olw@dk ppfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf v$wawmft&yf&yfu a&; f f f qG/J 'D Oya'eJ@tnD olw@dk tpk;d &u tkycsKyfr,fqwhJ Rule of Law qkwm[m jynfoawGudk f dk d l zdEycsKyfcs,r,fh Oya'yJ qkwm rSe;f q=unfv@dk &ygw,f? 'D Rule of Law qkwm}uD;eJ@ dS f f d h d jynfoltay: t&dyfvkdrkd;xm;+yD; ajcmufvSef@zdESdyfxm;rSmyg? tvdrftnmpum;awG jrLqG,fwJh pum;awGeJ@ &ufoDxm;wJh ol@rdef;cGef;rSm a0zef zGifhcsp&mawG waxG;}uD;yg? a0zefzGifhcsolawGuvnf; zGifhcsaeyg+yD? odomxif&Sm;wJh tvdrf tnm pum;wcGef;ukdyJ Oyrmay;yg&apawmh? jrefrmjynfolw&yfvkH; odxm;wJh udpPyg? rd bjynfolrsm;u ,kH,kH=unf=unf av;av;eufeuf tyfESif;vmwJh wm0efawGwJh? jynfol vlxu a&G;aumufwifajrmufvuwhJ jynfo@l tusK;d xrf;aqmif&r,fh jynfo@l tpk;d & wJ? k dk f h u|efawmfwkd@ukd ,kH,kH=unf=unfeJ@ EkdifiHawmftkyfcsKyfr_tm%mukd tyfESif; vkdufw,fwJh? jynfou ,k=H unfv@dk wifajrmufv@dk tpk;d & jzpfvmwmvm;? a&G;aumufyrm rJvrnpfywf l JG S d f AkdvfustEkdifusifh wufvmwm r[kwfvm;? &SufzG,f? ? nd K pd e f 0 if ; 27

ynma&;

vdaewmu qifaumif=uD;avmuf k ukvif d d_


tckusi;f yaewJh v$wawmftpnf;ta0;rSm ynma&;eJ@use;f rma&; bwf*sutoH;k p&dwawG wd;k ay;r,f=um;vd@k f f f tawmf0rf;omvdkufrdygw,f? 'gayrJh wdk;ay;zdk@ v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;udkwifwJh yrm%udkawG@vdkuf&awmh tawmfav; pdwfysufoGm;rdygw,f? tckvmr,fhESpftwGuf ynma&;toHk;p&dwfudk +yD;cJhwJhESpf bwf*sufxuf2q/ usef;rma&;twGuf awmh 4q wd;k r,fv@kd ajymwmyg? wu,fvtyfaewJh yrm%u ynma&;a&m use;f rma&;rSmyg 'gxuf tqaygi;f rsm; kd h pGm vdaewmyg? 'gawmif &r& raocsmao;ygb;l ? t+idr;f pm; ynma&;rSL;wOD;u ynma&;toH;k pm;&dwrm tvGef enf; k f S yg;aea=umif;/ wdkif;jynf&J@ ynma&;toHk;pm;&dwfudk vuf&Sd oHk;aewmxuf tq 20avmuf xyfwdk;ay;zdk@vdka=umif;/ v$wfawmftrwfawGtaeeJ@ }udK;pm; awmif;qdk ay;apvdka=umif; tifwmAsL;wckrSm ajymoGm;cJhygao;w,f? 'Dae@acwftcgudk *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;acwf/ ynmacwf ponfjzifh owfrSwf ac:a0:ae=uwmyg? trSefygbJ/ wdi;f jynfcsi;f ,SO&if enf;ynmjrifwhJ ediiawGu enf;ynmedrwhJ EdiiawGukd ausmwufom;=urSmyg? wdi;f oljynfom;awG k f h kfH hf k f H f G k ynmwwfawGjzpf=uygrS wdkif;jynfwckvHk;taeeJ@ ynma&csdefjrifhwJh wdkif;jynf/ enf;ynmtqifhtwef;jrifhrm;wJh wdkif;jynf wjynf jzpfvmrSmyg? Ediiom;awG ynmwwfawGjzpfvmzd@k / ynma&csef jrifvmzd@k q&if oltvdvawmh jrifrvmEdiygb;l ? kfH d h kd k kd h kf Ediiawmf&@J ynma&;tay:rSm xm;wJoabmxm;/ Ediiawmf&@J ynma&; bwf*suf toH;k p&dwe@J pDrcef@crw@kd u kfH h kfH f H GJ _ ta&;t}uD;qHk; ae&mrSm&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHawmf&J@ ynma&;bwf*suftoHk;p&dwfu vdktyfwmxuf avsmhenf;aevdk@&Sd&if 'Dwdkif;jynf[m b,fvdkrSynma&;a&csdef jrifhrvmEdkifygbl;? ynma&;toHk;p&dwf renf;ayr,fh tkyfcsKyfwJhtpdk;&&J@ pDrH cef@cJGr_nHhzsif;&ifvnf; wdkif;jynf&Jhynma&; jrifhrvmedkifygbl;? 62ckESpf tm%mrodrf;cifu jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ynma&;tqifhtwef;[m ta&S@awmiftm&SrSmtawmftwef jrifhrm; wJh tqifhtwef;rSm &SdcJhygw,f? 1964 rSm olwdk@&J@ qdk &S,fvpfpepfeJ@udkufnDatmif ynma&;pepfopfvdk@ au;a=umf+yD; ynma&;pepfudk olwdk@xifovdk ajymif;vJypf=uygw,f? olwdk@&J@twkta,mif qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufrSm jrefrmh ynma&;pepf&J@ tqifhtwef;vnf; ,drf;,dkif+yKdvJoGm;cJh&ygw,f? wdi;f jynfukd tkycsKyfrif;vkywhJ tkyp;kd olvwef;pm;&J@ jynfovxtay:rSm xm;wJh oabmxm;uvnf; wdi;f jynf k f f f l l l k k &J@ynma&;tay:rSm }uD;rm;pGm *,ufkdufcwfEkdifygw,f? 88ta&;tcif;}uD;jzpf+yD;awmh ausmif;om;awGa=umifh 'Dta&; tcif;}uD; jzpfym;w,fv@kd t,lp+GJ yD; ausmif;om;awG vlrpkrapa&; vlpca&;twGuf pDrue;f cs+yD; ppftpd;k &u aqmif&uf G d k GJ H d G cJwmyg? wuUovawGukd +rKd@xrm rxm;awmhbJ +rKd@jyifawGukd yd@k vuygawmhw,f? +rKd@jyifqv@kd +rKd@e@J eD;eD;em;em;r[kwygb;l ? h kd f J S kd f kd f +rKd@e@J tawmfukd tvSr;f a0;wJh v,fui;f jyif uGi;f acgiacgiawG qDukd yd@k vuwmyg? 'Dae@ r=umc% =um;odawG@jrifae&wJh G f f kd f 28

ausmif;um;cawG aps;}uD;vd@k ausmif;om;awG r=umc% qENjyae=uwmawG[m ppftpd;k &&J@ tJ'vy&yfa=umifh h D k f xGufay:vm&wJh qdk;usKd;awGyg? &4/ 75 ta&;tcif;awG rjzpfcifu wuUodkvfawG aumvdyfawG 'Davmuf rrsm;ao;ygbl;? 74/75 ta&;tcif;awGjzpf+yD;awmh ausmif;om;awGudk vlpkcJGwJhtaeeJ@ a'oaumvdyfawG ay:vmygw,f? 88 ta&;tcif; jzpf+yD;wJaemufrmvnf; EdiitEH@HS +rKd@}uD;wdi;f vdvrm wuUovawG aumvdyf h S kfH k k kd S kd f awG ay:vm&wm[mvnf; tJ'tawG;tac:eJ@ vky&yf&@J tusKd ;qufawGyg? topfay:vmwJh wuUovawG h D f kd f aumvdyfawG qdkwmuvnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh emrnfcH tjzpfavmufyJ aqmufay;wmyg? paqmufcgpu uGif;acgifacgif v,fuGif;jyifxJrSm opfom;eJ@wef;vsm;awG xdk;ay;+yD; wuUodkvfvdk@ qdkif;bkwfcsdwf+yD; ausmif; om;awGukd wufci;f cJwmyg? tck tESp20avmufaerS enf;enf;avmuf vlvool jzpfvmwmyg? 'gawmif kd h f l l wcsKd@a'oawGu wuUodkvfqdkwJh taqmufttHkawGu tcktcsdeftxd olrsm;EdkifiHu rlvwef;ausmif; avmufawmif tqif&wm r[kwygb;l ? h dS f ausmif;om;awG ynmwwfawGa=umifh 'Dvdkta&;tcif;awGjzpf&w,f qdkwJh usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrifeJ@ ppftpdk;&&J@ ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;vSwJh aemufxyfvkyf&yf wckuawmh t&yfbuf wuUodkvfawG aumvdyfawGudk taqmufttH/k oif=um;r_ taxmuftulypPn;f / q&m q&mr/ ausmif;wnfae&m taetxm;awGu tp tqiftwef; edrusapatmif wrifzefw;D jyD; ppfbufqi&m wuUovrsm;udk taumif;wumh taumif;qH;k h hf kd f kd f taqmufttHkawG/ q&mq&mrawG/ abmf'gaqmifawG/ vcawG axmufyHhr_trdsK;rsdK;awG ay; jyD; ppfwyf rsdK;qufopfawGudk arG;xkwfzdk@ vkyfaqmifcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh olwdk@ 'gavmuf jynfhjynfhpHkpHkeJ@ ppf wyf ynmwwf r sd K ;quf o pf a wG arG ; xk w f z d k @ }uKd ; pm;wJ h = um;u ar+rKd @ ppf b uf q d k i f & m enf ; ynmwuU o d k v f ausmif;om;awG&J@ &J&ifhajymifajrmufvSwJh qef@usifr_awGudk }uHKawG@cJh=u&+yD; renf; }uKd;pm;+yD; ESdrfeif;cJh=u &wmyg? 'Dae@ jrefrmjynfu bJG@&wJh ynmwwfawGudk urBmay:rSm b,fEdkifiHurS todtrSwf rjyK=uygbl;? urBmtv,frSm jrefrmynmwwfawG rsufESmi,fae=u&wm[m ppftpdk;&&J@ ,kwfrmyufpufwJh t}uHqdk; t}uH,wa=umifh jzpfae&wmvd@k ajym&if vGer,frxifygb;l ? +yD;cJwEptxd ppftpd;k &&J@ ynma&;toH;k p &dw[m k f f h hJ S f f 4&mcdkifE_ef; ausmfHkom &SdcJhwmyg? ppftoHk;p&dwfusawmh 23&mcdkifE_ef;txd oHk;pJGxm;ygw,f? 'gawmif wjcm;0ef}uD;XmeawG acgif;pOfatmufrSm ppfwyftoHk;pm;&dwfawG b,favmuf&SdaeOD;r,fqdkwm b,folrS twd t us rajymEd k i f = uygbl ; ? aocsmwmu umuG , f a &;toH k ; p&d w f [ m w&m;0if a=unmxm; wJ h toH k ; p&d w f x uf yrm% trsm;}uD ; yd k w ,f q d k w mygyJ ? ,cif E S p f a wG w k e f ; u u|rf ; usif o l y nm&S i f a wG & J @ cef@rSef;csufawGu wdkif;jynfbwf*suf wckvHk;&J@ 40 rS 60 &mcdkifE_ef; txd&SdEdkifw,fvdk@ qdk=uwmyg? ppfwyf ydkif OD;ydkifvdrdwufu &&SdwJh tusdK;tjrwfawGxJuae ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG abmif;bDtdwfxJ xdk;xnfhxm;wm awG rygao;ygbl;? ppfwyfu vlxkudk tEdkifusifhwJhenf; vk,ufwJhenf;awGu&wJh tusdK;pD;yGm;awG xnfhr wGuf&ao;ygbl;? ae&ma'orsdK;pHkrSm yHkomefrsdK;pHkeJ@ ppfwyf&J@ tEdkifusifhvk,ufr_ qufa=u;awmif;r_rsm; [m 'Dae@'Dtcsdeftxd r=um;csiftqHk; rjrifcsiftqHk;yg? 29

ynma&; toHk;pm;&dwf enf;yg;&jcif;&J@ qdk;usdK;awGuawmh ajymvdk@rukefatmif rsm;jym;vSyg w,f? ynma&;avmuom;rsm;&J@ b0&yfwnfr_uae wdkif;jynf&J@ ynma&;tqifhtwef;/ wdkif;jynf&J@ zHG@ +zKd;wd;k wufr/_ aemufq;kH wdi;f jynf&@J *%oum usqif;&r_txd xdcurawGu jyif;xefvygw,f? 'DvxcuwhJ k k f d Q kd f _ S kd d kd f txJrSm ynma&;avmu&J@ ta&;t=uD;qHk;vdk@ ajym&r,fh acwftqufquf wynfhawGtay:rSm 0goem/ apwem/ tepfemqdwhJ emoH;k emeJ@ arwWma&S@xm;+yD; ynmoifay;cJ=h uwJh q&mq&mrawG tay:rSm xdcuwhJ k kd f kdufcwfr_uawmh qdk;0g;jyif;xefvSovdk tkyfvnf; qdk;vSygw,f? ynma&; toHk;pm;&dwf enf;yg;r_&J@ qdk;usdK;awGudk wwdkif;jynfvHk;u cH=u&wmvdk@ qdkEdkifayr,fh tjyif;xefqHk; cHpm;=u&wmu r&Sdqif;&Jom;awGyg? tJ'DtxJrSmrS tqdk;wumh tqdk;qHk;'%fudk cHpm;=u &wmuawmh aus;vufjynfoawGyg? aus;vufu ae&mwdi;f rSm ausmif;awG rjynfpygb;l ? &Gmwdi;f rlvwef; l k h kH k ausmif;&Saewm r[kwygb;l ? tv,fwef; txufwef;uav;awGtwGuqkd ydq;kd ygw,f? 5rdif avmufa0;wJh d f f k k ausmif;udk pufbD;vnf;r&Sdvdk@ reuf 7 em&Drxdk;cifuwnf;u &GmuxGuf+yD; vrf;avsSmuf oGm;=u&wJh uav;awG awG@z;l ygw,f? vrf;avsmuf=uw,fqwmuvnf; vrf;k;d twdi;f oGm;&if =umaerSmpd;k vd@k jzwfvrf; S kd k v,fui;f awGukd jzwfom;=uwmyg? tcef@roif&if yd;k aumifrm;aumif (aus;vufrm tqdy&warudk arvd@k G G h $ S f dS hJ wduf kuf rajym=u roH;k =uyg) udurv@kd toufq;kH _;H Ediygao;w,f? k d k f d kf &efuerm =uufiuwyauG; tE&m,f&pOfu &efueu emrnf=uD; ausmif;wdi;f vdvrm ausmif;ol k f S S f k f dS k f k k kd S ausmif;om;awG ESmacgif;pnf;awGpnf;=u&ygw,f? ESmacgif;pnf;udk wcsdK@u zuf&Sifvdkvkyf+yD; wwfEdkif&if wwfEiovdk yHptrsKd ;rsKd ; pnf;=uygw,f? tJ'umvwke;f u aus;vufu rlvwef;ausmif;awGrm uav;awG kd f k H D S [m bmwkyfauG;rS rod em;rvnf=uygbl;? vl}uD;rdbawGuvnf; rod=uygbl;?q&m q&mrawGuvnf; bmrS rajym=uyg? ajymvnf; uav;awGu vdkufrvkyfEdkifygbl;? uav;awGu ylqm&ifvnf; vl}uD;awG atmf w maiguf w myJ cH = u&rS m yg? ausmif ; om; 100 rS m 10 a,muf j ynf h a tmif ausmif ; 0wf p H k 0wfEdkif=uwmr[kwf ygbl;? uav;awG trsm;pku abxkyfyHkawGxJu rdbawG0,fay;wJh raxmfreef; udk;&dk;um;&m; t0wfa[mif; awGyJ 0wfjyD; ausmif;wuf=u&wmyg? ESpfcsdK@ *sme,fta[mif; wapmifrSm &efukefu '*Hk txu(1) rHk@pm;ausmif;v$wfcsdef ausmif;om; awG rke@f qiawGrm rke@f 0,fpm;aewJh yHwyHk awG@z;l ygw,f? '*Hk txu(1) qdk wm &efue+f rdK@&@J txufwef;v$m&J@ kd f S k k txufu vlwef;pm;awG&@J om;orD;awG xm;wJausmif;yg? rqvacwfuqdk OD;ae0if; om;orD;awG xm;cJwhJ h h ausmif;yg? tJh'DyHkrSmygwJh ausmif;om;av;awG tm;vHk;[m opfvGifawmufyaewJh ausmif;0wfpHkav;awGudk aooyfusepGm 0wfpm;xm;=uygw,f? xl;jcm;wmu a,mufsm;av;awG tm;vHk;vdkvdk[m vnfyif;rSm euf u wd k i f v d k @ ac:wJ h a=umif v #moD ; av;awG u d k vS v S y y qJ G x m;=uygw,f ? aps;a&mif ; aewJ h aps;onfawGuvnf; pm;aomufzG,f&mawGudk rSeftkyfaqmif;awGeJ@ tkyfxm;jyD; olwdk@ukd,fwdkifuvnf; pm;zdkrSK;0wfpHkawGudk ususee 0wfqifa&mif;csaewmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'DyHkudk=unfhjyD; &Gmu uav;awGudk 30

jyef=unfvuawmh ausmif;a&S@u ukuKU yifatmufrm rke@f yoa&pmav;awGukd paumav;awGe@J xnfa&mif;aewJh h kd f d S J h aps;onf a v; awG u d k y J ol w d k @ tm;xm; p&m&d S y gw,f ? rk e f @ zd k ; uvnf ; wae@50usyf a wmif uav;wdkif;ygwmr[kwfygbl;? yg vmwJh rkef@zdk;udk oli,fcsif;awGvnf; rSsau|;vdk@&atmif udk,fvnf;=um=um pm;vd k @ &atmif uav;awG 0,f p m;wwf w J h rk e f @ wrsd K ;uawmh ref u snf ; aph a vS m f y g? ref u snf ; aph a vS m f u 50zd;k 2xky&ygw,f? wxkyrm taph 20 cef@ ygwwfygw,f? refusn;f aphavSmwaphukd 0g;+yD; rsKd csv@kd &wJtcsetxd f f S f h d f tenf;qH;k 15rdepfavmuf 0g;,l&ygw,f? 'Dawmh uav;awGtwGuf wGuajc uduwmayg? f k f h +rKd@ay:u emrnf}uD;ausmif;awGrSmawmh uav;awG ausmif;wufrysufwwf=uyg? ausmif;rysufatmif tdrfu vl}uD;awGuvnf; *kwpdkuf&Sd=uovdk ausmif;awGuvnf; ausmif;pnf;urf;eJ@ =uyfrwfxm;=uygw,f? ausmif; wufvnf;rysu/f usL&Sivnf; rysu/f pmusuvnf;rysu? 'Dawmh emrnf}uD;ausmif;awG atmifcsuf f f f aumif;=u ygw,f? uav;awGuvnf; *k%fxl;awG woD}uD;eJ@pmar;yGJatmif=uwm rqef;yg? &Gmu uav;awGrSmawmh xrif;csdKifhxnfhzdk@ [if;r&Sdvdk@ ausmif;roGm;&ol/ pufbD;aygifxm;vdk@ ausmif;roGm;Edkifol/ v,fxJtvkyf&Sdvdk@ ausmif;zsuf&ol/ tdrfuEGm; ausmif;r,fholr&Sdvkd@ EGm;ausmif; xGuf&wJh uav;/ EGm;ausmif;oGm;wJuav;eJ@ tazmfvyz@kd ausmif;rwufol ponfjzifh ausmif;wufysu&wJh uav;awG h k f f rsm;vSygw,f? rlvwef; uav;awG&@J w0ufausmausmavmufu tv,fwef;xd a&mufrvm=uygb;l ? i,fi,f&,&,f f f G f G ausmif;om;t&G,fav;awG nbuf zm;kdufxGuf&if;/ v,fxJuGif;xJ tvkyfvkyf&if; ydk;xdvdk@ qHk;yg;oGm;&wJh uav;awGvnf; renf;vSyg? +rKkd@awGay:u vufzuf&nfqdkif pm;aomufqdkifawGudk uav;pm;yJGxdk;tjzpf a&mufoGm;=uwmuvnf; rsm;vSygw,f? e,fpyfudkydk@ a&mif;pm;cH&wm/ uav;ppfom;tjzpf qJGtoGif; cH&wmawGuvnf; rk;d Ediwowif;awG jzpfaewmyg? 'Dvjkd zpf&wJh uav;awGxrm '*Htxu(1)vd/k ynma&; k f hJ J S k wuUodkvfu wDwDpDausmif;vdk vlcsrf;omawG&J@ om;orD;awGwufwJh ausmif;rsdK;u uav;awG rygwmawmh aocsmygw,f? aus;vufu jynfoawG qif;&JrawvGe;f vSygw,f? 'D=um;xJ ynma&;toH;k pm;&dwu enf;vGe;f vSawmh l GJ f awmu uav;awG t wG u f ynma&;eJ @ tem*wf w nf a qmuf z d k @ qd k w m avxJ w d k u f a qmuf o vd k jzpf a ewmyg? wdkif;jynf&J@ ynma&;toHk;pm;&dwfu qiftaumif}uD;}uD; waumifpmavmuf vdkaewmyg? 'gayrJh tckoHk;aewJh ynma&; toHk;pm;&dwfu qdwfydefav; waumifpmawmif &Sdr,frxifygbl;? tckusif;yaewJh v$wawmf tpnf;ta0;rSm trwfrif;awG qdwyeav;udk azmif;vmatmif b,favmuf avr_woi;f edi=f urvJ f f d f f G k qdkwmudkawmh apmifh=unfh&tHk;rSmyg?

31

EdiiawmforRw}uD; OD;ode;f pdeu aus;vufa'oawG zH@G +zKd;+yD; qif;&Jrawr_awGukd yaysmufatmif vkyaqmifay;r,fv@dk kfH f GJ f tmrawG c H uwd a wG a y;xm;ygw,f ? 'gayrJ h 'D p um;awG [ m aus;vuf j ynf o l a wG t wG u f qif } uD ; &J @ rpm;& 0cref ; qk d o vk d a wmh rjzpf a pvd k y g?

udvKSd if k
(8-2-201)

rSwfcsuf 'Daqmif;yg;a&;jyD;wJhaemuf v$wfawmfu ynma&;toHk;pm;&dwfudk 2 q wdk;ay;vdkufw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? wdk;ray;wmeJ@pm&if wdk;ay;wmaumif;ygw,f? =udKqdk&rSmyg? qifaumif}uD;avmuf r&awmif qdwfydefav; 2 aumifpmavmuf&vnf; enf;enf; cHomao;wmaygh?

32

Ekiia&; dfH

jynfo@l tusKd ;aqmif=ur,fh vGwawmfu,pm;vS,}f uD;rsm;od@k f kd f ausmufcJ

vuf&tm%m& (etzvlxu) OD;ode;f pdef }uHz@HG tpd;k &vGwawmfxrm 2008 tajccHOya'udk xde;f odr;f umuG,f dS G f h f J S ygr,f/ av;pm;vdkufemygr,fvdk@ 0efcH*wdjyKxm;=uwJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk a,bk,stm;jzifh ESpfrsdK; ESpfpm;cJGEdkifygw,f? wrsdK;uawmhv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJ@ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;=uol/ 0rf;ausmif;vdk =uolawGjzpfygw,f? aemufwrsdK;uawmh wdkif;jynf&J@tajccHjy\em}uD; oHk;&yfjzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pDa&; jynfwGif; +idr;f csr;f a&;/ vlrsKd ;wdi;f wef;wl aoG;pnf;wJh jynfaxmifpwnfaqmufa&; jy\emawGukd v$wawmf Ediia&;enf;eJ@ k k f kfH ajz&Si;f Edivrr,f? 2008 tajccHOya'udk vGwawmf Ediia&;enf;eJ@ wpwp ajymif;vJypfEivrr,fv@kd k;d om;pGm k f d hf f kfH kd f d hf ,H=k unfae=uolrsm; qd+k yD; jzpfygw,f? v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fvkyfpm;olrsm;vkyfpm;vdkolrsm;eJ@ ywfoufvdk@awmh ta&;w,l aqG;aEG;p&m r&Sdygbl;? }uHhzGH@v$wfawmfudk aps;uGufwckvdkoabmxm;+yD;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ae=uolrsm;vdk@ rSwf,l vdkuf=uHkom &Sdygw,f? v$wfawmfwGif;uae jynfol@tajccHtusdK;pD;yGm;jzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pDa&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vlrsdK;wdkif; wef;wlaoG;pnf;wJh jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;jy\emudk wpwp ajz&Sif;Edkifvdrfhr,f/ jynfoltrsm; vuf rcHEdkifwJh 2008 tajccHOya'udk jyKjyifajymif;vJypfEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ kd;om;pGm,Hk=unfaewJh v$wfawmfudk,fpm; vS,awGe@J ywfoufv@kd uawmh vGwvyfpm oabmuGvciukd udip+JG yD;/ av;av;pm;pm; t}uHjyK&r,fv@kd ,l f f G J JG G hf kf qygw,f? 'D oabmxm;tajccHe@J 'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;ygw,f? OD;pGmtm;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/ vlrsdK;wdkif; wef;wlaoG;pnf;wJh jynfaxmifpk wnf aqmufa&;udk t"du ydwyif[ef@wm;aewm[m 2008 tajccHOya'jzpfwtwGuf 'DtajccHOya'udk etz ppftyf f hJ k pku b,fvtajrmftjrife@J a&;qGcovJqwmeJ@ 2008 tajccHOya't& 2010 a&G;aumufyrm npfenf;rsKd ;pHo;kH +yD; kd J hJ kd JG S k tm%m,lvmwJh OD;odef;pdef}uHHhzGH@tpdk;&&J@ ZmwdZmpfjrpfudk wcsufavmuf iJhapmif;=unfhzdk@ vdkygw,f? 'grSom OD;ode;f pdetpd;k & vkyaewJh tajymif;tvJqwmawG[m b,fvtajymif;tvJawG jzpfw,fqwm tvG,wul f f kd kd kd f jrifEdkifrSmyg? etzppftypu 2008 tajccHOya'udk q,fpEpEpcavmuftcse,+l yD; a&;qGcwm&Jh &nf&,csuu k f k k S f S fk d f J hJ G f f ppftkyf pk&JhtaxGaxGtusdK;pD;yGm;udk omefopfeJ@qufvufxdef;odrf;a&;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk omef opfeJ@ qufvuf uef@owfa&;jzpfygw,f? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;t& rajz&Sif;bJ 2008 tajccH Oya'atmufrSm vufeufcsa&;jzpfygw,f? vlrsdK;wdkif; wef;wlaoG;pnf;wJh jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;tpm; vlrsdK;}uD;0g' usifhoHk;wJh wjynfaxmifpepf oufqdk;&Snfa&; jzpfygw,f/ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJt& npfenf;rsdK;pHk oHk;+yD; wufvmwJh OD;odef;pdef}uHHhzGH@tpdk;&&Jh wm0ef[m ppftkyfpk&JhtaxGaxGtusdK;pD;yGm; (pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;) udk tumtuG,fjyKxm;wJh 2008 tajccHOya'udk tmrcHxdef;odrf;a&; jzpfygw,f? trSefwu,fom ppftkyfpktaeeJ@ wdkif;jynfeJ@wrsdK;om;vHk;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk tajccHw,fqdk&if vGefcJhwJh tESp20u 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufyJG tEki& NLD ygwukd tm%mvGay;jyD; ppfwyfu ppfwef;vsm; jyefom; f df D J G vduygy? tu,fIom ppfwyfu ol@uwdtwdi;f NLD udtm%mvGay;cJr,fq&if tESpf 20 ausm=f umwJh k f kH J k k J h kd ckvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/ vlrsdK;wdkif; wef;wlaoG;pnf;wJh jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf a&;pwJh trsKd ;om;jyefvnf oifjh rwfa&; jy\em}uD;udk tajccHt& ajz&Si;f +yD;avmuf+yDv@kd ajymEdiygw,f? 'gtjyif kf h wdi;f jynfvnf; zG@H +zKk;d wd;k wufa&;vrf;ay: pwif avsmufvr;f aeEdiavmuf+yDv@kd ,lq&ygw,f? wyfrawmfvnf; k S S kf wrsdK;om;vHk;&Jh ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk jyefvnf&&SdrSm jzpfovdk etzppfacgif;aqmif Adkvfoef;a&$yifvSsif jynf cspfppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKcHae&avmufyg+yD? 'gayrJh etzppftkyfpk[m wrsdK;om;vHk;&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ypfy,fjyD; ppftkyfpkvufwqkyfpm tusdK; pD;yGm;udkom OD;xdyfxm;cJhygw,f? jynfolw&yfvHk;&J@ qENtusdK;pD;yGm; jzpfwJh NLD udk tm%v$Jay;a&;udk jiif;y,fcJhygw,f? NLD acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OF;wifOD;wdk@udkvnf; vkyf}uHowfjzwfzdk@txd }uKd;yrf;cJhygw,f? jywfjywfom;om; acgif;aqmifEdkifwJh OD;0if;wifwdk@vdk acgif;aqmifawGudk ESpf&Snfaxmifcs+yD; NLD ygwDysufoGm;a&;udk tpOfwpdkuf }uKkd;yrf;cJhygw,f? 33

azmfjyygtcsufawGuwqifh odEdkifwmu 2008 tajccHOya'qdkwm jynfol@qENtusdK;pD;yGm;udk qef@usifwJh etz ppftkyfpk(ppfwyft&yf0wf) &J@ taxGaxGtusdK;pD;yGm;udk udk,fpm;jyKumuG,fwJh cHwyf jzpfw,f? OD;odef;pdef }uHhzGH@tpdk;& qdkwm etzppftpdk;&&J@ udk,fyGm;jzpfw,f? tqufjzpfw,f? wu,fu 2008 tajccHOya'qdkwm vlyk*~dKvft&ajym&&if orRw OD;odef;pdeftygt0if ppfAdkvfvlxGufawGeJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf rif;atmifvd_if&Jh tusdK;pD;yGm;vnf; jzpfw,f? t+idr;f pm; ,lom;=u+yD qdwhJ Advoef;a&$/ Advarmifat;wd@k &@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;vnf; jzpfw,f? wcGe;f wnf; ajym&&if ppftyp&@J G k k f k f k f k taxGaxGtusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;zdk@ 2008 tajccHOya'udk t"rR twnfjyKxm;wm jzpfw,f? 2008 tajccHOya' r&S&if ppftyp&@J taxGaxGtusKd ;pD;yGm;qdwmvnf; tmrcHcsuf &Sawmhrmr[kwb;l ? 'ga=umifvnf; vdtyfvm&if (tajccHOya' d k f k k d S f h k tzsufcH&r,fh tEW&m,f }uHKvm&if) umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf[m EdkifiHawmftm%mudk odrf;,lEdkifw,fvdk@ tajccH Oya'rSm cGifhjyKxm;wmjzpfw,f? tajccHOya'udk tjyif&cufatmif yk'fxD;yk'frawG woD}uD;eJ@ uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;wm jzpfw,f? 'Dae&mrSm tav;xm; owdjyK&rSmu OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&[m arG;zcif etzppftkyfpkeJ@ vrf;cGJxGufvm+yDvdk@ ajymEdkif avmufatmif bmoufao taxmuftxm;rS tcditvHr&Sb;l qdwhJ tcsuyJ jzpfygw,f? OD;ode;f pdetpd;k &[m etz ppftypk kf k d k f f k f &J@udk,fyGm; etzppftkyfpk&J@ tqufjzpfw,f qdkwmudkawmh q,fpkESpfawGeJ@csDwJh taxmuftxm;awGeJ@ oufaojyEdkifygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&&J@ tajymif;tvJawGeJ@ywfouf+yD; tvdkwltvdkyg 0g'jzef@ay;wmrsdK; rvkyfrdzdk@ owd&Sd&vdrfhr,f? wu,fawmh OD;ode;f pdetpd;k & vkyaewJh tajymif;tvJawGqwm olw@kd tpd;k &[m etzppftpd;k &&J@ tqufr[kw/f ud,ym; f f kd k f G r[kwf/ vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf t&yfom;tpdk;& jzpfae+yD qdkwmudk jyEdkifzdk@ vdrfnmr_awGom jzpfw,f? 2008 tajccHOya'udk rxdyg;bl;qd&if 'Dxufru r_i;f wduEipr;f &SwhJ t}uD;pm; rdi;f wdurrsKd ;awGuawmif vkyvmEdif p&m&Sw,f? ppfwyfu w&m;0if k d k f kd f G d _ k f _ kd f k d tm%modr;f Edici&aewJtwGuf r_i;f wdur_ ajcvGevufvef jzpfom;&ifawmif tm%mudk qufvufxe;f xm;Ediw,fqwtjrif k f G hf dS h d k f f G G d kf kd hJ &SdaeyHk&w,f? Oyrm 1963 ckESpfrSm Adkvfae0if; ppftpdk;&u jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJac:+yD; tajctae r[efwJhtcg ol ud,wif wzufowf zsuypfwmrsKd ; jzpfw,f? k f kd f 'ga=umifh jynfo@l tajccHtusKd ;pD;yGm;jzpfwhJ 'Drua&pDa&;/ jynfwi;f jidr;f csr;f a&;/ vlrsKd ;wdi;f wef;wlaoG;pnf;wJh jynf axmifpk kd G k wnfaqmufa&;/ 2008 tajccHOya' jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; qdwmawGukd v$wawmfEiia&;enf;t& taumif txnfazmfa&;qdwm k f kd f H k tm%m& zufqpftpdk;&udk 'Drdkua&pDpepf usifhoHk;vmatmif pnf;Hk;&wmrsdK; jzpfw,f? ykpGefvHk; &r,ftxifeJ@ ykpGefwGif;xJ vufarmif;wqHk; E_dufrd&mu ykpGefvHk;r&wJhtjyif vufudkawmif tEdkifEdkifqGJxkwf&w,fqdkwJh tjzpfrsdK; }uHKEdkifp&m &Sdw,f qdk wmudkvnf; owdjyK&vdrfhr,f? 'DvdkqdkwJhtwGuf v$wfawmfwGif;wdkufyGJudk uef@uGuf_wfcsaewm r[kwfbl;? vGwfawmfwGif;wdkufyGJwckwnf;udkom tuif;rJh tm;xm;wmrsdK; rjzpfzdk@/ ay:aygufvmEdkifp&m&SdwJh tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;/ +rKd@aeqif;&Jom;/ tr_xrf; pwJh vlwef;pm; vl@tvGmtoD;oD;&J@ v$wawmfywduyawG/ wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;toD;oD;&Jh wef;wla&;wduyawGe@J aygi;f pyfEia&; f k f JG k k f JG kd f tav;xm;oifhw,fvdk@ qdkvdkwm jzpfw,f? Oyrm 1947ckEpf vGwvyfa&;wduyumvu wESptwGi;f vGwvyfa&; awmif;qdcsue@J ywfouf+yD;/ Advf csKyfatmifqef; S f k f JG f f k f k bdvyfudk oGm;aqG;aEG;aepOf zqyvtzGJ@csKyfomru uGefjrLepfygwDuyg axmufcH+yD;/ tvkyform; taxGaxGoydwf}uD; qifEGJ wmrsdK;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&Jh &&if&r&&ifcs qdkwJh au;a=umfoHudk jynfol@&JabmfeJ@ uGefjrLepfygwDu axmufcH+yD;/ tcdkiftrm jyifqifwmrsdK;awG jzpfw,f? ordkif;acwfumveJ@ tcdkiftrmtajctae tcsuftvufawG rwlawmhwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfwdk@&J@ vGwvyfa&;wkuyumv tawG@t}uHKawGukd yHao ul;cs&r,fv@kd rqdvb;l ? vuf&ordi;f umv&J@ wduswhJ tcditrm xl;jcm; f d f JG k k kd dS k kf csufawGeJ@ aygif;pyfa&;om jzpfw,f? v$wawmfy vlxwuye@J uif;uGm&if v$wawmfwi;f wduyqwm bmrS jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf atmifjrifEip&m r&Sb;l ? f k kd f JG f G k f JG kd kd f d tcditcHh wnfaqmufxm;wJh jynfol qef@usia&; 2008 tajccHOya'udk jynfovx}k uD;w&yfv;kH &Jh v$wawmfy wduyomef kf f l l f k f JG rsdK;pHkeJ@ raygif;pyfbJ/ v$wfawmfwGif;wdkufyGJwckwnf;eJ@ wdkufzsufypfzdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifbl;? 'ga=umifh v$wfawmfwGif; v$wfawmfy wduy2 &yf aygi;f pyfa&;udk aqG;aEG;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? }uHz@HG tpd;k &uawmh ud,uu,f owfaowJtvkyf b,fawmhrS vkyrmr[kw? k f JG h k hf kd kd h f S f wcsewnf;rSm v$wawmfwi;f wduy0ifr,fh ud,pm;vS,rsm; owdjyK&r,fta&;}uD;tcsuuvnf; axmufjycsiw,f? tJ'gu d f f G k f JG k f f h f kd f tm%m&tpdk;&u jyKvkyfavh&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;t&vdrfnmr_dif;wdkufrSKeJ@ t=urf;zufzdESdyfr_awGrSm toHk;csrcH=uzdk@yg? qdkvdkwmu tm%m&tpdk;&&J@ vlxkwdkufyGJrsm;ray:a&;/ ay:aygufvmwJh vlxkwdkufyGJrsm;udk tEkenf; t=urf;enf;eJ@ +zKdcGJa&; pwJh vlxkqef@ usifa&;awGrSm toHk;csrcH=ua&; jzpfw,f? wu,fvdk@ toHk;cscH=ur,f/ toHk;cscH&w,fqdk&ifawmh udk,fhwyfudk jyefeif;wJhqif/ udk,fht+rD; udk,fjyefrsdKwJharb0 a&muf=u&rSm rvGJbl;? jzpfcsifwmu jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,f/ wu,fjzpfwmu jynfol@qef@ usifa&;orm;qdkwmrsdK; jzpf=u&vdrfhr,f? v$wfawmftwGif;u jynfol@tusdK;wdkufyGJ0ifr,fh udk,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD;rsm; pOf;pm; =unfh=uzdk@yg? ausmufcJ (27/ 11/2011) 34

Ekiia&; dfH wyfrawmftiftm;&SrS d =unf0if;

wyfrawmftiftm;&SdrS wdkif;jynftiftm;&Sdrnf wJh? ppftyptqufquf&@J vufo;kH au;a=umfoH jzpfygw,f? 'Dve@J ppfwyfukd k f k kd tiftm;awG tqrwefwdk;csJ@vmcJhwm tckqdk&if tiftm; av;odef;ausmf&SdwJhtxd jzpfvmcJhyg+yD? 'DtwGuf ppfoHk;p&dwfawG b,favmufoHk;cJh=uovJqdkwmudkvnf; ppf tkypxyo;D awGuvGv@kd b,forS rodEiygb;l ? olw@kd xwjf yefwhJ bwf*suqwmawG f k d f J l kd f k f kd uvnf; ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wm r[kwfygbl;? ydkqdk;wmu Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@vufxufrSm wdkif;jynf&J@ bwf*sufpm&if;udkawmif rxkwfjyefawmhwmygyJ? 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ+yD; vd@k v$wawmfpac:awmhrS etzu }udKa&;qGxm;wJh 2011 - 2012 bwf*supm&if; f J f udk jyefawG@&awmhwm jzpfygw,f? 2012 - 13 bma&;ESptwGuf bwf*suuawmh v$wawmfu a&;qGJ f f kd f twnfjyKay;&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tck usi;f yaewJh v$wawmfrm umuG,a&; f S f 0ef}uD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vSrif;u umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwfawG wifjyawmif;qdkwmudk awG@=u&w,f? umuG,a&;0ef}uD;Xme&J@ 2011 - 2012 bma&;ESptwGuf rlvu f f vsmxm;wJh toHk;p&dwf[m usyf 1100 bDvsH ausmfjzpfayr,fh jyKjyif+yD;cef@rSef;toHk; p&dwu usyf 1192 bDvsausmjf zpfv@kd vdaiGusyf 91 bDvsukd aemufxyfjznfpuvaiG f H k H h G f kd tjzpf v$wawmfo@kd awmif;cHw,f? 2012 - 2013 bma&;ESptwGuf umuG,a&; f f f 0ef}uD;XmetwGuf vsmxm;toHk;p&dwftjzpf usyf 1877 bDvsHausmf awmif;cHw,f? +yD;cJwhJ bma&;ESpxuf usyf 685 bDvsH wd;k vmwm awG@&w,f? h f 'Dvdk wdk;awmif;&mrSm wyfrawmftiftm;&SdrS qdkwJhtoHudk =um;&jyefwm jzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vSrif;u tcktoHk;p&dwf[m tdrfeD; csif;EdkifiHawG&J@ toHk;p&dwfeJ@ Ed_if;,SOf&if edrfhygw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? (v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f wOD;uawmh udk,fhxufcsrf;omvdk@ ydkoHk;EdkifwmyJqdk+yD; rSwfcsufcsw,fvdk@ zwfvdkuf&yg w,f? rSeygw,f? aemufxyfajymp&m&Swmu umuG,a&;p&dwu usewuawG f d f f f hJ xufpm&if tcsdK;tpm; uGm[vGef;aewmygyJ?) umuG,fa&;pGrf;tm; raumif;&if EdkifiH awmf&J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%m/ EdkifiHawmf&J@e,fedrdwfawG tcsdefra&G; qHk;_H;ajymif;vJ oGm;Edkif a=umif; ajym+yD;awmhvnf; ajcmufvdkufygao;w,f? AdkvfvSrif;ajymwmeJ@wif rvHkavmufbl;xifvdk@vm; rodygbl;? orRw OD;odef; pdefuvnf; jynfaxmifpkae@o0%fv$mrSm EdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ }uD;Edkifi,f!Of;awmdkif;Oya' usifhoHk;wwfyHkudk owdy=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;w,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiHrSm umuG,fa&; tm;enf; &if EdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ }uD;Edkifi,f!Of; awmdkif;Oya'eJ@ &ifqdkif&vdrfhr,fvdk@ ajymqdkoGm;wm awG@&w,f? 'Dae&musawmh twdie@J tazmufu nDygayw,f? kf

35

EdkifiHwEdkifiH&J@tiftm;[m tJ'DEdkifiH&J@ ppfa&;pGrf;tm;wckwnf;eJ@ wGufvdk@r&ygbl;? pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ vlra&; pojzifh bufpu zG@H +zdK;awmifwif;aezd@k vdygw,f? ppftyptqufqufuawmh EdiiH _ kH h k k f k kf awmf&J@bmaiGawGudk ppfwyftwGufyJ OD;pm;ay;oHk;cJh=uw,f? 'guvnf; rqef;ygbl;? ppfwyfudk olwdk@&J@ ppftm%m&SifpepfwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf t"du a'gufwdkifvdk oHk;ae&wmudk;? 'Dve@J usewbufawGrm usqif;qkw,wvmcJw,f? wdi;f jynfvnf; tckvkd tajc qduc& kd f hJ S f k f h k k f hJ awmhwm jzpfygw,f? qdkAD,uftifyg,m}uD; usqHk;+ydKuGJ&wJh ta=umif;awGxJrSm ppfat;wdkufyGJtwGif; tar&duefEdkifiHeJ@ ppfvufeufawG t+ydKifwyfqifcJh&mu pD;yGm;a&;tyg usefwJhbufawGrSm usqif;qkwf ,kwfcJhvdk@jzpfw,fqdkwmvnf; ta=umif;tcsufwckvdk@ qdk=uw,f r[kwfvm;? tckvnf; atmufyg Z,m;udk =unfh&if umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&J@toHk;p&dwfu xdyfrSm&SdaewJhtjyif ynma&;/ usef;rma&; uawGeJ@,SOf&if trsm;}uD;uGmaewmudk awG@&rSmyg? pOf 1 2 3 4 5 0ef}uD;Xme ynma&; usef;rma&; umuG,fa&; pGrf;tif bmtcGef 2011 - 2012 310401698 9208786 1192633753 1013816189 1143949836 2012 - 2013 61721401 367970375 1877713971 1851881775 1731305748 cGJa0oHk;pGJr_&mcdkifE_ef; 47 28 1533 1512 1413

'gawGu olwkd@ w&m;0if azmfjycsufomjzpfw,f? wu,fu umuG,fa&;toHk;p&dwfawGom yHatmoH;k cJ=h uwmyg? 'Duae@ wyf&@J tajctaeu b,fvjkd zpfae ovJ? ta&twGuom azmif;yGaew,f? k f wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nf/ ppfvufeufypPnf;/ pdwf"mwf tbufbufu ,dk,Gif; ysufpD;aewmyJ jzpfw,f? ydq;kd wmu vlxukd zdEyaewJ/h AdvusaewJ/h tEdiusiaewJh ppfwyf jzpfaewmygy? vlxuvnf; k k dS f k f k f hf J k wyftay: b,fvdkoabmxm;aevJqdkwm tm;vHk;todygyJ? wdkif;jynf &J@ tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ wdkif;jynfwpnf;wvHk;wnf;&Sda&;qdkwm EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u tav;xm;umuG,f&r,fh ta&;awmf}uD; jzpfygw,f? 'gudk umuG,fzdk@twGuf ta&;t}uD;qHk;u trsdK; om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;yJ jzpfygw,f? trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;&Sdvdk@ udk,fhxuf trsm;}uD; tiftm; }uD;wJh zufqpf*syefawGudk awmfvSefEdkifcJhw,f r[kwfvm;? aer0iftifyg,me,fcsJ@+Adwdo#&J@ udkvdkeD u|efjyKr_atmufu vGwfvyfa&;t&,lEdkifcJhwmvnf; trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;&Sdvdk@yJ r[kwfygvm;? 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;uwnf;u trsdK;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; +ydKuGJcJhvdk@ Armjynf[m wjznf;jznf; eJ@ qkwf,kwfusqif;vmcJhw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;+yD;aemufrSmawmh ydkvdk@qdk;cJhw,f? tck wdkif;jynf b,ftajcaea&mufae+yDvJ? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGtm;vHk;udk armf=unfhae=u&wJhb0 a&mufae+yD? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGqDxGuf+yD; vkyftm; a&mif;pm;ae=u&+yD? trsdK;om;nD !Gwfa&;&SdrSom wdkif;jynfwnf+idrfr,f? +idrf;csrf;r,f? 'grS zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufEdkifrSm jzpf w,f? jynfyu 0ifa&mufpuzufz@kd ta=umif;tcsuvnf; jyp&m cufr,f? tckvkd jynfwi;f rSm trsKd ; G f f G om;nD!Gwfa&; +ydKuGJaeawmh jynfyu pdkif&SifcswmawG/ ukvor*~udk,fpm;vS,fawG v$wfaewmawGeJ@ }uKHae&w,f r[kwfvm;? udk,fhjynfwGif;rSm trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;om &Sdae&if b,fEdkifiHu vm0ifpGuf zufEdkifrvJ? ta=umif;r&Sdta=umif;&Sm 0ifpGufzufvm&ifvnf; trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;tm;eJ@ ckcHEdkifyg w,f? udk,fhbufurSefaeawmh ulolvnf; rsm;rSmyg? w&m;&Sd&if ulolrsm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk rjzpfraewnfaqmuf=u&ygr,f? trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; wnf aqmufa&;rSm ppftkyfpktaeeJ@ t&ifvdkyJ t[ef@twm;ae&mu &yfaer,fqdk&ifawmh ordkif;bD;&J@ eif;acs jcif;udk cH&ygvdrfhr,f? 36

awmifolv,form;a&;&m ppfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf ajr,mOy'=urf; {&mvGrf;


urBmay:rSm tkyfpkd;olawG&J@ w&m;r#wr_r&SdwJh ajr,mOya'awG trsm;tjym; &Sdygw,f? xif&Sm;ausmf=um;wJh ajr,mOya'awGudk Oyrm jyvk@d &ygw,f? urBmay:rSm ukvepepf bke;f rD;aev awmufypOfuwnf;u wnf&cwhJ d dk D dS hJ ajr,mOya'awGvnf; yg0ifygw,f? Terra nullius vufwifbmompum;u qif;oufvmwJh ajr,mykiqir_ Oya',lqcsuf jzpfygw,f? 'Dvufwifpum;&J@ d f dk f t"dy`m,fu b,folrS rykdifwJhajr('grSr[kwf) ykdif&SifrJhajrvkd@ t"dy`m,f &ygw,f? 'Dpmom;eJ@ 'Dt"dy`m,f[m a&mrOya'uae jrpf z sm;cH v mwmyg? Oa&mytm%m&tpk d ; &rsm;u tod t rS w f j yKxm;wJ h (wjcm;tpk d ; & w&yf&yf)u olwkd@ykdifqkdifw,fvkd@ a=unmxm;jcif; r&SdwJh ajrrsm;vkd@ &nfnef;csifwJhoabmyg? Xmaewkdif;&if; om;awG&@J ajr,mawGqwm b,ftpk;d &urS olw@dk yiqiw,fv@dk a=unmxm;wm r&Sao;bl;vk@d qkvcsiwmyg? dk dk f dk f d d dk f Oa&my tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawG[m Xmaewkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;awG&J@ ajr,mawGukd enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ odrf;,lcJh =uygw,f? t"dutm;jzifh ppftiftm;eJ@ odr;f ykuf &,lc=hJ uwmyg? tar&dum;/ =opa=w;vse@J e,l;ZDvef wk@d [m d Oa&mywkdufom;wkd@&J@ ukdvkdeDtjyKcH&jcif;eJ@twl e,fajrykdifeuf/ ajr,m tm;vkH; todrf;ykduf cHcJh&ygw,f? Xmaewki;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;uawmh oD;oef@ae&mcsay;aom ae&mrsm;ok@d armif;oGi;f jcif; cH&ygw,f? tar&dum; d rSm qkd&if Xmae &uftif'D,ef;vlrsKd;wkd@[m vlrsKd;wkH; owfjzwf acsr_ef;jcif;ukdyg cHcJh=u&wmyg? TudpPtjzpfrSefukd tajctjrpfrS zkH;uG,fzkd@ Terra nullius t,ltq Oya' a=unmcsufukd qGJ,l tokH;jyKcJhwmygyJ? 'D Oya'&J@rw&m;r_'%fukd =opa=w;vs Xmaewkdif;&if;om;awGvnf; tvl;tvJ cHcJh&ygw,f? 17 &mpk/ 18 &mpk/ 19 &mpktwGi;f urBmyx0Dwuopf/ ajr,mopfe@J Xmaewki;f &if;om;topfudk awG@&wtcg h dk f d dS hJ &SmazGawG@&SdaomEkdifiHu awG@&SdcH&aomajr,m&J@ ykdif&Siftjzpf cH,la=unmcJhjcif;ygyJ? zdvpfykdifrS Regalian Doctrine ,lqcsuf pydeb&iftpk;d &u ol@uvewi;f jynfrsm;&Sd ajr,mtm;vk;H eJ@ tjcm; o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd olyiqif f k h dk dk D dk dk f dk a=umif; a=unmcJygw,f? onfenf;eJ@ wki;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tm;vk;H wk@d [m olw@dk &@J xk;H wrf;pOfvm ykiqirtm;vk;H ukd h d d f dk f _ qk;H _;H vufvwc&ygw,f? pydeb&iftpk;d &&J@ cGijhf yKcsuom &cJr,fq&ifawmh v,fajr rsm;[m yk*K~ vwOD;csi;f ykif $ f hJ f k h f h dk d f d ypPn;f tjzpf ajymif;vJv@dk &ygw,f? 'grr[kwf aumfya&;&Si;f toif;tzG@J 0ifawGuvnf; ykiom;Ekiygw,f? 'gayrJh S dk df G df pydefbk&ifhbmwkduftwGuf ig;ykHwykH iSm;&rf;c ray;bJeJ@awmh 'DtcGifhta&;ukd &Ekdifvdrfhr,f r[kwfyg? vGwvyfa&;&+yD;csef aemufyi;f awmifrS zdvpfyirS a&;qGaom tajccH Oya'xJrm 'D Regalian Doctrine f d dk dk f J S ,lqcsufukd xnfhoGif;jymef;xm;ygw,f? pmcsKyfpmwrf;eJ@ w&m;0ifrSwfykHwifrxm;&ao;wJhajrtm;vkH;ukd EkdifiHawmfykdif pm&if;xJ xnfhoGif;&r,f-vkd@ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwkd@&J@ ajr,mykdifqkdifcGifhukd pmcsKyf pmwrf;eJ@ rSwfykHwifrxm;wwfwJh Xmaewkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkd@crsm ajrrJh,mrJhtjzpf usa&mufoGm;&ygw,f?
Eminent domain . t"dy`m,f &Sif;vif;zGifhqkdcsuf

0DuDyD;&D;,m;&J@ zGifhqkdcsuft&a,bk,s Oya'xJrm Eminent domain Oya'pepfudk atmufyg twki;f azmfjyxm;ygw,f? S d (EkdifiHawmftpkd;&vuf0,f&Sd tm%monf EkkdifiHom;wOD;. wOD;csif; ykdifypPnf;/ ajr,mtygt0if ykdifqkdifr_rsm;/ (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHom;wOD;. ykdifqkdifcGifhwkd@ukd ykdif&Sif.oabmwlnDcsuf r&&Sdapumrl avsmfa=u;aiG ay;I odrf;,lEkdifonf? tpkd;&u tokH;jyK&eftwGu3 7 ap (okd@wnf;r[kwf) tpkd;&twGufESifh trsm;qkdif&mukd f jzpf

tusK;d jyK&eftwGuf aqmif&uaom wwd,ygwrsm;. uk,f pm;vS,w@dk ujzpfap/ ok@d r[kwf wcsK@d up&yfrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&; G f D d f d P zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_twGufjzpfap ykdifqkdifr_ukd odrf;,ljcif; jzpfonf? Eminent domain ,lqcsuft& ykdifqkdifr_ukd &,l+yD; a,bk,stm;jzifh trsm;pk tokH;jyKonfrSm jynfol@ tusKd;aqmifvkyfief;rsm;(v#yfppf/ a&/ "mwfaiG@ ponfwkd@ xkwf vkyfjzef@a0a&;vkyfief;/) ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;rsm;ESifh rD;&xm;vrf;wkd@twGuf jzpfonf? wcsKd@w&m;pD&ifcGifh Oya'rsm;u Eminent domain ,lqcsuft& rodrf;rjzpf odrf;&rnfhtajctae ra&mufrD tpkd;&tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u aiGay;acs 0,f,l r_jyK&ef awmif;qkdxm;onf) 'D Eminent domain Oya'qkdif&m ,lqcsufukd wcgrS ukdvkdeDEk difiH rjzpfcJhzl;wJh wkdif;jynfrsm;uawmifrS csrSwfusifhokH;wmukd awG@&ygw,f? Oyrm- xkdif;EkdifiH? xkdif;EkdifiHtpkd;&[m ,cktcg Xmaewkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; aexkdifwJh ajr,meJ@ opfawmrsm;yg&SdwJh tvGef}uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom a'orsm;&J@ ykdif&Sif tjzpf ol@ukd,fol a=unmxm;ygw,f? 'Dvkd EkdifiHwumu ukdvkdeDpepf&J@ rw&m;wJh ajr,mykdifqkdifr_ Oya'wcsKd@ukd erlemtjzpf azmfjyaewm[m ukdvkdeDtpkd;&tygt0if zdESdyfwJh tpkd;&awG[m jynfolawG&J@ ajr,mukd rw&m;odrf;ykduf+yD; olwkd@vkyf&yfukd w&m;0ifjzpf atmif rw&m;wJh Oya'awGe@J tumtuG,,xm;=uw,fqwm ay:vGiap csiv@dk yg? aemuf+yD; ppftpk;d &tqufquf&@J f l dk f f rw&m;wJhajr,mOya'awGeJ@ E_dif;,SOfpOf;pm;apcsifvkd@yg? ppftpkd;&tqufquf&J@ rw&m;wJh ajr,mOya'awG[m 'D rw&m;wJh ukveOya'awGe@J w&m;r#wr_r&Sjd cif;rSm xyfwxyfr# &ifaygiwef;vkuEiru wcsK@d tcsuawGrm uk,trsK;d d dk D l f d f dk f Hk f S d hf om;tcsif;csif;tay: ukdvkdeDtpkd;&xufawmif ykdrdk zdESdyfxm;wm awG@Ekdifygw,f? Armjynfu ppftpk;d &tqufquf&@J rw&m;wJh ajr,mOya'awGudk avhvm =unf&if ya'o&mZfacwfu v,f h orm;awGtay: zdESdyfxm;wJh ajr,mpepfrS wcsKd@ tcsufawGukd tarGqufcHw,f? xkd@twl ukdvkdeDpepf&J@ awmifol v,form;awGtay: rw&m;zdESdyfjcif;jyKcJhwJh tcsufwcsKd@ukd tarGqufcHw,f? aemuf+yD; ppftkyfpkeJ@ taygif;ygrsm;&J@ tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf awmifov,form;awGudk zdEywhJ rw&m;wJh Oya' tcsutvufawGudk ppftypenf; ppftyp[efe@J l dS f f k f k k f k topf xyfrH jznfqnf;w,f? 'ga=umifh ppftyp&@J rw&m;wJh ajr,mOya'awG[m v,form;xktay: zdEy&ufpufrrm h k f k dS f _ S o&zlaqmif;xm;wJh Oya'rsm;om jzpfygw,f? tck OD;ode;f pdetpk;d &opf&@J ajr,mOya'=urf;[m t&if ppftpk;d & tquf f quf&@J ajr,mOya'eJ@ xl;rjcm;em; jzpfru wcsK@d tcsuawGrm olu ykv@dk awmif aumufusppOf;vJr_ &Saewm awG@& kH f S d f d ygw,f/ tpk d ; &opf tajccH t & rajymif ; vJ a =umif ; azmf j ywJ h ouf a ow&yf tay:,H toGifajymif;ppftpkd;&opf&J@ tajymif;tvJawGqkdwmukd ar#mfvifholawGu ar#mfvifhae=uayr,fh 'D tpkd;&opf[m tajccHt& rajymif;vJbl;qkdwmukd azmfjyaewJh oufaotaxmuftxm;wckuawmh 2011 ckESpf v,f,majrOya'=urf; qkdwmygyJ? 'DOya'=urf;ukd 2011 ckEp/f =o*kwv 31 &ufae@u xkwygw,f? jynfo@l v$wawmf trde@f a=umfjimpm trSwf S f f f (92011) tjzpf xkwjf yefvuwmyg? tay:,HtoGiajymif;xm;ayr,fh tpk;d &opf[m ,cifppftpk;d &awGe@J xl;rjcm; dk f f em;ygy? olu ykrvnpm;wwf+yD; ykrdk aumufuspa=umif; awmfvea&;aumifp&@J 1963 ckEpf oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'eJ@ J d dk S hf d f S f D S E_dif;,SOf=unfh&ifukdyJ odomxif&Sm;aeygw,f? 2011 ck E S p f / v,f , majrOya'=urf ; &J @ aumuf u spf v S n f h p m;r_ Oya'xJrSm ajr&Sifqkdwm azmfjyrxm;ygbl;? oD;pm;qkdwm azmfjyrxm;ygbl;? (1963 ckESpf/ oD;pm;csxm;a&; Oya'rSmu ajr&SifeJ@ oD;pm;wkd@ukd azmfjyxm;ygw,f?) 2011 ckESpf/ v,f,majrOya'=urf;rSm awmifolv,form; qkwmukyJ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dvazmfjy&mrSm ol@rm &nf&,csuf &Sygw,f? olu,wie@J ol@aemufawmfygawG&@J ajr&Sipepf d d dk S G f d dk f dk f f usio;Hk r_udk zk;H uG,z@dk e@J ol@&@J t+rD;pm;buf acgi;f pm;buf vufo;Hk awmf vkyief;&SioaX;awG/ Ekiiawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf hf f f f l dfH ajr&SifcsKyf&J@ vufyg;ap 'grSr[kwf ajr&SifcsKyf&J@ ukd,fpm;vS,fawGukd awmifolv,form;qkdwJh emrnfpm&if;xJrSm a&maESm xnfhoGif;csifvkd@yg? aumufuspfvSnfhpm;wmjzpfovkd ajAmifusw,fvkd@vnf; qkdEkdifyg w,f? =unfhyg? (2) qk d i f & mES p f w G i f ajruk d tok H ; jyKI pk d u f y sKd ; a&;vk y f i ef ; (ok d @ r[k w f ) arG ; jrL a&;vk y f i ef ; (ok d @ r[k w f ) vkyfief;ESpf&yfpvkH;ukd rdrd. t"du toufarG;0rf;ausmif;tjzpf vkyfief;vkyfukdifcsdef wav#mufvkH; ukd,fwkdif }uD ; =uyf v k y f u k d i f o l / 38

(3) ajrukd tokH;jyKI &moDoD;ESH/ O,smOf+cHoD;ESH/ ESpf&SnfoD;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd; xkwfvkyf&ef(okd@r[kwf) pD;yGm;jzpf arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;ukd vkyfukdif&eftvkd@iSm t&if;tESD; rwnfpkdufxkwfI vkyfief;vkyfukdifcsdef wav#mufvkH; ukd,fwkdifvkyfukdif ol(okd@r[kwf) }uD;=uyfpDrHvkyfukdifol? 'DrSm azmfjyxm;wJh }uD;=uyfvkyfukdifolqkdwmrSm ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;/ olwkd@&J@ vufokH;awmf pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm;eJ@ ukr`%Dykdif&Sifrsm;/ ppfAkdvfcsKyfawG&J@ aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm; jzpfae=uwmukd 'Dae@ v,f,majr tjzpftysufrsm;u txift&Sm; azmfjyaeygw,f? ae@pOf jrifawG@ae=u&wmvnf; jzpfygw,f? t&if;tESD; rwnfpkdufxkwfI vkyfief;vkyfukdifcsdef wav#mufvkH; }uD;=uyf pDrHvkyfukdifolqkdwmukd awmifolv,form;emrnfxJ qGJoGif;vkdufwmujzifh wu,fhukd ppftkyfpkaqGrsKd;taygif;toif;rsm;&J@ tusKd; pD;yGm;twGuf ajAmifusus &yfwnfay;vkdufwmygyJ? awmifolv,form;qkdwm trSefu pkdufysKd;&moDwckrSm pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;twGif; ukd,fwkdifvkyftm; 70 &mckiEe;f / tenf;qk;H 50 &mckiEe;f ausmf yg0iforsm; jzpf&rSmyg? 1963 ckEp/f oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'rSmawmifrS df _ df _ l S oD;pm;qkwhJ awmifov,form;awGxrm 'DvrsK;d t&if;tES;D rwnfxm;wJh }uD;=uyfoawGudk a&maESm qGxnfh d l J S dk l J xm;wm r&Sdygbl;? oD;pm;eJ@ ajr&Sifqkd+yD; cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;ygao;w,f? 2011 v,f,majrOya'=urf;rSm azmfjyxm;wJh vkyief;vkyuicsef wav#mufv;Hk }uD;=uyfprH vkyuif f f dk f d D f dk ol qkwmuvnf; trSeu yvmpum;ygy? ukr%D yki&iu w,fvze;f eJ@ }uD;=uyfwmjzpfjzpf/ vlvwci;f ap d f J ` df Sf D k $ f dk }uD;=uyfwmyJjzpfjzpf aemufq;Hk awmh vkyief;vkyuicsef wav#mufv;Hk }uD;=uyfotjzpf twnfjyKay;vkurmygy? f f dk f d l d f S J wav#mufvkH; awmifolv,form;vkyfief; vkyfvmolawGr[kwfbJ tckrS v,f,mvkyfief;cGifokd@ t&if;tESD; eJ@jzpfap/ tpk;d &ay;wJh tcGita&;trsK;d rsK;d ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@jzpfap 0ifvmolawGudk awmifov,form;pm&if; hf l xJrSm qGJoGif;vkd@&atmif qkdif&mESpfwGifqkdwJhpum;eJ@ zGifhay;xm;wmukdvnf; awG@jrifEkdifygw,f? awmifov,form;qkwtxJrm vkyief;&SiawG/ ukr%yi&iawG/ AkvcsKyfawGe@J aqGrsK;d taygi;f toif;awG l d hJ S f f ` D dk f S f d f ukd a&mxnfwhJ &nf&,csuuh G f f - 'DvlawG&J@ aoG;pkyfr_eJ@ rw&m; tjrwfxkwfr_ukd zkH;uG,fcsifvkd@/ azsmufxm;csifvkd@/ - tpk;d &u ukr%yi&iawG/ vkyief;&SiawG/ AkvcsKyfpwJh tm%mykiawGe@J aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGudk v,f,m ` D dk f S f f f d f df ajrvkyfief;rSm }uD;rm;wJhtcGifhta&;awG ay;aewmukd zkH;uG,fcsifvkd@/ - 'DvlawGukd ajr,m vkyfykdifcGifh csay;wmukd awmifolv,form;awGtm; ajr,mcsay;wmyJqkdwJh t"dy`m,f oufa&mufoGm;apzkd@/ - ajr,m ydyuQ ay:ayguc&if 'DvawG[mvnf; awmifov,form;awG jzpfw,fq+dk yD; tumtuG,f f hJ l l ay;Ekiapzk@d pojzifh jzpfygw,f? df ukveacwf 1938 ckEpwe;f uawmif Land Alienation Act 1938 tufOya'xJrm v,f,majrrsm;ukd d dk D S f k S awmifolv,form;r[kwfolrsm;vufokd@ v$Jajymif;jcif;rjyK&qkd+yD; twdtvif; owfrSwfcJhao;w,f? tck 'Drkd ua&pDudk [efjyau;a=umfvmaewJh OD;ode;f pdetpk;d &uawmh v,f,majrawGudk ol@ vufo;Hk awmf pD;yGm;a&;orm; f awGvufxJ ajr{u axmifcs/D aomif;cs/D ode;f csD xk;d tyfxm;Hru Oya'eJ@awmif w&m;0if jzpfatmif vkyay;ae k f wmyguvm;? rmzD;,m; *kd%f;qefqef v,form;awGukd vkyf}uH kdufESuf vk,uf tEkdifusifhae=uw,f 'DOya'&J@ tcef;(3) (tok;H cscihf jyKonfh v,f,majrrsm;ESihf ywfoufonfh tcGita&;rsm;)(c) rSmtqkyg G hf d v,f,majrukd tm;vkH;jzpfap/ wpdwfwykdif;jzpfap tiSm;csxm;jcif;/ vJvS,fjcif;/ aygif;ESHjcif;qkd+yD; azmfjy xm;ygw,f? tiSm;csxm;jcif;qkdwmuvnf; v,form;awGxuf ol@ukd,fpm;vS,fawG t+rD;pm;buf acgif;pm; buf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&SiawGudk ykr+dk yD; tusK;d &SaprSmyg? olw@dk udk ajr,mawG oD;pm;csxm;ap+yD; awmifov,f f f d d l orm; emrnfcHwJh ajr&Sifb0 a&muf&Sdvkyf ukdifEkdifatmif Oya't& vrf;zGifhay;xm;wmyg? OD;odef;pdef tpkd;&acwfrSmukdyJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifawG/ ppfwyfeJ@ &JXmeawG/ tm%mykdifawG/ ppfbuf t&m&Sda[mif;awG/ }uhHzGH@tm%mykdifawGeJ@ aemufawmfyg vlrkdufawG yl;aygif;+yD; rmzD;,m;*kd%f;vkdrsKd; v,form; awGukd kdufESufvkyf}uH/ v,form;awG&J@ v,f,majrukd xifovkd vk,ufusL;ausmf+yD; AkdvfustEkdifusifhae=u wmyg? olwkd@wawG v,form;awG&J@ajr,mawGukd vk,ufodrf;ykduf=uwmvnf; {u axmif*%ef;/ aomif; *%ef;uae ode;f *%ef;txd &Saeyg+yD? urBmay:u rw&m;wJh ajr,mOya'wckjzpfwhJ Eminent Domain Oya' d rSmawmifrS tpk;d &u 'D ajr,mawGudk odr;f ,l&if avsma=u;ay;zk@d owfrwxm;ygao;w,f? Armjynfrmuawmh f S f S 39

v,form;awG&J@ ajr,mawGukd xifwkdif;}uJ vk,ufzkd@ tcGifhta&;ay; xm;wmyg? tpkd;&&J@ v,f,majr Oya' =urf;qkdwmu 'DvlawG qufvuf+yD; xifwkdif;}uJEkdifzkd@ Oya'eJ@ tumtuG,fay;vkdufwmyg? ajr,muk d ol w OD ; wnf ; yk d i f o wJ h v m; 1940 ckEprwkiru Armjynfrm (atmufArmEkiia&m/ txuf Arm Ekiirmyg) awmifov,form;awG S f df D S dfH dfH S l ykpH trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ajr,mykicihf &Sae=uygao;w,f? txufArmEkiirmqk&if ykxif&m;w,f? rdbbk;d bGm;ykiajr qk+d yD; H dfG d dfH S d d S df v,form;awG ajrykdifqkdifr_ txkduftavsmuf usefaeao;w,fvkd@ qkdEkdifw,f? AkvcsKyfatmifqef;u 1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfytajccHOya'rSm Ekiiawmfonf ajr,mtm;vk;H . yif&if; d f f Hk dfH yki&if jzpfonfvk@d jymef;cJygw,f? &nf&,f csuu Armhv,f,majrawGudk wki;f wyg;om;(cspw;D -tp&Sorsm;) df S h G f d f d l ykiqirawGudk umuG,csivyg? v,form;awGbufu &yfcumuG,whJ apwemt&if;cH &Saewmukd awG@&ygao; d f dk f _ f f dk H f d w,f? v,form;awG ajrykdifqkdifcGifh vkH;0r&Sdatmif vkyfvkdufwmuawmh ppftpkd;&tqufquf&J@ ajr,mOya' awGygyJ? OD;ode;f pdef ppfvuf0g;}uD;tkytpk;d &&J@ v,f,majrOya'=urf;- yk'r-2 (u) rSm (v,f,majrqkonfrm f f d S EkdifiHawmfu tvkd&Sdonfhtwkdif; okH;pGJEkdifonfh v,f,mvkyfukdifEkdifaomajr) vkd@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tvkd&Sd onftwki;f -vk@d qkwm[m xifovkvyciudk azmfjyvkuwmyg? tpk;d &u Ekiiawmf jzpfae+yD; tpk;d [m ajr&SicsKyf h d d d k f G hf d f dfH f tjzpf cH,vuwoabm jzpfom;ygw,f? Ekii&@J ajrtm;vk;H ukd rif;(&Sib&if)u ykiwhJ ya'o&mZf ajr&Sipepf&@J l dk f hJ G dfH f k df f v,f,majrykdifqkdifr_rsKd;ygyJ? 'DOya'&J@ yk'r-2 (c) rSm (v,f,majr tok;H csciqkonfrm Ekiiawmfonf ajr,mtm;vk;H . yif&if; f G hf d S dfH ykdif&SifjzpfI v,f,majrukd pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfr_ wkd;wufjrifhrm;ap&ef owfrSwfxm;onfh pnf;urf;rsm;ESifhtnD vuf0,fxm;&SdI vkyfukdif tokH;cscGifhjyKjcif;ukd qkdvkdonf? okd@&mwGif ajray:ajratmuf&Sd ausmufrsuf/ owWK/ a&eHEihf "mwfaiG@ ponfh obm0 o,HZmwrsm; xkw,tok;H cscihf ryg 0ifacs) vk@d azmfjyxm;ygw,f? vuf0,f S f l G xm;&SdcGifhukdom cGifhjyKcsufay;+yD; ykdifqkdifcGifh ray;wm xif&Sm;ygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;vGefacwf jymef;vmcJhwJh v,f,majr EkdifiHykdif jyKvkyfa&; Oya'rsm;rSm v,fajrukd 50 {utxuf/ ,majrukd 25 {utxuf&Sd ajr,mrsm;ukdrS EkdifiHykdiftjzpf odrf;,lcJh=uwmyg? &nf&G,fcsufuvnf; odr;f +yD;ajrawGudk awmifov,form;awG cGa0ykiqiapzk@d jzpfygw,f? awmifol v,form;rsm;ukvnf; tenf;qk;H l J d f dk f d wwkH;xGeftxd cGJa0 ykdifqkdifapcJhwmvnf; &SdcJhygw,f? b,fol@ukdrS v,f,majr tajrmuftjrm; ykdifqkdifcGifh ray;cJhygbl;? tck v,f,majrOya'=urf;qkwmuawmh tqkyg Oya'rsm;tm;vk;H ukd zsuor;f vkuygw,f? awmifol d d f d d f v,form;awG ajr,mykdifqkdifcGifh vkH;0 r&=uawmhygbl;? ppfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tpkd;&opfacwfrSmyJ tpkd;&u v,f,majr tajrmuftjrm; vkyfukdifcGifhukd tpkd;& vufa0cH ukr%rsm;/ EkiijH cm;om;vkyief;&Sirsm;ukd cGijhf yKay;aewm awG@&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dajr,mOya'=urf;[m ` D df f f v,form;awGudk olw@dk yiqicihf r&SwhJ ajr,mawGay:rSm ol&if;iSm;b0 a&mufatmif wGe;f yk@d r,fh Oya' jzpfa=umif; dk f dk f G d awG@&ygw,f? awmifov,form;awGu oD;pm;b0 usa&mufom;&if ajr&Siu b,fov? &Si;f aeygw,f? Ekiiawmf l G f l J dfH qkwhJ tpk;d &u ajr,mtm;vk;H tykior;f +yD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tpk;d &ajr&Si}f uD;pepfudk usio;Hk vkuwmyJ jzpfygw,f? d df d hf d f tpk;d &vuf0g;}uD;tkyf ajr&Si}f uD;pepfrm ol@&@J ajr,mqki&m uk,pm;vS,tqifqife@J ol@vufo;Hk awmf pD;yGm;a&; S df d f f h h vkyfief;&SifawG/ ukr`%Dykdif&SifawGukdvnf; ajr&Siftjzpf xnfhoGif;owfrSwf&rSmyg? ajr,moD;pm;cqkdwmuawmh um;vfrmhupf nejf ycJwtwki;f tpd;k &ajr&Sipepfrm ajr,mtcGetwkwawGqwm oD;pm;cygy? tcGetwkwe@J f h hJ d f S f f dk J f f aoG;pkywm/ v,f,majr taxmuftuljyK ypPn;f awG a&mif;csrtay:u tjrwfxwwm/ oD;ESta&mif;t0,f f _ k f H awGay:u aoG;pkyfwm/ pwJh aoG;pkyfr_trsKd;rsKd;ukd vufawG@cHpm;ae&wJh v,form;awGu ykdodygw,f? 'DaoG;pkyf r_awGtjyif aemufxyf wk;d vmwJh aoG;pkyrwckuawmh v,faygi,maygif aygiErtay:u aoG;pkywhJ twk;d ygy? f _ f f HS _ f J v,form;awGu v,f,majrukd aygifESHwJhtcgrSmvnf; tpkd;&b%f ('grSr[kwf) tpkd;& todtrSwfjyK xm;wJh b%frsm;rSmom aygifESH&r,fvkd@ owfrSwfxm;ygw,f? v,form;awG&J@ v,f,majraygifESHr_tay:u aoG;pkyrmomru oufqi&m OD;pD;Xmeu rSwywifc/ tcGetwkwf pwmawGe@J v,f orm;qDuaiGudk &Ekior# f S dk f f Hk f df npfxkwf,lr,fh tpDtpOf jzpfygw,f? 40

'g[m 'DOya'=urf;&J@ rw&m;r_awGukd xifomjrifom&SdwJh tcsufawGavmufyJ axmufjyvkdufwmyg? tao;pdwf pl;prf;&if v,form;xk epfemapwJh csuftvufawG trsm;}uD; xGufvmOD;rSmyg? 'DOya'rl=urf;xJu usewhJ tcsuawGudk twkcsKyf azmfjy&&iff f d - ppftpk;d &tqufquf&@J rw&m;wJh ajr,mOya'awGudk tarGqufc+H yD; pum;vk;H awG ajymif;vJ ok;H E_e;f xm; w,f? wcsK@d tcsuawGq&if 'DOya'u ,ciftpk;d &awGxuf ykq;dk w,f? urBmay:u rw&m;wJh ajr,m Oya'awGxuf f dk d ykq;dk wJh tcsuawGawmif ygw,f? d f - v,form;awG&@J v,fvyol v,fyia&;qENudk ar#mvifcsuf a0;ap+yD; v,form;awGtm;vk;H ukd oD;pm; k f dk f f h rsm;tjzpf usa&mufapwJh Oya' jzpfw,f? - 'DOya'xJrm awmifov,form;eJ@ a&vkyom;(wHig) tv$meSp&yfudk a&maxG;azmfjyxm;w,f? v,f,m S l f f ajrrsm;ukd arG;jrLa&;vkyief;twGuyg (jrpf0u|e;f ay: +rKd@e,frsm;rS a&eufui;f rsm;) tok;H jyKvmwma=umifh v,f,m f f G ajrrsm; wdrfaumavsmhenf;r_ukd jzpfay:apw,f? - 'DOya'xJrm v,f,majrtok;H csciudk tarGqufcjH cif;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk w&m;H;k rsm;u pD&ifq;Hk jzwfyicihf S G hf dk f G r&Sdap&-vkd@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'g[m EkdifiHawmf&J@ w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mukd ypfy,fvkduf&m usaeygw,f? tpkd;& tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mu ae&mwkdif;tay:pD;,lxm;+yD; w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwfvyfr_ukd aysmufuG,foGm;apygw,f? - 'DOya'yg v,f,majrpDrHcef@cGJr_tzGJ@ qkdwmuvnf; ppftpkd;&tqufqufu ajr,maumfrwDrsm;vkd jzpfaewmygyJ? wpkHw&m ajymif;vJr_&SdwJh v,f,majrtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd; r[kwfyg? - 'DOya'[m ajr,mqkdif&m tqifhqifhtm%mykdifawGukd tm%mtrsKd;rsKd; tyfESif;+yD; v,form; awGtwGuawmh jypf'%ftrsK;d rsK;d owfrwxm;um v,form;awGudk axmifxJ qGxnfr,fh Oya'rsm; jzpfaeygw,f? f S f J h txufyg tcsuawGtygt0if 'Dajr,mOya'=urf;yg rw&m;wJtcsuawGudk odjrifvmwJh v,form;awGu f h f 'DOya'ukd uef@uuvmae=uygw,f? 'g[m w&m;wJh vky&yfyg? rSeuefwhJ wkuy0ifryg? G f f f d f JG _ urBmay:rSmvnf; rw&m;wJh ajr,mOya'awGudk v,form;awGu Oya'a=umif;t& wkuyqif+yD; tEki& d f JG df cJwmawG &Scygw,f? Oyrm jy&&ifh d hJ Oyrm-1 um&D E k d ( v,f o rm;) ES i f h zd v pf y k d i f u |ef ; pk . tif q l v mtpk d ; &ES i f h w&m;wabmif & if q k d i f r _ 'Dtr_rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk w&m;Hk;csKyfu 1909 ckESpftwGif; atmufygtwkdif; pD&ifcsufcscJhygw,f? (Regalian ,lqcsuudk atmifjrifpm pdeac:&ifqijf cif; jyKEkionf? a'ocHw@dk . &ykicihf - Oyrm um&DEdk rdom;pk f G f dk df dfG wk@d . a&S;,cifuwnf;u wnf&vmcJaom wk@d v,fajrtm; xk;H wrf;pOfvmt& ykiqiciukd todtrSwjf yK dS h d f dk f G hf onf) vk@d pD&ifq;Hk jzwfvuwmygy? dk f J Oyrm-2 rmbkdESifh =opa=u;vswkdufrS uGif;pvif; Queenslan -tpkd;& &ifqkdifaom tr_ 'Dajr owfrSwfcsuf ykdifqkdifcGifhtr_rSm =opa=w;vs A[kdw&m;Hk;u 1992 ckESpfrSm awm&ufa&vuf=um; rma&;u|ef;pkrS rma&;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpf=uwJh rmbkd/ a';ApfyufpDESifh *sdrf;kdufwkd@ukd tEkdifay; pD&ifcsufcscJhygw,f? onfu|e;f rsm;ukd uGi;f pvif;tpk;d &u 1879 ckEpu odr;f yku&,l+yD; ykiqicivyxm;cJwmukd rmbkEihf ol@tzG@J u S f d f d f dk f G hf k f h d S pdeac:+yD; w&m;&ifqicjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f? pD&ifcsu[m Terra Nullius ,lqcsu&@J usK;d a=umif;qDavsmr_ r&Sjd cif;ukd f dk f f f f zGifhcsazmfxkwfEkdifvkduf+yD; Xmaea'ocHwkd@&J@ ykdifqkdifcGifhukd twnfjyKay;vkdufwma=umifh w&m;Hk; tqkH;tjzwf[m tr_udpPabmifxuf ausmfvGefoGm;wJhtxd xda&mufr_&SdcJhygw,f? Armjynfu v,form;xk[mvnf; txufyg Oyrmrsm;twkdif; Oya'a=umif;t& pdefac:r_jyKa&;rsm;ukd aqmif&GufoGm;=u&rSmjzpfovkd rw&m;wJhv,f,majrOya'rsm;/ v,form;xktay: rw&m;zdESdyfvk,ufr_rsm;ukd wjcm;omeftrsKd;rsKd;aom wkdufyGJrsm; qifE$Jjcif;jzifh &ifqkdifausmfeif;oGm;=u&rSmyg? ?

{&mvGrf;

41

awmifolv,form;a&;&m

v,f,mpkuysK;d a&;ESihf aus;vufz@HG +zK;d a&; d f qif;&JEr;f yg;r_ av#mcsa&; jy\emrsm; G h


armifpeaomf d f

jynfwGif;xkwf *sme,fwcsKd@rSm v,f,mvkyfief;cGifESifh pyfvsOf;onfh awmif;yg; rsm; tawG@&rsm;vmonf? awmifol v,form;ta&; tav;xm; azmfjyvm=u onfhtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;zkd@vnf;aumif; tm;wufzG,fvnf;jzpfygonf? vufawG@ b0 tod rsm;jzpfI wefzkd;&Sdonf? vuf&Sd }uHhzGH@tpkd;&uvnf; aus;vuf zGH@+zdK;a&;ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ av#mhcsa&; vkyfaeonf[kqkdonf? jrefrmhv,f,m pkdufysKd;a&;u zGH@+zKd;wkd;wuf&ef qkdygrl tajccHusonfh jy\em tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeonf [kjrifygonf? 'DtxJu jy\em tcssd@ wifjycsifygonf? yxrqkH;jy\emrSm jynfwGif; EkdifiHa&;wnf+idrfr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;r_ &Sda&; jy\em jzpfonf? Tjy\em. ta=umif;&if;jzpfaom jynfwGif;ppfjy\emukd aocsmqkyfukdif ajz&Si;f &efvonf? xkjd y\emukd ,m,Doabm tay:,Havmufom ajz&Si;f +yD; ppftm%m dk &Sifpepf qufvufusifhokH;a&; vkH;yef;aev#if EkdifiHa&; wnf+idrfr_ESifh jynfwGif;+idrfcsrf;a&; &&SdEkdifrnf r[kwfyg? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; r&Sdv#if v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;u wjynfvkH; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; rjzpfEkdif? tckudkyJ rw&m; zrfqD;cHxm;&onfh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; v$way;a&;ukd vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf ay;jcif;rsK;d r[kwbJ Oya'tcsKyftaESmif wef;vef;ESihf f f v$wfjcif;jzpfonf? 'gvnf; tm;vkH;ukef v$wfray;ao;bJ "m;pmcH qufcsefxm;aejyef onf? vlrsK;d pk vufeufuitzG@J tpnf;rsm;ukvnf; ,m,Dtypftcwf &yfonftzG@J &yfxm;/ kd f d h wkdufonfhtzGJ@ qufwkdufESifh wkdufyGJ=um;u ajrpmyif jynfolvlxkcrsm tkd;tdrfv,f,m pGef@cGm+yD; twd'kuQ a&mufaer_rsm;/ ausmfraumif; =um;raumif;udpPawG avsmhroGm;bJ xyfw;dk aeonf? vufeufuif tzG@J tpnf;rsm; awmif;qkxm;onfh Ekiia&;t& tzG@J tm; dk d dfH vk;H awG@qaqG;aEG;a&;rludk wef;wl&nfwl oabmxm; vkuavsm vkyaqmifrnfyHk rawG@& Hk d f f h ao;? 'Drua&pDa&; a&S;_aeygonfqonfh t&yfom;trnfcH }uHz@HG tm%mykirsm;taejzifh dk dk h df twkutcH tiftm;pkrsm;. awmif;qkwuy0ifaer_rsm;ukd tav;*krjyKbJ/ wk@d jzpf d f d dk f JG apcsifonfh ykHpHtwkdif; 2008 tajccHOya'abmifxJ usKH;oGif;,laeonfh vkyf&yfrsm;onf yuwd wnf&Sdaeonfh jy\emZmpfjrpfukd ajz&Sif;aejcif;r[kwf/ jynfwGif;jynfyEkdifiHa&; tuJcwfrsm;u ,cktxd oHo,jzifh apmifh=unfhae&qJ taetxm;om&Sdaeonf? 'kwd,- jy\emrSm v,f,mOya'ESifhqkdifonfh jy\emjzpfonf? v,f,majr odr;f ykurawG ul;pufa&m*gvdk wjynfv;Hk tES@H jzpfay:aeaomfvnf; TudpP tcktcsetxd d f _ d f ta&;rxm;/ awmifolv,form;tusKd; a&S;_aeonfh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. awmif;qkdcsuf vnf;jzpfonfh awmifov,form;tusK;d wu,fwrf; tumtuG,ay;Ekiaom v,f l f df vkyol v,fyia&; Oya' csrwf taumif txnfazmfa&; vufcpOf;pm;r_ rjyKonftjyif/ f dk f S H h 42

}uHz@HG vwawmftrwf ( =uHz@HG ygwD twGi;f a&;rSL; ) OD;aX;OD;u v,f,m ajrqkonfrm Ekiiawmfu hH $ f h d S dfH tvk&onftwki;f tok;H csEionfqkonfh 2011 v,f,majr Oya' rl=urf;wck jynfo@l vwawmf d dS h d dk f d $ f tpnf;ta0;rSm wifoGif;xm;onf[k qkdonf? TOya'=urf;ukd twnfrjyKEkdif&ef 'Drkdua&pD r[mrdwfygwDawGu uef@uGufxm;ovkd {&mowDwkdif;/ yJcl;wkdif;ESifh rauG;wkdif;wkd@&Sd v,form; 3000 ausmfuvnf; vufrSwfa&;xkd; uef@uGuf=u+yD; orRwxH ay;ykd@xm;onf qkdaom owif; vnf;=um;&onf? Oya'yg tcsufawGt& v,f,majrawGukd EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%DawGukdvnf; v$J ajymif;iSm;&rf;Ekdifonf qkdxm;I v,form;awG v,f,mvufvGwf qkH;_H;Ekdif+yD; tvkyfvufrJhb0 usa&mufEionfh Oya' jzpfa=umif;vnf; wwfoynm&SiwcsK@d u pk;d &drruif; ajymqkae=uonf? dk f d f f d 2008 zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfy. ajr,mtm;vk;H Ekiiawmfyionf qkaom rludk vufawG@taumiftxnf f Hk dfH dk f d azmfaeonfh ay:vpD jzpfonf? ukrjk 'm *sme,frmygonfh OD;aX;OD;. &Si;f jycsuxrm v,f,majr S f J S awGukd pDrHudef;twGufqkd&if rodrf;vkd@r&bl; qkdwmukd ajymoGm;+yD; avsmfa=u;ay;a&;udpP vkH;0 xnfrajymyg? a&epfoudk 0g;ulx;dk ovkd jzpfaeonf? 'g[m ppftm%m&Sipepf qufvuf umuG,f h l f xde;f odr;f onfh ay:vpDjzpfonf? v,fvyol v,fvyyiciukyif tmr rcH/ tm%mykirsm;ESihf k f k f dk f G hf d df wkd@ taygif;yg aiG&Sifa=u;&Sif ukr`%Drsm;twGuf v,f,majrrsm; tcsdefray; odrf;,lEkdifa&; vrf;&Sif;ay;onfh Oya' twnfjzpf&ef }uHhzGH@trwf OD;aX;OD;u }uKd;pm;aer_jzpfonf? v,form; jynfol tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf qef@usionfh oabmxm;rsm; &Saev#if aus;vufa'ozG@H +zKd;a&;/ qif&Er;f yg;r_ f d J G av#mcsa&;qkonfh vkyief; b,fvvytaumiftxnf azmfEirnfv/J 'gonfvnf; tajccHusonfh h d f dk k f dk f jy\em[k jrifonf? xkdjy\emrsKd;rsm; t&ifqkH; wkdufzsufz,f&Sm;EkdifrSomv#if v,f,m pkdufysKd; a&;u zG@H +zk;d wk;d wufa&; wjynfv;Hk taumiftxnfazmfEivrrnf [k ,k=H unfonf? dk f d hf wwd, awmifov,form;rsm; toif;tyif; xlaxmifci&a&;jy\em? ,ae@ tcsewif l G hf d f G awmifolv,form;rsm;ukd,fwkdif pnf;Hk; v_yf&Sm;vm=uonfhtajctaersm; =um;odae&onf/ Armjynf vlO;D a&. 70 &mckiEe;f ausmf &Saom awmifov,form; rsm;taejzifh uk,yitoif;tzG@J df k d l d f dk f &SdoifhaeonfrSm =umay+yD? ,ckacwfvkd r=umc% ajr,m rw&m;odrf;ykdufcHae&r_jy\em/ au;+rDxajymr/_ pkuysK;d p&dwacs;aiG jyefrqyfEiI pk+yHKzrf;qD; csKyfaESmifc=H u&onfh jy\em/ obm l d f f dk f 0 ab;tEW&m,f trsm;qk;H usa&mufcpm; &onfh jy\em/ ppfwyfu acsmqGJ ay:wmqGJ xifovkd H tEkdifusifhcHae&onfhjy\em ponfh cHbufucsnf; &ifqkdifae=u&onfh awmifolv,form;rsm; taeESihf rdru,udk tumtuG,,Ei&ef wOD;aumif; wa,mufaumif; oif;cGajz&Si;f aeIr&/ d dk f f l dk f J pkpkpnf;pnf; 0kdif0ef;&ifqkdif ajz&Sif;=uv#if tcsKd@tcuftcJawG ajz&Sif;ausmfv$m;Ekdifayvdrfhrnf? toif;tzG@J xlaxmif zG@J pnf;&mwGif rqvacwfuuJo@dk tpk;d &uzG@J ay;onfh awmifov,form; h l aumifpDrsKd; zGJ@ay;v#if vufiif; awmifolv,form;rsm; }uKHawG@ae&onfh tusyftwnf;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifrnfr[kwfonfhtjyif ajr,modrf;ykdufol ukr`%D. tcGifhxl;cH aiG&Sifa=u;&Sifrsm;ESifh tm%mykdifrsm; tusKd;wl ylaygif;xm;onfh zdESdyfa&;ud&d,m jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf? xkd@a=umifh ukd,fh tm;ukd,fukd; awmifolv,form;rsm;ukd,fwkdif or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;Ekdif=uv#if taumif;qkH; jzpf vdrrnf[k jrifonf? Ttcsursm;onf wjynfv;Hk v,f,mpkuysK;d a&;u zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufa&;ESihf hf f d f aus;vufa'o qif;&JEr;f yg;r_av#mcsa&; vkyief;rsm; atmifjrifEi&ef t&ifq;Hk ajz&Si;f &rnfh tajc G h f dk f cHusonfh jy\emrsm;jzpfonf? OD;ode;f pdef tpk;d &u aus;vufa'o zG@H +zKd;a&;wk@d / qif&Er;f yg;r_ av#mcsa&;wk@d paom J G h tokH;tE_ef;awG pwif=um;vm&onf? }uHhzGH@0ef}uD; Akdvfausmfqef;u (7) }udrfajrmuf tmqD,H aus;vufa'o zG@H +zKd;a&;ESihf qif&Er;f yg;r_av#mcsa&; 0ef}uD;tqiftpnf;ta0; wufa&muf+yD; jrefrm J G h h EkdifiH. qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ tajctaeonf 2005 ckESpfwGif 32 &mckdifEkef; &Sd&mrS 2010 jynfhESpfrSm 26 &mckdifEkef;okd@ av#mhenf; usqif;vmcJha=umif;jzifh wifjyxm;onfukd 2011/ Ekd0bFmvxkwf jrefrmh tvif; owif;pmrSm awG@&onf? ukvor*~ zGH@+zKd;r_ tpDtpOfESifh yl;wGJaqmif&Gufonfh bufpkH tdrfaxmifpktajctae aexkdifr_tajctae tuJjzwfr_ ppfwrf;rsmt& [kqkdxm;jyefonf? 5ESpf twGif; 6 &mckdifEkef;avmuf av#mhcsEkdifonfhoabm ajymjcif;jzpfonf? zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufvmonf[k qkdcsif[efwlonf/ zGH@+zKd;I qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ av#mhcsEkdifv#ifaumif;ygonf? 'Dvkdr[kwfbJ udef;*%ef; 43

awGom pm&if;xJu qif;&Jr_ av#mhcsaev#if EkdifiHESifhjynfoltwGuf rnfokd@r# t"dy`m,f &Sdrnf r[kwyg? trSewu,f qef;ppf=unfv#if 2005 ckEprS 2010 t=um; 5 ESpwm umvonf f f S f f Armjynfwif xl;jcm;onfh jzpfpOfawG &Sconf/ 2007 rSm avmifpmqDaps; jrifwufrrS tpjyKI G d hJ h _ a&$0ga&mif oHCmhvy&m;r_}uD;ay:cJonf? ppftm%mykirsm; ESyuyra=umifh yg0ifywfouforsm; _ f S h df d f G f _ l aoaustemw& jzpfoljzpf / wcsKd@tzrf;cH&olcH&/ wcsKd@vnf; jynfyokd@ wdrf;a&Smif&olrsm; &Sconf? aemuf 2008 rSm em*pfrewi;f jzpfconf? Armjynforki;f rSm vltaotaysmuf trsm; d hJ k f dk hJ d qk;H ESihf a'owckv;Hk v,f,m/ uki;f u|e;f pkuysK;d a&;awG &p&mr&Savmufatmif qk;H H;_ ysup;D cJh d d f d f onf? xkupEiywfoufI armifxe;f vGif (rk;d av0o)u em*pfrewijf zpfawmh aoqk;H oluyJ d d P S hf G k f dk wpfoe;f cGausmygw,f? xdcuouawmh 11 oef;cGausmygw,f? qk;H _;H r_uawmh jrefrmusyaiG d J f dk f l J f f bDv,aygi;f wpfaomif;wpfaxmifausmygw,f? tqk;d qk;H uawmh vl 10 oef;ausmavmufudk D H f f qif;&JwGif;eufoGm;apcJhwmyJ jzpfygw,f? vkd@ jynfol@acwf*sme,frSm azmfjyxm;onf? 'Dvkd tajctae 'Dumv tawmtwGi;f qif;&JEr;f yg;r_ av#mcsEiconf qkaom 0ef}uD; Akvausmf G h dk f hJ d d f qef;. wifjycsuf udef;*%ef;rsm;ukd rnfokd@ todtrSwfjyK vufcH=u&rnfvJ rajymwwfyg? wckawmhh &Sonf ? Armjynfrm tvkytukif &Sm;yg;I jynfytvkyxuvy=f u&ol ,aehtxd d S f d f G f k wk;d rsm;aeonf? vkyom; tiftm; 3 oef; rS 5 oef; txd jynfyrSm&Sae+yD; wjynfv;Hk vkyom; f d f tiftm;. 10 &mckiEe;f ausmtxd &SEionf[o&onf? jynfwi;f rSm avsmom;onfh vkyom; df _ f d dk f k d G h G f tiftm; rsm;vGe;f onf? aemuf em*pfab;oifh qk;H yg;oGm;onfh jynfol rsm; &Sao;onf/ TuJo@dk d h jynfwi;f vlO;D a& avsmyg;oGm;Ekirudk Akvausmqef;u qif;&J EGr;f yg;r_ av#mcsEionf[k qkvdk G h df _ d f f h dk f d aeonfavm pOf;pm;p&mjzpfonf? jynfwi;f xkwf *sme,fwpfaqmif. ar;/ ajz/ cef;rSm w&m;v$wawmfa&S@ae wOD; G f &Si;f jycsuxwif v,f,majr Oya'opfu v,f,majr wk;d wufa&;ukd yk+d yD;awmh wGe;f tm; f J G ay;r,fh Oya'vkd@yJ ajymvkd@&r,f/ awmifolv,form;b0ukd jrifhwifr,fvkd@awmh ajymvkd@ &csir&r,f? Ekiiawmf&@J v,f,majru}uD;ukd jriwifwmawmh jzpfEiw,f? tJonftxJrm f S dfH hf dk f S tcsKd@ awmifolv,form;awG awmifolv,form;b0uae aysmufoGm;Ekdifw,fwJh? aemuf ol quf&i;f jywmu vufiwvuf&if; v,form;bufu =unf&if tcsK@d t&rf;epfemw,f/ S k f h 'g 0rf;enf;p&myJ/ pepfopfu v,f,majr tcef;u zG@H +zKd;atmifvywmvnf; 0rf;omp&mayg k f h vk@d qxm;onf? xka&S@ae ajymonfh pepfopft& v,f,majr zG@H +zKd;a&;qkonfrm ukr%}D uD; dk d d S ` awGu ajr,mawG odr;f ykuf vkyuiae=uI wjynfv;Hk ae&mtES@H jy\emay:ae+yD r[kwvm;/ d f dk f f Oya' ta[mif;yJjzpfjzpf/ topfyJjzpfjzpf t&if;cHjy\emonf tm%mykdifrsm;taeESifh vlrsm; pkjzpfonfh awmifov,form; tusK;d =unfrvm;/ vlenf;pk ukr%}D uD;awG tusK;d =unfrvm; l h ` h qkdonfhjy\emyifjzpfonf? vufawG@tm;jzifh ukr`%D}uD;awGbufu tusKd;&Sdae+yD; awmif olv,form;tcsKd@ ajr,mvufvGwfqkH;_H;I vkyfukdifpm;p&mr&Sd jzpfaeonf? ukr`%Dykdif&Sif qkonfrmvnf; tm%mykirsm;ESihf wk@d taygi;f yg vlwpkyif r[kwygvm;? v,f,m pkuysK;d d S df f d f a&;uESifh aus;vufzGH@+zKd;a&;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ av#mhcsa&; vkyfief; taumiftxnf azmfEkdif/ razmfEif rajymEkiayr,fh v,f,majr Oya'opfu acwfopf ajr,m vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif dk df }uD;awG arG;xkwfay;aer_ukdawmh aocsmayguf ajymEkdifayonf?

armifpeaomf d f
S

44

tawG ; tac:

Ekiia&; '\e vrf;cGay:rS nDnwa&; jy\em dfH J G f (ESif;a0&nf)


Armjynf EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpmY trsKd;om;'Drkdua& pDtzGJ@csKyfygwD rSwfykHwifoifhovm;/ rwif oifhbl;vm;/ a&G; aumufyGJ 0ifoifhovm;/ r0ifoihfbl;vm;-qkdonfh EkdifiHa&; ykpmwyk'f ay:ayguconf? jynfwi;f jynfy Ekiia&; tiftm;pk > f hJ G dfH rsm;ESifh urBmhEkdifiH}uD;wcsKd@yg qufpyfpOf;pm;cJh&aom ykp>m vnf; jzpfcJhonf? ykp>may;cJholu OD;odef;pdef ppfwykdif;tpkd;& jzpfonf? ajzqk&rnfou 90 ckEpf ygwp'rua&pD a&G;aumufyY toJ d h l S D Hk D dk JG =um;u rJwjym;ukd trsm;tjym; &&Sdum tpkd;&zGJ@EkdifcGifh&cJh aom NLD ygwD jzpfonf? 88 ta&;tcif;twGi;f u ppfwyf u ypfcwfI aoG;tvdrf;vdrf; pGef;xif;cJh&aom rJqEN&Sif vlrsKd; pkH jynfoltaygif;wkd@u ar#mfvifhcsuf}uD;rm;pGmjzifh ppfu|ef b0rS vGwajrmufa&;twGuf rJqENrsm; ay;cJ=h uonf r[kwf f avm? ykp>m&Sif OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&rSm 2008 zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccH Oya't& ay:ayguvmaom 2010 ckEpf ygwpHk a&G;aumufyY f S D JG npfenf;rsKd;pkHjzifh rJqEN&Sifwoef;u uef@uGufrJ ay;onfh=um; u tEkdif&cJhaom ppfwykdif; tpkd;& jzpfonf? 2010 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ tEkdif&r_onf 1962 ckESpf uwnf;u wqufwpyfwnf; tm%m&,lcJhaom ppftm %m&Sipepf. atmifvH qufvuf v$ixEijf cif;yif jzpfonf? f hf l dk 2008 zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya't& ay:aygufcJh aom 2010 ckESpf v$ w f a wmf a bmif t wG i f ; ok d @ 'D r k d u a&pD t if t m;pk r sm; tv#Kdtv#Kd 0ifa&mufjcif;onf OD;odef;pdef ppfwydkif;tpkd;&tm; EkdifiHwum rsufESmpmY w&m;0if yHhykd;ay;&m a&mufcJhayonf? NLD onf tqkdyg yHhykd;r_ vrf;a=umif;ay:okd@ av#muf vSrf;cJhacs+yDavm? a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrfcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufvm+yD; aemuf OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&tzGJ@rS wm0ef&Sdyk*~Kdvfrsm;/ orRw polwkd@ESifh qifhuJawG@qkHjcif;rSaeI auseyftm;&onf/ yl; aygif ; aqmif & G u f E k d i f o nf qk d a om oabmxm;rS tpjyK 45 jrpfzsm;cHum Tvrf;a=umif;ay:okd@ av#mufvSrf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? T yl;aygi;f aqmif&ua&; a&pDa=umif;onf NLD G f ygwD. 90 ckESpf &v'fqkyfudkifa&;utp/ tm%mzdqef a&;wkdufyGJtv,f/ a&$*kHwkdifa=unmcsuf rltm;vkH;ukd wkdufpm;oGm;acs+yDavm? Ta&pD;a=umif; EkdifiHa&;0ef;usifonf OD;odef;pdef tpk d ; &tm; Ek d i f i H w umh r suf E S m pmY rsuf E S m yef ; yG i f h v m atmif vkyfay;vkdufovkd jzpfoGm;onf? EkdifiHwumh oHwrefrsm;/ EkdifiH}uD;rsm;rS txl; ukd,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD;rsm;/ ukvor*~ txl;oHwref }uD;rsm; acsmif;aygufatmif vma&mufcJh=u+yD? tmqD,H tvSnfhus OuUtjzpfyif Armjynftpkd;&u wm0ef ,l& awmhrnf? jynf w G i f ; jynf y 'D r k d u a&pD t if t m;pk t csKd @ ES i f h taemuf'Drkdua&pDEkdifiH}uD;tcsKd@u ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;Y rjynfhpkHao;aom tajctaersm; &SdaeqJ jzpfaomfvnf; ajymif;vJr_wcsKd@um; &Sdacs+yD[k qkd=uonf? rS e f y gonf ? q,f p k E S p f w csKd @ ppf t m%mpk d ; rk d ; r_ umvwav#muf rawG@}uKHzl;aom vkyf[efwcsKd@ tajc taewcsKd@ ay:xGef;cJhonf? ,if;ay:xGEf;r_onf acgif; aqmif r _ t aetxm;wG i f omef a jymif ; vJ r _ w csKd @ om jzpfonf? ppftm%mtkyfpku npfax;aom ygwDpkH a&G; aumufyGJt& tm%mwzef jyef,l+yD; t&yfom; tpkd;& a,mifa,mif ajymif;jyEkdifcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh awG@qkHa&; t}udrf}udrf jiif;y,f&mrS awG@qkHjycJhonf? El;nGwf[ef &Sdvmonf? taysmhpm; pum;wcsKd@ ajymvm onf? pme,fZif;ydwfyifr_wcsKd@ zGifhay;vmonf? wzufY ppfa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;zdESdyfr_rsm;a=umifh jynfolvl vlxktwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drkdua&pDa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&;

rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; qkwf,kwfysufjym;r_rsm; qkd;&Gm;pGm }uKHawG@ae&qJ jzpfonf? jynfovxtwGi;f cHpm;ae&aom txufazmfjyyg 'kuQ l l k okuQrsm;tm; OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&. v$wfawmfwGif; 0ifa&mufyl; aygif;ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef NLD rS qkH;jzwfcsufonf? a':atmifqef; pk=unfuvnf; 2008 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'ukd jyKjyifajymif; vJoGm;rnf[k au;a=umfoH ay;vkdufonf? Tokd@ NLD u OD;odef;pdeftpkd;& ykp>mukd ,cifu [ifhtif;[k jiif;qkdcJh&mrS ,ck tif;[k tajzay;vkdufjcif;onf ArmhEkdififiHa&;wGif ajymif;vJr_ wck [k qkEiayonf? d dk f okd@aomf Armjynf vlrsKd;aygif;pkH jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvkH; cHpm;ae&aom 'kuQ okurS vGwajrmufa&;twGuf tajccHusus Q f jyKjyifajymif;vJ&rnfhudpPrsm; &Sdayonf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh vwfwavm ajz&Sif;&rnfhudpP&yfrsm;rSm(u) wEkdifiHvkH; typftcwfrsm; vkH;0&yfqkdif;a&; (c) EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vkH; cif;csufr&Sd v$wfay;a&; (*) jynfolvlxktay: vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh tajccHvGwf vyfcGifhrsm; csKd;azmufum zdESdyfr_ vkyfaejcif;rsm;ukd &yfqkdif;a&; (C) vufeufukdifwkdufckdufaeaom vlrsKd;pktiftm; pkrsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh OD;odef;pdeftpkd;& ukd,f pm;vS,fwkd@ trskKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJw&yf jyKvkyf&ef vkyfief;pOfw&yf a&;qGJ+yD; wkdif;jynfokd@ xkwfjyefa=unm ay;a&;udp&yfwk@d jzpfayonf? P OD ; od e f ; pd e f t pk d ; &taejzif h trS e f w u,f pd w f a umif ; apwem&Sa=umif; jyovkdygu Ttcsufrsm;tm; tcsdefwkdumv twGif; yxrtqifhtjzpf aqmif&Gufjyozkd@ vkdayonf? OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&taejzifh jynfolvlxktusKd;twGuf tajccHusaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef atmufyg vkyfief;&yfwcsKd@ukd tav;teuf pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfayonf? - 2008 ck E S p f zG J @ pnf ; tk y f c sKyf y k H tajccH O ya'tm; 'Drkdua&pDukd tajccHaom rlrsm;t& ajymif;vJa&;qGJ&ef - jynfolvlxktm; tajccH'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;okH;pGJcGifh tjynfht0ay;&ef

- vlrsKd;pkjy\emtm; wef;wla&;/ ukd,fykdifjymef; cGifh&Sda&;ESifh pnf;vkH;nDnGwfaom ppfrSefonfhjynfaxmifpk pepf w&yf azmfxwa&;qkaom tcsursm;tay: tajccH+yD; k f d f ajz&Sif; ay;&ef - ppfAsL&kdu&uf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pD;yGm;a&;pepfukd zsufodrf;+yD; trSDckduif;aom/ vGwfvyfaom/ jynfolvlxk acsmif v nf z G H @ +zKd ; aom trsKd ; om;pD ; yG m ;a&;w&yf a&;qG J taumiftxnfazmf&ef - trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;ESifh wkdif;jynf. tcsKyf tjcm tm%mykdifr_ukd umuG,fapmifhxdef;&ef txufyg tajccHrlrsm;ESifh vkyfief;pOfrsmukd aqmif &GufEkdifrSomv#if trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;/ +idrf;csrf; a&;/ 'D r k d u a&pD a &;/ trsKd ; om;pD ; yG m ;a&;ES i f h trsKd ; om; vGwfvyfa&;wkd@tm; trSefwu,f azmfaqmifEkdif+yD; a&&Snf wnfwHhatmif xdef;odrf;amifhaaa&SmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrd ayonf? okd@jzpfI OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkd aom tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ ryl;aygif;vkdaom tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ OD;odef;pdeftpkd;&twGif;rS jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkdvm;olrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ OD;odef; pd e f t pk d ; &w&yf v k H ; onf v nf ; aumif ; Armjynf o pf jyef vnfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf trSefwu,f pdwfaumif; apwem &Sdonfqkdygu txufyg EkdifiHa&;tajccHrl ig;csuf tay: pdwwoabmwl yl;aygi;f aqmif&uom;oifayonf? f l G f G h okd@rSom ,ae@ajymqkdaeaom ArmhEkdifiHa&; +idrf;csrf;pGm jzpf ay:a&;vrf ; a=umif ; qk d o nf r S m rk c s jzpf a y:vmEk d i f + yD ; tem*wfArmjynfopf rvGJraoG ay:aygufjzpfxGef;vmEkdif vdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unf,lqrdygonf? txufyg y%mrtqifh tajccHEkdifiHa&;rlrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf&ef tm;enf;aeygu 21 &mpk tm&yfurBmrS jzpf&yfrsm;ESifhtvm;wl vlxkayguf uGJr_rsKd;rSwqifhomv#if acwfrDrD jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifayvdrfhrnf? ?

(ESi;f a0&nf)

46

twKy`wdW

u|erqufa&;csiaom azazhta=umif;rsm; (trSwf 25) f f

1950 ckEprsm;twGi;f u Akvatmif}u;D (b,ftpGe) ukd azaz/ ararwk@d Eitwl awG@&ykH Sf d f f S hf

qd&,vpfwyfrL;rsm; tyki;f (1) Akvatmif}uD; k S f S d d f vSausmaZm f


azaz&J@ uk,wia&; twKy`wpmtkyudk "l0pmay d f dk f dW f H wkdufu 2007 ckESpfrSm xkwfa0cJhygw,f? pmtkyfxGuf vm+yD;aemuf pmtkya0zefa&;awGvnf; tawmfxuf vm f G ygw,f? 'DtxJu vGwvyfwhJ tm&StoH (RFA) pm0ki;f f d ay0ki;f pum;0ki;f tcef;u (a':)arpm&J@ a0zefcsuawGxJ d d f u ta=umif;t&mwckrm - pma&;ol[m yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& S b,fo@l urS ykwcwfa0zef a&;om;jcif; rjyKcJb;l ? rdrudk 'kuQ dk f h d ay;cJorsm;ukawmif ra&;rjzpf a&;zk@d vktyfoavmufom h l d d a&;om;xm;w,fvkd@ rSwfcsufjyKoGm;ygw,f? wcg 1960 ckESpfrsm;twGif; azaz jynfwGif;+idrf; csr;f a&;tzG@J rm v_y&m;aewke;f u e,fc&D;wckutjyef rD;& S f S xm;ay:rSm vlwa,mufu azazem;csOf;uyfvm+yD; Akdvf csKyf&,f u|eawmf ppfjyef&abmfwOD;yg? AkvcsKyfudk AkvcsKyf f J d f d f toufu,fxm;wJhvlawGu jyef'kuQay;wmukd AkdvfcsKyfu 'DvkdyJ cHaeawmhrvm;? olwkd@tay: enf;enf;rS pdwfrem bl;vm;vkd@ vmajymwJhtcg azazu bmrSjyefrajymbJ &,fyaew,fv@dk azazeJ@twl ygom;wJh u|erwk@d tpfu0rf; J G f dk uGwa,mufu jyefajymjyzl;ygw,f? (tJ'ou qk&,vpf J D l d S f wyfrL;wOD;jzpfwhJ Akvarmifarmif-aemifAvrL;csKyf/ tpPa&; S d f dk f S oHtrwf}uD;)ukd &nf!ef; [efwlygw,f?) azaz&J@ pmtkyfxJrSm olwyfuxGuf&wJhtykdif;rSm Akvatmif}uD;ta=umif; a&;xm;&mrSm pmav;ESpa=umif;yJ d f f &Sdygw,f? 47 Akvatmif}uD;rSm Ekiia&;xuf yk*Kd~ vfa&; &mxl; d f dfH twGuyg u|eawmfudk qef@usir_ tvGejf yif;xef+yD; u|ef f f h f awmfhtay: yk*~dKvfa&;t&vnf; tvGefrkef;wD;ygonf? u|efawmfwyfwGif;&Sdaeoa&G@ ol@taeeJ@ u|efawmfhukd ausmfum xdyfa&mufzkd@ rjzpfEkdifyg tJoavmufyJ a&;xm;ygw,f? u|ef r wk d @ armif E S r wawG u k d v nf ; i,f p Of u wnf;u wk@d rm vly*Kd~ vft& &efol wa,mufrS r&Sb;l ? S k d tm;vHk;eJ@ oifhwifatmif qufqH=uvkd@ oif=um;ay; wwfygw,f? txl;ojzifh azazyifpif,l+yD; u|efrwdk@ rdom;pk prf;acsmif;&yfuuxJ ajymif;vm+yD;aemuf t&yf G f olt&yfom;rsm;eJ@ qufqH&mrSm tqifajyatmif quf qHz@dk azazu t+rJoeoifavh&ygw,f? G f dS 'g azaz&J@ tajccHpw"mwfyg? 'gayrJh azazvnf; d f vlom;yJav? wcgw&H a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG ajym&if; u pdwtcsOayguvm&ifyjJ zpfjzpf a=umif;udpP wkuqif f f f d f dk vm&ifyJjzpfjzpf (ol@pdwfxJrSm tcktcHjzpfaewJh qkd&S,f vpfwyfrL;awGe@J ywfouf+yD;) pdwvurmefyg ajymqdwm S f dk f k awG u|erwk@d a&S@rmawmh &Scygw,f? f S d hJ azazajymjycJhzl;wm wcsdK@ u|efrjyefajymjyygr,f? a[h-olwkd@ qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;awG b,folrsm; aumif ; aumif ; ppf w k d u f w wf o vJ ? Ak d v f a tmif } uD ;

qkvnf; 'Davmuf}uD;wJh &mxl;}uD;om ,lxm;wm/ wcgrS ppf d rwkuz;l bl;? Akvarmifarmifvnf; wyGyJ wkuz;l w,f? olwuf d f d f J d f dk wJhyGJrSm wyfvnf;ysuf/ olvnf; oHk@yef;jzpfwmyJwJh? (rSwcsu-1949 ckEpu AkvrL;}uD;armifarmif ajrmufyi;f f f S f d f S dk wkdif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf rdwDvmrSm autif'Dtkd rsm;&J@ tzrf;cH&+yD; 2 ESpfeD;yg; oHk@yef;tjzpf aecJh&ygw,f?) Akvatmif}uD;[m wyfxvm+yD; qk&,vpfygwu,pm; d f J d S f D dk f vS,fqkd+yD; AkdvfusaewmyJ-vkd@vnf; ajymzl;ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh azazhtjrifeJ@ OD;ausmf+idrf;(zqyvacwf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;ESifh 'k0ef}uD;csKyf) tjrifu wlaeygw,f? OD;ausm+f idr;f uvnf; -Akvatmif}uD;[m igw@dk ygwxJ vm d f D +yD; wyfukd,fpm;vS,fqkd+yD; AkdvfusaewmyJvkd@ ol@om;rsm;ukd ajymzl;a=umif; od&ygw,f? (rSwcsu-OD;ausm+f idr;f ajymwJh igw@dk ygwqwm 1945 ckEpf f f D dk S u olw@dk wawG zG@J pnf;cJ=h uwJh jynfo@l ta&;awmfyygw/D aemif kH qk&,vpfygwudk qkvwmyg?) d S f D d dk wu,fawmh Akdvfatmif}uD;[m orkdif;t& acolr[kwf ygb;l ? 1300 jynfh ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyuwnf;u ol@Zmwd kH aygif;wnf +rdK@&J@ ausmif;om;or*~rSm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJh+yD; BIA umvrSmvnf; *syefu t&ifapmjyefvmcJhwJh Akdvfae0if;wkd@eJ@ aygif;+yD; ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSm yg0if+yD; *syefawmfvSefa&; rSmvnf; wki;f (1) eJ@ wki;f (2) wk@d rm wm0ef}uD;awG xrf;aqmif d d S cJHzl;olyg? 'gayrJh ol[mvnf; Akvae0if;vkyJ wuk,&nf }uD;yGm; d f d d f vkdpdwf jyif;xefolygyJ? *syefacwfrSm (BDA acwf) AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;&J@ v_@H aqmfcsue@J wyfrawmfxJ vSr0ifvmwJh ynm f d hf wwftkyfpkukd oleJ@Akdvfarmifarmif ESpfa,mufaygif;+yD; pnf;Hk; odr;f oGi;f cJygw,f? *syefawmfvea&;qdwmukd ta=umif;jy+yD; h S f k wyfwi;f rSm *d%;f *%v_y&m;r_awGvyc+hJ yD; txl;ojzifh *syefjyef G k f S k f &Jabmfo;kH usy0ifrsm; (tJ'umvu wyfwi;f &mxl;}uD;rsm; & d f D G xm;olrsm;) ukd qef@usifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'Dumvu xdyfwef; a&muf &JabmfoHk; usdyf0ifawG[m uGefjrLepfygwDeJ@ eD;pyf=uol rsm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ olwkd@u tusifhpm&dwWt& ,kdifeJ@+yD; b,fvrS uGejf rLepfe@J reD;pyfEiwhJ (&Jabmfo;kH usy0if trsm;pk&@J dk dk f d f av;pm;r_vnf; rcH&bJ waumifuuf jzpfaewJ) Akvae0if;ukd h d f q&mwif/ ajrawmifajrmuf+yD; *dk%f;tkyfpk zGJ@cJh=uwmygyJ? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOfuawmh wyfxJu 'Dvkyf[efawGukd ol@yk*~dKvfa&;=oZmeJ@ xdef;odrf;EkdifcJhygw,f? AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd,fwkdifuvnf; Akdvfatmif}uD;ukda&m/ Akdvfarmifarmifukda&m olwkd@&J@ tajccHtm;aumif;csufrsm; a=umifh ESp+f cdKufoabmusc+hJ yD; bufpu arG;jrLysKd ;axmifay;cJykH kH h &ygw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ 1947 ck/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmf a&G; aumufyGJrSm ocifatmif}uD;tjzpf (wyfrS xGuf+yD; EkdifiHa&; 48

bufajymif;apum) jynf ta&S@yi;f trwftjzpf zqyvrS dk 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHckdif;vkd@ v$wfawmftrwf jzpfoGm;cJhzl;yg w,f? 'gayrJh AkvcsKyfw@dk usq;kH +yD; zqyvtzG@J }uD;vnf; vuf d f ,morm;rsm;jzpfwJh qkd&S,fvpf*kd%f;u tkyfpD;rdoGm;csdefrSm awmh Akdvfatmif}uD;[m qkd&S,fvpfygwD ukd,fpm;vS,f tjzpf wyfxJjyefa&mufcJhygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfom jzpfvm& w,f- wu,fEiia&;tiftm;pk atmufajccHr&SwhJ OD;Ek[m h dk f H d qk&,vpfygwD tvkus vkyaqmifvm&+yD; Akvatmif}uD; d S f d f d f ukd umuG,a&;Xme ygvreftwGi;f 0eftjzpf pay;+yD; tJ'u f D D rSwqifh wyfxJ jyefa&mufvm&mrSm yxrawmh vJA;D wyf (aemif ppf0efxrf;wyf) qkwm&J@ wyfrif;}uD;tjzpf AkvrL; d d f S }uD;tqifh wkuuay;+yD; 1950 ckEprmawmh ppfO;D pD;Xme d f dk f S f S (ppfHk;csKyf) ukd OD;pD;vkdufEkdifygawmhw,f? ppf;kH csKyf (War Office) [m wyfwi;f &mxl; twuf G tus tajymif;ta&$@awG/ EkdifiHjcm; ynmawmfoifcGifhawG tm;vH;k ukd ukixm;wJXme jzpfavawmh tcGita&; vkcsif df h hf d olawGtm;vHk;&J@ 0kdif;0ef;tm;xm;+yD; tm;ukd;tm;xm; &Sm&m Xme}uD; jzpfom;ygawmhw,f? jynfwi;f ppf jyif;xef G G vmcserm raoraysmuf H;k xkivyief;awG vkcsiwhJ wyfr d f S df k f d f awmf t&m&Sdrsm;uvnf; olwkd@ukd uyf&/ a&S@wef;rSm ppf wkdufae&wJh wyfawGuvnf; aemufykdif;u axmufyHha&; ypPn;f rsm; jynfjh ynfppkH &&Sz@dk / vktyfoavmuf &&Sz@dk tJ'D h kH d d d ppf;kH csKyfu vlawGuyJ tm;uk;d &eJ@ Akvatmif}uD;wk@d b,f kd d f avmuf=oZm}uD;cJhr,fqkdwm cef@rSef;=unfhEkdifygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm u|er Oyrmwck ajymyg&ap? f 1954-55 ckEprsm;twGi;f azaz wkwjf zLppfqifa&; S f rsm; qifEaepOfumvu jzpf&yfrsm;yg? azaz[m tJ'we;f J$ D k u AkvrL;csKyftqife@J ajrmufyi;f wkirL;tjzpf wm0efxrf; d f S h dk d f S aqmifaewmyg? azaz[m a&S@wef;rSmyJae+yD; ppfqifa&; awG u k d wk d u f k d u f u G y f u J a ewmyg? tJ ' D u ae vk d t yf w J h vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf/ ppfultiftm;/ txl;axmufyHh a&;ypPnf; (Oyrm-aq;0g;/ tm[m&pojzifh) pwJh ypPnf; awGukd ppfHk;csKyfu vmwJh ppfOD;pD;t&m&SdawGukd aemuf wef;jyefjyef+yD; wifjy awmif;cH&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u Akdvf atmif}uD;u ppfOD;pD;Xmewm0efcH AkdvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@yg? olw@dk u tE&m,f}uD;vSwhJ a&S@wef;txd rvmygb;l ? azaz u a&S@wef;uae rki;f qwfv/dk usKd if;wkvdk av,mOfui;f &SwhJ d H G d ae&mawG jyef+yD; olwkd@eJ@ aqG;aEG;awmif;qdk&wmyg? Akdvf atmif}uD;yJ OD;pD;+yD; vmwwfygw,f? tJ'umvu olw@dk u D jynfwGif;ppfwkdfufzkd@yJ (atmifrmC ppfqifa&;twGuf jyif qifaecsdefyg) tm;oefaevkd@/ wkwfjzLppfajrjyiftwGuf vdtyfcsuawG awmif;&wm odyf vuf0ifwmyJv@dk azazu k f

jyefajymzl;ygw,f? awmfao;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u zq yvtpkd;&u vlxk&J@ zdtm;a=umifh wkwfjzLppfqif a&;awGukd tm;ay;axmufcHcJhvkd@ oufomwmvkd@ azazu qufajymcJhygw,f? tJ'gom=unfyg? Advatmif}uD;wk@d b,favmuf h k f =oZm}uD;cJhw,fqkdwm awG@Ekdifygw,f? 1958 ck E S p f td r f a pmif h t pk d ; & wuf v m+yD ; wJ h aemuf/ ppfwyfu pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;awGjzpfwhJ DSI wk@d f BEDC wkd@ukdyg vkyfaqmifvmwJhtcgrSmawmh b,f ajymp&m&SawmhrvJ? 'D=um;xJ Akvatmif}uD;uk,wif d d f d f dk OD;aqmif+yD; *syefppfavsmfa=u;udpP aqG;aEG;&mrSm pDrH udef; vkyfief;awG trsm;tjym; &&SdvkdufwJhtcgrSm awmh/ Adkvfatmif}uD;wkd@ =oZmtwufqHk; umvvkd@ awmif ajymvk@d &r,fxifygw,f? tJ'D *syefu&wJh pDrH udef;awGukd Akdvfatmif}uD;u ol@nDjzpfwJh OD;atmif av;wk@d / ole@J tvGe&if;ES;D wJh (ol&@J Proxy vk@d vnf; f qkdEkdifwJh) OD;aZmf!Gef@/ a':xl; (xl;ukr`%Dykdif&Sifrsm;) wkd@ukd cGJa0ay;+yD; vkyfaqmifapcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifyJ 1963 ckEpf ol@udk t+idr;f pm;ay;vkuf h S d +yD;aemuf/ Akvae0if;u atmif}uD;pm;xm;or#awGudk d f igajcreJ@ jyefaumfxwr,fv@dk }udr;f 0g;zl;ygw,f? Akvf h k f d ae0if;u Akvatmif}uD; =oZm}uD;vmr_[m ol@ xkif d f d cHk v_yfvmapw,f/ ol@ajc&m wkdif;vmwmjzpfw,f vkd@vnf; ylyefvmyHk&ygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm Akdvfae0if;[m ol@ae&mwpHkw&m ckdifrmvm&if ol@ukd tJ'Dae&mwifay;cJhwJh b,faus; Zl;&SiurS csr;f omray;bl;qkwm 'kw,t}udrajrmuf f kd d d f awG@Ekdifygw,f? (yxrt}udrfuawmh wnf+rJacgif; aqmifawGudka&m/ wyfwGif;u qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm; ukd 1962 ckEpf ppftm%modr;f +yD;aemuf ajz&Si;f vkuf S d wJhudpPyg?) Akdvfatmif}uD;[m Akdvfae0if;ukd ycHk;eJ@xrf;+yD;/ tJ'Dae&mawG a&mufatmifwifay;cJhygw,f? Akdvfae 0if;ukd,fwkdifu Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd jzKwfcs+yD;aemuf/ pdwrvH[ef&y&+yD;/ 'ga=umifyJ bma=umifh Akvatmif f k dS kH h d f }uD;ukd jzKwf&wJhta=umif;awGukd (olk@rqvtwGuf tm;ukd; tm;xm;jyKae&wJh) ocifwifjrwkd@ tkyfpkukd &Sif;jywJhta=umif;t&mawG ,ckwavm *sme,fawG rSm olw@dk jyefa&;wmawG awG@ae&ygw,f? Akvae0if;&J@ d f &nf&G,fcsufu (tJ'Docifwifjrwkd@tkyfpk ylyefaumif; ylyefEiw) ol[m bk&m;+yD; jirf;zsuwhJ vlpm;r[kwf dk f hJ f a=umif;/ Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd ol t}udrf}udrf cGifhv$wfcJh a=umif;/ odyvevmrS rv$omrS vky&wmjzpfa=umif; f G f J f

pwmawGukd tJ'vawGudk oG,0upm &Si;f jyyH&ygw,f? D l f dk f G k azazuawmh Akdvfatmif}uD;[m Akdvfae0if;tay: EkdifwJhzJcsyfawG &SdyHk&w,f? 'ga=umifh Akdvfae0if;u onf; nnf;cH aecJh+yD;/ aemufykdif; Akdvfatmif}uD; (*syefppfavsmf a=u;udpPrsm;rSm) pD;yGm;a&;udpPawG r&Sif;rvif;jzpfvmrS tjywf&i;f yH&w,fv@dk qkygw,f? azazuk,wivnf; uk,f S k d d f dk f d awG@}uHKzl;wm wck&Sdygw,f? wcgu azazwkd@ wyfrSL;rsm; nDvmcHusi;f yaepOf wif;epf+ydKifywck vkyz;l w,fw? tJ'D JG f hJ ae@u azazu +ydKifyu _;H vd@k xGu&+yD; t0wfvwhJ tcef; JG f J 0ifvuwtcg tJ'tcef;xJrm Advae0if;eJ@ Akvatmif}uD; dk f hJ D S k f d f wk@d 2 a,muf pum;ajymae=uwm awG@&+yD; Akvatmif}uD; d f [m Akvae0if;xkiaewJh cH&nwef;vsm;ay:rSm ajcaxmuf d f df k S f wzuf w if x m;+yD ; vuf w zuf u vnf ; cg;axmuf + yD ; pum;ajymaewmwJ? azazhudk jrifrS Akvatmif}uD;u ajc h d f axmufcsvu+f yD; cg;uawmh qufaxmuf+rJ axmufxm; dk w,fw? azazu olawG@z;l wmukd ajymjyzl;ygw,f? hJ tJ'Dumvu Akdvfae0if; uHedrfhaecsdefyg? tdrfaxmif &Sol upfwboef; (a':cifaroef;) ukd ,lvure@J zqyv d D dk f _ tpkd;&u jzKwfzkd@ }udK;pm;aecsdefjzpfygw,f? tJ'Db0uae vGwajrmufatmif vkyay;olawGxrm Akvatmif}uD;[m f f J S d f tc&m tcef;u ygcJhyHk&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 2007 ckEpu (OD;) jrwfcie@J jyKvkywhJ awG@ S f dk f f qHkar;jref;cef;wckrSm Akdvfatmif}uD;u Akdvfae0if;eJ@ ukd,fu i,fi,fuwnf;u olvnf; pma&;/ ukd,fvnf; pma&;/ t&rf;cifw,fqwm [kww,f? uk,u b,fwe;f dk f d f k urS ol@q&m rjzpfcb;l ? oluvnf; uk,udk q&mrwif hJ d hf cJb;l ? ole@J u,w@kd twlwl aezl;w,favvk@d ajymoGm; h dk f [ef wlygw,f? (pum;csyf-tJ'DawG@qHk ar;jref;cef;awGrSmyJ olu azaz[m tajccHenf;w,f? &nfrSef;csuf}uD;w,f? 'g a=umifh EkdifiHu xGufoGm;&w,fvkd@vnf; qkdxm;wmawG@ &ygw,f? 'ghtjyif ol@b0Zmwfa=umif; ajymoGm;&mrSm tpuwnf;u ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u acgif;aqmif csnf;yJ awmufav#mufvkyfvmcJhwmyg? b,fwkef;urS aemufvuf rjzpfcb;l ? AkvcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; uk,udk dk hJ d f d hf vkyfazmfukdifzufvkdyJ oabmxm;cJhwmygvkd@ ajymxm; ygw,f? azazuawmh 'gawG zwf+yD; awmfao;w,f? Akvf d csKyfatmifqef;[m ukd,fhwynfhygvkd@ rajymwmvkd@qkd+yD; &,faecJhzl;ygw,f?) tJovkdom ajymaewm? Akdvfae0if;ukdawmh rjywf vSr;f zm;aewmygy? 1988 ckEpf 0ef;usirsm;u xGuvmwJh J S f f ol&J@Akdvfae0if;okd@ tdwfzGifhay;pmrsm;[m wzufu vnf; vlxtkH ur_}uD;ukd ykrwufuvmatmif tusKd ;jyK k d kd cJhayr,fh wzufuvnf; tckjzpf&yfawGukd Akdvfae0if;u 49

bmrSrod&mbJ atmufajc(Akvwifazwk@d typukd &nf!e;f yH&ygw,f) u t&rf; av#mufvyv@dk jzpf&wm S d f k f k k k f vkd@qkd+yD; Akdvfae0if;twGuf a&S@aevkdufxm;ay;wmyg? ol@tajccHpdwf"mwf (Adkvfae0if;ukd q&mwif+rJ wifcsifwJh pdwf"mwf) vnf; ay:ygw,f? 1989 ckEpf ppfwyftm%modr;f +yD;aemuf u|erwk@d ygw&&m ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o yefqef;ukd a&muf S f D dS vmwJh +rdK@ay:u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;awGxJu ausmif;om;wa,mufajymjyzl;wm&Sdygw,f? u|ef awmfwkd@u AkdvfcsKyfatmif}uD;ukdvnf; 'Drkdua&pDzcif}uD;tjzpf av;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh olu ppfwyfukd pdwfeJ@awmif rjypfrSm;eJ@vkd@ qkdvkdufcsdefrSmawmh ol[m 'DykwfxJu 'DyJyJ/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd umuG,f csifolyJqkdwm wcgwnf; oabmaygufoGm;ygw,f wJh? ArmjynfolawG&J@ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ rkefwkdif;[m jyif;xefygw,f? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ qdwm a&&SnqifE&wJh wkuyyg? jynfovxk tusKd ;pD;yGm;bufu &yfwnf+yD; worwfwnf; vkyaqmifz@kd k f J$ d f JG l l f qdkwm cufcJvSygw,f? armfpDwkef; ajymzl;ovkdyJ? udpPaumif; wckvkyfzdk@qdkwm vG,fw,f? woufvHk; vkyfaqmifoGm;zkd@[muawmh cufw,f qdkwJhtwkdif;ygyJ? vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJrsm;rSm orkdif;vScJhwJh Akdvfatmif}uD;taeeJ@ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf uGefjrLepfqef@ usia&; (wu,fawmh jynfo@l tusKd ; qef@usia&;)qdwhJ au;a=umfoatmufrm Armhwyfrawmfudk Akvae f f k H S d f 0if;&J@ wvufukdif a=u;pm;wyfjzpfatmif/ ppfAsLkdu&uf pepfw&yfay:aygufvmatmif vkyfaqmifay;cJhwJh Akdvfae0if;&J@vufHk; bufawmfom;wOD;jzpfcJhqdkwmawGudka&m/ 8 av;vHk;t+yD; EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGrSm zsufjrif;tjzpfyg0ifcJhwmawGukda&m awG@&SdvmEkdifygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfovxu Akvatmif}uD;ukd aemufyi;f rSm prlqm-Advatmif}uD;vk@d emrnfay;vkuykH l l k d f dk k f d f &ygw,f? jynfolvlxkuawmh b,fawmhrS rsufESmrvkdufygbl;?

vSausmaZm f
23/ Ek0ifbm/ 2011? d

urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; tm&S+idrf;csrf;a&; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; +idrf;csrf;a&;tvHukd jrifhjrifhrm;rm; v$ifhxl=u?

50

awmfvea&; twKy`wdW Sf

nxJu =u,f
(OD;cifarmifjrifo@dk trSww& aumufa=umif;) h f 0if;wifxe;f h G
(1)

ppftm%m&SifawG&J@ tusOf;axmifxJrSm tusOf;uscHae&&if;u OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifhwa,muf ol&Jaumif;yD;opGm usqHk;oGm; &&Sm+yDqkdwJh owif;ukd e,fpyfwae&muae =um;vkduf& =um; vkduf&avcsif;/ u|efawmfhESvHk;om;wckvHk;[m wqwfqwf wkefaecJhygw,f? a=omf OD;av;w a,muf[m ol}udKwif jrifcJhajymcJhovkdyJ toufay;oGm;cJh&av+yD- toufay;oGm; &Smav+yD qdkwJhtodeJ@twl/ ESarsmpdwf wopdwf vGrf;armpdwfawG[mvnf; tqufrjywf yJhwifnHaecJhyg w,f? 1993 ckEpu tJ'nrSm - wnvH;k yJ u|eawmf tdyf r&awmhyg? S f D f 'D t a&;awmf y H k } uD ; &J @ tqH k ; owf a tmif y G J u k d &zd k @ u|ef a wmf w d k @ awmf a wmf v k y f & vd r f h OD ; r,f ? 'D y G J r S m u|ef a wmf touf a y;&vd r f h r ,f ? ay;zk d @ vnf ; qH k ; jzwf x m;+yD ; yg+yD 'Drkdua&pD ta&;awmfyHk}uD;&J@ tcif;tusif;taetxm;awGudk oHk;oyfwGufcsuf ajymqkdae&if; u av;av;eufeuf xkwfazmf ajymqkdvkdufwJh wcsdefu OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ E_wfxGuf pum;oH [m u|efawmfh&J@ em;xJrSm tqufrjywf yJhwifcwfaeygw,f? us,fvmvkduf-wkd;vsoGm;vkduftqufrjywf-tqufrjywf jrnf[nf;aecJhygw,f? u|eawmf b,fvrS tdyv@kd r&awmhyg? u|eawmftcef;av;xJuae tjyifbufudk xGuxiae f dk f f h f dk f rd&if; trdArmjynfbufu aumif;uif,HqD vSrf;=unfhvkdufrdawmh arSmiftwdeJ@ nvGifjyifay:rSm =u,fawG =u,fawG ? wcsKd @u cyfrere/f wcsKd @u wvufvuf/ wcsKd @u odyra0;/ wcsKd @u [dk dS f dS f ta0;qDrm S tJ'nu OD;av;udk tav;jyKzd@k u|eawmf uAsmwyk'f zG@J oaerdygw,f? D f D OD;cifarmifjrifh &J & if h e D j r/ *k % f a jymif v S o nf h b0oef@pif/ tkd - =u,fpif

51

&ifxJrSm tmHk&J@ ac:oHtwkdif; pwifvkdufygw,f? OD;av;&J@ kyfyHkv$m[m u|efawmfh tmHkay:rSm wck+yD;wck ay:vmaeygw,f? OD;av;&J@Zmwd[m a';'&Jyg? OD;av; arG;zGm;vmcJh &wJh tcse[m tarSmifacwf/ t*Fvy&@J vufatmuf u|eoabmuf acwf}uD; twGi;f rSmyg? d f d f f e,fcsJ@t*FvdyfawG atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmjcif;jyK=u/ zufqpf*syefawG bufeufwum;um;eJ@ 0ifvm=ucsdefrSm OD;av;[m q,fausmfouft&G,fyg? zufqpfawGukd armif;xkwfEkdifzdk@ zuf qpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;twGuf ppfwkdif;awG cGJjcm;owfrSwf=ucsdefrSm a';'&Je,f[m wkdif; (2) xJrSm ygygw,f? ocifpkd;[m zufqpfawmf vSefa&;}uD;wckvHk;&J@ EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfHkru wki;f (2) &J@ Ekiia&;acgi;f aqmiftjzpfvnf; wm0ef,+l yD;/ wki;f (2) &J@ ppfa&;acgi;f aqmif d dfH d uawmh Akdvfae0if;jzpfcJhygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u touf q,fhav;ig;ESpfom;t&G,fom &Sdao;wJh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m ocifpkd;eJ@ Akdvfae0if;t=um; pmay;pm,lqufom;vkyfay;cJh&&if; i,fi,f &G,f&G,feJ@ awmfvSefa&;twGuf aumif;usdK;jyKcJh&olwa,muf jzpfcJhygw,f? Armjynf}uD; vGwf vyfa&; a=unmEkdif+yD;wJhaemuf &efukef wuUokdvfrSm wuUokdvfausmif;om; wa,mufjzpf vm&awmhvnf; tJ'Dwkef;u tkyfpkd;ol zqyvtpkd;&eJ@ t+rJvkdvkd xdyfwkdufwkd;ae&wJh ausmif;om;or*~}uD;&J@ awmfvSefwufuwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwa,muftjzpf a&S@ wef;uae yg0if&yfwnf v_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f? tJ'Duae ausmif;om;b0vGefajrmufvdk@ EkdifiHa&; e,fxJ a&mufvm&wJh tcsdefrSmvnf; tkyfpkd;ol tm%m&rsm;&J@ rsufpdpyg;arG;pl;cH twkduf tcHyrnwtzGJ@}uD;&J@ obmywdtzGJ@0ifwa,muftjzpf &J&J&ifh&ifh &yfwnfv_yf&Sm;cJhol wa,muf jzpfvmcJh&jyefygw,f? twkduftcH yrnw wyfaygif;pk}uD;xJrSm jynfol@wkd;wuf a&;ygwD[m tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHa&;ygwDw&yftjzpf wkd;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDw&yftjzpf yg0ifv_yf &Sm;cJh+yD; jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD&J@ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&csdefrSm OD;av;[m touf 30 0ef;usiyJ &Sygao;w,f? 1962 ckEprm awmfvea&;aumifpqwhJ qki;f bkwe@J Akvae0if; f d S f S S f D dk d f d f ppftypk wufvm+yD; Akvae0if;u qk&,vpfteH@av;ukd jyvkuwhJ tcserm 0d"& ocif k f d f d S f d f d f S l cspfarmifwdk@ tygt0if yrnwacgif;aqmifwcsdK@/ vuf0Jorm;qkdolwcsdK@ ol@xufig t+ydKif tqkdif +cHckeful;zkd@ ppfwyfu tm%modrf; wufvmwkdif; ppftm%m&Sifr[kwfwkd@/ Adkvf ae0if;&J@ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrSm wkd;wufwJh vuQ%m&Sdw,fwkd@eJ@ tmabmfzefwD;vm=u csdefrSmvnf; OD;cifarmifjrifh[m rsufpdvnfoGm;olawGxJ rygHkru ppftpkd;&ukd ppftpkd;&vkd@yJ jywfjywfom;om; jrifcol jzpfygw,f? wufvm+yD;+yD;csi;f - 7 &ufZvif ausmif;om; ta&; hJ l dk awmfyHk}uD;ukd +zdKcGif;/ ausmif;om;awGukd aoG;csif;csif;eDatmif ypfowf/ orkdif;0if ausmif; om;or*~ taqmuftOD}uD;ukd AHk;eJ@cGJypfvkdufwmawmif AkdvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;[m qkd&S,fvpf vrf;a=umif;twkdif; oGm;zkd@vkyfaewmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DqJAif;*sLvkdif ausmif;om;ta&; tcif;[m qkd&S,fvpf oaE<om;-om;av#matmifvkyfwJh vkyf&yf-tjzpf ajymwJholawGu ajymqkdvmwJhtcg/ qJAif;*sLvkdifta&;awmfyHk}uD;bufuae jywfjywfom;om; &yfwnf+yD;/ 'D ajymqkdcsufukd rSwfwrf;wifay;xm;ygvkd@ yrnwtpnf;ta0;rSm &J&J0Hh0Hhawmif;qkd ajym=um; uef@uGufcJhol[m b,folxifygovJ? OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifhyg? jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD twGif; a&;rSL; OD;cifarmifjrifhqdkwm orkdif;odolwkdif; od=uygw,f? tJ'Daemuf 1963 ckESpfxJrSm jynf wGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJqdkwm ay:aygufvmwJhtcg/ jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvHk;&J@ tvkd csifqHk;aom qENjzpfwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf qENazmfxkwfyGJawG jyo=u&mrSm tJ'Dwkef; u ArmjynfrSm t}uD;tus,fqHk;aom vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; wcktjzpf rSwfwrf;wifxm;&r,fh 6 ckdif +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD;rSm - yJcl;ppfa=umif;rSL;csKyftjzpf wm0ef,l OD;aqmif v_yf&Sm;cJh ol[mvnf; OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifhygyJ? &efukef+rdK@awmfcef;rrSm jynfol@aumfrwDu OD;aqmif usif;ycJhwJh vlxkqENazmfxkwfyGJ}uD;rSm -tqkd 4 csuf wifoGif;cJh&mrSm jynfolrsm;twGuf 'Drua&pD jynf0a&;qkwhJ tqkudk vlxw&yfv;kH a&S@arSmufrm tqkwifoi;f cJo[m jynfo@l dk h d d k S d G h l wkd;wufa&;ygwDrS OD;cifarmifjrifhygyJ? +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pDa&;qkdwm -'*Fg;wckwnf;&J@ acgif;eJ@ yef;-yJr[kwfvm;? +idrf;csrf;a&;vkdcsif&if vufeufcsqdkwmavmufyJ em;vnfcH 52

4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321 4321

,lxm;cJhwJh ppf0g'DawGtzkd@/ 'D+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD;awG/ 'DvlxkqENazmfxkwfyGJ}uD;awG[m olwkd@toJ u|Jcwf ovdk cHpm;cJh&+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;tysufrSm odrf;usHK;zrf;qD;ta&;,lawmh&mrSm OD;av;vnf; xdyfqHk;u tzrf;cHcJh &avolwOD; jzpfcJh&ygw,f? aemufykdif;rSm Akdvfae0if;&J@ vufoHajymifajymif tjypfay;ta&;,l&mrSm ukd;ukd; u|ef;xdatmif ykd@+yD; tESdyfuGyfcHcJh&avol EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD; jzpfcJh&ygw,f? tpmiwfcHwkdufyGJawG tvDvD qif+yD;rS raovkd@ jynfrjyefa&muf/ 1972 rS tusOf;axmifuae jyefv$wfay;jcif;cHcJh&&if;/ rqvppftm%m &Sifpepfacwfwav#mufvHk; 'l;raxmufwrf; qufvufwkdufyGJqifv_yf&Sm;cJholawGxJrSm OD;av;ygcJhygw,f? 1978 ckESpfxJrSmvnf; xyfrHzrf;qD;axmifcs cHcJh&ygw,f? 1989 ckESpfxJrSmvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfawmif tdrfcsKyfcs tzrf;tqD;rcH&cifrSm e0w ppftm%m&SifawG&J@ vufOD;r_&Sd&Sd zrf;qD;wmukd OD;av; OD;cifarmifjrifh cHcJh&ygw,f? b,favmuftxd cHcJh&ygovJ? aowJhtxd-aowJhtxd wkdifatmifygyJ? b0wm wav#mufvHk; tarSmifacwf tarSmifumvwav#mufvHk; OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifh[m trSef w&m;buf jynfol vlxkbufuyJ xm0& &yfwnfcJh+yD; azmufjyefa&;orm;rSefor#/ azmufjyefwJh tkyfpkd;olrSef or#ukd jyefvnfwGef;vSef wkdufyGJqifcJhwJh wu,fh awmfvSefa&;orm;wa,muf/ twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;orm; wa,muf jzpfcJhygw,f? tarSmif=um;rSm arG;/ tarSmif=um;rSm aexkdifcJh&&if;u tarSmifukd qef@usif/ tarSmif ukd wkduf/ tarSmifukd +zdKcGif;cJh&&if; tvif;ukdjy/ tvif;ukd iScJh&wJh wu,fh=u,fpifwyGifhygyJ? =u,fpifonfum;/ tarSmif=um;Y arG ; zG m ;vm&/ ay:cJ h & vnf ; ntm;cG i f ; azmuf wrd k ; aomuf a &;/ b0ay;+yD ; aoG ; ES i f h ! e f j y/ tvif ; iS c J h us&mae&m-a&muf & mt&yf yJ h w if x yf a tmif / tm;rmef a qmif & if ; tarSmifukd+zdK/ tarSmifqkd wkduf trd k u f w d r f v $ m / wd r f w umuk d a=unmppf q if / c&D ; ES i f c J h =u,f p if w m0ef auscJ h y gay+yD [kwygw,f? OD;av;[m wm0efauscyg+yD? =u,fpif wm0ef auscyg+yD? f hJ hJ nwmwav#muf ausmfjzwf&if; tarSmifawGukd wkdufzsuf&if; arSmifygw,fqkdwJh=um;xJrSmrS tarSmifukd tm;jznfhay;ae=uwJh wdrfrnf;wdrfndK wdrfwkduftkdawGukdyg xkd;ESufazmufcGif;&if; =u,fpifwyGifh auusoGm;vkduf&wJhtcsdef[m nOfhv,f,H}uD;xJrSmyJ jzpfygw,f? a&mifeDjrif&zdk@ a0;pG/ rkd;aomufEkdifzdk@ a0;pG/ nwm}uD;uawmh qufvuf&Snfaewkef;rSmyJ-tvif;=u,fwyGifh auoGm;cJh&wmyg? 'DtarSmif}uD;xJrSm tm;eJ@rmefeJ@ qufvuf+yD; vif;jyvkdufcsifao;/ vif;Ekdifao;wJht&G,frSmyJ auoGm;cJh&wmuawmh tarSmifxJu &cJhwJh '%f&m'%fcsufawGa=umifhygyJ? ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifaewJh 'Davmufqkd;0g; jyif;xefvSwJh tarSmifxkawGt=um;rSm tvif;twGuf toufygay;&vdrfhr,fqkdwmukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrif+yD;rS auusom;cJ&wJh =u,fpifyg? ta0&Jovkd tau&JcwhJ =u,fpifyg? G h hJ u|efawmfhESvHk;om;xJrSm uAsmpma=umif;awG qufvufpD;arsmvmaecJhygw,f? txyfxyftzefzef owd& OD;!wfaerdcJhygw,f? rkd;raomufao;/ a&mifeD a0;qJ aoG ; eJ @ vd r f ; usH / onf n,H . aw;oH okOf;qdwf/ tarSmif&dyf 0,f rarS ; rS d w f c sif / vif ; vk d u f c sif v nf ; =u,f p if w yG i f h / '%f & mqif h c J h &if e if h p &m-au&yg+yD 53

b,fcgajzodrfh/ &EdkifcsdrfhtHh rqH h & if r S m / a0'emjzif h cg cg *k % f j yK/ tav;jyKvk d u f OD ; ! w f v d k u f o nf aomif ; wk d u f u rB m wnf y gap tJ'nu tJ'uAsmukd u|eawmf tJ'vdk a&;zG@J aecJrygw,f? D D f D h d OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifhtwGuf txdrf;trSwfjyKwmukd bmvkd@ tJ'Dvkd uAsmeJ@ a&;zGJ@jzpfcJhwm ygvJ? u|efawmfhrSm &ifwGif;cHpm;csufqkdif&m ta=umif;&if;awG &SdaecJhygw,f? uAsmq&mwa,mufjzpfwma=umifh uAsmeJ@yJ a&;zGJ@ rdwm[m ta=umif;wckr#om jzpf+yD;/ OD;av;eJ@ u|efawmfh=um;rSm aemufxyfta=umif;wckvnf; &Sdaeao;wJh cHpm;csufa=umifhygyJ? tJ'gu awmh OD;av;u u|eawmfudk uAsmq&mqd+k yD;awmh rSwrwxifxif todtrSwjf yK azmfjy oGm;cJh f h f S f wm av;ukd tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ vwfvwfqwfqwf jyefvnfowd&rdae&if;u OD;av;ukd txdrf;trSwf jyKwJtcg uAsmeJ@udk yxrqH;k a&;zG@J vu&rS wpHw&m wm0efausovkvdk jzpfvrr,fqwhJ tawG;rsKd ; h dk f k d d hf kd awGeJ@ ukd,fh[mukd,f cHpm;csufawG w&dyf&dyf0ifvmaerdwJhtwGufygyJ? tjzpfu 'Dvkdyg? ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG[m jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD ukd w&m;0if zG@J pnf; rSwywif=uzk@d jyifqif=uwJtcserm b,foawG ygoifovJqwmukd OD;av;u f kH h d f S l h dk ar;jref;wJhtwGuf ygoifhygxkdufwJhvlawG&J@ pm&if;ukd OD;av;xH ay;cJh=uygw,f? OD;av;bmom OD;av; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pOf;pm;+yD; }udKufovkdae&mcsxm; zGJ@pnf;apzkd@ OD;av;vufxJukd ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfeJ@ yHktyfcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DxJurS OD;av;[m jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD A[kdpnf; Hk;a&;aumfrwDqdkwmukd av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;+yD; ol@pdwfwkdif;us jyifqif+yD;wJhtcgrSm ygwDzGJ@ pnf;a&;tpnf;ta0;tjzpf oufqkdif&m yg0if=ur,fholawGukd ac:,lcsjywmvkyfcJhygw,f? &Jabmfwa,muf&J@usL&Sifcef;av;wckxJ rSmyg? tJ'rm OuUtjzpf oluyJ wm0ef,aqmif&urmjzpf+yD;/ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;/ wGzuft D S l G f S J axGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;/ twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifawGeJ@ wuG/ A[kd pnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD0ifawG&J@ emrnfawG ukd olpD pOfxm;wJhtwkdif; zwf=um;jywm vkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'Daemuf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifukd oGm; a&mufrSwfyHkwifzdk@ OD;av;ukd,fwkdifa&;xm;wJh ygwDA[kd pnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwDpm&if;ukd tpfukd}uD; ukdvSa&$eJ@ u|efawmfhukd csay;wJhtcgrSm u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@rSmu u|ef;jyefawGeJ@ wuo/ Auoacgif; aqmifa[mif;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;yg0ifaewJhtwGuf/ oufqkdif&mtrnfpm&if;yg yk*~dKvf&J@ ab;rSm u|ef;jyef wuoacgif;aqmifAuoacgif;aqmifqdkwJh 0daooawGudkvnf; ckESpfouU&mZfeJ@wuG a&;om;azmfjyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? tJ'DacwfumvawGukd rrDvdkuf&zl;wJh u|efawmfhukdusawmh OD; av; OD;cifarmifjrifhu b,fvkda&;xm;w,f xifygovJ? emrnf&if;&J@ab;rSm uGif;puGif;ydwfeJ@(0if;wifh xGe;f -uAsmq&m) wJ? tJ'g OD;av;uk,wif OD;av;vufa&;eJ@ a&;ay;vkuwmyg? tJ'awmh a&G; h d f dk d f D aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifukd w&m;0if rSwfyHkwifawmhvnf; OD;av; a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;wJhtwkdif; u|ef awmfhemrnfrSm uGif;puGif;ydwfeJ@ (0if;wifhxGef;-uAsmq&m) qkdwm ygaecJhygw,f? trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ u|efawmfhtay: tJ'Dvkd uAsmq&mqkd+yD; rSwf rSwfxifxif azmfjyay;vkdufr_tay:rSm tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; =unf=unfEl;El; cHpm;vkduf&ovkd/ aemufykdif; rSmvnf; ausauseyfeyf jzpfcJhrd&&if; OD;av;wa,muf qHk;yg;uG,fvGefoGm;&&Sm+yDvdk@ =um;vkduf&/ od vkduf&csdefrSmawmh vGrf;armowd&p&m wckyrmvkdukd jyefvnftrSwf& aerdcJhygw,f? u|efawmfhtay: uAsmq&mvkd@ rSwfrSwfxifxif todtrSwfjyKoGm;cJhwJh OD;av;udk u|efawmfuvnf; uAsmeJ@ukd jyef vnftxdrf;trSwfjyKvkdufcsifwJh cHpm;csuf[m &ifxJukd tvkdtavsmuf 0ifvmaewJhoabmygyJ? &ifxJrSm uAsmtjzpf zGJ@oDaerdawmhvnf; uAsmrSm tkd;qHk;yHkpHwckjzpfwJh av;vHk;pyf[efeJ@yJ toHawGu pD;0ifvm aecJhrdygw,f? acwfay:yHkomef-armf'ef[efawGeJ@ rzGJ@csifbJ? tkd;&Sif;qHk;[efeJ@ yJ zG@J raejzpfcwmuvnf; OD;av;&J@ k;d &Si;f vSwhJ rsuEmukd w&pf00J jyefvnfowd&ae rd&if;/ tawG; d hJ f S J &Sif;ovkd-tajym&Sif;vSwJh OD;av;&J@ b0kyfyHkv$mawGeJ@ [mrkdeD jzpfcsifaerdwma=umifhvkd@yJ 54

ajym&ygvdrfhr,f? OD;av;u olaoqHk;oGm;&&if ol@tavmif;ay:rSm ygwDtvHukd tkyfv$rf;ay;ygvkd@ rSm =um;cJhw,fqkdwmudkvnf; txyfxyf tzefzef jynfvnf=um;a,mifaerd&if; a=omf - =u,fpifwyGifh &if e if h p &m/ au&&S m +yD r[majrjyif / ur n f ; wif v suf =uif e mvS p G m / axG ; yk d u f y gavmh Zmenf o m;aumif ; -ol & J a umif ; . tavmif ; uk d , f a y:/ aoG ; puf a y:Y pkdufxl odrf;xkyf/ tvHtkyf &if; urB m csOf ; wk d i f / ol @ rS w f w k d i f u k d qk y f u k d i f p H j yK/ tav;jyK=u nuk d c G i f ; azmuf / quf v uf a v#muf & if ; raysmuf = u,f p if / jrwf 0 d n mOf uk d tpOf xm0& *k%fjyK=uyg pkd@ tpOf xm0& *k%fjyK=uyg pkd@ tpOfxm0& *k%jf yK=uygp@dk -qdwtoHudk &ifxrm t}udr}f udrf txyfxyf jrnfau;aerd&if; k hJ J S OD;av;twGuf tJ'DuAsmukd tJ'DnrSmyJ t+yD;owfEkdifcJhygw,f? 1993 ckESpfxJrSmyJ-n,HxJrSmyJ jzpfyg w,f? 1997 ckESpfxJrSm OD;av;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; kyfyHkv$mav;wyk'f xyf+yD; a&;jzpfcJhygw,f? uAsmeJ@ trSwfw& a&;zGJ@jzpfcJh+yD;+yDrkd@ pum;ajyeJ@ a&;cJhwmyg? OD;av;twGuf a&;om;jzpfcJhwJh tJ'DkyfyHkv$mukd OD;cifarmifjrifh (okd@r[kwf) &moufyefawmfvSefa&;orm;vkd@ acgif;pnf;wif trnfwyfcJhygw,f? OD; av;[m azmufjyefwJhtkyfpkd;ol tqufqufukd vlrSef;olrSef;odwwfpt&G,fuae aowJh tcsdeftxd/ vufawG@ toufay;wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;cJhwJh wu,fhawmfvSefa&;orm; ppfppf}uD;wa,muf jzpfavawmh &moufyef awmfvef a&;orm;qdwhJ owfrwcsu[m OD;av;&J@ woufwmeJ@ tukunq;kH / t[yf S k S f f d f D rdqHk;yJ r[kwfvm;? 2001 ckESpf =o*kwfvxJrSm oHwkdif=um; auoGm;&wJh =u,fpifawG qkdwJht rnfeJ@ u|efawmf&J@ kyfyHkv$m pum;ajypmtkyfav; xkwfa0vkdufEkdifwJhtcgrSmrS tusOf;axmifxJ t usOf; csxm;cHcJh=u&&if;u toufpGef@oGm;=u&wJh wjcm;aom =u,fpifkyfyHkv$mav;awGeJ@twl/ OD;av; twGuf u|efawmfa&;zGJ@jzpfcJhwJh tJ'D uAsmav;a&m kyfyHkv$mukdyg tJ'DpmtkyfxJrSm xdyfqHk;uae tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd azmfjyEkdifcJhwmtay:awmh u|efawmf wpHkw&m ajzodrfhEkdifcJhygw,f? tjynfht0ajzodrfhEkdifzdk@qdkwmuawmh b,fvkdrS rjzpfEkdifyg? u|efawmfa&;om;zGJ@qdkEkdifwmukdu aumufa=umif; cJjcpfr#avmufyJ r[kwfvm;? tckvnf; aemufxyf aumufa=umif;cJjcpfav;awG wkd@rdjyefygw,f? tvif;tarSmif txlt yg; av;awG ay:HavmufyJ qkygp@dk ? k d (2) u|efawmf axmifujyefvGwfvmcsdefrSm &Hzef&Hcgqkdovkd oGm;wwfa&mufwwfwJhae&mawGxJrSm OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ aq;vdyfqkdifav;vnf; ygygw,f? ykpGefawmifaps;xJu qkdifcef;usOf;av;wckrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m aq;ayghvdyfrsdK;pHkukd a&mif;csae&if; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jyKaewJhtcsdefyg? &moDOwk at;wJhtcsdefrSm tay:tuswdkufykHtusav;yg 0wfxm;wwf+yD;/ aEGvkdumvrsdK;rSmawmh pGyfus,ftus vufwkdav;yJ 0wfxm;wwfum qkdifcef;eH&Hav;ukd cyfrSDrSDjyK&if; xdkifaewwf/ 'grSr[kwf pmzwfaewwf avh&whJ OD;av;&J@ kyy[m awmfawmfav;udk ydevvygw,f? ydeve;f vSwtwGuf yk+d yD;&Snoa,mif dS f kH f DS S f G hJ f jzpfaewJh rsuEmus &Sn&nay:rSm rsure}f uD;u xkxnft}uD;qH;k vkd jzpfae+yD; ESmwHuvnf; f S f S f f S 55

tay:vGifqHk;vkd jzpfaeygw,f? ykpGefawmifaps;av;xJu aps;qkdifcef;av;ay:rSm/ aq;vdyfykdvf/ aq;vdyfpnf;awG ywfywfvnf=um;-cyfazsmhazsmh xkdifaeavh&SdwJh OD;av;&J@ kyfyHk[m aps;onfwa,mufeJ@rwl bJ ausmif; q&mtk}d uD;wa,muf&@J yH[efrsKd ;eJ@ yk+d yD;wlaewwfovkd pum;pjrnfyg ajymae+yDq&ifawmh b,f k dk avmufyJ cHcJh&cHcJh&-b,fawmhrS tvHvJSvdrfhr,fr[kwf- qkdwJh/ EkdifiHa&;orm; yDovGef;vSwJh xkom;ayom; us EkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;wa,muf&J@yHkoGifrsdK;vnf; ododomom tvkdtavsmufay:vGifaewwfygw,f? ausmif; q&m}uD;wa,mufeJ@ wlwmuawmh OD;av;[mwu,fvnf; ausmif;q&m wa,muftjzpf vkyfcJhzl;ayolukd;? EkdifiHa&;orm;yHkoGif ay:vGifaewmuvnf; olukd,fwkdif&J@ jzwfoef;vmcJh&wJh wu,fh vufawG@b0awGeJ@ w u,fh taoG;tom; ESvHk;"mwfcHay:uae- yJhwifqifh a&mifjyefqifaewma=umifhyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f? OD;av;&J@ ywfywfvnfu qkdifeD;em;csif;awGuvnf; OD;av;[m EkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;qkdwmukd odae=u &if; av;pm;or_&=dS uwm awG@&ygw,f? aq;aygvyf }udKufwwfve;f wJh OD;av;[m uk,wiuvnf; aq;vdyf h d G d f dk f av;awG a&mif;csaeol jzpfaejyefawmh t+rJvdkvkd aq;vdyfvuf=um;!yfuav;eJ@yJ awG@&wwfygw,f? aemufxyf OD;av; pGJpGJvrf;vrf; }udKufESpfoufwwfwmuav;uawmh vufzuf &nfcsdKayghusav;yg yJ? OD;av;&J@ qkdifcef;av;qDukd u|efawmfa&mufoGm;rdwkdif;vnf; OD;av;u vufzuf&nf rSmwkdufavh&Sdygw,f? csKd ifqJG wcGuvk@d rSmvku+f yD; olvnf; 0if+yD; aomufavh&ygw,f? wjcm;{nfonfawG vm&ifvnf; tckvyJ h f d dS h dk vufzuf&nfrSm+yD; wkdufavh&Sdavawmh/ wae@wae@ vufzuf&nf b,fESpfcGufavmufrsm; aomufjzpfavrvJ awmh rodyg? u|efawmfa&mufrdwkdif;vkdvkdrSm {nfhonfawGvnf; wa,mufr[kwfwa,muf vmwwfwmrsdK; awGeJ@csnf; }uHK&avh&Sdygw,f? trsm;tm;jzifh tm;vHk;vkdvkd[m EkdifiHa&;orm;awGcsnf;ygyJ? yrnwa[mif;awG vnf; ygovkd/ u|ef;jyef&JabmfawG/ wkd;wufwJhvuf0JEkdifiHa&;orm;awGomru u&iftrsdK;om;jzpfwJh ref;'g 0dw vkd yk*Kd~ vfrsKd ;awGuyg OD;av;&J@ aq;vdyqiav;ay:rSm u|eawmf rSwrwxifxif qH&zl;ygw,f? OD;av; f dk f dk f f f S f k &J@ EkdifiHa&; &yfwnfcsuftay:/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;cJhr_ tpOftvmaumif;awGtay: ,kH=unfav;pm; wefzkd;xm; =uolawGuvnf; trsm;tjym; &Scw,f r[kwvm;? e,frm aexkiaeolwcsKd @uqk&if vkyoifh vkyxuwhJ d hJ f S df d f f dk f udpP/ ygoifhygxkdufwJhudpP0dpPawGrsm; &Sdvkd@uawmh olwkd@tpm; aqmif&GufxnfhoGif; xm;vkdufzkd@ txdawmif/ olw@dk &@J rJi;f 'dwf (mandate) ukd OD;cifarmifjrifxH ,H,=kH unf=unf ajymqkay;tyfxm;=uwJh txdawmif &SchJ h k d d wmuvnf; u|efawmfrSwfrSwfxifxif od&zl;ygw,f? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qkd&&if ausmufqnf OD;pkd;0if;armif ,ck atbDtufp'tufzf OuU ukoce@J uko'ww@dk &@J taz) qk&if OD;cifarmifjriftay:/ tJ'vawmif ,Hk f D d HJ d H k f d h D dk =unfav;eufcJhygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@wawG jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD wausmhjyef jynfvnf xGufay:vmEkdifzdk@ jyifqif=uawmh OD;cifarmifjrifhu A[kdpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwDpm&if;rSm ausmufqnfu ukdpkd;0if;armifukdvnf; xnfhcsifw,f? ukdpkd;0if;armifu [kdwkef;uwnf;u u|efawmfhukd rJif;'dwf ay;xm;+yD;om; &Sdw,fqkd+yD; &Sif;jy ajymqkdcJhzl;wm &Sdygw,f? wu,fzGJ@=uawmh OD;pkd;0if;armif&J@ emrnfukd xnfhrzGJ@Ekdif cJhwmuawmh u|efawmfwkd@ wawG[m tcsdefuyf+yD;rS aemufqHk;avmufusrS zGJ@pnf;zkd@ qHk;jzwfcsufcscJh&wm jzpfaewJhtwGuf ygwDrSwfyHkwif cGifhukd a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifrSm oGm;wifzdk@ tjrefvkyf=u&csdefrSm OD;pkd;0if; armif&J@ rSwfyHkwifeHygwfukd rodbJjzpf aewma=umifhygyJ? OD;cifarmifjrifhuvnf; OD;pkd;0if;armif&J@ rSwfyHkwif eHygwftxdawmh ar;xm;zdk@ vkdvdrfhr,f t jzpf xifrxm;cJhrdzl;wma=umifh a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifrSm yg0if r,fholawG&J@pm&if; (A[kdaumfrwD0ifawG&J@ pm &if;) ukd wif&wJhtcg wOD;csif;pDawG&J@ rSwfyHkwifeHygwfawGukdyg jznfhoGif;ay;zdk@ vkdtyfvmcsdefrSm tcsdefrDatmif aqmif&GufEkdifrSm r[kwfawmhwJhtwGuf 'Dtwkdif;yJ csefxm;vkduf&wJh tajctae jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifhu tck[mu pDtkdpDtjzpf zGJ@wmyJ? aemifrSm pDpDtjzpf zGJ@Ekdifr,fhtajctaeusrS at; at;aq;aq; jyefvkyf=uwmayghqdkwJhoabmrsdK;eJ@yJ csefxm;cJh&wmrsdK; jzpfoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'g[m ta=umif; a=umif;a=umifh u|eawmf trSwrxif odvu&wJh tjzpftysuav;wckr#yJ &Sygao;w,f? qkvwmu OD; f f dk f f d d kd av;tay: tJ'Davmuftxd ,Hk=unf av;eufcJholawGvnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd &SdcJhw,fqdkwmygyJ? OD;av;&J@ vkyfwlukdifzufawG/ rdwfaqGawG/ &Jabmf&JbufawGxJrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;oufoufawGcsnf; omr[kwf/ pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mpwJh tEkynme,fy,fu yk*~dKvfawGvnf; &Sdygao;w,f? q&mocifjroef; q&mjroef;wifhwdk@eJ@qkd&if [kdwkef;u jynfol@ wkd;wufa&;ygwDacwfrSmuwnf;u vufwGJvkyfaqmif cJh=uzl;ol awG jzpfcJhovdk Aef;armfwifatmif/ q&m'*kefwm&m/ vlxk OD;pdef0if; wkd@eJ@qdk&ifvnf; awmfawmfukd &if;ESD;ywf oufcJhzl;oljzpfygw,f? 56

OD;av;[m pma&;q&mwa,mufr[kwfayr,fh 1987 ckESpfavmufxJrSm aqmif;yg;wyk'f a&;aecJh wmukdvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awG@&zl;ygw,f? ol@&J@ cspf&Jabmf}uD;vnf;jzpf/ ukdukd;u|ef;rSm wu|ef;pH twl wkdufazmfwkdufzuf}uD;vnf;jzpfwJh q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J@ aysmufqHk;aeaom pmrl}uD;ta=umif;ukd jyefvnftpazmf a&;om;aewJh aqmif;yg;}uD;wyk'f jzpfygw,f? OD;av;u ol@aqmif;yg;ukd u|efawmfhudk vnf; ay;zwfcygw,f? ol@aqmif;yg;ukd jrwfav;r*~Zif;rSm xnfv@dk &&if xnfz@dk / tJ'we;f ujrwfav; hJ h h D k r*~Zif;twGuf pmrlawGbmawG wm0ef,lpkaqmif;vkyfukdifay;aeolwOD;jzpfwJhukdatmif}uD;(ukdjratmif) uae ay;vkurvk@d qdwmukvnf; ajymjyygw,f? u|eawmfuvnf; uAsmawG a&;+yD;om;&S&if jrwfav; d f k d f h dk d rSm ay;csi&if ay;ygvm;/ oluaewqifh ukatmif}uD; (ukjd ratmif) ukd ay;vkuv@dk &wJta=umif; ajymjy f h d d f h ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh u|efawmfvnf; axmifuxGufvm+yD;aemufykdif;rSm OD;av;qDuwqifh ukdatmif}uD;ukd ta=umif;jyK&if; jrwfav;r*~Zif;pmrsufESmay:rSm uAsmav;ESpfyk'foHk;yk'favmuf a&;jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? u|efawmfuom tJ'Dvkd uAsmav;awG a&;jzpf azmfjyjzpfoGm;cJh&ayr,fh/ OD;av;&J@q&mAef;armfwifatmif &J@ aysmufq;kH aeaom pmrl aqmif;yg;}uD;uawmh jrwfav;rSm azmfjyEkicihf r&vkuyg? ta=umif;uawmh dfG d f jrwfav;r*~Zif;&J@ t"duem,u}uD;jzpfwJh a&S@ae}uD; q&marmifukd,ku ukdcifarmifjrifh&J@ 'Daqmif;yg; u pmaypdppfa&;eJ@ vGwfrSmr[kwfbl;qkd+yD; z,fcsvkdufwJhtwGufvkd@yJ aemufqHk; odvkduf&ygawmhw,f? OD;av;uawmh - tif;-ukd,ku ta=umif;odawGcsif;qkdawmh ukd,fhaqmif;yg;rSef;od+yD;/ jy\emawG bm awG ray:&atmif }udKwif+yD; z,f&Sm;ypfvkdufwmvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrSmayghqkd+yD; cyf+yHK;+yHK;eJ@ u|efawmhfukd ajymjycJhygw,f? OD;av; OD;cifarmifjrifheJ@ q&marmifukd,kwdk@[m EkdifiHa&;&yfcHcsuft& vkdif;csif;rwl=uay r,fh ausmif;om; or*~v_yf&Sm;r_acwfawGrSm acwf+ydKif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtjzpf wa,muft a=umif;wa,muf aema=uatmif odc=hJ uolawG r[kwvm;? ukatmif}uD; (ac:) ukjd ratmifuawmh OD; f d av;OD;cifarmifjrifhukd b,fhavmufxdatmif av;pm;,Hk=unfcJhovJqkd&if/ ol@&J@a&S@aeq&m&if;jzpfwJh q&m armifudk,keJ@ twlwGJae&if; NLD yJcl;wkdif;wm0efcHjzpfwJh q&marmifukd,keJ@twl yJcl;wkdif;rSm yg0if v_yf &Sm;ae&muae OD;av; OD;cifarmifjrifh acgif;aqmifwJh jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD wausmhjyef jyefvnfazmf awmhr,fqdkawmh tJ'Duae xGufvmcJh+yD; u|efawmfwkd@wawGeJ@twl jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwDrSmyJ yg0if v_yf&Sm;cJhol jzpfvmcJhygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ acgif;aqmifr_tay: EkdifiHa&;t& tJ'Davmuftxd av;pm; wefzkd;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? u|ef;jyef&JabmfawG tcsif;csif;uvnf; OD;cifarmifjrifhtay: av;pm;wefzkd;xm;=uovkd ocifcif atmifwkd@vkd/ avxD; Akdvftkef;armifwdk@vkd/ ausmfvif;ociftHk;jrifhwkd@vkd 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;awGuvnf; OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ orkdif;tpOftvmtay: aumif;aumif;}uD;em;vnf oabmayguf wefzkd;xm;=uwm awG@ &zl;ygw,f &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; t+yD; jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD wausmhjyef jynfvnfzGJ@cgeD; wae@rSm OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifhu wcsdefu aemufqHk;OuUjzpfcJhzl;wJh tefu,f}uD; ocifcifatmifeJ@ avxD; AkdvftHk; armifwkd@ ESpfa,mufukd ac:,lwkdifyifaqG;aEG;wJhtcg ocifcifatmifua&m avxD;AkdvftkH; armifuyg OD;av; OD;cifarmifjrifhukdyJ OuUtjzpf acgif;aqmifzGJ@pnf;rSmukd ,Hk=unfpdwfcswJhta=umif;awG ajymqkd&if;eJ@ tm; ay; wefzkd;xm;cJh=uwmawGukdvnf; u|efawmf odcJh&zl;ygw,f? jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD wausmhjyef jyef vnf ay:aygufvmwJhtcgrSm rEWav;u tarvlxka':trmvkd yk*~dKvfuvnf; wwftm;or# tvSLaiG xnfh0ifay;cJhzl;ovkd/ rkH&Gmu OD;tHharmifvkd yk*~dKvfawGuvnf; vl}uHKyg;+yD;awmhawmif tvSLaiG xnfh0if ul nDcJh=uzl;wm &Sdygw,f? 'g[m OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ EkdifiHa&;tpOftvmukd aumif;aumif;od &Sd+yD; OD;cifarmifjrifh &J@ acgi;f aqmifrtay: em;vnf oabmfaygu=f uvk@d yJ jzpfygw,f? _ (3) OD;av;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; owd&p&mawGta=umif; ajym&r,fq&if OD;av;&J@ ZeD;onf a':av; a': dk wifwif&J@ ta=umif;[mvnf; ryg&if rjzpfwJhta=umif;wckvdk@ u|efawmfxifygw,f? a':av;a':wifwif [m OD;av;tay: odyfoHa,mZOf}uD;vS/ tcspf}uD;rm; vScJhovkd/ OD;av;[mvnf; a':av;tay: tawmhf ukd arwWxkxnf }uD;rm;cJholrsdK;jzpfcJhwm u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk; od=uygw,f? 'Davmuf tjyeftvSeftwG,f twm tcspftcif}uD;rm;vSayr,fh OD;av;[m EkdifiHhta&;/ vlxkta&;awGeJ@ ,SOfvm&if a':av;ukdvnf; 57

t}udrf}udrftcgcg pGef@cGmxm;cJhavh&Sd+yD; ,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf jywfjywfom;om; usifhoHk;vkyfaqmif wwfavh&SdcJhovkd/ a':av;uvnf; OD;av;&J@ ,Hk=unf csuftay: t+rJwrf;em;vnfoabmaygufae&if; EkdifiHa&;orm;wa,muf awmfvSefa&;orm; wa,muf&J@ opPm&SdZeD;onfaumif;/ yg&rDjznfhzufaumif; wa,muftjzpf owWd&Sd&Sd &yfwnfaexkdif jzwfoef;0HholjzpfcJhygw,f? OD;av;wa,muf ukdukd;u|ef;txd tykd@cH&/ axmifxJ t}udrf}udrf0if&eJ@ tvHrvJpwrf; 'l;raxmufwrf; wkdufyGJ0ifaepOfumvwav#muf vHk;rSmvnf; a':av;[m OD;av;&J@ ,Hk=unfcsuftay: tjynfht0em;vnfae&if; rnnf;rnL r+idKrjiif tm;jznfhay;ol/ ulnDoltjzpf eJ@yJ ZeD;onfaumif; yDopGm &yfwnfazmfjycJhygw,f? wOD;tay: wOD; tjyeftvSef oHa,mZOf}uD;=u/ twG,ftwm }uD;=upGmeJ@yJ tifrwef vkdufzufnDvSwJh ZeD;armifESH t jzpf pHjyKp&mjzpfcJh=uygw,f? 'gayrJh OD;av;wkd@ZeD;armifESH&J@ b0rSm rjynfhpHkbl;vkd@ qdkcsifqkdEkdifwmuawmh om;orD;&if;csm/ rxGef;um;cJhwmygyJ? 'ga=umifh OD;av;wkd@ZeD;armifESH[m orD;wa,mufukd arG;pm;cJh =uzl;ovkd om;av;wa,mufukdvnf; arG;pm;cJh=u&if; awmfawmfukd cspfcifwG,fwmcJh=u&Smygw,f? OD;av;wkd@ ZeD;armifESH&J@ arG;pm;om;av;jzpfwJh ukdukdvGif qdkwJhaumifav;[mvnf; OD;av; wk@d ZeD;armifEtay: awmfawmfudk tcsp}f uD;cJovkd OD;av;&J@ &Jabmf&bufawGtay:vnf; awmfawmf HS h J ukd wav; wpm; jyKrlqufqHwwfolav;jzpfcJh&Smygw,f? om;aumif; wa,muf/ tvkdufodwwfol av;wa,muf jzpfcJh&Smwm awG@&ygw,f? OD;av;qHk;jzwf vkyfukdifwJhudpPawGrSefor#twGuf a':av; [m t+rJwrf; r+idKrjiif vufcHem;vnfr_ay;wwfol ZeD;aumif;wOD;tjzpf vkdufzufnDnD toifh&Sdae wwfcJhwmawGvnf; u|efawmfwkd@ukd,fwkdif }udrfzefrsm;pGm odjrifaecJh&ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@wawG OD;av;&J@ OD;aqmifr_eJ@ jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwDukd rSwfyHkwif zGJ@pnf;cJh=uay r,fh ygwDqkdif;bkwfwif+yD; ygwDHk;csKyfvkyfzkd@ ae&mav;r#udkawmif iSm;&rf;Ekdif &SmazGEkdif zefwD;EkdifwJhtajc tae &Sc=hJ uwmr[kwyg? OD;av;/ a':av;eJ@ ukuviw@kd rdom;pk 3 OD;aexdi&m OD;av;wk@d rdom;pk&@J d f d kd G f kf tdrfcef;usOf;usOf;av;ukdyJ ygwDXmecsKyfvkyf+yD; qkdif; bkwfwif v_yf&Sm;cJh&&mrSm a':av;[m wpkd;wpdr# +idKjiifr_r&SdwJhtjyif tm;vHk;tay: =unf=unfjzLjzL aEG;aEG;axG;axG;eJ@ }udKqdkqufqHcJh&Smygw,f? wu,fu tcef;av;[m usOf;usOf;av;yg? {nfhcef;av;u wck/ tdyfcef;av;u wckeJ@ xrif; [if;csufjyKwfEkdifwJh rnfumrwW rD;zdkacsmifcef;av;u wckyJygwJh tcef;&Snfarsmarsm cyfusOf;usOf;av; wckr#om jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dvkd tcef;usOf;av;xJu tdrfOD;cef;vkdjzpfaewJh {nfhcef;av;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ u ygw;kH csKyf H;k cef;tjzpf zGivpf toH;k cs ae=uwmtay:/ enf;enf;av;rS nnf;nLr_ r&Scru a': D hf S d hJ kH av;u oluawmif jyef+yD;tvkdufwod aeay;&SmcJhygw,f? u|efwmfwkd@wawG tpnf; ta0;vkyf=u/ ajym=uqkd=u/ aqG;aEG;=uwJhtcgawGrSmqkd&if a':av;[m ol@[mol rD;zkdacsmifcef; 'grSr[kwf tdyfcef; av;xJoGm;+yD; cyfukyfukyfav;eJ@ aexkdifaewwf&Smygw,f? ygwDHk;cef;qdkawmh e,fbufawGua&m &ef ukef+rdK@xJawGuyg [kduonfu {nfhonfawGuvnf; ta=umif;rsdK;pHkeJ@ vmwwf/ a&mufwwf=uyg ao;w,f? a':av;wa,muf uk,trxJ uk,ae&if;/ b,favmuftae uHsK@/ txkiusK@H jzpf&mav d hf d f d hf df S rvJqwm pOf;pm;om =unf=h uyga&mh? 'gayrJh a':av;[m wcgrS pdwysuf pdwf qif;&J[efrawG@&bJ/ kd f oluawmif u|efawmfwkd@wawGtwGuf jyef+yD;pdwfraumif;[ef tm;wkH@ tm;em[efjzpfaevkdufygao; w,f? 'g[m a':av;&J@ OD;av;tay: em;vnfr_}uD;vGef;/ arwWmpdwf }uD;rm;vGef;r_a=umifhtjyif OD;av; ud,wiuvnf; a':av;tay: arwWmoabmr#omru Ekiia&; t& pnf;H;k a&; t&yg rSereuef k f dk f dfH f S f uef ynmay;Ekdif/ &Sif;jyEkdif/ a&S@aqmifEkdifwJh/ OD;aqmifEkdifpGrf;tm; }uD;rm;r_a=umifhvkd@vnf; qkdcsifyg w,f? wcgawmh OD;av;[m pum;pyfrdoGm;&mu wzufu ol@ukd,fol a0zefa&;vkyfovkd jyefvnf oHk;oyf=unfhrd&if; a': av;eJ@ ywfoufwJh ol@&J@ cHpm;csufwckta=umif;ukd u|efawmfhukd jyefajymjyzl;yg w,f? tJ'guawmh u|eawmfAsm-&JabmfawG&@J qENe@J oabmxm;tay: tvGo;kH pm;vkyrovkrsm; jzpfom;ovm; qkwhJ f h J f d d G d tjzpffwck &SdcJhzl;ygw,f? tJ'guawmh [kdwkef;u u|efawmfhusef;rma&;uvnf; odyfraumif; awmh/ u|eawmfh use;f rma&;twGuf &JabmfawGwcsKd @u olw@dk wwftm;or#awG aiGp+k yD; aq;ukz@kd u|eawmfukd f f h ay;=uzl;w,fAs? tJ'we;f u use;f rma&; raumif;wmu u|eawmfwif r[kwb;l ? cifAsm;wk@d a':av; D k f f 58

wifwifuvnf; use;f rma&; odyaumif;wmr[kwb;l As? ol@crsmvnf; u|eawmf axmifxJ a&mufvu/f u|e;f a&mufvuf f f f dk dk umvwav#mufvHk; u|efawmfh'kuQrSefor#ukd cg;pnf;cH&/ kef;uefjzwfoef; cJh&qkdawmh olvnf; toufav;u axmufvmcsdefrSm usef;rma&;u csLcsmwmayghAsm? ol@rSm aoG;wkd;a&m/ ESvHk;a&m/ qD;csKda&m &Sdw,f? tJ'Dawmh u|ef awmfhtwGuf u|efawmfaq;ukzdk@qkd+yD; ay;=uwJh &JabmfawG&J@ aiGav;ukd u|efawmf ukd,fwkdiftwGuf aq;rukawmhbJ/ 'Dwcgawmh bmyJjzpfjzpf wifwifuse;f rma&;ukyJ t&if OD;pm;ay;vkur,fq+dk yD; wifwiftwGuyJ aq;uko&mrSm oH;k ypf h d d f f vkdufrdw,f? rdef;r&J@ u|efawmfeJ@ywfoufwJh pdwfqif;&Jukd,fqif;&J jzpfcJh&r_awGtay: awmfawmfukd iJh!mcsifwm uk %moufr/d oem;rd pmem axmufxm;rdwmawGa=umifh -ykuquvnf; ESpa,mufpvH;k ukoavmufatmiftxdawmh d f H f avmufiSEkdifrSm r[kwfawmh/ ol@ukdyJ OD;pm;ay;vkdufr,fqkdwJhpdwfeJ@ ol@twGufyJ aq;uko&mrSm oHk;ypfvkdufrdw,fAsm? u|efawmfuawmh tJ'D[mawGukd wifwifrodatmif bmrS odyf+yD;rjzpfovkd }udwfrSdwfaevkdfufwmayghAsm? wzufu ajym&&if ol@tay: tJ'vdk OD;pm;ay; oH;k pGc&wmtay: u|eawmf0rf;omrdwm trSey? 'gayrJh wzufuae =unfrjd yefawmh D J hJ f f J h 'DaiGav;awG[m &JabmfawGu u|eawmfh use;f rma&;twGuf u|eawmfaq;ukz@kd q+dk yD; pk aqmif;ay;=uwmav? u|eawmfudk f f f h aq;ukoapcsifvGef;vdk@ukd }uHzef}udK;pm; ay;=uwm u|efawmfhrdef;rtwGuf ay;=uwmr[kwfbl;? 'gukd u|efawmfu u|eawmhtwGuroH;k bJ rde;f rtwGuf oH;k ypfw,f qkawmh ol wk@d &@J &Jabmf&bufyowJh pdwqENe@J oabmxm;awGtay: f f f d J D f u|eawmftvGo;kH pm; vkyypfvurovkrsm; jzpf oGm;rdovm;qk+d yD; pdwraumif;jzpfr&wmvnf; trSeyAsm? u|eawmfudk f J f dk f d d f d f J f h }udKufovkom a0zef=uygawmh? u|eawmfrm tJ'vpwqENrsKd ; pOf;pm;awG;ac:r_rsKd ;eJ@ tJ'vawmh vkyvurygw,fv@dk d f h S D dk d f D dk f dk f d 0efcH&awmh &Sif;jy&awmhwmayghAsm? tJ'g wzufu 0rf;omrdcJhw,f? wzufu &JabmfawG&J@ qENeJ@ oabmxm;awG tay: tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfrdcJhovkd awmfawmf}uD;ukd pdwfraumif; jzpfrdcJh&zl;w,fwJh? OD;av;u pum;pyfrd&if; ajymjywmayr,fh OD;av;&J@rsufESmukd =unfhrd&if; u|efawmf awmfawmf pdwfraumif; jzpfcJh &zl;ygw,f? OD;av;[m tJ'DvkdrsdK; OD;av;vnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm OD;av;eJ@twl ukdukd;u|ef;rSm twlaebufvnf;jzpf/ OD;av;eJ@ ,Hk=unfcsufwl/ &yfwnfcsufwl/ wkdufyGJ0if bufvnf;jzpfwJh OD;av;&J@cspf&Jabmf}uD; q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J@ &ifzGifhoHpum;wcGef;ukd zswfceJ oGm;+yD; owd&rdygw,f? q&m Aef;armfwifatmifu u|efawmfhb0rSm twWqdkvkd@ rcifOD;ukd cspfwJh tcspf wckyJ &Sdygw,fAsmwJh? tJ'DvkdyJ OD;av; OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@b0rSmvnf; twWqkdvkd@ a':wifwiftay: cspfcJhwJhtcspf wckyJ &Sdygw,fvkd@awmif u|efawmf uawmh xyfwljyK+yD; ajymvkdufcsifygw,f? (4) tJ'DumvawGrSm jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD XmecsKyf&J@ Hk;cef;av;xJrSm Hk;xkdifawGozG,f t+rJvkdvkd ae@pOfrysuf &Sdae& avh&wmuawmh taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfwhJ tpfu}dk uD; ukva&$e@J tdrajc,majc r&SwhJ ajcovH;k tdrwiorm; u|eawmf dS d S f d f dk f f ygy? 'ga=umifh OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrife@J ae@pOfvvdk t+rJrjywf t&Snvsm;qH;k aexdivy&m; cJ&wJh ae@&ufawG[mvnf; tJ'D J h dk f kf _ f S h umvawGv@dk yJ ajym&rSm jzpfygw,f? OD;av;eJ@twl aexkivy&m; cJ&wJh tJ'ae@ &ufawG[m vGr;f armzG,ae@&ufawGcsn;f vk@d yJ df _ f S h D f ajym&rSmyg? OD;av;&J@ ckirmwJ&yfwnfcsue@J jywfom;wJpw"mwfudk twGi;f usus odjrifaecJ&ovk/d OD;av;&J@ k;d om;wJh vufawG@b0eJ@ df h f h d f h vlom;qefwJh toJESvHk;ukdvnf; teD;uyfqHk; awG@jrifaecJh&ygw,f? OD;av;qDuae OD;av;tifrwef av;pm;vSwJh q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;wkd@/ q&mcspf (ocifcspf)wkd@ ta=umif;awGukd ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGm =um;od&avh&Sdovkd/ OD;av;wdk@&J@acwf+ydKif yrnwEkdifiHa&;orm;awGeJ@ vuf,mqkd&S,fvpfawG ta=umif;/ Ekiia&;ygwawGe@J Ekiia&;v_y&m;r_awGta=umif;ukvnf; r=umc% =um;&avh&wtwGuf u|eawmftwGuawmh dfH D dfH f S d dS hJ f h f OD;av;[m ouf&SdEkdifiHa&;tbd"mef}uD; wtkyfvkdvnf; jzpfcJhygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@ukd,fwkdif }uHKawG@jzwfoef;ae&wJh EkdifiH a&;v_y&m;r_awGtwGi;f rSm wu,fEiia&;bmom&yfudk vufawG@ vrf;!eoif=um;yk@d csay;aewJh Ekiia&;uxdu wOD;ozG,f f S h dk f H f dfH vnf; jzpfcJh&ygw,f? u|efawmfwOD;csif; cHpm;csuft& ajym&r,fqkd&if OD;av;[m EkdifiHa&;tjrif EkdifiHa&;a&csdef tm;jzifhvnf; jrifhrm; tm;aumif;cJhol jzpfygw,f? &Spfav;vHk;tvGef EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG/ toD;oD;ay:aygufvmp umvu EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG twGif;rSm =um;jzwftpkd;& =um;jzwf!Gef@aygif; a&G;aumufyGJpojzifh pojzifh rwljcm;em;wJh au;a=umfoHawG rwl jcm;em;wJh ygwawGtavsmuf ay:ayguf jiif;cHjk rnf[nf;ae=ucserm OD;av;[m wnf=unfpmeJ@ +yHK;=unfaecJygw,f? OD;av;eJ@ D d f S G h h cifrif&if;ESD;vSwJh &Jabmf&JbufwcsdK@uawmif jynf ol@wkd;wufa&;ygwDu =um;jzwftpkd;&au;a=umfoHrsdK; au;a=umf 59

rjywJtay:rSm 0d"&vkd vluawmif =um;jzwf ppfppfr[kwayr,fh !Ge@f aygi;f qdwmav;eJ@csw+f yD; =um;jzwf!e@f aygi;f vk@d au; h l f k d G a=umfaewJtcserm cifAsm;wk@d tzG@J uvnf;Asmqk+d yD; pum;emxk;d ovkd ajymqkvm=uwJtxdvnf; OD;av;[m wnfwnf+idr+f idrf h d f S d h eJ@yJ +yHK;=unfhaecJhygw,f? oabmxm;awG uGm[=u/ au;a=umfoHawG rnD=u&muae vufawG@vdktyfaewJh EkdifiHa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; ay:xGuf rvmEkibJ jzpfae&&if;u wyfaygi;f pk zG@J pnf;Ekia&;twGuf usi;f yjyKvkywhJ Ekiia&;ygwD awmfawmf df df f dfH rsm;rsm; wufa&mufwJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;wck ay:aygufvmwJh tcsdefrSmusawmh OD;av;u wcsdK@u =um;jzwfrS =um;jzwf/ wcsKd @u a&G;aumufyJG a&G;aumufye@J / =um;jzwfvm; a&G;aumuf yGvm;qdwhJ au;a=umfoawG rwl=u&mu 'Dvau;a=umfoawG JG J k H dk H rwln=D uvk@d twkutcHEiia&;tiftm;pk awG tm;vH;k &J@ wpkwpnf;wnf;aom Ekiia&; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;w&yf rzG@J pnf;Ekib;l qk&if d f dk f H dfH df d b,fotusKd ;&SrvJ/e0wyJ tusKd ;&Sr,f/ ppftpk;d &yJ tusKd ;&Svrr,f qk+d yD; t&Si;f vif;qH;k axmufjycJygw,f? ol@&@J Ekiia&; l d d d d hf h dfH tjrifukd tyGifhvif;qHk;eJ@ azmfjycJhygw,f? tJ'DvkdyJ tJ'DumvawGtwGif;u jynfolvlxk=um; a&yef;tpm;qHk;jzpfcJhwJh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf}uD;twGi;f rSm OuUjk zpfol Akvatmif}uD;uk,wiu tzG@J csKyf twGi;f uGejf rLepfawG a&mufaeygw,f? dk d f d f dk f 'Duejf rLepfawGudk z,fxwypf&r,fqd+k yD; t}uD;tus,f tmabmfzefw;D 0g'jzef@cs+d yD;/ pDpnH toHay; v_y&m;vmwJtcgrmvnf; G k f D f S h S Ekiia&;a&csejf rifrm;vSw/hJ csuqdk em;cGuu rD;awmufcwhJ OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrif[m Akvatmif}uD;wk@d &@J wu,fyuwd kyyreudk dfH d h f f hJ d f h f kH S f aemausaeatmif od jrif&if; ArmjynfEiia&;v_y&m;r_}uD;wckv;kH &J@ wkuyvrf;a=umif;eJ@,O+f yD; oH;k oyfjy&mrSm uae@ Armjynf dk f H f S d f JG S 'Drua&pDta&;awmfy}kH uD;&J@ wkuy[m 'Drua&pDvvm;olawGe@J 'Drua&pDqef@usioawG&@J wkuyjJG zpf w,f? tJ'gudk 'Drua&pDe@J dk d f JG dk dk dk f l d f dk 'Drua&pDqef@usia&;wkuyudk uGejf rLepfe@J uGejf rLepfqef@usia&; wkuyjJG zpfvm atmif/ wkuyvrf;a=umif;ukd ajymif;oGm;atmif dk f d f JG f d f d f JG vkyae=uwmukd vufrcHEib;l ? tJ'vdk wkuyvrf; a=umif; ajymif;oGm;atmif vkyae=uolawGe@J vnf; vufrwGEib;l vk@d f dk f D d f JG f J dk f jywfjywfom;om;yJjrif+yD; t&Sif;vif;qHk; xkwfazmfajym=um;cJholjzpfygw,f? OD;av;&J@ tay:vGif txif&Sm;qHk;aom tm;aumif;csufuawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepftay: wl;wl;cg;cg; rkef;wD;cJh+yD; jywf jywfom;om; qef@usifjycJhum &Spfav;vHk;tvGefumv ajray:EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtwGif;rSm a&S@qHk;wef;uae OD;OD;zsm;zsm; v_H@ aqmfwkdufyGJ 0ifjyoGm;cJhwJh &J&ifh*k%fajymifvSwJh wkdufyGJpdwf"mwfeJ@ awmfvSefowWdvdk@yJ azmfxkwf*k%fjyKvkdufcsifygw,f? bmha=umifv? =unf=h uyg h J jynf o l a wG u k d 'D a vmuf E S d y f p uf a e&if vk y f c J h w J h ' %f a wmh cH & rS m yJ ? od y f r a=umuf = uygeJ @ ? uk d & D ; ,m;rS m csef ' l ; 0rf [ m ol @ pd w f } ud K uf tpk d ; &zG J @ xm;+yD ; rS vG w f & mvG w f a =umif ; xG u f a jy; wmawmif rvG w f y gbl ; ? uk d , f v k y f +yD;rSawmh cH&J&rSmaygh? 'gu tpkd;&eJ@ ywfoufvkd@ ajym csifwmyg pnf ; [m jywf j ywf o m;om; jcm;xm;&r,f ? +yD ; cJ h w J h ta&;tcif ; rS m u|ef a wmf w k d @ acgif ; aqmif r _ a wG pk p nf ; nD ! G w f r _ r &S d v k d @ t+yD ; owf a tmif y G J rcH c J h & wm/ 'guk d oif c ef ; pm ,l = u&r,f ? orkdif;a&pD;a=umif;ukd wm;vkd@r&ygbl;? ck[m awmif+ydKaewm/ 'gukd pdwful;,Of+yD; wm;rae=ueJ@/ ajryd uk e f v d r f h r ,f / apmapm tm%mpG e f @ &if apmapmouf o mr,f / vG w f v yf w J h w&m;r#wwJ h a&G ; aumuf y G J u k d k d ; k d ; om;om; awmif ; qk d a ewm/ r&bl ; qk d & if &atmif v k y f = u&r,f (tJ'gawGuawmh 13/ 3/ 1989 ckEpf &efuepufrwuUovf jrufcif;jyifrm jyKvkywhJ zke;f armfusq;kH jcif; ESpywfvnf tcrf;tem; S k f _ dk S f f rSm ajym=um;cJhwJh OD;cifarmifjrifh&J@ rdef@cGef;xJu pum;awGyg? tJ'Dwkef;u tcrf;tem;rSm trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pD tzGJ@csKyfu OD;wifOD;eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@vnf; wufa&mufcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?) 'Dorkdif;jzpf&yfawGukd vdrfzkd@ 55 ckESpfuwnf;u OD;ae0if; }udK; pm;w,f zwyv acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm jynfolawG pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; nDnD!Gwf!GwfeJ@ wkdufcJhwJhwkdufyGJorkdif;ukd ukd,f ykdiforkdif;vkyfypfzkd@ wyfrawmfae@qdk wmvkyfw,f? 'g orkdif;ukd vdrfwm/ 'Dorkdif;vdrfnmcsufukd u|efawmfwkd@ vufrcHbl;? b,fawmhrSvnf; orkdif;ukd vdrfvdk@&rSm r[kwfbl; 26 ESpfwm&J@ 'kuQokuQawGukd ajym=u&if OD;ae0if;eJ@ rqvta=umif;ygrSmyJ? 'gukd b,fbufrS rygbl;qkdwJh +idrfyd OuU}uD;u bmrsm; emp&m &SdovJ? [kdyk*~dKvfta=umif; 'DtzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif; rajym&vkd@ bmha=umifh wm;aewmvJ tck 88 pufwifbmrSm tm%modrf;jyefw,f/ 'g[m wwd,t}udrf/ cifAsm;wkd@ rSwfrdr,f/ u|efawmfwkd@ vlenf; enf;eJ@ tpkd;&zGJ@xm;wmyg/ =um=um raeygbl;qkdwm tckawmh vkyfvkdufwJh pDrHudef;awGu jzpfEkdif&if 26 ES p f r[k w f b l ; / 62 ES p f v k y f r ,f h y H k ay:aew,f ? tajymeJ @ tvk y f u G J aeawmh bmuk d ,H k & rS m vJ ? ck v nf ; yJ uav;awG u k d zrf ; w,f ? ausmif ; om;awG u k d zrf ; aew,f (tJ'vdk ajymcJwmawGuawmh jynfo@l w;dk wufa&;ygw/D ouFe;f u|e;f +rdK@e,f qki;f bkwwifye@J 44 ESpajrmuf zufqpf D h d f JG f awmfvSefa&;ae@ tcrf;tem; 27/ 3/ 1989ae@rSm ajym=um;cJhwJh OD;cifarmifjrifh rdef@cGef;xJu pum;awGygyJ) 60

ESpf 50-100 twGif; wcgrS r}uHKzl;/ r=um;zl;wJh vlxktHkur_}uD;a=umifh tpkd;&,E&m;[m vHk;0&yfoGm;cJhw,f? 'D v k d taetxm;vnf ; a&muf a &m Ak d v f c sKyf } uD ; apmarmif u tm%mod r f ; cJ h w mjzpf w ,f ? jynf o l v l x k u r}udKufvkd@ tpkd;&jyKwftHhqJqJrSm tm%modrf;wm[m 'DtHkuwmukd wm;wmyJjzpfw,f? tckawmh 0ef}uD; a[mif ; acgif ; aqmif a [mif ; awG u k d rzrf ; wJ h t jyif tumtuG , f a y;xm;w,f ? taqmif t a,mif a wG a wmif ay;xm;w,f ? 'g u|ef a wmf w k d @ tvum;ajymaewm r[k w f b l ; ? igh 0 rf ; yl q m raeomvk d @ od r f ; &wmawmif orkdif;ay;wm0ef xrf;aqmifwmvkd@ ajymae=u&if 'Dt,ltqukd ausysufatmif wkdufEkdif&ifwkduf/ rwkdufEkdif&if aemufxyf tE &m,f }uD;w,f tck v nf ; yJ t*F v d y f tar&d u ef u k d ol w k d @ yJ qef @ usif o a,mif a&;om;ae=uw,f ? 'D v k d a vrsd K ;eJ @ pnf;Hk;zkd@ }udK;pm;ae=uw,f/ wu,fu olwkd@ qef@usifwm r[kwfbl;? olwkd@tm%m wnf+rJzkd@ toHk;csaewmyJ jzpfw,f? 1953-54 ckESpfavmufu jrefrmjynfxJukd wkwfjzLawG t}uD;tus,f usL;ausmfcJhw,f/ 'Djy \emukd ukvor*~ukd wkdifwJh tcgrSm tar&duefOD;pD;wJh wkwfjzLvkd@awmif rajym&Jbl;? b,fvkdajymcJh=uw,f wif o vJ / Ek d i f i H j cm; usL;ausmf o l r sm;vk d @ ajymqk d w k d i f w ef ; cJ h = uw,f ? wk w f j zLuk d a wmif wk w f j zLvk d @ awmif ratmf & J o l a wG u ck r S e,f c sJ @ qef @ usif o a,mif a ,mif ajymae=uw,f ? 'D a wmh u|ef a wmf w k d @ [m nD n D ! G w f ! G w f e J @ yef ; wk d i f a &muf a tmf &[ef ; &S i f v l ausmif ; om; jynf o l a wG & J @ aoG ; cif ; vrf ; twk d i f ; &J & J 0 H h 0 H h quf v uf c sD w uf = uygpk d @ vk d @ ajym&if ; ed * H k ; csKyf c J h y g&ap (txufrSm ajymcJhwJh 'Dpum;awGuawmh 9/ 4/ 1989 ae@ yJcl;+rdK@e,f jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwDzGifhyGJ tcrf;tem;rSm yJcl;+rdK@rSm OD;av;OD;cifarmifjrifh ajym=um;oGm;wJh rdef@cGef;xJu aumufEkwfcsuf pum;awGygyJ?) (5) OD;av;[m ppftpdk;&&J@ zrf;qD;xm;wmukd cH&&if;/ tif;pdeftusOf;axmiftwGif;rSmyJ ol&Jaumif; yDopGm us qHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? OD;av;usq;kH oGm;&wmukd twnfjyKEki+f yD; &ufyi;f twGi;f rSmyJ Armjynfuejf rLepfygwD A[kd pnf; H;k a&;aumfrwDuae d dk G (1993 ck/ azazmf0g&D 27 &ufae@) ae@pe@J 0rf;enf;o0%fvmwapmifudk xkwf jyefay;yk@d cygw,f? tJ'we;f u u|eawmfqu JG $ hJ J D k f h D wqifh ay;ykd@cJhwJh 0rf;enf;o0%fv$mrSm &Jabmfwkd@. cspfvSpGmaom ygwDOuU &Jabmfcifarmifjrifhonf &efol e0w ppftpkd;&. zdESdyf!Of;yef;r_ a=umifh 1993 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 16 &ufae@u tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; usqHk;oGm;onfhowif;qkd;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ =um;od & ygonf ? Tonf r S m jynf o l @ 'D r k d u a&pD a wmf v S e f a &;ES i f h Armjynf vl r sd K ;aygif ; pH k jynf o l r sm;tzd k @ qH k ; _ H ; r_ } uD ; w&yf jzpf a yonf ? &JabmfcifarmifjrifhESifh ywfoufI ol. wkdufyGJ0ifawmfvSefa&;b0ukd u|efawmfwkd@ aumif;pGm od&Sdygonf? wef z k d ; vnf ; xm;ygonf ? ol . &J & J 0 H h 0 H h usqH k ; r_ o nf jynf o l r sm;ES i f h tjcm;ygwD t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;twG i f ; wG i f *,uf a umif ; k d u f c wf y gvd r f h r nf ? olav#mufvSrf;oGm;aom aoG;cif;vrf;twkdif; atmifyGJ&onftxd wAkdvfus wAkdvfwuf &Jabmfwdk@ av#muf vS r f ; vd r f h r nf q k d w m ,H k = unf o vk d u|ef a wmf w k d @ uk d , f w k d i f v nf ; Tvrf ; uk d a&G ; cs,f x m;a=umif ; ajymjyvk d ygonf ? pojzifh azmfjyyg&c+hJ yD;/ tqH;k rSm dS tmZmenf &J a bmf c if a rmif j rif h xm0pOf O'gef ; wG i f y gap vkd@ azmfusL;*k%fjyKcJhygw,f? jrifhjrifhrm;rm; wefzkd;xm;+yD; av;av;eufeuf txdrf;trSwf jyKcJh wm jzpfygw,f? [kwfygw,f- OD;av;[m trsm;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rSefor# pGef@v$wftepfemcH+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;cJhwJh wu,fhtmZmenfwOD;ygyJ? Armjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifa&;ordkif;rSm/ Armjynf 'Drkdua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;r_orkdif;rSm OD;av;[m xm0ZOf O'gef;wGif&pfcJhrSm aocsmygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@awG&J@ ESvHk;omawGxJrSm vnf; OD;av;[m xm0pOf O'gef;wGif&pfcJhyg+yD? xm0pOf O'gef;wGif&pfcJhyg+yD? ? 0if;wifhxGef; 61
7/ 1/ 2012 n 11 em&DcGJ?

Ekiiwumha&;&m dfH
(1) tkdbm;rm;tpkd;& wufvm+yD; vGefcJhwJh ESpfESpfcGJavmufupvkd@ tar&dueftpkd;& EkdifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD tcsuftcsm r[mAsL[m a'o[m tm&Sypdzdwfa'o jzpfvmw,f? tm&S ypdzdwfa'o +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@ zGH@+zKd; a&;twGuf tar&duefu acgi;f aqmif&r,f/ +yKdibufuif;wJh plyg yg0gtqiftwef;ukd xde;f zk@d twGuf tm&S f h zpdzdwfa'o[m tar&dueftusLd;pD;yGm;eJ@ qufpyfaew,f? 'ga=umifh tar&dueftpkd;&[m EkdifiHjcm;a&;eJ@ umuG,fa&;qkdif&m ay:vpDpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyef+yD; tm&Sypdzdwf r[mAsL[mukd csrSwfvmw,f? ppfat;acwfu tar&duef&@J r[mAsL[ma'o[m Oa&my jzpfw,f? qkA,ufudk xde;f csKyfz@dk aewk;d d D NATO eJ@ Oa&myor*~ EU ppfa&; pD;yGm;a&;tkypk zG@J w,f? ppfvufeufrsm; t+yKditqkif wk;cs@J +yD; tEkjrL f f d d xdyfzl;wyf wkdufcsif;ypf 'kH;rsm; tjyeftvSef csdef&G,fxm;cJhw,f? =oZmcH e,fy,fcsJ@xGifwJh a'oEW&ppfrsm; wku+f yD; ESpzuf pGuzuf=uw,f? qkA,uf +yKd+yD; (1990) aemuf tar&duef[m wOD;wnf;aom tqift d f f d D h wef;vGef plyg yg0gtjzpf 0ifh0grmefwufcJhygw,f?

tm&S ypdzwf uH=urRm d

armifoef;jra&$
ppfat;vGefumv owif;enf;ynm aygufuGJr_eJ@twl tar&duef aumfykd&dwf bmt&if; urBm jzef@=uufvm w,f? urBmr_acwf urBmh&Gm vpfb&,fv_dif; vGwfvyfaps;uGuf 'Drkdua&pDvl@tcGifhta&; yGifhvif; vl@tzGJ@tpnf; orkdif;ed*kH; csKyf+yD pwJh tar&duefudk pHjyKwJh eD,uef eD,vpf taemufwi;f 'Drua&pD oabmw&m;awG aEGO;D avl;eJ@twl urBmukd dk G dk dk dk v$rf;vmw,f? k&Sm;eJ@ta&S@ Oa&my "mwf=urf;wkdufukoenf;[m ratmifjrifbl;? vufwiftar&duukd wkdufau|;wJh Ekiiwum aiGa=u;&efyaiGtzG@J IMF &J@ 0g&iwef oabmwlncsu aq;cg;}uD;ukd vufwiftar&du Ekiirsm;u dfH Hk Sf D f dfH pGef@ypfvkduf=u w,f? jynfol@tm%mawmfvSefa&;rsm;u tar&duef aumfykd&dwfaESmif}uKd;rsm;eJ@ csuf}uKd; jzwfvu=f uw,f? wcseu a'0gvc&rvkd jzpfaewJh tm*siw;D em;/ b&mZD; pwJh t}uD;qk;H Ekii}H uD;awG[m w[kex;dk dk d f DH f df f zGH@+zKd;vmw,f? b&mZD;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;[m r=umao;cifuyJ t*Fvefukd ausmfwufum urBmh qr pD;yGm; zGH@+zKd;EkdifiH jzpfvmw,f? xGef;opfvmwJh BRICS (b&mZD;/ k&m;/ tdE,/ wkw/f awmiftmz&du) EkiiH pm&if;0if jzpfvmw,f? S dN df wOD;wnf; twkr&Sd plyg yg0g tar&duef[m ppfat;vGefumvrSm yifv,fauG@ppf(1991) abmfvfuefppf(1999) tmz*efppf(2001) tD&wfppf(2003) awG wkdufcJhw,f? ta&S@Oa&my uwDWygawmfvSefa&;/ tv,ftm&S ta&mifawmf vSefa&;eJ@ ta&S@tv,fykdif; tm&yfurBmrif;ajymif;rif;v$J awmfvSefa&;awG zefwD;vmw,f? tar&duef&J@ 'Drkdua&pD oGwfoGif;r_/ vpfb&,fwifykd@r_awG[m ratmifjrifkHru oufqkdif&m EkdifiHrsm;rSm zkdz&J jzpfr_awGom jzpfay:vmapygw,f? ta&S@Oa&myeJ@ tv,fOa&myEkdifiHrsm;[m Oa&myor*~&J@ 'kwd,wef;pm;eJ@ wwd,wef;pm; trSDckd EkdifiHrsm;b0u rwufEkdifbl;? NATO &J@ tapmifha&SmufcH EkdifiHrsm; jzpfaew,f? tv,ftm&S ta&mifawmfvSefa&;rsm;[mvnf; tzsm; 62

SL;ukef=uygw,f? 2011 aEGOD;rSm ay:aygufvmwJh ajrmuf tmz&dueJ@ tma&As u|e;f qG,&dS tm&yfaEGO;D tm%m f &Sif qef@usifa&;eJ@ 'Drkdua&pDa&; vlxktkHur_rsm;ukd tar &duef OD;aqmifwhJ NATO u ppftiftm; okH;+yD; rif; ajymif;rif;v$J awmfvea&;tjzpf 0ifpuvuwtcg jynf S f G f dk f hJ wGi;f ppfe@J twl rwnf+idrrawG ay:ayguvmw,f? tmz*ef f _ f rS tpjyKvkd@ tD&wf qD;&D;,m; vpfAsm; ,Drif tD*spf p ojzifh tm&yftpDtpOf Arab Order ukd armif;olrhJ av ,mOfawGeJ@ wnfaqmufae&w,f? ,cktcgrm tar&duef[m tD&wfe@J tmz*efppfrS S kef;xGuf+yD; r[mAsL[m OD;wnfcsufukd tm&S ypdzdwfa' ook@d a&$@ae+yD jzpfw,f? ol 0ifpucwhJ EkiiawG (qkrmvD G f hJ d f H d rStp tmz*ef tD&wf vpfAsm; ponf) &J@ jyefvnfxaxmif l a&;eJ@ Ekiiwnfaqmufa&;ukd jzpfcsi&mjzpf ypfxm;cJygw,f? dfH f h (2) 1970 ckESpfrsm; tukefykdif;upvkd@ jyKjyifajymif;vJ a&; vkyvmwJh qk&,vpfwkwjf ynf &J@ zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufr[m f d S f _ tHrcef; jzpfcw,f? 21 &mpk 'kw, q,fpEpxJ a&mufwhJ h hJ d k S f txd tESpf 30 ausmf w[kex;dk zG@H +zKd;vmcJw,f? wkwz@HG +zKd; f h f r_[m tm&Sp;D yGm;a&;&J@ armif;ESitm; jzpfru urBmp;D yGm; f kH h a&;&J@ armif;ESiftm;vnf; jzpfvmcJhw,f? 911(2011) aemufyi;f tar&duef[m ige@J rwl ig&efovk@d au;a=umf dk h l +yD; tmz*efppf tD&wfppfwkd@ukd igwaum aum+yD; wkdufcJh w,f? tJ'D 10 ESpf umv (2001-2011) twGi;f wkw&@J f pD;yGm;a&; zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufr_E_ef;[m tar&duefxuf q,fq rsm;w,f? wkwp;D yGm;a&;[m (a':vmeJ@wu&if) 450 f G f wk;d cJw,f? tar&duef+yD;&if *syefudk ausm+f yD; urBmrSm 'kw, h d pD;yGm;a&; t}uD;qkH; EkdifiH jzpfvmw,f? *smreDukdausmf+yD; urBmrSm yk@d uetrsm;qk;H wify@dk whJ EkiiH jzpfvmw,f? tar&d k f df uefukd ausmf+yD; ukefoG,fr_yrm% trsm;qHkEkdifiH jzpfvm w,f? 'gayrJh tar&duefeJ@ ,SOf&if wkwfu t=urf;zsif; tm;jzifh vlO;D a& 4 qavmuf rsm;+yD; pD;yGm;a&; GDP 3 qavmuf i,fw,f? tar&duef ppftiftm;uawmh urBm rSm t}uD;qk;H ygy? J 2008 tar&duef bma&;uyf 2010 Oa&my au;+rDuyfrsm;eJ@ }uKHawG@vu&wJtcg taemufwi;f t&if; dk f h dk &Sif urBm[m 1930 pD;yGm;ysufuyf+yD;aemufykdif; t}uD;qkH; pD;yGm;a&;uyf}uD;eJ@ }uKHawG@ae&w,f? tar&duef pm&if;

tif; AsL&kd 2010 tpD&ifcpmt& tar&duef 6 a,mufrm H S 1 a,muf[m qif;&Jwi;f eufaew,f? atmufajc 10 G &J@ 0ifaiG 12 'or 1 usqif;w,f? tv,ftvwf tdrf axmifp0ifaiG 7 'or 1 usw,f? xdyq;Hk 10 0ifaiG k f 1 'or 5 usw,f? tcsrf;omqkH; 1 om +rKd;+rKd; jrufjruf 0ifaiG cHpm;&w,fv@dk qkw,f? d pD;yGm;a&; Ekdb,fqk&Sif pwpf*vpf&J@ 1 . 1 twGuf 1 &J@ tpk;d &( Of the 1% by the 1 %, for the 1 % ) aqmif;yg;rSm tar&duef&J@ tcsrf;omqkH; 1 [m trsK;d om;0ifaiG&@J 25 ukd ESppOf &,l+yD; EkiiH u,f0r_&@J f df 40 ukd ykiqi=f uw,fv@dk qkw,f? d f dk d t&if;&Sif pD;yGm;a&;uyfa=umifh qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm [r_ yk}d uD;vmw,f? uyfrS vGwajrmufz@dk 0efxy0efy;dk rSef f k f or# qif;&Jom;(tzdEyc) rsm; acgi;f ay: ykcsvrr,f? vuf dS f H H d hf atmufc(ukve/D ukvewyki;f ) Ekiirsm; acgi;f ay: ykcsvrhf H d dk d dk D d dfH H d r,f? vktyf&if ppfa&;enf;eJ@ xGuaygu&mvdrr,f? rmhupf d f f S hf f ajymcJhwmawG 21 &mpkxJtxd rSefvScsnfhvkd@ ajymolawG rsm;vmw,f? (3) tar&d u ef & J @ yx0D E k d i f i H a &;taetxm;[m twWvefwdwfeJ@ ypdzdwfork'N&m}uD; 2pif; &J@ =um;rSm &Sd w,f? Oa&mywkuudk vufvr;f rDovkd tm&Swuuvnf; d f S dk f dk vufvr;f rDw,f? Oa&mywkurm aewk;d NATO ppfr[m S d f S rdwtypk &Sw,f? tm&Srm tpOftvm r[mrdwEiirsm; f k f d S f dk f H jzpfwJh *syef awmifukd&D;,m; =opa=w;vs zdvpfykdif xkdif; wk@d e@J ESpEiiH umuG,a&;pmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqxm;+yD; jzpfw,f? f dk f f dk (tar&dum;[m urBmacgi;f aqmif jzpf&ru tm&S h Hk ypdzw&@J acgi;f aqmifvnf;jzpfw,f? tar&dum;[m twW d f vEBdwfrSmaum ypdzdwfrSmyg tiftm;t}uD;qkH; jzpfw,f? tm&S ypdzwa'oqkwm tdE,wkui,fuae tar&dum; d f d dN d f taemufbufurf;ajctxd ypdzwork'&meJ@ tdE, ork'N d f N dN &mwk@d yg0ifw,f? 'Da'otwGi;f pnf;pepfudk tajccHwhJ a' oqki&m tpDtpOfe@J urBmtpDtpOfudk ykazmfwnfaqmuf df h H &mrSm tar&dum;u acgif;aqmif&r,f/ ckdifrmawmifhwif; wJh r[mrdwfuGef&ufukd azmfaqmif&r,f) qkdwmuawmh [Dvm&D uvifwef&@J tar&duef&@J ypdzwf &mpkpmwrf; d (2011 Ek0ifbm) &J@ qkvcsuyJ jzpfw,f? d d dk f 'D t wG u f a&S @ ok d @ jzef @ =uuf oH c if ; wref c if ; Forward-deployed diplomacy ukd usio;+yD; t"duvkyf hf Hk 63

ief;pOf 6 &yf taumiftxnf azmfr,f? vk+H cKHa&; qki&m df r[mrdwz@JG r_ wk;d jri/hf xGe;f opfp yg0gEiirsm; (wkwtygf dk f H f tdE, tif'e;D &Sm;) eJ@ qufqa&;aumif;atmifvy/f EkiipHk dN dk H k dfH tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;(ARF, APEC, EAS, ASEAN ponf) wGif yg0if/ ukeo,&if; ES;D jrKyfEr_ wk;d jri/hf tar&duef ppfwyf f G f HS rsm; tus,tjyef@ xm;&S/d 'Drua&pDe@J v@l tcGita&; wGe;f f dk hf aqmf qkwmawG jzpfw,f? d tar&duef umuG,fa&;qkdif&m r[mAsL[m okH; oyfcsuf 2012 rSmawmh 21 &mpk&@J wkwtEW&m,fvk@d f twdtvif; ajymw,f? tif'-ypdzwf ppfe,f0ef;eJ@ awmif dk d w&kwyif v,frm US &J@ rKdif ppftiftm;ukd a&$@ajymif; f S jcif;[m wkwudk xde;f csKyfa&; txD;usef jzpfa&;eJ@ 0ki;f ywf f d a&;twGuf jzpfw,f? tm&Sypdzwrm US ppftiftm; jri/hf d f S ppfa&;pGrf;&nfjrifh/ [ef@wm;ydwfqkd@r_ pGrf;&nfjrifh&r,fvkd@ qkw,f? tcsK@d ppfa&;yg&*lrsm; u zsu-wm;- acsre;f qkwhJ d f _ d D ok;vk; (Dissuade-Deter-Defeat) vk@d ac:w,f? H H avmavmq,frm US a&wyftiftm;&J@ ok;H ykwykH S H [m tm&Sypdzdwfa'orSm jzef@xm;zkd@ &nf&G,fw,f? um uG , f a &;bwf * suf jzwf a wmuf & mrS m 'D a 'orS m awmh rav#mhbl;? tmz*efeJ@ tD&wfu kyfvmr,fhwyfawGukd 'D a'ook@d yk@d r,fv@dk vnf; ajymxm;w,f? *ltrf Guam u|e;f rSm tar&duefa&wyf tajcpkdufxm;w,f? *syef awmif uk&;D ,m;wk@d rm US wyftiftm; 50000 avmuf wyfpJG d S xm;w,f? =opa=w;vs ajrmufyi;f 'g0if Darwin qdyurf; dk f rSm tar&duefa&wyf wyfzGJ@tiftm; 2500 ykd@v$wfxm; w,f? US- =opa=w;vs-e,l;ZDvef; tef;Zyf ppfr[mrdwf tzGJ@ jyefvnf zGJ@pnf;w,f? xkdif;rSm ESpfpOf jyKvkyfaeus a&$ a ra[muf Cobra Gold yl ; wG J p pf a &;avh u sif h r _ r S m rav;&Sm; pifumyl zdvpfyif tif'e;D &Sm;wk@d vnf; yg0ifvm dk dk w,f? pifumylqdyfurf;[m tar&duef a&wyfoabFm rsm; 0ifxGuf&m qdyfurf;yg? AD,uferfppfyGJaemufykdif; pGef@v$wfcJhwJh xkdif; a&wyfpcef;eJ@ zdvpfykdifa&wyfpcef;rsm; jyefvnfqef;opfEkdifzkd@vnf; }uH&G,fcsuf &Sdw,f? (4) 911 rwkdifrDu tar&duef[m xkdif0rf-ajrmuf uk&;D ,m;- uuf&r;D ,m; rD;yGm;rsm;eJ@ vktyfovkd ukiw,f d fS d df G upm;cJhw,f? ,cktcg awmifwkwfyifv,f a&eHu,f0 w,fv@dk qwhJ pyuf&vu|e;f rsm;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; Ekiiyieuf dk S D d f H dk f

tjiif ; yG m ;r_ r sm;[mvnf ; uk d i f w G , f u pm;p&m rD ; yG m ; jzpf vmw,f? ta&S@wkwfyifv,fu u|ef;rsm;eJ@vnf; *syefeJ@ wkwf ykdifeuftjiif;yGm;aew,f? wkwfu oufqkdif&mEkdifiH csi;f +idr;f csr;f pGm ajz&Si;f a&;ukd vkvm;w,f? tar&duefu EkiiH d df wum jy\emtjzpf EkiiptzG@J tpnf; (institution) rsm;t d f H Hk wGif; ajz&Sif;csifw,f? awmifwkwfyifv,f[m tar&duef tusKd;pD;yGm;eJ@ qufpyfaew,f? EkdifiHwum a&a=umif;vkdif; jzpfwtwGuf tar&duefppfoabFmrsm; jzwfoef;cGihf &Sw,fhJ d qkwhJ ta=umif;jycsue@J 0ifxuaew,f? wkwf A[kjd yK EkiipHk d f G f dfH tzG@J tpnf;vkd jzpfaewJh ASEAN-ARF wk@d e@J t+yKdif wkwryg f tar&duef A[kjd yK ypdzwjf zwfausmf EkiipHk rdwzuftzG@J (Transd dfH f Pacific Partnership) ukvnf; zG@J pnf;vmw,f? d tdE,eJ@ r[mAsL[m rdwzufjyKr_udk tqifw;dk jri+hf yD; dN f h tdE,wkui,frwqifh tm&Stv,fyi;f eJ@ tdE,ork'N &mukd dN d f S dk dN vufwH&Snf&SnfvSrf;zkd@ vkyfaqmifvmw,f? tdENd,[m jynf wGi;f pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ vlra&; rwnf+idrrrsm;eJ@ _yaewJtjyif tD&ef _ f _ f h tmz*ef ygupPwef t_yftaxG;rsm; kdufcwfcH&wJhtwGuf wkwf tE&m,fqkdwmukd pdwf0ifpm;ykH rjybl;? wkwfeJ@ vnf; qufqa&; tqifajyaewmyg? *syefuvnf; pD;yGm;a&; H xkdif;tD aewJh=um;u ivsifeJ@ EsLuvD;,m; ,kdpdrfhr_'%f cHae &wJtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ jyefvnfxaxmifa&;xJ epfaeygw,f? h l tar&duef tdENd, *syef okH;yGifhqkdifr[mrdwfukd ckdifrmatmif vkyf+yD; wkwfukd xdef;csKyfa&;qkdwJh tar&duef&J@ AsL[m[m avmavmq,f taumiftxnf ray:ao;bl;? avmavm q,frSm tar&duef&J@ yg0gupm;uGif; jzpfaewJh tD&ef-qD;&D; ,m;rSm tar&duef wkwf xdywuf awG@aeygw,f? f dk (5) wkw-tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;[m tjyeftvSef &if;ES;D f jrKyfESHr_ tm;aumif;aeqJyg? wkwfu EkdifiHjcm;t&efaiG a': vm 3 'or 2 x&Dv,H (oef;axmifaygi;f ) &S+d yD; tar&duefu D tau; a':vm 16 'or 7 x&Dv,H &Sygw,f? D d 2011 tar&duef bwf*sufvkdaiG a':vm 1 'or 58 x&DvD,H &Sd+yD; orkdif;rSm tjrifhqkH; jzpfw,f? tmz*efppf tD&wfppftyg t=urf;zufr_ ESreif;a&; ppfyrsm;twGuf tar d f JG &duef ukeuswhJ ppfp&dw[m a':vm 2 x&Dv,H txd pm&if; f f D ayguaew,f? wkwu US EU eJ@ IMF bGe;f rsm; tajrmuf f f tjrm; 0,f,l &if;ESD;jrKyfESHxm;wmyg? 'ga=umifh [Dvm&Duvifwefu tar&duef pD;yGm;zGH@ 64

+zKd;r_[m wkwftwGuf aumif;ovkd wkwf pD;yGm;zG@H +zKd;r_[m tar&dueftwGuf aumif;w,f? ESpzufpvk;H twGuf twkutcH jzpfaewmxuf f d f yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufr_u ykdtusKd;&Sdw,fvkd@ ajym w,f? Ekiii,fawGtaeeJ@vnf; wkwe@J tar dfH f &duef wckcudk a&G;&r,ftaetxm; a&mufao; k h wm r[kwfbl;? wkwfzGH@+zKd;r_u tm&StwGuf vnf; tusKd;&Sdaewmyg? ESpfEkdifiH r[mAsL[mvkH+cKHa&; pD;yGm;a&; awG@qHk aqG;aEG;r_awG rjywfvy+f yD; ESpzuftajc k f tae yGiyivif;vif; wifjyum ,k=H unfr_ wnf hf G hf aqmufaewmyg? ESpEiiH xdyo;D csi;f eJ@ tqifjh rifh f dk f f t&m&Scsi;f rjywfxawG@ qufqaewmyg? wif; d d H rmr_ ajyavsmapr,fh qufqa&;vrfa=umif;rsm; h H vnf; zGifhxm;ygw,f? wzufu xdawG@qufqH ovkd wzufuvnf; t+yKdiftqkdif tompD;& atmif }uKd;pm;ae wm jzpfw,f? awmif-ajrmuf uk&;D ,m; ypfcwfre@J wif;rmr_ jzpfwe;f u USS d _ k George Washington av,mOf w if oabF m }uD;eJ@twl tar&duef-awmifu&;D ,m; uk&;D ,m; dk d yifv,fjyifrm yl;wGppfa&;avhusir_ jyKvkycw,f? S J hf f hJ ajrmuf uk&;D ,m;eJ@ awmifu&;D ,m; twif;rmqk;H d dk tajctaeyJ? wkwu tmumo +*Kd[wzsuf 'k;H prf; f f k oyf y pf c wf j y+yD ; armif ; ol r J h uif ; axmuf a v ,mOfysHukdvnf; prf;oyfysHoef;jycJhw,f? r=um cifrm ,lu&de;f xHrS 0,f,xm;wJh av,mOfwif S l oabFmukdvnf; jyefvnfjyKjyif a&cs+yD; prf;oyf armif;ESifjycJhw,f? 'ga=umifh EkdifiH}uD;awG=um; wzufu ,kH=unfr_ wnfaqmuf&if; wzufu umuG,fa&;jyifqifr_awG vkyfaewm xif&Sm;yg w,f? ukefoG,fa&;ppf qkdufbmppfeJ@ av,mOf wifoabFm v_yf&Sm;jyowJh ppfawG vkyfvmae w,f?

(6) wkwfeJ@ tdENd,=um; tdENd,ork'N&mukd ar;wif x m;wJ h ASEAN tzG J @ 0if Armjynf & J @ yx0Dtaetxm;[mtar&duef ypdzdwf&mpk rS m b,f a vmuf t csuf t csmusw,f q k d w m odomw,f? Armjynf ppftpkd;&uvnf; a&euf qdyurf;awG ykuvi;f awG ta0;ajy;vrf;r}uD;awG f d f dk urf;vGefa&eHwGif;awG EkdifiHjcm;tultnDeJ@ wnf aqmuf+yD; tcGefaumufpm;zkd@ pOf;pm;w,f? Arm jynfrSm pufr_vnf; rxGef;um;/ pkdufysKd;a&;vnf; rjzpfxe;f wJtwGuf wify@dk p&mu o,HZmwyJ jzpf G h w,f? =um;cHueo,a&;tjzpf Armjynfudk jzwfy;D k f G f ukepnfawG pD; qif;aewmukd tcGeaumufpm;He@J f f k zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufawmhr,fvkd@ xifaew,f? 10 ESpf twGi;f ASEAN ukd rDr,f/ 15 ESptwGi;f puFmyl f ukd rDr,f pojzifh rpm;&0cref; ajymoluvnf; r&Sufra=umuf ajymw,f? ,kHwJholuvnf; ,kH w,f? ppfwykdif;tpkd;& 2008 atmufu ykHazmf aewJh ArmjynfzGH@+zKd;r_vrf;a=umif;u vufa0cH vrf;a=umif;yJ jzpfw,f? ArmjynfrSm trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; zkdz&J/ trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;uvnf; +yKduGJ/ ppf AsLkdu&uf vlwef;pm;u vufa0cHtqifh wuf vSr;f vkwhJ tmoDouvnf; jyif;jyaew,f? tm&S d ypd z d w f 21 &mpk r S m wk d i f ; jynf u k d taygif c H + yD ; xGufayguf&Smwm[m tE&m,f}uD;w,fqkdwm odz@dk vw,f? tar&dueforRw x&l;rif;&J@ 1947 dk qkA,ufxe;f csKyfa&;0g'a=umifh ppfat;acwf ay: d D d ayguc&w,f? ,ck tkbm;rm;&J@ wkwf xde;f csKyf f hJ d a&;0g'a=umifh aemufxyf ppfat;wacwf jyef ay:ayguvm&if Armjynf[m AD,uferfvdk uH=u f rRmrsKd; wkd;rSm pkd;ygw,f? tm&SrSmvnf; ql[mwkd rm;uk@d pf upfwumc|ef vkE;dk ywfcsK[;D topfawG D H H ray:vmbl;vk@d b,forS tmrcHEirm r[kwb;l ? l dk f S f ?

armifoef;jra&$
65

Ekiiwumha&;&m dfH

tm&yfaEGOD;ppfwrf;w&yf

jrprf;at;

orRwtdkbm;rm;u tm&yfaEGOD; udk 'Frdkua&pDjyKa&; twGuf tpOfrjywftm;ay;aewJh=um;u tar&duef jynfaxmifpktay: tm&yfEdkifiHomrefvlxku r,Hk=unf r_ us,fjyef@vmaew,f? Brooking Institution rS &S D b vD w ,f [ rD (Shibley Telhami) &J@ ESpfpOfaumufaeus ppfwrf;rsm;rS tm&yfvlxk xifjrifcsufppfwrf; 2011 udk xkwfjyef vduw,f? tD*sp/f armfu/kd a*sm'ef/ vpfbEGe/f ,lat k f kd f tD;eJ@ aqmf'tma&As (tenf;tusO;f yJ ygw,f) rS +rdK@ae D vlxk 3000 xHrS oabmxm;aumufc&&Scsuukd ,ck H d f vdk awG@&w,f? trsm;pku ta&S@tv,fyi;f tay:xm;wJh 0g&if kd S wef&J@ay:vpD[m a&eHudk xdef;csKyfzdk@eJ@ tpPa&;udk um uG,z@kd v@kd ,H=k unf=uw,f? 5 uom vl@tcGita&; f hf eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDjyef@yGm;apzdk@vdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f? tpPa&;eJ@tar&duefudk tm&yfrsm;&J@ t}uD;rm; qH;k jynfy&efv@kd jrifw,f? tD&ef&@J EsLuvD;,m; &,lvr_ kd [m a'owGi;f tEkwvuQ%m tjzpf jrifaomfvnf; f tpPa&;eJ@tar&dueftEW&m,fu tD&efxuf tqaygif; rsm;pGm }uD;w,fvdk@ jrifw,f? tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;udk qef@usifwJh twdkuf tcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: wcJeuf axmufcH=uw,f? qD;&D;,m; (86 )/ ,Drif (87 )/ bm&de;f (64 )? vpfAsm;rSmjynfypGufzufr_eJ@ tpdk;&jzKwfcs+yD; u'gzD u d k owf v d k u f w meJ @ ywf o uf v d k @ tjrif E S p f r sd K ; jzpfaew,f? (35) u rSefw,fvdk@ jrifw,f? (46) u rSm;w,fvdk@ jrifw,f? tD*spforRw rlbm&ufudk jzKwfcs+yD; ppfaumifpD SCAF u tm%mv$Jajymif;,lvdkufwJhtay: (tD*spf t&yfom; 750 udk ar;jref;csut&) (21) u wd;k wuf f

r_tjzpf jrifw,f? (43 ) u qkw,wrtjzpf jrif w,f? f k f _ (14 ) u rxl;bl;vd@k jrifw,f? urBmacgi;f aqmif 9 a,mufukd azmfjy+yD; aemuf h wufrnfhorRwudk b,facgif;aqmifvdk jzpfapcsifovJ tar;ud k (tD * spf t &yf o m;awG u d k a r;awmh ) tm'k d * sif (wl&uD) 38 / 'De*suf (tD&ef) 11 / rif'vm; (awmif D J tmz&du) 9 / tA'lvm (aqmf'b&if) 8/ tdbm;rm; D k k 5 ? tm&yfaEGO;d rSm tjyKoabmyg0ifwhJ EdiiEpEiiukd k f H S f kd f H ar;awmh wl&uD (50 )/ jyifopf (30 ) tar&duef (24 ) wkwf (20 ) eJ@ +Adwef (11 )? d jynfypGufzufr_tay:tjrif - jyifopfeJ@+Adwdefu &eftvdkqHk;/ wkwfu pGufzufr_tenf;qHk;/ tar&duefu aemufu}udK;udkifolvkd@ jrifw,f? 0g&SifweftaeeJ@ a'owGif; wdk;wufr_&Sdatmif bmvkyoifovJar;awmh - tpPa&; - ygvufpwdi;f +idr;f f h k csrf;a&;&atmifvkyfoifh (55)/ tpPa&;udk axmufcH r_&yfoifh (42 )? tD&eftaeeJ@ EsLuvD;,m;tpDtpOfudk vkyfydkifcGifh &Sw,fv@kd ,lqol (64 )/ rvkyoifv@kd ,qol (25 )? d f h l tEW&m,ft}uD;qH;k EdiiEpcuar;awmh - tpPa&; k f H S f k kd (71 )/ tar&duef (59 ) tD&ef (18 ) urBmrSm plygyg0gEdkifiHwckwnf;tjzpf b,fEdkifiHudk jzpfapcsiovJar;awmh - wkwf (23 ) *smreD (15 )/ f k&m; (12 ) jyifopf (10)/ tar&duefe@J ygupPwef (7 S ) pD? (3 - 3 - 2012)

jrprf;at;

66

tm&S ypdzwa'oudk v$r;f rd;k zd@k d f jyifqifaewJtar&duef h

ukaxG; d
2012/ Zefe0g&D (5) &ufae@u tar&duef&J@umuG,fa&;qdkif&m aoe*FAsL[mvrf;!efudk orRwtdkbm;rm;u xkwfjyefcJhygw,f? 'Dpmwrf;rSm umuG,fa&;qdkif&m toHk;p&dwfrsm; jzwfawmufayr,fh tm&S - ypdzdwfa'o wGif;rSm tar&duef&J@ppftiftm; awmifhwif;pGm&Sdzdk@ tqdkjyKxm;ygw,f? orRwu yifw*GefrSm umuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;vD,GefygeufwmeJ@ yl;wGJppfOD;pD;csKyfrmwiftrfaq;wdk@eJ@ awG@qHkpOfrSmvnf; u|efawmfwdk@[m tm&Sypd zdwfa'owGif;rSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ wnf&Sdr_udk }uHhcdkifapygvdrfhr,f? bwf*sufav#mhcsr_[m 'Dta&;ygwJh a'o twGuf toH;k p&dwuawmh xdcuaprSm r[kwygb;l vd@k ajymcJygw,f? 'DtcsuawGt& tar&duef&@J tm&S f kd kd f f h f - ypdzdwfa'otay: tav;xm;tmHkpdkufr_[m ay:vGifygw,f? 'Daoe*FAsL[mvrf;!efpmwrf;rSm tar&duef&J@pD;yGm;a&;eJ@vHk+cKHa&;tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;[m pdefac:r_eJ@ tcGifhtvrf;rsm; wjznf;jznf; a&m,Sufjzpfay:aewJh ypdzdwftaemufydkif;eJ@ ta&S@tm&SrS tdENd,ork'N&ma'eJ@ awmiftm&Sxd &SdaewJh puf0dkif;jywfa'o}uD;&J@ zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_eJ@ cGJr&atmif qufpyfaeygw,f? tar&duefppf wyf[m urBm}uD;&J@ vHk+cKHr_udk qufvufaqmif&GufaepOfrSmyJ tm&Sypdzdwfa'o&J@ tiftm;csdefcGifv#m jyef vnf xde;f !a&;twGuvnf; vdtyfaeygvrr,f vd@k qdxm;ygw,f? 'Dtcsuu tar&duef[m b,fol d f k d hf k f awG qEN&&dS r&S&dS wurBmvH;k udk ZGwwm0ef,vpwf jyif;jyif;jyjy &Saewmudk azmfjyaeygw,f? tm&Sypdzwf dS d f l kd d d d a'owGif; 0ifvmwm&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[mvnf; a'owGif;rSm bufpHkzGH@+zdK;wufvmaewJh wkwfjynfudk xdef; csKyfzdk@qdkwmudkvnf; ruG,fr0SufxkwfazmfaecJhwm=um+yD jzpfygw,f? urBm}uD;udk Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;vdkwJh ol@qEN udk ajymvmcJhwmvnf;=um+yD jzpfygw,f? tar&duef[m qdA,uf,e,H +ydKuG+J yD;aemuf ud,u,ukd urBmAvtjzpf cH,+l yD; urBmtES@H u k D l D k hf kd f h kd f ta&;udpPrsm;rSm ol@&J@}uD;rm;wJh ppftiftm;udk toHk;jyK+yD; ol@tusdK;&Sdzdk@ vkyfvmcJhwm ckcsdefxdygyJ? ppfat; acwfvGefumvtwGif; tar&duef[m 1991 ckESpfu ukvor*~&J@ axmufcHr_eJ@ EdkifiHpHkyg0if+yD; yifv,fauG@ ppfyukd wducw,f? 1999 ckEpu ukvor*~ukd *krpdubJ aewd;k &J@ axmufcre@J ta&S@Oa&myudk xde;f csKyfz@kd JG k f hJ S f k f H _ udqAukd wducw,f? 2001 atmufwbmrSm tmz*efepPwefukd olwOD;wnf; 0ifwucw,f? 2003 rwf k kd kd k f hJ kd kd f hJ v rSm ukvor*~a&m/ aewd;k udyg *krpdubJ tD&wfukd 0ifwucygw,f? 2011 arvrSm vpfAsm;Ediiukd ae k k f kd f hJ kfH wdk;tzGJ@0ifrsm;eJ@ tar&duefyl;aygif;+yD; usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufcJhygw,f? tar&duef 0ifa&mufusL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf cHcJh&wJh EdkifiHwdkif; zGwfzGwfa=ucJh+yD; EdkifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ vlr_zlvHka&;t&/ trsdK;om;a&;t& rwnf+idrf Ediaom Ediirsm;tjzpf 'Dae@xd awG@ae=u&qJ jzpfygw,f? ckwcg Oa&myeJ@ ta&S@tv,fyi;f udk 0ifar$+yD;vd@k kf kfH kd tm&Sypdzdwfa'obufqD 0if&rf;zdk@ vmcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? 'DwacgufxkwfjyefvdkufwJh pmwrf;t& vmr,fh 10 pkESpfwcktwGif; umuG,fa&;bwf*sufudk tar&d uefa':vm bDvD,H 450 jzwfawmufrSmjzpf+yD; umuG,fa&;qdkif&mOD;pm;ay;r_eJ@ vrf;!efrsm;udkvnf; jyef vnf csrSwfygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh yifw*Gefuawmh tajccHbwf*sufeJ@ ppfyGJtoHk;p&dwfrsm;twGuf ESpfpOftar&d uefa':vm bDv,H 600 ausmf &&SaerSmvd@k qdygw,f? D d k 'Dbwf*sutajctaet& tar&duef=unf;wyftiftm;udk (570 000) rS (490 000) xd av#mcs f h rSmjzpf+yD; urf;wufwyftiftm;udk (202 000) rS (182 000) xd av#mcsrm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd wyftiftm; h S av#mhcsvdkufjcif;tay: vufaxmufumuG,fa&; 0ef}uD;a[mif; avm&ifhaumhu ckvdk av#mhcsvdkuf+yD;aemuf &SdwJhwyftiftm;[m 2001 ckESpfu &SdcJhwJh tiftm;xuf ydkrsm;ygw,f? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m tD&wfeJ@ tmz*efppfyGJawG +yD;oGm;vdk@ wyftiftm;av#mhcsvdkufwm jzpfygw,f vdk@ ajymygw,f? tmz*efudk 0ifrwdkuf cifu &SdcJhwJh wyftiftm;xuf rsm;ao;w,fqdkawmh aemufxyfwdkufzdk@ vHkvHkavmufavmuf&Sdaeao;wm aocsmygw,f? wyftiftm;av#mhcswm[m =unf;wyfwckwnf; r[kwfyg? a&wyfrS ckZmppfoabFma[mif; 67

(7) pif;udk tem;ay;jcif;/ avwyfrS wdkufav,mOftkyfpk (6) ckudk tem;ay;jcif;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdk wyftoD;oD; udk av#mhcsvdkuf&ayr,fh wyftoD;oD;[m qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmifzdk@ cdkifrmtm;aumif;qJ jzpfygw,f? tar&duef ppf wyf[m av,mOfwifoabFm (11) pif;/ vuf&SdoHk;aeaom AHk;}uJav,mOftkyf/ }uD;rm;aom ukef;a&ESpfoG,foGm; a&,mOf tkyfpkrsm;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif rsdK;qufopfAHk;}uJav,mOfopfeJ@ a&ikyfoabFmrsm;&J@ pGrf;&nfjrifhwif a&;twGuf aiGa=u;oHk;pGJr_rsm; qufvkyfrSm jzpfygw,f? qdkufbmppfqifa&;eJ@ vlrJhav,mOfenf;ynmrsm;qufvufwdk;wuf a&;udk OD;pm;ay;vkyfoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh orRwtdkbm;rm;u u|efawmfwdk@ppfwyf[m ao;i,foGm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh zswfvwf+yD; aysmhaysmif;r_&Sd um a&Smifwcifay:aygufvmr,fh tEW&m,feJ@+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk &ifqdkif&ef tqifoifh&SdaerSm jzpfygw,fvdk@ qdkcJhwm jzpfyg w,f? tiftm;av#mhcsvdkuf&vdk@ tar&duefvdkvm;olwcsdK@ pdwfylyefrSm pdk;&drfyHk&ygw,f? wu,fuawmh ppfat;acwfvGef twGif; wdkufcJhwJh tar&duef&J@ usL;ausmfAdkvfuswJh ppfyGJrsm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;tiftm; csnfheJ@oGm;cJh+yD jzpfygw,f? xyfqifh +yD; tar&duef&J@ pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rsm; }uKHcJh&wma=umifh ol@qEN&Sdoavmuf ppftiftm;wdk;csJ@oHk;pGJEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmh wmudk tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif; 0ifvmyHkudk=unfh&if jrifomygw,f? 2012 Zefe0g&dvtwGif;u zdvpfydkift&m&Sdrsm; 0g&Sifwefudk vma&muf+yD; tar&dueft&m&Sdrsm;eJ@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG; &mrSm ppfa&;qdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; wdk;csJ@vkyfaqmifa&;awG aqG;aEG;cJh=uygw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;yGJ+yD;wJhaemuf tar&d uef&J@ ypdzdwfppfXmecsKyfwyfrSL;jzpfwJh a&mbwfoDvwfu zdvpfydkiftaeeJ@ 'Dvdkvma&mufaqG;aEG;wmudk}udKqdkygw,f? 'gayrJh ta&S@awmiftm&Srm ppfpcef;aqmufz@kd awmh qENr&Sygb;l ? zdvpfyiukd wwfeioavmuf ulnygr,f? 'gayrJh 1990 S d kd f kd f D pkESpf tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;u ydwfypfcJh&wJh tar&duef&J@ ypdzdwfqdkif&m t}uD;qHk;a&wyfpcef;}uD;jzpfwJh ql;bpfyifv,fatmf a&wyf pcef;rsKd ; jyefvnfwnfaqmufz@kd awmh qEN r&Sygb;l vd@k ajymcJygw,f? 'Dvajymqdru tar&duefppfwyf[m d h kd k _ tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif; 0ifvmw,fqdkayr,fh vwfwavm tvHk;t&if;eJ@ tylwjyif; ppfa&;t& v_yf&Sm;r,fhvuQ%m r&Sdao;bl;vdk@ cef@rSef;wGufcsufEdkifr,f xifygw,f? 'gayrJh ta&S@awmiftm&SrSmom tar&duefwyftvHk;t&if;eJ@ r&Sdayr,fh tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif;u wjcm;ae&mawGrSmu &SdaeESifh+yD; jzpfygw,f? avmavmq,f tar&duefwyfawG[m awmifudk&D;,m;rSm (28500)/ *syefrSm (40178)/ [m0dkif&DrSm (42 360)/ *ltrfu|ef;rSm (4 137)/ =opa=w;vsrSm (178) eJ@ ypdzdwf ork'N&m awmifydkif;a&jyifrSm (12 858) eJ@ toD;oD;ae&m,lxm;=uygw,f? ypdzdwfwyfrSL;u ypdzdwfppfXmecsKyftaeeJ@ a'owGif;ay:vmr,fh ta&;ay:udpPrsm;udk teD;uyfaqmif&Guf&mwGif tqifajyap&ef tvSnfhus vSnfhvnfaom wyfzGJ@rsm; tajcjyK&ef =opa=w;vseJ@pifumylu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk tcGihf ta&;ay;jcif;[m rdrw@kd twGuf odytqifajy+yD; p&dwpuvnf; umrdapw,f vd@k ajymygw,f? 2011/ d f f Edk0ifbmvu tar&duefeJ@=opa=w;vswdk@u wyfcGJt&G,ftpm; tar&duefurf;wufwyfzGJ@wck =opa=w;vs&J@ ajrmufydkif;a'ou 'g0if+rdK@ teD;rSm (6) vw}udrf vSnfhvnf+yD; tajccsr_ pwifr,fhta=umif; a=unmcJhygw,f? vmr,fhESpfawGtwGif;rSm 'DwyfzGJ@udk tiftm; (2500) xd wdk;csJ@oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? puFmyluawmh tar&duef&J@ urf;ajcwdkufcdkufa&;oabFmrsm; ol@qDrSm wyfcszdk@ zdwfac:cJhygw,f? tm&Sypdzdwfa'oudk tar&duefu OD;wnf+yD; 21 &mpk&J@ypfrSwfvdk@ oabmxm;vmwm[m a'owGif; jynfolrsm; twGuf aumif;aomtvm;tvm r[kwfbl;qdkwm tar&duef0ifcJhwJh tmz*ef/ tD&wf&J@ tawG@tuHrsm;t& odomxif &Sm;ygw,f? ckavmavmq,f xdyfwdkufjzpfr_awG rjyif;xefao;ayr,fh odyfra0;wJh umvtwGif; jyif;xefvmp&mawG &Sdae ygw,f? tar&duef[m a'owGif; EdkifiHrsm;udk pnf;Hk;zdk@ ESpfpOfusif;ywJh pifummylu EdkifiHwumh aoe*FAsL[m avhvma&;Xme &J@ &Sef*&DvmaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk toHk;ycJhwm ESpftcsdK@&SdcJh+yD jzpfygw,f? 'DaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;rSm ajrmufudk&D;,m;&J@ EsLuvD;,m; tEW&m,f/ tD&ef&J@'kH;usnftEW&m,f/ ppftiftm;}uD;xGm;vmwJh wkwf&J@tEW&m,f qdkwmawGudk yHk}uD;csJ@ wifjy+yD; a'owGif; EdkifiHrsm;u tar&duef&J@ acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ tumtuG,fay;r_udk cH,lvmatmif aqmf=ovmcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tar&duef [m a'owGi;f rSm &SaewJh ydyuQrsm;udk zGay;/ ajrmufyifajcxd;k ay;+yD; jyif;xefvmrS d h ol@ppftiftm;oHk;+yD; 0ifa&mufpGuf zufum ol@twGuf tusdK;tjrwf&atmifvkyfzdk@ acsmif;aewm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ =opa=w;vs/ pifumyl/ zdvpfydkif/ AD ,uferfwdk@eJ@ &&Sdxm;wJh oabmwlnDr_ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;eJ@ ajcukyfrsm;u vHkavmufEdkifygw,f? ckavmavmq,f awmifwkwfyifv,fu e,fajrydkifeuftjiif;yGm;r_rSm ajz&Sif;&cufatmif ajrmufyifhajcxdk;r_awG vkyfxm;cJh+yD jzpfygw,f? 'Da'owGif;ydyuQ jyif;xefvmzdk@ tar&duef[m tcsdef,l+yD; vkyfvmawmhrSm aocsmygw,f? tm&S&J@ pD;yGm;a&;zGH@z;wdk;wufr_rsm;udk=unfh+yD; 21 &mpk[m tm&S&J@&mpkESpfvdk@ 0rf;yef;wom =obmay;aecsdefrSmyJ 'Da'owGif;u atmifjrifr_eJ@toD;tyGifhawGudk zsufqD;ypfr,fh ppfyGJt&dyfta,mifawGudk tar&duefu o,faqmif0if a&mufvmaewm jrifae=u&yg+yD? a'owGif; jynfolrsm;eJ@ EdkifiHtoD;oD;u [ef@wm;Edkifrvm; ukaxG; d 68 qdwm apmif=h unf=h uzd@k yJ &Sygawmhw,f? k d

Ekiiwumha&;&m dfH

2011 twGi;f ta&;}u;D wJh tjzpftysuf owif; 10 ck

pdr;f jrjr0ki;f d
(1) tm&yfaEGO;D ? ? 2011 aEGOD;/ wleD;&Sm;u pwifcJhwJh tpkd;&qef@usifa&; vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m wrk[wcsi;f tm&yfurBmwckv;kH ukd odr;f usKH ;kucwfom;cJw,f? tD*sp/f vpfAsm;/ ,DrifpwJh ta&S@ tv,f k f d f G h ykdif;EkdifiH 10 EkdifiHausmfausmftxd *,ufkdufoGm;w,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tm%mqkyfukdfifxm;=uwJh ta&S@ tv,f y k d i f ; u tm%m&S i f a wG j zpf = uwJ h yif t mvD / rl b m&wf / qm&D [ uf w k d @ [m quf w k d u f q k d o vk d tm%mjyKwfusom;=u+yD;/ u'gzuawmh r_rvS aoqH;k Zmwfor;f oGm;&w,f? tajctae tajymif; tvJawG G D d [m vlawGwGufqvkd@ vkdufrrDatmif jrefqefvGef;vSw,f? wcsdK@ u|rf;usifolawGuawmh tm&yfaEGOD;&J@ *,ufucwfre@J qkA,ufjynfaxmifp+k ydKusrw@dk udk wwef;wpm;wnf; xm;csi=f u+yD; 2011 &J@ *,ufur_ dk f _ d D _ dk f t}uD;qH;k Ekiia&;tjzpftysuv@dk qk=d uw,f?tm&yfaEGO;D uae tm&yfaqmif;txd qENjyv_y&m;r_awGu dfH f f S rjywfrvyf jzpfay:cJw,f? vpfAsm;rSm twGi;f eJ@tjyif [efcsunnD aygi;f pyfvy&m; vGwajrmuf apvkuf h f D _ f S f d +yD;wJaemuf qD;&D;,m;[m trsm;wum&J@ 0ki;f 0ef;wkucurawG cHae&w,f? wzufrm jynfwi;f u jynfol h d d f dk f _ S G vlx&@J qENjyqef@usirawGe@J &ifqi}f uHKawG@ae&+yD; tjcm;wzufrm tar&duefO;D aqmifwhJ taemuftype@J k f _ dk S k f k tm&yfr[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf&J@ tusyfukdifcHae&vkd@ EkdifiHa&;tm%muvnf; +ydKvkqJjzpfum tvGefpkd;&drfzG,f&m aumif;aeygw,f? tm%m&SiEiia&;eJ@ tcGitvrf;awG csKyfuixm;r_awGudk vlrawmfvea&;jzifh +zdKcGi;f Ekif f dk f H hf dk f _ S f d cJw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'aemuf t&Set[kerysuf oyGwtvuaewJh tajctaeeJ@ tm&yfEiiawG[m 'Drua&pD h D d f f f l dk f dk f H dk ay:xGe;f a&; vrf;a=umif;ay:ukd wufvr;f oGm;Ekif roGm;Ekiqwmukawmh urBmolurBmom;awGtwGuf ar;cGe;f S d d f dk d }uD;w&yftjzpf csefxm;cJhw,f? (2) bifvm'if ypfowfcvu&jcif; ? H dk f ? tar&duefu 13 ESpf=um zrf;0&rf;xkwfxm;cH&wJh t=urf; zuf0g' orm;tjzpf emrnfausmf=um;vSwJh bifvm'if[m 2011 ar 2 &ufrSm ypfowfcHvkduf&w,f? 2011 [m 9-11 ta&; tcif; 10 ESpjf ynfajrmufwhJ tcgor,jzpfw,f? h bifvm'ifudk ypfowfvuEijf cif;[m tar&duef&@J 10 ESp=f um t=urf;zuf0g'qef@usiwucua&;&J@ dk f dk f kd f fkd f tqH;k owf tjzpf azmf!e;f aew,f? 'D 10 ESpwmtwGi;f tar&duef[m t=urf;zuf0g'qef@usiwucua&;ukd f f dk f dk f EkdifiHawmfvHk+cHKa&; aoe*FAsL[m&J@ ta&;}uD;qHk;wm0eftjzpf csrSwfcJhw,f? wqufwnf; tmz*efppfyGJeJ@ tD&wfppfyGJukd pwifcJhw,f? t=urf;zuf0g'qef@usifwkdufckdufa&; trnfjzifh =oZmcHe,fy,fwkd;csJ@r_[m A[kd tm&Sa'otxd a&mufvmw,f? 10 ESpfwmtwGif; t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usifwkdufckdufa&;eJ@ bifvm'if vkdufvHzrf;qD;a&;twGuf tar&duef tpkd;&oHk;pGJcJhwJh aiGa=u;yrm%rSm tar&duefa':vm bDvD,H 2000 txd&SdcJhw,f? t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usifwkdufckdufa&; ppfrD;awmuf[m ygupPwefEkdifiHwGif;txd ul;puf awmufavmifcovkd tpPvrfurBmtwGi;f =uufuav;acG;uav;utp +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f rae&&SmbJ taESmifh hJ t,Suf jzpfcJh&w,f? 'Dae@ bifvm'ifukd ypfowf+yD;oGm;cJhayr,fh wurBmvHk;rSm t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usif wkucua&; tajctaeudk taumif;jrifv@dk r&ao;ygb;l ? ygupPwef/ tmz&du ajrmufyi;f eJ@ ,DrifpwJh a'o d f dk f dk rsm;rS m zG J @ pnf ; xl a xmif x m;wJ h tajccH p cef ; awG [ m vG w f v yf w J h H k ; cG J a wG t jzpf jzpf x G e f ; wk d ; 69

wufay:xGuaew,f? 'DtajccHpcef;awG[m t=urf;zufvy&yfawG pnf;H;k zG@J pnf; aqmif&uEiwhJ f k f G f kd f pGrf;&nfawG&Sdaew,f? 'ga=umifh bifvm'ifukd ypfowfvkdufEkdifjcif;[m t=urf;zuf tajccH pcef;awG tqHk;owfoGm;wJh trSwfvuQ%m r[kwfovkd t=urf;zuf0g' tqHk;owfoGm;wJh trSwvuQ%mvnf; r[kwygb;l ? bifvm'ifveacwfrm tar&duef[m urBmvH;k qdi&m t=urf; f f G f S kf zuf0g'qef@usia&; A[kcsurukd b,fvxe;f !rvJ/ urBmh t=urf;zufqef@usia&; tajctae[m f d f dk d d f b,fvkd wkd;wuf ajymif;vJvmrvJqkdwmukd wurBmvHk;u rsufajcrjywf *kpkdufapmifh=unfhoGm; &ygvdrfhr,f? (3) *syefajrivsi? f ? *syefta&S@ajrmufyi;f yifv,furf;pyfa'o[m 2011 rwf 11 &ufae@u dk 21 &mpk twGi;f tjyif;xefq;kH jzpfwhJ ajrivsi'%fcvu&w,f? ajrivsi[m tqifh 9 '\r 0 f H dk f f eJ@ tJ'aemuf qlemrDvi;f awG ay:vmvk@d yifv,fjyif[m pkucif;awGjzpfom;ovkd pkucif;awGu D d_ d f G d f yifv,fjyifjzpfom;wJh tjzpfq;dk eJ@ &ifqivu&w,f? ajrivsi&@J *,ufucwfra=umifh *syefrm G dk f dk f f dk f _ S tajccHwnfaqmufr_rsm;eJ@ pGrf;tifqkdif&m wyfqifr_awG t}uD;tus,f ysufpD; qHk;_H;cJhygw,f? 'g a=umifh jyefvnfemvefxvm+yDjzpfaewJh *syefp;D yGm;a&;[m jyefvnf at;pufom;cJ&w,f? ajrivsif G h }uD;a=umifh *syefEsLuvD;,m;"mwfaygi;f zkd ,kprr_ jzpfcao;w,f? uyfa&m*ge@J wlwhJ EsLuvD;,m; d d hf hJ jzmxGur_ owif;[m wc%twGi;f ys@H viom;+yD; ywf0ef;usi&dS qufpyfaewJh EkiiawGudk ysm,m f G hf G f dfH cwfum txdwwvef@ jzpfapcJw,f? *syef&@J EsLuvD;,m;tusytwnf;u wurBmvH;k tm; EsLu f h f vD;,m;pGrf;tifeJ@ ywfouf+yD; jiif;ckefr_eJ@ jyefvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfa&;ukd jzpfay:apcJhw,f? EsLuvD; ,m;pGr;f tif[m vH+k cHKpdwtcs&qH;k pGr;f tift&if;tjrpf [kwr[w&@J vm;? vlom;awG[m EsLuvD; f f S k f ,m;pGrf;tifukd b,fvkd toHk;csoifhovJqkdwmawGukd ta&;w}uD; ar;jref;ppfaq;r_awG rvkyfbJ raeEkdifatmif jzpfukefawmhw,f? *syefajrivsif}uD;[m urBmhEsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tif zGH@+zdK;wkd;wuf a&; orki;f twGuf tcsKd ;tauG@ jzpfvmygvrr,f? 'gtjyif aemif&n=f umwJh tcseumvwcktwGi;f d d hf h S d f vlom;awG&J@ EsLuvD;,m;qkdif&m pdwful;pdwfoef; awGvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? (4) Oa&my au;+rD t usyf t wnf ; ? ? *&d u pwif c J h w J h au;+rD t usyf t wnf ; [m wESpfwm=umvm+yD;aemuf 2011 ukefqHk;awmhr,fhqJqJumvrSm ,lkdaiGa=u;ZkefwckvHk;txd us,fjyef@oGm;ygw,f? *&drS quf+yD; tdkif,mvef/ b,fvf*sD,ef/ ay:wl*D/ pydef+yD;aemuf Oa&my&J@ tjrKawEkdifiHwEkdifiHjzpfwJh tDwvDuvnf; uwd0efcHcsufawGukd ausmckdif; azmufzsuf&wJh ab;tE&m,f uyf+idcJh&w,f? ,lkdaiGa=u;ZkeftwGif;&Sd EkdifiHawGrSm au;+rDtusyftwnf;a=umifh Ekiia&;ZmwfckH wkecgreJ@ vlra&;tusytwnf;awG jzpfay:um wESpwm tcsewwav;twGi;f dfH f _ _ f f d f dk dk wqufwnf; EkdifiH 5 EkdifiHu 0ef}uD;csKyfawG[m tvkyfwm0efrS ,m,DcGifh,l&wJh tajctaexd jzpfoGm;cJh&w,f? Oa&my ysufjyKef;r_qdkwJh a=uuGJzG,fpdwf"mwf[m pwifus,fjyef@vmaeyg+yD? bHtusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ wlnwEiia&;tjrifr&Sru ,laiGa=u;ZketwGi;f tjyeftvSef tjypfycsaer_awG k D hJ dk f H d _ dk f kH a=umifh wESpwmumvtwGi;f tcuftcJawGom wd;k yGm;vmapcJw,f? rsuarSmufumvrSm ,laiG f h f dk a=u;ZketwGi;f aiGa=u;tajrmuftjrm; xk;d oGi;f ay;&ef tylwjyif;vktyfygw,f? 'gayrJh Oa&myb%f f d [m vufawG@uswhJ enf;em &SmrawG@jzpfaew,f? 2012 rSm au;+rDjyefqyfa&;u xdywufvmae f +yDjzpfvkd@ ,lkdaiGa=u;Zkef xlaxmif+yD;wJhaemuf tjyif;xeftqdk;0g;qHk; pdefac:r_eJ@ &ifqkdifae&yg+yD? (5) tar&d u ef u tm&S y pd z d w f a 'o tcif ; tusif ; uk d tyl w jyif ; xd e f ; ! d a ejcif ; ? ? 2011 [m tm&Sypdzwf a'o tcif;tusi;f ukd tar&duefu tylwjyif; xde;f !cwhJ uGi;f qufuswhJ d d hJ ESpfwESpfjzpfw,f? 'DESpftwGif;rSmyJ tar&duef[m tar&duef/ *syef/ awmifukd;&D;,m; r[mrdwf tzG@J udk tm;opfoe;f avmif;ay;+yD; Armjynf/ AD,uferf/ tif 'ke;D &Sm;wk@d udk qGaqmifor;f oGi;f vmum G d J d toHaumif;[pf+yD; awmifwkwyifv,f ta&;udpudk 0ifyaewm/ ypdzwf ork'&mcG+yD; pD;yGm;a&; f P _ f d N r[mAsL[m rdwaqGz@JG r_ pmcsKyf (TPP) ukd tpGr;f ukef wGe;f aqmfaewm/ =opa=w;vsrm wyfpcef; f S cswm/ tm&Sypdzdwfa'orSm ppfa&;t& wnf&Sda&;ukd tm;jznfhaqmif&Gufaewm/ ta&S@tm&S xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;ukd tzGJ@0if EkdifiHtjzpf w&m;0ifwufa&mufaewmawG[m tm&Sypdzdwfa'o tcif;tuskif; jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; t}uHtpnfukd xif&Sm;ay:vGifvSygw,f? 21 &mpk yxr 10 ESptwGi;f tar&duef[m t=urf;zuf0g' qef@usiwucua&;twGuf ta&S@tv,fyi;f a'oukd f f dk f dk f dk 70

tmHpucygw,f? ,ck 'kw, 10 ESptwGi;f tD&wfppfyJG tqH;k owfom;jcif;eJ@ bifvm'if ypfowfc&jcif;/ k dk f hJ d f G H tm&SypdzdwfpD;yGm;a&;wckvHk;[m tvsiftjref xGef;opfvm aewmeJ@tr# tar&duef[m tm&Sypdzdwf a'oukd aoe*FAsL[mt& topfwzefjyefvntav;xm;vmvdrr,fqwm oHo,jzpfp&m rvkygb;l ? S hf hf dk d 0ef}uD;uvifwefu [m0di,u|e;f rSm tar&duef&@J tm&Sypdzwa'o ay:vpDudk rde@f ce;f ajym=um;+yD;aemuf kf D d f G tar&duef[m tJ'Da'o&J@ acgif;aqmifZmwfaumiftjzpf aemufw}udrf tav;xm;vmjyefw,f? yxr qH;k taeeJ@ ta&S@tm&S xdyo;D tpnf;ta0;rSm tzG@J 0ifEiitjzpfe@J wufa&mufvmw,f? 'Dtpnf; f dk f H ta0;[m tm&Sypdzdwfa'ookd@ tar&duef jyefvnfajccsvmwJh trSwfvuQ%moabmaqmifwJh tpnf;ta0;jzpfw,f? tar&duefumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;uawmh tar&duef[m tm&Swkdufukd dkaoav; jrwfpm vma&mufawGqaeol r[kwygb;l ? oH;kH pkuxm;wJh EkiijH zpfw,fv@dk wifjycJh w,f? tar&duefu G kH f d f df tm&Sypdzwa'o tcif;tusi;f ukd tuGuaphaph xlaqmufaejcif;[m tm&Sypdzwa'o tiftm; tcif; d f f d f tusif; tajymif;tvJ topfawG rkcsay:xGufvmvdrfhr,f? 'ghtjyif a'ovHk+cHKa&;tajctaeukdvnf; pdefac:r_awG aqmif=uOf;vmygvdrfhr,f? (6) a0gvrf;rukd odr;f ykua&; v_y&m;r_? d f f S ? 2011 pufwifbm 17 u tar&duefrSm axmif aomif;ruwJh jynfovxawG a0gvrf;rrSm pkpnf;+yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f w&m;r#wr_r&Sjd cif;eJ@ a0gvrf; l l k rrS =oZmt&Set0g &SoawG&@J avmbaZmvGeuaer_ukd uef@uuc=hJ uw,f? aiGa=u;}uD;=uyfppfaq;r_udk d f d l f J G f xdxa&mufa&mufrvkywtwGuf tpk;d &ukd jypfwifa0zefcw,f? wcsewnf;rSm a0gvrf;rukd odr;f ykuf d f hJ hJ d f d =u qdwmukd au;a=umfvu=f uw,f? tJ'aemuf odr;f ykua&;v_y&m;r_[m wrk[wcsi;f ys@H E@HS om;cJw,f? k dk D d f f S k f G h wpwp tar&duefwjynfv;kH ok@d odr;f usKH ;kucwfom;awmhw,f? 'gtjyif taemufwi;f urBmukd vlxv d f G h dk k uQ%maqmifwJh vlr_a&;v_yf&Sm;r_tjzpf odrf;usHK;kdufcwfoGm;jyefw,f? wvt=um atmufwkdbm 17 &ufa&mufawmh odr;f ykua&;v_y&m;r_[m wurBmvH;k u EkiiH 82 Ekii&@J +rdK@ 951 +rdK@txd us,jf yef@om;yg d f f S df dfH G awmhw,f? qENjyolawGu a0gvrf;r[m 'Dt}udrfaiGa=u;tusyftwnf;ukd jzpfay:apwJh eHygwfwpfw&m; cHtjzpf _jrif=uw,f? 'gayrJh olw@dk &@J avmbaZm wufrobm0awG[m '%fcwfrr&Swma=umifh tpk;d & _ _ d taeeJ@vnf; aiGa=u;tajrmuftjrm; taxmuftultjzpf r&&SdbJ qHk;_H;vufvGwf&w,f? ,cktcg a0gvrf;rrS =oZmt&Set0g&oawG[m vlrzva&;ukvnf; jrifjh rifrm;rm;cHpm;&wJtjyif tjrwftpGe;f cGa0 d f dS l _ l kH d h h J ay;r_uvnf; jrifjh rifrm;rm;&&Sae=uao;w,f? 'gayrJh 'gawG tm;vH;k ukd xrf;yk;d xm;&wJh tcGexrf;aqmif dk h d f ae&olawGrmawmh tvkyvufrb0eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;usywnf;r_udk &ifqiae&w,f? a0gvrf;rukd odr;f ykua&; S f hJ f dk f d f v_y&m;r_[m jynfol vlx}k uD;u rauseyfrawGudk azmfjyvkuwm jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh tjypfwif nnf;wGm;r_ f S _ d f [m &nfre;f csur[kwygb;l ? t&if;&SipepftwGi;f wnf&aewJh jy\emawG[m wifjy&ef vG,uwm S f f f dS f l jzpfaumif;jzpfayr,fh ajz&Sif;zkd@=uawmh tvGefcufygw,f? 1 &mckdifE_ef;om&SdwJh csrf;omu,f0olawGeJ@ 99 &mckdifE_ef;aom jynfolawGt=um; tusdK;pD;yGm;cGJa0a&;rSm oifhwifhr#wwJh tav#mhay;aphpyfvkduf avsmr_ukd b,fvkdvkyf a&mufEkdifrvJ? 'g[m tar&dueftpkd;&eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf csefxm;cJhwJh jy\emjzpfw,f? (7) tD&wf&Sdwyfrsm;ukd tar&duef kyfodrf;jcif;? ? 2012 ESpfopfukd vSrf;0ifvkdufwJh em&Dxkd;oH jrnfvuwhJ tul;tajymif;umvrSm tar&duef&@J aemufq;kH tokwf ppfwyfudk kyor;f vkuwmeJ@ twl dk f f d d f 8 ESpwiwif =umcJwhJ tD&wfppfyvnf; tqH;k owfom;cJw,f? vGecwhJ 8 ESpu tar&duef[m t=urf; f dk f dk h JG G h f hJ f zufqef@usiwucua&;tvHudk v$ix+l yD; quf'ef[perm tpkvut+yHKvkuaoapwJh vufeuftajrmuf f dk f dk f hf f ldfS dk f d f tjrm;&Sae+yD; t=urf;zuform;awGudk taxmuf tulay;aew,fqwta=umif;jycsue@J ta=umif;rJh d dk hJ f oufouf&ef&m+yD; usL;ausma&;ppfukd pwifcw,f? 8 ESpwm ppfya=umifh tD&wfjynfol 1 '\r 75 S f hJ f JG oef; qif;&J'uwi;f usa&mufc&w,f? Ekiiawmf&@J tajccHwnfaqmufa&;rsm; tm;vH;k vkvkd ysuoO;f k Q G hJ dfH d f k ukefovkd jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;jzpfpOfawGuvnf; t}udrf}udrf ratmifrjrif jzpfcJh&w,f? vHk+cHKa&; tajctaerSmvnf; tcufawG@ae&qJjzpfw,f?

71

'DppfyGJrSm tEkdif&ol&,fvkd@ r&Sdygbl;? tar&duef[m qwf'ef[lpdefukd }udK;ay;owfEkdifcJh/ tD&wfe,fajrukd odrf;ykdufEkdifcJhayr,fh 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHa&;pepfqdkwmukd xklaxmifray;EkdifcJhygbl;? 'gtjyif tD&wfjynfoawGe@J tD&wftpd;k &&J@ pdw"mwfudk ykvawmif tEkir,lEicygb;l ? wcsewnf;rSm h l f d dk df dk f hJ d f tar&duefppfom; 4 axmifausmf tD&wfrSm toufqHk;H_;cJh&vkd@ tar&duef tpkd;&taeeJ@om }uD;rm;wJh wefz;dk ay;qyfc&wmyg? ukeusp&dwrsm;vSwhJ 'Dppfyudk a&S@qufz@dk tar&duef tpk;d &[m hJ f f JG ppfo;kH p&dwudk t}uD;tus,f &if;ES;D jrKyfEz@kd vktyfwmrk@d jynfwi;f u wjcm;vkyief;&yfawGrm &if;ES;D jrKyf f HS d G f S ESrawGudk rav#mrjzpf av#mcsvu&w,f? ppfyJG 2 yGtwGuf ay;qyfc&vk@d rSLEkiru,fEijf zpfae&wJh H _ h h dk f J hJ df kd t=um;u tD&efukd owday; +cdrf;ajcmufaew,f? 'gayrJh pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;&J@ xkd;ESufr_ukd t}uD;tus,f cHxm;&vkd@ tar&duef[m pdwfoGm;wkdif; ukd,frygEkdifawmhygbl;? 0efxkyf0efykd;awGukd wjznf;jznf; av#mhcsa&;twGuf tar&duef[m aoe*FAsL[m tav;xm;csufukd ykdrkdta&;ygwJh tm&Sypdzdwfa'ookd@ a&$@ajymif;cJhw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;ukd ukd,ftm;^m%f tm; pkpnf;um trdt& qkyuia&;/ axmufcrEe;f usqif;aewmukd u,fwifa&;twGuf tkbm;rm; f dk f H _ _ d [m tD&wfrS wyfyor;f a&;ukd qH;k jzwfc&w,f? 'Dq;kH jzwfcsu[m rwwfomvk@d qH;k jzwfvu&wm k f d hJ f dk f jzpfaumif;jzpfEiayr,fh tvGe^m%ftajrmftjrif&w,fv@kd qkEiygw,f? a0gvrf;rrSm qENjyolawG dk f f dS d dk f uawmh 'kuQa&mufaewJh tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;ukd owday;acgif;avmif; xkd;vkdufwmjzpfygw,f? (8) tar&duef&J@ EkdifiHawmfau;+rDuyf? ? 2011 =o*kwfrSm ay:aygufcJhwJh tar&duef&J@ EkdifiH awmfau;+rDuyfu Zmwf=urf;wuGuudk wifqufjyocJygw,f? 'Dru&ufwpfygwe@J &DywfAvpfuef f h kd D ygwD 2 ygw[m au;+rDjy\emukd wzufe@J wzuf aemufrqkwbJ &efapmifae&mu aemufq;kH tcsef D f d av;rSm aphpyfajyvnfr_ &&Som;cJv@dk urBmjh ynfoawG rsuv;kH rsuqefjyL; yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpf d G h l f f oGm;apcJhw,f? tar&dueftpdk;&[m tau;acs;,lr_ukd rSDckd/ qif;&Jusyfwnf;pGm aexkdifvmcJhwm ESpf&Snf =umanmif;cJhyg+yD? tar&duef 1 a':vm oHk;pGJvkdufwkdif; jym; 40 tau;wifoGm;vkdufjcif;ygyJ? bmaiGa=u; tusyftwnf; ay:aygufvm+yD;aemuf jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&; E_d;qGa&;twGuf ae@pOf {&mr toHk;p&dwfukd 0wfrysuf aqmif&Gufae&vkd@ tar&dueftpdk;&[m aiGpuULtrsm;tjym; kduf xkwfHkrSwyg; aiGacs;,loHk;pGJwJh xGufvrf;wckom &Sdygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh tau;ukd uef@owf xm;raeEkiawmhbJ w&pf+yD;w&pf tau;wufvmaevk@d ta&S@x&HcsKd ; taemufx&Huzm wJenf; df dk h ukawmif roH;k EkiawmhbJ tE&m,fawGudk r#a0 xrf;aqmifay;a&;twGuf wjcm;EkiiuaiGudk acs; d df dfH ,loHk;pGJ&awmhw,f? 'Dt}udrf tau;uyf[m xdwfvef@p&mawG &SdcJh+yD; tE&m,fr&SdbJ ausmf jzwfEkdifayr,fh tar&duef[m aemifESpftwGufxm;wJh &duQmukd ,ckuwnf;u pm;ypfavh&SdwJh acs;iSm;oH;k pGwhJ tavhtusiudk rjyifEibJ 'Dru&ufwpfygwe@J &DywfbvpfuefygwD 2 ygwt=um; J hf dk f dk D D rwlwJhygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awG&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;ukdom ukd,fpm;jyKae=uOD;r,fqdk&if tar&duefrSm au;+rD uyf[m taES;eJ@tjref xyfrHay:aygufvmygvdrhfOD;r,f? oHk;oyfcsufwckuawmh tar&duef[m au;+rDrsm;ukd jyefqyfEir,fh pGr;f tm; r&Sawmhwtjyif 2 ygwt=um; tusKd ;pD;yGm;vk,ufrawGu dk f d hJ D _ urBmp;D yGm;a&;ukd wefz;kd aiGtjzpfe@J jyefay;qGwm vkyvmygvrO;D r,f? 'Dvy&yfu urBmvH;k qki&m h J f d hf k f df pD;yGm;a&; r+idrfroufjzpfr_awG t}uD;tus,f xyfqifhwdk;vmygvdrfhOD;r,fvkd@ qkdygw,f? (9) ql'ef awmif ajrmuf uGom;jcif;? J G ? 2011 azazmf0g&D 7 &ufae@u ql'efawmifyi;f dk trsm;jynfow@kd &@J rJqENt& tmz&du&J@ t}uD;qH;k EkiijH zpfwhJ ql'ef[m 2 Ekiitjzpf uGom;cJw,f? l df dfH J G h ql'ef[m tm&yfurBmeJ@ tmz&du wku}f uD;&J@ qufpyfaewJh ae&mrSm wnf&aew,f? ajrmufyi;f rSm d dS dk t"dutm;jzifh tpPvrfbmomukd ouf0if,Hk=unfwJh tm&yfawG aexkdif=u+yD; awmifykdif;rSm c&pf ,mefbmomukd ouf0if,=kH unfwhJ tmz&du e,fpee,fzsm;u vlrnf;rsm; aexki=f uw,f? orki;f rSm G f d d awmifykdif;eJ@ ajrmufykdif;wkd@[m trsdK;om;a&;/ bmoma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;pwJh ta=umif;&if;awGa=umifh 72

jynfwi;f ppf 2 }udrawmif jzpfym;cJ&mu cGxua&;rsKd ;aphudk csc=hJ uwm jzpfw,f? oD;jcm; pDcxu+f yD;aemuf tmz&du&J@ G f G h J G f JG G vljzLvlrnf;pnf;a=umif;[m ydkxif&Sm;vmw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; ajrmufykdif;ql'efu tm&yfurBmeJ@ waygif;wpnf; wnf; qufpyfom;+yD; awmifyi;f ql'efuawmh tmz&du vlrnf;rsm;&J@ &ifcixJ jyefvnfa&muf&om;cJ&w,f? tmz&d G dk Gf dS G h u&J@ 0daoovuQ%m t&SdqHk;EkdifiHqdkwJh 'D*k%fowif;[m tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; arS;rSdefysufjy,foGm; awmhw,f? ql'ef awmifajrmuf 2 zuf +idr;f csr;f pGm vufwjJG zKwfcJ=h uayr,fh cGxu+f yD;wJaemuf 2 Ekiit=um; a&t&if; J G h dfH tjrpfca0a&;/ a&eHwify@dk a&;/ e,ferwcjJG cm;owfrwa&;pwJh ukiw,&cufwhJ jy\emawGe@J &ifqiae&qJjzpfw,f? JG d d f S f df G f kd f b,fvkd tao;tzGJudpPav; wckck jzpfjzpf/ pDrHcef@cGJr_ rqDavsmf&if 2 zuf qufqHa&; wif;rmr_ jzpfoGm;EkdifapHkru tajctae rwnfr+idrfjzpfay:apEkdifygw,f? (10) aemfa0 tvpftikduf t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_? ? 2011 Zlvkdif 22 &ufae@u aemfa0rSm vuf,mtpGef; a&muf*%;f om;rsm;&J@ qufwutvpftiduf t=urf;zufwur_ 2 r_ jzpfay:cJw,f? vl 100 ausmf aoa=u'%f&m&cJv@dk dk dk f fk dk f h h wurBmvH;k wkevyttm;oifh oGm;cJ&w,f? aemfa0[m pD;yGm;a&; zG@H +zdK;+yD; EkiiH jzpfw,f? vlrzva&;pepf jynfpkH f _ f hH h df _ l kH h aumif;rGef vkd@ urBmay:rSm vHk+cHKpdwftcs&qHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiH tjzpf owif;ar$;cJhwJhEkdifiH jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh avmavm q,fq,f ESprsm;twGi;f jyifyrS a&$@ajymif;vmol trsm;tjym; pD;0ifvmvk@d aemfa0&J@ pD;yGm;a&;zG@H +zdK;wk;d wufre@J vlr_ f _ a&; pepfwkd@tay: wpHkw&m *,ufkdufcwfr_cH&ygw,f? aemfa0a'ocH EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wcsdK@u jyifyrS a&$@ajymif;vm olrsm; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_&J@ toD; tyGifhrsm;ukd twlwuG cHpm;&&Sdaer_tay: rvdkvm;r_awG jzpfay:=uygw,f? 'ghtjyif a&$@ajymif;vmolawG[m t"du vlra&; a&pD;a=umif;eJ@ raygi;f pyfEi=f ubJ aemfa0,Ofaus;r_e@J ajzmifajzmif}h uD; qef@usif _ dk h aejyefw,f? bmaiGa=u; tusytwnf; usa&mufaer_atmufrm Ekiiawmftpk;d &u vlrzva&; toH;k p&dwrsm;ukd f S dfH _ l kH f av#mhcsvkdufwma=umifh jynfolvlxk&J@ aexkdifr_b0 tqifhtwef; usqif;oGm;apcJhw,f? 'Dvkd ta=umif;&if;awGu jynfyrS a&$@ajymif; vmolrsm;ukd qef@usifwJh tpGef;a&mufvuf,mtawG;tac: a&pD;a=umif; aemfa0jynfwGif;rSm tHkuvmapw,f? 'Dvkd tajctaeawG[m Oa&myrSmvnf; tus,ftjyef@ wnf&Sdaew,f? jyifopf/ +Adwdef/ *smreD/ zifvefpwJh EkdifiHtm;vHk;rSm rwlwJhtwkdif;twmt& vuf,mtpGef;a&muf tiftm;pkawG &Sdaew,f? aemfa0 tvpftikduf t=urf;zuf wkdufckdufr_&J@ tay:,Htm;jzifh azmfjyr_uawmh tpGef;a&mufvuf,mtiftm;pkawGu a&$@ajymif;jynfolawG tHkuvSdrfhwuf pD;0ifvmr_tay: tpGef;a&muf &ef+idK;xm;r_jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fhtESpf om&uawmh Oa&myvl@tzG@J tpnf;yHpa[mif;&J@ jzpfysuajymif;vJratmufrm vlawG[m pD;yGm;a&; qkwf ,kwysujf ym;r_/ k H f _ S f vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rr#rw jzpfaer_/ vlrzva&; toH;k p&dwf av#mcs vkurpwJh vl@tzG@J tpnf;tajctaetay: _ l kH h d f _ rausreyfjzpfae=uw,f? 'DtajctaeatmufrSm Oa&myvuf,mtiftm;pkawG&J@ rauseyfpdwfawGu tcsdeftcgeJ@ avsmfnDpGm tvpftikduf t=urf;zufwkdufckdufr_udk ay:aygufvmapcJhwmjzpfygw,f? ukd;um;? ? rsufarSmufurBm wvw}udrfxkwf *sme,f/ 2012 Zefe0g&Dvxkwf?

pdr;f jrjr0ki;f d

rwfv 1/ 2012?

73

ta&S@ar#mvmwJh 0g&iwef f Sf

Ekiiwumha&;&m dfH

&Jabmf&,Of _

2011 Ekd0ifbm 12-13 &ufawGrSm tar&duefu 19 }udrfajrmuf atyufpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m xdyfoD;pnf;a0;yGJukd [m0kdif,Du|ef;u [kdEkdvlvlrSm usif;ycJhygw,f? (orRwtkdbm;rm;ukd *k%fjyKwJhtaeeJ@ olarG;zGm;&m a'orSm jyK vkyfwmyg?) 'D atyuftzGJ@rSm tzGJ@0iftjzpf 21 OD;yg0if+yD; tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif; pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufzkd@ yl;aygif; aqmif&uz@dk / ukeo,a&;eJ@ &if;ES;D jrKyfEa&;awG wk;d jriz@dk udpawGudk pkaygi;f aqG;aEG;=uygw,f? G f f G f HS hf P 'DxdyfoD;aqG;aEG;yGJ&J@ &nf&G,fcsufuawmh jypfrsdK;rSnfhrxifwJh a'opD;yGm;a&;w&yf wnfaqmufa&; jzpfygw,f? t"du acgi;f pOfu 3 ckyg? (1) a'oqki&m pD;yGm;a&; yl;aygi;f r_udk tm;jznfa&;eJ@ ukeo,a&;wk;d jriz@kd df h f G f hf (2) tpdr;f a&mif zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufr_ jriwifz@kd e@J (3) yHreuswhJ yl;aygi;f aqmif&ua&;awGudk wd;k cs@J z@dk e@J ykreuswhJ yl;aygi;f hf k S f G f H S f r_rsm;ukd wkd;jrifhzdk@ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DxdyfoD;aqG;aEG;yGJukd tar&duefu ar#mfvifhcsuf }uD;rm;pGmeJ@ tcsdef=umjrifhpGmuyJ jyifqif vmcJhwmyg? tdkbm;rm;ukd,fwkdifuvnf; t"duZmwfaumiftjzpf yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f? bmjzpfvkd@rsm; tar&duefu 'DaqG;aEG;yGJukd 'Davmufta&;w,lvkyfae&wmvJ? 1993 ckESpf qDwJvfrSm vkycwhJ 5 }udrajrmuf atyuftpnf;ta0;+yD;uwnf;u tckrS yxrqH;k t}udrf jyefvnfusi;f ycGi&cJwhJ tpnf; f hJ f hf h ta0;jzpfaewmuwa=umif;/ 'Dxufykd ta&;}uD;wJhta=umif;uawmh tar&dueftpkd;&twGuf 'DxdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;[m ykdrkdxl;jcm;wJh ta&;ygr_ &Sdaevkd@yg? 2008 pufwifbmrSm pwifcJhwJh urBmhbma&;tusyftwnf;}uD; 3 ESpfausmfvmayr,fh tar&duef taeeJ@ 'D*,ufu vGwajrmufz@dk rvG,ao;bl;? tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;[m wH@k qi;f +rJw@kH qi;f aeao;+yD; wk;d wufr_ f f dk dk E_ef;uvnf; tm;enf;aeum tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;u 9 &mckdifE_ef;ausmfaeygw,f? tpkd;&au;eJ@ bma&;vkdaiGjyr_ uvnf; wk;d jrifaeqJyJ &Sygw,f? 'ga=umifh pD;yGm;a&;tm;aumif;armif;oef jyefjzpfvmzk@d [m tdbm;rm;&J@ t"du h d k xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay;yg? 'Dwm0efukd olatmifjrifpGm xrf;Ekdifrxrf;Ekdifr_[m 2012 rSm usif;yawmhr,fh orRwa&G; aumufyGJrSm ol&J@EkdifiHa&;oufwrf;ukd wkdufkdufqHk;jzwfygvdrfhr,f? 'Daemufcrm tar&duef[m wjcm;EkiiawGe@J pD;yGm;a&;vrf;a=umif;rsm; ydryivmzk@d txl;*kjyKvmygw,f? H S dfH k dk G hf 'Dae&mrSm t"dujypfrSwfuawmh urBmay:rSm t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;pGmeJ@ wkd;wufaewJh tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o jzpfvmygawmhw,f? avmavmq,fumvrSm atyufEkdifiHrsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;udef;*%ef;rsm;ukd =unfh&atmifyg? 1? atyufp;D yGm;a&; yrm%[m urBmueo,a&;&J@ 43 &mckiEe;f h k f G f df _ 2? atyufp;D yGm;a&; yrm%[m urBmh GDP &J@ 55 &mckiEe;f df _ 3? atyufaps;uGuf vlO;D a& 2 '\r 7 bDv,H D 4? atyufo@dk wifoi;f wJh tar&duefy@dk uef (yk@d uetpkp&@J ) 58 &mckiEe;f G k k f k df _ 5? 'gtjyif tar&duef&@J t}uD;qH;k ukeo,buf 15 OD;teuf 7 OD;rSm atyuftzG@J 0ifjzpfaejcif; h f G f 'gawGa=umifh tar&dueftaeeJ@ 'DatyufxdyfoD;aqG;aEG;yGJuae ol&J@ aoe*FAsL[m vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd trsm;qHk; taumiftxnfazmfEkdifzdk@ }udK;pm;wmygyJ? r=umrDuyJ tar&duef EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; uvifwef[m 'DaqG;aEG;yGJukd a&mif;tm;aumif;a&; twGujf riwifa&; (a&mif;tm;jriwifa&;) promotion awG vkyae&mrSm tck &SaewJh 21 &mpk[m tar&duef&@J hf hf f d ypdzwf &mpkEpf jzpfw,fqwhJ ajymqkrawGudk aqmif;yg;awG/ rde@f ce;f awGrm a&;om;ajymqkaewmawG awG@&ygw,f? d S dk d _ G S d 74

tar&dueftaeeJ@ 'DaqG;aEG;yGudk tav;xm;&wJh aemufwa=umif;vnf; &Sygao;w,f? tJ'guawmh 'DaqG;aEG;yGJ J d rSm tm&S-ypdzwa'owGi;f vGwvyfwhJ ukeo,a&;aps;uGuwnfaxmifa&;twGuf }udK;pm;zk@d y? 'grom t&Set[kef d f f f G f f J S d f &aewJh ta&S@tm&S (atqD,H 10 EkdifiHeJ@ *syef/ wkwf/ awmifukd;&D;,m; 3 EkdifiH 10 3) a'oqkdif&m yl;aygif; aqmif&ua&;ukd cseciv#m !Eirm jzpfygw,f? 'Dta&S@tm&S a'oqki&m yl;aygi;f aqmif&ua&;awGrm tar&duef[m G f d fGf d kd f S df G f S ab;a&mufwmtjzpfrcHEiv@kd bJ 'Datyuf aqG;aEG;yGt+yD; usi;f ywJh bmvDaqG;aEG;yGJ (Ek0ifbm 19 &uf) ukd tkbm;rm; dk f J d d wufa&mufcJhygw,f? 'g[m tar&dueforRwtaeeJ@ yxrqHk; wufa&mufcJhwmyg? 'gawGtm;vH;k [m tar&duef&@J aoe*FAsL[mjzpfwhJ tm&So@dk jyefvmjcif;qdwmeJ@tnD taumiftxnfazmf k wmom jzpfygw,f? 'gawG[m pD;yGm;a&;bufrSmomru vHk+cHKa&;bufrSmyg awG@vm&ygw,f? tdbm;rm;[m atyufnvmcHt+yD; =opa=w;vso@dk oGm;cJ+h yD; vGecwhJ ESpf 60 (uk;d &D;,m;ppfyumv) u zG@J k D f hJ JG pnf;cJhwJh ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@ (tar&duef/ =opa=w;vs/ e,l;ZDvefwdk@yg0ifwJh tef;Zyf ANZUS) ukd jyeftoufoGif;+yD; =opa=w;vs ajrmufykdif;rSm tar&duefppfom;awG ykd@v$wfwyfpGJr,fhta=umif;a=unmcJhygw,f? (,cktcg =opa=w;vs 'g0ifqdyfurf;rSm wyfpGJxm;aeyg+yD-pmwnf;tzGJ@) 'gawGtm;vHk;[m tm&S-ypdzdwfa'otwGif; tar&duef&J@ aoe*FAsL[m =oZmtm%m jzef@usufr_uGef,uf wkd;jrifha&;twGuf yHkazmfvkyfaqmifaewmom jzpfygw,f? 'gghtjyif 'g[m 0g&Sifwef&J@ urBmvHk;qkdif&m aoe*FAsL[m xdef;!dr_ajcvSrf;awGudkvnf; jyoaeygw,f? wu,fawmh tar&dueftaeeJ@ bma&;tusytwnf;vGeumvtwGi;f jynfwi;f jynfy tajymif;tvJrsm;eJ@ f f G ukunz@dk ol&@J EkiijH cm;a&;AsL[mawGrm t"duajymif;vJr_ (ta&$@tajymif;) }uD; 2 ck azmfaqmifaeygw,f? d f D df S yxruawmh tar&duefEiitaeeJ@ ol@&@J EiijH cm;a&;ay:vpDudk Ekiiawmfv+kH cHKa&;uae pD;yGm;a&;ok@d OD;wnfvuf dk f H dk f dfH dk wmygyJ? tar&duef&J@ pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf OD;armhvmzkd@ xGufukefawG wkd;jrifhzdk@eJ@ tvkyftukdifrsm;ay:xGufvmzkd@twGuf tultnDjzpfapr,fh oHcif;wrefcif;vkyfief;rsm; ta&;ay;vmygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufa&;[m oefrmwJh oHcif; wrefcif; qufqHa&;ay: rSDwnf+yD; oHcif;wrefcif;wkd;wufa&;[mvnf; oefrmwJhpD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_rsm;tay: rlwnf w,f vk@d rpPpuvifwefu qkygw,f? 'gtjyif tar&duef&@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf ypfrw[m tm&Sypdzwa'otwGi;f f d h S f d f ukefoG,fa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; yGifhvif;vma&;tay: ykdrkdtmHkpkduf&ygvdrfhr,f? 2015 ckrSm xGufukef 2q wkd;vma&;qkdwJh orRw tkbm;rm;&J@ &nfre;f csutwGuf u|erwk@d wawG }udK;pm;tm;xkw&mrSm tm&Sa'orSm pD;yGm;a&;awG ykrrsm;jym; d S f f f d dk pGm vkyfaqmifEkdifr,fh tcGifhaumif;awGtm;vHk;ukd &Sm}uH&ygvdrfhr,fvkd@vnf; olu qkdxm;ygao;w,f? (2010 ckESpfu ypdzdwfywfvnf0ef;usif (ypdzdwf&yf0ef;a'o) okd@ wifykd@cJhwJh tar&duefxGufukefwefzkd;[m tar&duefa':vm 320 bDv,&+dS yD; tar&dueftwGuf tvkytukiaygi;f 8 ode;f cGudk axmufyay;Ekicygw,f?) D H f df J hH d f hJ 'kwd,tcsufuawmh tar&dueftaeeJ@ ol&J@ yx0DEkdifiHa&;csdefrSwfukd ta&S@tv,fykdif ( taemuftm&SeJ@ awmiftm&Styg) uae t&Sejf yif;pGm v_y&m;wufuaewJh tm&Sypdzwa'oukd a&$@ajymif;zk@d }udK;pm;vmwmyg? 'Da'orSm d f S d f ukefoG,fa&;omru (ol@&J@ tompD;&aewJh ppfa&;tultnDeJ@) vHk+cHKa&;udpPrsm;/ a&a=umif;oGm;vma&;udpPrsm;rSmyg 0ifa&muf OD;aqmifvkyfaqmifrSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkdenf;eJ@ tar&dueftaeeJ@ tm&S-ypdzdwfa'orSm OD;aqmifr_tcef; jyef&,l+yD;/ ol@pD;yGm;a&;ukdvnf; u,fwifEkdifvdrfhr,fvdk@ wGufcsufxm;ygw,f? tar&duef&J@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;rl0g' 'DwcsDtajymif;tvJeJ@ wkwf&J@ ta&S@tm&Sa'oqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ aoe*FAsL[m ajcvSr;f pwJh tiftm;}uD; EkiiH 2 ck&@J t+ydKiftqkif }udK;yrf;r_rsm;u a'owGi;f Ekiii,fuav;rsm;twGuf df d dfH toHk;cswwf&if toHk;cswwfoavmuf tusdK;&SdapEdkifygw,f? 'gawGa=umifyJ OD;ode;f pdetpk;d &taeeJ@ toufLayguf acsmifom;&wmjzpfygw,f? xk@d twl jynfo@l bufawmf h f S G om;rsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;taeeJ@vnf; &&SdvmwJh tcGif@aumif;rsm;ukd vufrv$wfpwrf;qkyfukdif+yD; rdrdwkd@twGuf tusdK;&Sd&m &Sda=umif;/ rdrdwkd@&ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd tqifh&SdpGm/ 'Drkdua&pDukd wkd;csJ@/ awmif;qkdwkdufyGJ0ifoGm;=u &ygvdrfhr,f? ta&S@tm&S wacwfqef;vmcsdefrSm tppt&m&m acwfaemufus usefaecJhwJh Armjynf}uD;eJ@ qif;&JEGrf;yg;+rJ EGrf;yg;ae&wJh Armjynfolvlxk}uD;twGuf tcGifhaumif;awG ay:xGufvmygap? tJ'DtcGifhaumif;awGukd EkdifiHa&;acgif; aqmifawG/ EkdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;awG qkyfukdifEkdifygapvkd@ ar#mfvifh&ygawmhw,f?

&Jabmf&,Of _
75
4-12-2011?

rmhufpf vDeif0g' avhvma&;

ode;f armf

&k&Sm;qkd&s,f'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwD. vkyfief;pOf=urf; (Avm'DrD,m tdvd,pfcsfvDeif) (bmomjyefol&J@rSwfcsuf? ? 1902 ckEprm 'Dr=l urf;ukd vDeif wnf;jzwftwnfjyKcJw,fqwhJ tcsuudk S f S h dk f owdjyKapcsifygw,f? tJ'Dumvwkef;u &k&Sm; qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwDukd &k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwDtjzpf emrnf rajymif;&ao;ygbl;? 'ghtjyif ygwD[m "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;umvukd tcsdef,l jzwfoef;&OD;r,f vkd@ cef@rSef;+yD; 'Dvkyfief;pOfukd csrSwfcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh "e&Sif'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;umvtwGuf ypPnf; rJhygwDwck&J@ vkyfief;pOfrl=urf;vkd@ qkdEkdifr,f xifygw,f?) tyk d i f ; (u) 1 k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif a&mif;ukefxkwfvkyfr_onf r}uHKpzl; jrefjrefqefqef wkd;wufaeum t&if;&Sifukefxkwfvkyfr_ enf; vrf;onf xkda&mif;ukefxkwfvkyfr_uukd wpxufwp wkd;jrifhpkd;rkd;vmaeonf? 2 tao;pm;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rSm enf;ynmwkd;wufr_a=umifh t}uD;pm;ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;. 0g;rsdK+zdKcsr_ukd r}uHK pzl;aom yrm%twkdif;twmrsdK;jzifh cHae&onf? ukefxkwf,E&m;rsm;(ajr,m/ pufHk/ pufypPnf;ud&d,m wefqmyvm/ rD;&xm;vrf;ESifh tjcm;ykd@aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;) wkd@. ta&;}uD;qHk;aom tpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm vufwqkyfpm ta&twGuf&Sd/ t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh t}uD;pm; ajr&Sif}uD;rsm;vuf0,f yk*~vduykdifypPnf;rsm;tjzpf pkpnf;a&muf&Sdukef=u+yDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfaom tao;pm; ukefxkwfolrsm;(v,form;/ vufr_vkyfief;ESifh kd;&m xkwfukefvkyfief;rsm;)teuf ta&twGuf tajrmuftjrm;rSm vkyfief;ysufpD;vm=uouJhokd@ olwkd@.ukefxkwf ,E&m;rsm;ukdvnf; vufvGwfqHk;_H;=u&ojzifh xdkolrsm;rSm ypPnf;rJhrsm;jzpfvm=uonf? wenf;qkdaomf t&if;. aus;u|efESifh tpG,ftyGm;rsm; jzpfvm=uavonf? xkd wkd;yGm;vmaom tvkyform;xk trsm;pk}uD;rSm olwkd@. tvkyfpGrf;tm;ukd rv$Jra&Smifom a&mif;pm;=u&aom vufcpm;tvkyform;rsm;jzpfvm=uonf? xkdvufcpm; tvkyorm;rsm;onf OpPm"eykiqiorsm;tay:wGif rScae&+yD; olw@dk rcae&onfh xkOpPm&Siw@dk twGuf "eOpPmukd f d f dk f l D dk DS dk d f olwkd@vkyftm;jzifh zefwD;ay;=u&avonf? 3 enf;ynmwkd;wufxGef;um;vmonfESifhtr# vkyftm;0,fvkdtm;rSmvnf; vkyftm;a&mif;vkdtm;&Sdoavmuf r&SdawmhbJ ,kwfavsmhvmonfhtwGuf t&if;&Sifwkd@twGuf tvkyform;rsm;ukd aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,fEkdifaom tcGitvrf;rSm ykIykI wk;d yGm; rsm;jym;vmavonf? tvkytmrcHcsu/f b0tmrcHcsuf r&Sawmhjcif;/ aoG;pkyr0efudk hf d d f d f _ 76

xrf;ykd;xm;&jcif;/ trsdK;rsdK;aom csdK;ESdrfqufqHr_ukd cH&jcif;rsm;onf tvkyform;xk}uD;. yrm%trsm;tjym;tay:wGif usa&mufae+yDjzpfayonf? 4 t&if;&Sipepf. tajccHydyuQrsm;rS xGuay:vmaom a&Smifvr&Ekirnfh tusKd ;qufrsm;jzpfonfh pD;yGm;qkwf uyfrsm;u txufyg f f J$ d f vkyfom;xk.jzpfpOfukd ydkrkd qkd;0g;apjyefonf? vlxk}uD;. qif;&JrGJawr_ESifh zGwfausmjympk tjzpfwkd@rSm xkwfukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGu&mr&aoma=umifh ukepnfvytm;rsm; avvGijhf yKef;wD; tcsn;f tES;D jzpf&jcif;wk@d Eihf w+ydKifwnf;,SOwJG jzpfay:aeygonf? f S f k f S f 5 {&mryrm%txd wk d ; wuf } uD ; yG m ;vmaom vl r _ a &;vuQ % maqmif a om vk y f t m;(vl r _ a &;vuQ % maqmif o xuf aqmifvmaeygonf) wkd@. ukefxkwfpGrf;tm;pkrSm rajymyavmufatmifenf;aom vufwqkyfpm vlenf;pku vuf0g; }uD ; tk y f a cgif ; yH k j zwf j cif ; uk d cH a e&ygonf ? vl r _ " eOpP m wk d @ yG m ;rsm;vmonf E S i f h t r# vl r _ a &;rr#wr_ r S m vnf ; wk d ; wuf yG m ;rsm;vmygonf ? "e&S i f v l w ef ; pm;ES i f h ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;t=um; qif ; &J c srf ; om acsmuf u rf ; yg;rS m wae@wjcm; [oxuf[vmygonf? tyk d i f ; (c) 6 t&if;&Sipepf. uk,wi;f yg ra&Smifrv$omaom ydyuQrsm; wk;d wufym;rsm;vmonfEiw+ydKifeuf/ ypPn;f rJw@dk . ta&twGuEihf f d f G J G S hf h f S aoG;pnf;ckirmr_/ ypPn;f rJw@dk . rauseyfr/_ ypPn;f rJw@dk . *k%oumcsKd ;ESrapmfum;cH&r_w@dk rmvnf; wk;d wufrsm;jym;vmaeygonf? df h h f d Q d f S tvkyorm;vlwef;pm;ESihf t&if;&Sivwef;pm;t=um; vlwef;pm;wkuyrmvnf; ydjk yif;xefvmygonf? onf;cHEiz,&mr&Saom f f l d f JG S dk f G f d t&if;&Sifxrf;ydk;udk cgcszkd@ wkdufwGef;r_rsm;rSmvnf; ydkrkdrsm;jym;vm ae+yDjzpfygonf? 7 tvkyform;wkd@. vGwfajrmufr_rSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ukd,fwkdif.aqmif&Gufcsufjzifhom &&SdEkdifygonf? ,ae@ acwf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd usef tjcm;aom vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;wkd@rSm vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;pepf. tajccHtaqmuf ttHkukd xd e f ; od r f ; umuG , f a &;buf u om &yf w nf = uygonf ? tvk y f o rm;vl w ef ; pm;. ppf r S e f a om vG w f a jrmuf r _ uk d & &S d & ef vl r _ a wmf v S e f a &;w&yf vk d t yf y gonf ? xk d v l r _ a wmf v S e f a &;uk d t&if ; &S i f p epf . tvH k ; pH k a om zG H @ +zd K ;wk d ; wuf r _ u jyifqifzefwD;ay;xm;+yD; jzpfygonf? vlr_awmfvSefa&;}uD; qkdonfrSm ukefxkwf,E&m;rsm; yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_ukd zsufodrf; jcif;/ jynf o l y k d i f t oG i f a jymif ; vJ j cif ; / t&if ; &S i f a&mif ; uk e f x k w f v k y f r _ pepf a e&mwG i f vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twG i f ; &S d tzG J @ 0if r sm;. oufomacsmifcsda&;ESifh b0wkd;wufjrifhrm;a&;ukd tmrcHonfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh ukefxkwfvkyfaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf; rsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;oGm;jcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfaqmif&Gufonfh awmfvSefa&;}uD;ukd qdkvkdygonf? 8 ,if;ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;onf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_ukd vHk;0zsufodrf;ypfrnfjzpfygonf? vl wef;pm; yaysmufoGm;v#if xkdvlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_ukd ta=umif;jyKay:xGufvmonfh vlr_a&;rr#wr_ EkdifiHa&;rr#w r_tm;vHk;ukdvnf; zsufodrf;+yD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? 9 vlr_awmfvSefa&;}uD;txajrmuf&efrSm ypPnf;rJhrsm; EkdifiHa&;tm%m&&Sdzkd@ vkdygonf? xkdokd@&&Sdaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf tajctaet&yf&yf. t&Sifocifrsm;jzpfvm+yD; olwkd@. }uD;us,faom &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifokd@oGm;&m vrf;wav#muf&Sd t[ef@twm;rsm;ukd ausmvm;z,f&m;Ekiygvrrnf? xk@d a=umifh vlrawmfvea&;}uD; qifE&eftvk@d im ypPn;f rJtm %m&Sipepfrm f $ S d f d hf _ S f J$ S h f S rjzpfrae vktyfaom t&mjzpfygonf? d 10 tvkyform;rsm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;wkd@rSm aphpyf!dE_dif;Ir&aom &efbufvuQ%m aqmifa=umif; zGifhcsazmfxkwfaom wm0efukd k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDu aqmif&Gufrnf? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. orkdif;a&;t& xl;jcm;aomvuQ%m/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. oabmobm0/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pmonf olwkd@qifE$J&rnfh vlr_awmfvSefa&;}uD;. a&S@ajy;tjzpfay:xGufvmaom vlwef;pm;jzpfa=umif;/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yf zGJ@pnf; wnfaxmif+yD;/ xkdygwDuom ypPnf;rJ@vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJukd vrf;!efOD;aqmifEkdifrnfjzpfa=umif;wkd@ukd k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDu &Sif;vif;ajymjyoGm;rnf? 11 77

okd@aomf EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_ESifh urBmhaps;uGuftwGuf ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_onf zGH@+zdK;+yD; EkdifiHrsm;tm;vHk;ukd eD;eD;uyfuyf qufpyfcsnfaESmifxm;+yD;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ,ae@acwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_onf EkdifiHwumv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpf & ayrnf ? ,cif u wnf ; u jzpf v nf ; jzpf c J h + yD ; +yD j zpf o nf ? xk d @ a=umif h k & S m ;qk d & S , f ' D r k d ua&pD o nf uk d , f urBmhypPnf;rJhwyfrawmf}uD;ESifh wqufwpyfwnf;[k oabmxm;+yD; EkdifiHwum qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pD. wpdwfwa'o[kvnf; oabmxm;ayonf? 12 k&m;qk&,'rua&pD. vufiif;&nfre;f csursm;ukrl k&m;tajctaersm;tay: rlwnf+yD; jyKjyifom;rnf? k&m;tajctaersm; S d S f D dk S f d S G S qkdonfrSm t&if;&SifrwkdifrD t}udKacwfvlwef;pm;rsm; k&Sm;wGiftrsm;tjym; &Sdaeao;aom tajctae/ ajru|efpepf &Saeao;aom tajctae/ ukexwpr;f tm;pk zG@H +zdK;r_udk aESmifaES;apaom tajctae/ ypPn;f rJvwef;pm;wkuyJG jynfjh ynf00 d f k f G h h l d f h ray:aygufEkdifatmif aemufjyefqGJxm;aom tajctae/ tvkyform; vlwef;pm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef; edrfhusaeaom tajctae/ oef ; aygif ; rsm;pG m aom v,f o rm;rsm;rS m aotH h r l ; rl ; r# qk d ; 0g;vS a tmif jyKvk y f c H x m;&onf h tm&S y H k p H &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom ajr&Sifpepf tajctae/ vlxkw&yfvHk;udk vspfvsL_ ypfy,fxm;+yD; vlxk. tcGifhta&;rSefor# jiif;y,fcHxm;&aom tajctaersm;yif jzpfygonf? 13 Zmbk&if oufOD;qHykdifpepfonf ajru|efpepf tuif;tusef. taumif;qHk;pHerlemjzpf+yD;/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwf r_wumwGif a=umufp&mtaumif;qH;k vnf; jzpfygonf? Zmpepfonf ypPn;f rJvwef;pm; vGwajrmufa&; v_y&m;r_Eihf jynfow&yfv;kH . h l f f S S l ,Ofaus;r_zGH@+zdK;r_twGuf tcg;oD;qHk;ESifh tE&m,ft}uD;qHk; &efolvnf;jzpf ayonf? tyk d i f ; (*) xkta=umif;rsm;a=umifh k&m;qk&,'ru&ufwpf tvkyorm;ygw. tOD;qH;k Ekiia&;wm0efrm Zmbk&ifoufO;D qHyipepfukd d S d S f D dk f D dfH S dk f jzKwfcsI atmufygtcGifhta&;wdk@ukd tmrcHaom 'Drkdua&pD tajccHOya'ESifhtnD xlaxmifxm;onfh orRwEkdifiHjzifh tpm;xkd;oGm;a&;jzpfonf? u vlx. tcsKyftjcmtm%mykir? qkvonfrm vlxudk uk,pm;vS,rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom Oya'jyKv$wf awmf. vuf0,f k d f _ d dk S k d f f EkdifiHawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mukd pkpnf;xm;&Sd&rnf? c Oya'jyKv$wawmfa&m a'oqki&m tkycsKyfa&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGuyg oufqionfh a&G;aumufyJG ESp&yf pvH;k wGif touf f df f f dk f f 21 ESpfjynfh+yD;oltm;vHk; rJay;cGifh&+yD; tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr# wkdufkdufrJay;cGifh &&Sdap&rnf? a&G;aumufyGJtm;vHk;wGif v#d K @0S u f r J a y;pepf usif h o H k ; &rnf ? rJ a y;cG i f h & S d o l t m;vH k ; onf v$ w f a wmf t m;vH k ; wG i f ta&G ; cH c G i f h & S d & rnf ? jynfol@ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vpmcHpm;cGifh&Sd&rnf? * Oya'rJh csKyfaESmifjcif;r&Sd&? ZmwdEkdifiHom; tcGifhta&;&&Sdap&rnf? C vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm ajymqkdcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmyHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh/ oydwf arSmufcGifh/ or*~zGJ@pnf;cGifhwkd@ukd uef@owfjcif; rjyK&? i vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm vkyfukdifpm;aomufcGifh&Sd&rnf? p social-estates [kac:aom vlwef;pm;cGJjcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh tzGJ@rsm;tm;vHk;ukd zsufodrf;&rnf? EkdifiH om;wkdif;ukd usm;r/ bmom/ vlrsKd ;rcGjJ cm;bJ tm;vH;k tjynft0 wef;wl tcGita&; ay;&rnf? h hf q jynfaxmifpkwGif yg0ifaom vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;. ukd,fykdifjymef;cGifhukd todtrSwfjyK&rnf? Z Ekiiom;wki;f onf rnfonft&m&Surqkd w&m;pGqci&ap&rnf? xko@dk w&m;rpGqrD xkt&m&S. txuft&m&SxH wki=f um;pm dfH d h d kd J dk G hf dS d J dk d d d d t&ifykd@&rnf[laom pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsdK; rvkdtyfap&? 78

t+rJwrf;wyfrawmf xm;&Sdrnfhtpm; vlxkukd vufeufwyfqifay;&rnf? n tpkd;&ESifh bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif; oD;jcm;cGJxm;&rnf? pmoifausmif;ESifh bk&Sd&Sdckd;ausmif; oD;jcm;cGJxm;&rnf? touf 16 ESpftxd vlwkdif;vlwkdif;tcrJh roifrae& ynma&;pepfowfrSwf&rnf? rjynfhpHkaom uav;rsm;tm; tpkd;&u tpm;taomuf/ t0wftpm;/ oifaxmufulypPnf;rsm; axmufyHhay;&rnf? tyk d i f ; (C) tvkyorm;vlwef;pm;ukd umuG,&efEihf tvkyorm;vlwef;pm;. wkuypr;f &nfjriwifEi&eftvd@k im atmufygtcsursm;ukd f f S f d f JG G hf dk f S f k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwDu awmif;qkdonf? u? vkyfcpm;tvkyform;wkdif;. wae@tvkyfcsdefukd 8 em&Dxufrydkap&[k uef@owfay;&ef? c? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. utm;vHk;wGif tvkyfvkyfukdifaeolrSefor#ukd a,mufsm;/ rdef;r rcGJjcm;bJ wywfwGif 36 em&Dqufwkduf tvkyfvkyf+yD;v#if Oya't& tvkyfem;csdef/ tm;vyfcsdefowfrSwfay;&ef? *? tyktvkyvycsef (tkAmwki) rSeor#udk Oya't& wm;jrpfywyifay;&ef? d f k f d d df f d f C? tvkyfoabmt& xl;jcm;aom rjzpfrae vkdtyfcsufrsdK;&Sdaom vkyfief;rsdK;rSty trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;. utm;vHk;&Sd usef vkyfief;rsm;wGif n 9 em&DrS reuf 5 em&Dtxd tvkyfvkyf&aom nqkdif;tvkyfrsm;ukd ckdif;apcGifhrjyKbJ wm;jrpf [ef@wm;&ef? i? touf 15 ESpxufi,faom uav;rsm;ukd tvkyci;f jcif;rjyK&[k tvky&iw@dk udk wm;jrpf&ef? f f dk f Sf p? trsKd ;orD;wk@d . use;f rma&;ukd xdcuapEkiaom vkyief;trsKd ;tpm;rsm;wGif trsKd ;orD;tvkyorm;rsm; tvkyrvky&[k dk f d f f f f f wm;jrpfay;&ef? q? tvkyorm;rsm;wGif vH;k 0aomfvnf;aumif;/ wpdwwa'otm;jzifaomfvnf;aumif;/ roefrpGr;f jzpfapEkionfh xdcuf f f h df dk '%f&m&r_rsdK;ukd rawmfwq tjzpftysufa=umifhjzpfap/ ab;Oy'ftE&m,f&Sdaom vkyfief;cGif tajctaea=umifhjzpfap jzpfym;cJv#if tvky&iu avsma=u;ay;&ef wm0ef&ap&rnf[k Oya' jymef;ay;&ef? tvky&iY wm0ef&a=umif; c|w,i;f G h f Sf f dS f Sf dS f G csuf&Sda=umif; tvkyform;bufu oufaojy&ef rvkdtyfap&? Z? oem;uk%mjzifhay;aom uk%ma=u;vkyfcrsdK;ukd wm;jrpf&ef? ps? tvkyfrvkyfukdifEkdifawmhaom ouf}uD;&G,ftkd tvkyform;rsm;ukd EkdifiHawmfyifpifay;&ef? n? pufHkppfaq;a&; t&m&Sdta&twGuf wkd;jrifhcef@xm;&ef? trsdK;orD; tvkyform; trsm;pk&Sdaom pufHk/ tvkyfHkwkd@ wGif trsdK;orD; vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdrsm;xm;&Sday;&ef? pufHkpnf;rsOf; pnf;urf; rsm;onf Oya'ESifhtnDjzpfap&ef }uD;=uyfaomwm0efukd tvkyform;rsm;u a&G;cs,fxm;aom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;u aqmif&Guf&efESifh xkdukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd tpk;d &u vpmay;&ef? ykwjf ywf vkycE_e;f ESihf tvky&i. ty,fc&aom tvkyw@dk EiywfoufIvnf; ta&G;cHu,pm;vS,f f f Sf H f S hf dk f rsm;u }uD;=uyfppfaq;cGifh&Sd&ef? ? tvky&irsm;u tvkyorm;rsm;ukd aexkiciay;xm;aom tvkyorm;wef;vsm;rsm;wGif use;f rma&;ESihf nD!waom f Sf f d f G hf f G f oef@&Sif; oyf,yfr_&Sdap&ef ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o tm%mykdif tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh a&G;cs,fcH tvkyform;udk,fpm;vS,frsm; twly;l aygi;f I }uD;=uyfap&ef? tjyif tvkyorm;wk@d . yk*vu uk,a&;uk,wm vGwvyfciEihf Ekiiom; tcGita&;/ f ~ d d f d f f G hf S d f H hf olw@dk . uk,yif vlaer_b0ukd tvky&iu 0ifa&mufpuzuf=oZmoufa&mufr_ rjyKEkiapa&;twGuf tvkyorm; wef;vsm; d f dk f Sf G f df f rsm;ukd iSm;&rf;aexkdifr_ESifhqkdifaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;ukd Oya'ESifhtnD jzpfrjzpf ppfaq;EkdifcGifh&Sdap&ef? X? vkyfcpm; tvkyform;rsm; iSm;&rf;vkyfukdifaom vkyfief;rSefor#wGif tvkyf0ef;usiftajc taeonf usef;rma&;ESifh nDnGwfr_ &Sdap&eftwGuf oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm zGJ@pnf;xm;aom usef;rma&; ppfaq;onfhtzGJ@tpnf; xm;&Sd&ef? ? pufvyief; ppfaq;a&;aqmif&ucsursm;ukd rd;dk zvmvkyief;/ tdrwi;f r_vyief;/ vufr_ vkye;f / tpk;d &ykif vkyief;rsm;wGiyg kH k f G f f f f G k f f d f f csJ@xGifaqmif&GufoGm;&ef? ? tvkyform;umuG,fa&; Oya'csdK;azmufr_rSefor#ukd tjypfay;Ekdifaom Oya'jymef;&ef? %? vkycvpmrSm tvky&iu rnfonfjh zwfawmufrrsKd ;udrS rjyKvky&[k wm;jrpfay;&ef '%f a=u;ESihf y,ftvkytygt0if f f Sf _ k f f rnfokd@aom &nf&G,fcsufESifh jzwfawmufr_rsdK;ukdrS rjyKvkyfap&? 79

w? tvkyform;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sifwkd@. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; nDwlnDr# yg0if=uaom pufHk/ tvkyfHk w&m;Hk;rsm;ukd trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;utm;vHk;wGif wnfaxmif zGJ@pnf;ay;&ef? tyk d i f ; (i) tjyif k&Sm;EkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;ukd 'Drkdua&pDESifhtnD jzpfap&eftvkd@iSm oG,f0kdufaumufcHaom taumuf tcGereor# y,fzsuay;&efEihf 0ifaiGrsm;av tcGew;dk av aumufcavjzpfaom 0ifaiGcepepfudk jymef;ay; f S f f S f H G f &ef k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpftvkyform;ygwDu awmif;qkdonf? ajr&Sifya'o&mZftuif;tusefrsm; yaysmufoGm;ap&ef ygwDu atmufygwkd@ukd aqmif&GufoGm;rnf? u? oD;pm;c/ ajrcGetygt0if/ v,form;rsm;udk tcGexrf;vlwef;pm;tjzpf owfrway;aqmif apaom f f S f 0efaqmifr_rSefor# zsufodrf;a&;? c? v,form;vlwef;pm;. pkaygi;f wm0ef&rudk y,fzsua&;/ ajr,mukd vGwvyfpm aygiEHS a&mif;csxcciudk dS _ f f G f k JG G hf uef@owfwm;jrpfxm;aom Oya'rSefor# y,fzsufa&;? *? oD;pm;c/ ajrcGefyHkpHjzifh awmif;cHxm;r#ukd jyefvnfavsmfa=u;ay;a&;? oD;pm;c ajrcGeftjzpf odrf;,l xm;aom c&pf,mefomoemykiajr/ ya'o&mZfyiajrwk@d udk jyefay;a&;/ oD;pm;ccsxm; ol/ acs;aiG,xm;ol df dk f l ajryki&i}f uD;rsm;/ rSL;rwfrsm;ukd txl;ajrcGeowfrwpnf;=uyfa&;? &&SaomtcGeudk txl; jynfo@l &efyaiGtjzpf df S f S f d f kH owfrSwfI aus;&Gmvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGuf pkdufysdK;a&;ESifh y&[dwtusdK;udpPrsm;wGif oHk;pGJ&ef? C? atmufygudpPrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef v,form;aumfrwDrsm; wnfaxmifa&;? 1?ajru|efpepfzsufodrf;csdefwGif v,fom;wkd@xHrSm oD;pm;ctjzpf odrf;qnf;cHcJh&aom ykdifqkdifr_ vufv$Jajymif;cJhaom ajr,mrsm;ukd jyefvnfay;tyf&ef avsmfa=u;jyefvnfay;tyfa&; aqmif&Guf&ef? 2? taemufwkdif;a'o tl&,fESifh atmfvwkdif;wkd@tygt0if wjcm;a'owcsdK@wGif qufvufwnf &SdaeqJjzpfaom ajru|efykdifqkdifaom pepftuif;tusefwkd@ukd t+yD;tjywfzsufodrf;&ef? i? tvGersm;jym;aom iSm;crsm;ukd avsmcsa&;ESihf ajru|epepfEihf qufpyfaom pmcsKyfoabmwlnrreor# f h f S D _ S f ysufjy,f a=umif; a=unma&;twGuf w&m;Hk;wkd@ukd tcGifhtm%mwkd;jrifhay;&ef? tyk d i f ; (p) k&m;qk&,'ru&ufwpf tvkyorm;ygwonf . Ekiia&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;qki&m vufiif;&nfre;f csursm;ukd S d S f D dk f D dfH df S f &&Sd atmifjrifap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif k&Sm;EkdifiH. vuf&Sdvlr_/ EkdifiHa&;tm%mukd qef@usifzufjzpfaom awmfveaom v_y&m;aqmif&urreor#udk axmufctm;ay;oGm;rnf? ok@d aomf tvkyorm; vlwef;pm; S f f S G f _ S f H f tm; xde;f ausmif; q&mvkyaom vky&yfrsm;ukd vlrj_ y\emrsm;. tajzozG,f yHazmfajymqkaeaom tpD f f k d tpOfrSefor#ukd jywfjywfom;om; jyif;jyif;xefxef qef@usifoGm;rnf? rd r d w d k @ &nf r S e f ; xm;aom Ek d i f i H a &;ES i f h vl r _ a &;tajymif ; tvJ r sm; +yD ; jynf h p H k a tmif / wnf + id r f a tmif a&&SnfwnfwHhatmif taumiftxnfazmfEkdifa&;rSm oufOD;qHykdifya'o&mZfpepfukd +zdKzsuf+yD; vlxku vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fwifajrmufxm;aom Oya' jyKv$wfawmfw&yfukd xlaxmifEkdifrSom jzpfEkdifrnf[m rdrdwkd@ k&Sm;qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwDu ckdifckdifrmrm ,Hk=unfonf?

ode;f armf

pmrl & S i f r sm;ok d @ - 2008 tajccH O ya' wk d u f z suf a &;/ jynf o l @ tif t m;pk p nf ; a&; &nf r S e f ; csuf j zif h ta&;awmf y k H *sme,f twG u f pmrl r sm; zd w f a c:tyf y gw,f ? - ta&;awmf y k H *sme,f uk d awmf v S e f a &;umvwav#muf a&&S n f x k w f a 0oG m ;rS m jzpf y gw,f ? - aqmif ; yg;rsm;/ tEk y nmzef w D ; r_ t rsKd ; rsKd ; /eJ @ &opmay/ umwG e f ; rsm; ay;yk d @ Ek d i f y gw,f ? - aqmif ; yg;yg tcsuf t vuf r sm;uawmh ck d i f r mwd u szk d @ vk d y gw,f ? &nfnef;(Ref:) zkd@ vkd&if twdtus azmfjyzkd@vnf; vkdygw,f? - pmrlay;ykd@&if swptbn@yahoo.com qkdwJh vdyfpmeJ@ ay;ykd@Ekdifygw,f? av;pm;pGmjzif h pmwnf;tzG@J

80

uGejf rLepf0g' v_y&m;r_ f S ,cifqA,ufjynfaxmifpk a'o&J@ dk D vuf&Sdumv uGejf rLepfvy&m;r_rsm; (tyki;f 2) _f S d

cifat;=unfjr

+yD;cJwhJ ta&;awmfy*sme,f trSwf 7 rSm txufyg acgi;f pnf;eJ@ aqmif;yg;ukd azmfjycJygw,f? tJ'vdk azmfjy&mrSm h kH h D k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw&@J ta=umif;ukd aemufwywf ta&;awmf yH*sme,frm qufvufazmfjyygr,fv@dk S D k S h tqH;k owfxm;cJ&w,f? 'gudk ,ck qufvufwifjy oGm;ygr,f? h h (1) k & S m ;zuf ' a&;&S i f ; uG e f j rLepf y gwD & J @ vuf i if ; tajctae k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw[m qkA,ufjynfaxmifpk +ydKuGom;+yD;aemuf ay:xGuf vmwJh tJ'a'o&Sd S D dD J G D uG e f j rLepf y gwD t m;vH k ; eJ @ eD ; eD ; uyf u yf yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f a ew,f ? uG e f j rLepf y gwD r sm; r[mrd w f t zG J @ (qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwD) qkdwmukd zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; ygwDtoD;oD;&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd nDnmzszsjzpfatmif xdef;!dvkyfaqmifay;aew,f? tJ'DuGefjrLepfrsm; r[mrdwftzGJ@rSm k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;tygt0if uGefjrLepfygwD 17 ygwD yg0ifa=umif;eJ@ 'DtzG@J &@J aumfrwDpnD tpnf; ta0;ukd 2011 ar 14 &ufae@u ac:,lusi;f ycJa=umif;wk@d udk kH h ,cifwywf ta&;awmfyHkrSm azmfjycJhw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwDrSm ygwD0if 1 odef; 5 aomif; 3 axmif&Sda=umif;eJ@ ygwDOuUtjzpf *ifem&D- tef'&D,mApfcsf-ZlumaemhAfu aqmif&Gufae a=umif;wkd@ukdvnf; azmfjycJhw,f? wjcm;pmapmifwckrmawmh ygw0iftiftm; 1 ode;f 5 aomif; 4 axmife@J ygwtajccH tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f S D D 1 aomif; 4 axmif&w,fv@dk azmfjyxm;wm awG@&w,f? ude;f *%ef;rsm; wpHw&m uGjJ ym;r_ &Saeayr,fh 'Dygw[m dS k d D tiftm;awmifhwif;wJhygwDw&yftjzpfawmh aumufcsufcsEkdifygw,f? k&Sm;tm%mykdifawGuawmh apmpGmuwnf;u 'DygwDukd qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDtjzpf toGifajymif; oGm;a&;ukd ar#mfvifhapmifhpm;cJh=uayr,fh k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwD[m rdrd&J@ tqifhae&m a&G;cs,fowf rSwxm;r_e@J rdr&@J awG;ac:,lqr_awGudk r,dr;f r,kif }uH}h uHcicif qkyuixm;Ekicw,f? tm%mykiawG&@J zdEyrawG/ f d d h dk f dk f dk f d f hJ df dS f _ ygwwi;f cGxurawG/ +ydKifbuftiftm;pkawG&@J uefxwr/_ 0ki;f y,frpwmawGe@J trsKd ;rsKd ;aom tcuftcJawGudk D G J G f _ k f d _ }uHKawG@&ayr,fvnf; +ydKvJ roGm;bJ rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf+rJ&yfwnfEicw,f? ygw[m vuf&tycsKyfa&;pepf&@J h dk f hJ D dS k f jywfom;wJh twkduftcHygwD jzpfw,f? k&Sm;jynfrSm qkd&S,fvpfpepf zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufa&;vrf;a=umif; jyefvnfay: xGufvma&;[m ygwD&J@ wm0efvkd@ rrSdwfroHk,lqxm;w,f? 'Dtcsufukd 2008 Ekd0ifbmrSm ac:,lusif;ycJhwJh 13 }udrajrmuf ygwue*&ufu twnfjyKEkicw,f? 'gtjyif uGe*&uf u ygwvyief;pOfopfudk twnfjyKcJw,f? f D G f d f hJ h f D k f h vkyfief;pOfopfrSm v_yf&Sm;r_&J@ yef;wkdif/ wm0efeJ@ v_yf&Sm;r_&J@ OD;pm;ay; OD;wnfcsufrsm;ukd jymef;xm;w,f? k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw&@J ygwvyief;pOf[m ygw&@J avmavmq,fq,f&aewJh wjcm; vkyief; S D D k f D dS f pOfoabmaqmifwJh tcsuftvufrsm; pl;prf;avhvma&;rSm rSDjirf;ukd;um;&wJh tajccHvufpGJjzpfw,f? ygwD&J@ 'l;rm;v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ vkyfief;pOf[m 'Dvkdpmwrf;rsdK; wcktjzpf oufaojyEkdifygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;tusyf twnf; tqufrjywf euf_dif;vmwJh tajctaeatmufrSm 'DygwD[m 2009 ckESpf rwfvrSm A[kdaumfrwD pHknDtpnf;ta0; ac:,lusif;y+yD; ygwD&J@ pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; wkdufzsufa&;vkyfief;pOfukd wifjycJhw,f? 'Dvyief;pOf&@J rlawG[m aemuf xyf qufvuf usi;f ycJwhJ A[kaumfrwDpntpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm wqifwufum k f h d kH D h +yD;jynfpr_ &&SvmcJw,f? h kH d h ygwA[kaumfrwDobmywdtzG@J e@J twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J uawmh ygwrm aphpyfaocsmwJh vkyief;pOf &Sae+yD/ D d D S f d us,ajym vSwhJ EkiioEiiom;rsm;&J@ tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ ukunw/J h Ekiiawmfudk tusytwnf;u vGwajrmufapwJh f d f H l dk f H d f D dfH f f vkyfief;pOfawG &Sdae+yDvkd@ usdK;a=umif;qDavsmfpGm todtrSwf jyKcJhw,f? k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ 81

pDyGm;a&;tusyftwnf; wkdufzsufa&; vkyfief;pOf[m us,fajymvSwJh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ axmufcHr_ukd &&SdcJhw,f? 'gukd atmufazmfjyyg wu,fh jzpf&yfawGu oufaojyaeygw,f? 1? k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwD&J@ tvGefrsm;jym;vSwJh tqkdjyKcsufawG[m wjcm;EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkawGu ul;,lc;dk cswmukd cHae&w,f? "e&Sivwef;pm; Ekiia&;ygwu uk,pm;vS,awG[m 'Denf;emawGudk wufwufuu toH;k cs+yD; f l dfH D d f f tqifhtoD;oD; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm rdrdrJ&&Sda&; twGuf rJqEN&SifjynfolawGukd vdrfnmae=uw,f? 2? avmavmq,fq,f 2 ESptwGi;f k&m;EkiiH a'otoD;oD;rSm jyKvkyaewJh a&G;aumufyrsm;twGi;f k&m; zuf' f S df f JG S a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw&&SwhJ rJta&twGuf tqufrjywf jrifwufvmaer_udk !ejf yaew,f? D d h 3? ygw&@J t"du +ydKifbufjzpfwhJ k&m;jynf nD!waomygwtay: axmufcrawG usqif; vmaew,f? D S G f D H _ 4? ygw&@J avmavmq,fq,f 1 ESpcumvavmuftwGi;f ygw0ifta&twGuf usqif; aer_tajctaeukd ausmf D f JG D v$m;EkdifcJhw,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw[m tvGe}f uD;rm;wJh twki;f twmt& =oZmoufa&mufr_ S D d tm;aumif;vmjcif;rSm ygwu qifEaewJh awG;ac:,lqr_wuyrsm;eJ@ twkutcH0g'jzef@vy&m;r_rsm;&J@ tusKd ;quf jzpfw,f? D J$ dk f JG d f _ f S tESpf 20 eD;yg; twkduftcHtiftm;pktjzpf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhr_awGa=umifh ta&;ygwJh tawG;tac: atmifyGJ wpD wwef;}uD;ukd &&SapcJw,f? Oyrm-20 &mpk 90 ckEprsm;u uGejf rLepfqef@usia&; v_y&m;r_rsm; aomif;use;f aewJh tajctae d h S f f f S atmufrSm k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwDuom jynfcspf0g'/ w&m;r#wr_/ jynfol@twGuf EkdifiHa&;tm%m/ qkd&S,fvpf0g' qkwhJ au;a=umforsm;ukd wifjycJw,f? tcseumvawG a&G@vsm;oGm;wmeJ@tr# rsuarSmuf&&m;jynfrm jynfcsp0g'/ vl@tzG@J d H h d f f k S S f tpnf; w&m;r#wa&;qkdwmawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;tm;vHk;eJ@ vuf,mvpfb&,f0g'*kd%f;tkyfpkawG&J@ ukd,fpm;vS,fawG twGif;rSmawmif wzGzGajymaewJh ajympum;jzpfvmaeyg+yD? 'g[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif; uGefjrLepfawG ta&;ygwJh tusdK;oufa&mufr_awG &&Sdaew,fqkdwJh oabmygyJ? wcsdefwnf;rSmvnf; wkwf/ AD,uferf/ bDvmkwdk@rSm &&SdaewJh zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_rsm;eJ@ vufwiftar&durS vuf0J*kd%f;tiftm;pkrsm; &&SdaewJh atmifjrifr_rsm;uvnf; 'DygwD&J@ 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyfief;twGif;rSm ta&;ygwJh tusdK;qufawG jzpfxGef;aeygw,f? (2) qk d A D , uf j ynf a xmif p k a cwf o rk d i f ; uk d umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf j cif ; qkA,ufjynfaxmifpumvukd wefz;dk jzwfjcif;[m k&m;&J@ rsuarSmufumvu Ekiia&;wkuyrsm;twGi;f ta&;}uD; d D k S f dfH d f JG qHk; tpdwftykdif; jzpfw,f? qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk&J@ orkdif;tm; kyfysufqif;ysufjzpfatmif jyKvkyf=ujcif;ukd uGefjrLepfawG uqef@usif=uw,f? k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif; uGefjrLepfygwDu tawG;tac: wkdufyGJqifE$Jr_twGif; xif&Sm;wJhatmifjrifcsufawG &&Scw,f? 'DatmifjrifcsuawGu k&m;vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd qdA,ufjynfaxmifpk tm%mykiawGe@J pwmvif wOD;csi;f &J@ orki;f pGr;f d hJ f S k D df d aqmif c suf a wG u k d topf w zef jyef v nf p Of ; pm;oH k ; oyf v mapcJ h w ,f ? Oyrm- k & S m ;&J @ ausmf = um;ol r sm; qd k w J h kyfoHtpDtpOfrSm kyfoHy&dowf ukaukmcsD+yD; yg0ifrJay;cJh=uw,f? &v'ftaeeJ@ vDeif/ pwmvifwkd@ukd k&Sm;&J@ orkdif;wm0efxrf;aqmifolrsm;teuf txif&Sm;qHk;olrsm;vkd@ k&Sm;EkdifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;u a&G;cs,fcJh=uw,f? 2009-2010 twGif; vDeif/ pwmvifwkd@.atmifjrifr_rsm; rsm;qkdwJh trnfeJ@ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd k&Sm;zuf 'a&;&Sif; uGefjrLepfygwDu usif;ycJhw,f? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awGukd ygwDu vDeif ESpf 140 jynfhESpfukd txdrf;trSwfjyKjcif;/ pwmvif ESpf 130 jynfhESpfukd txdrf;trSwfjyKjcif; eJ@ qkdAD,uf jynfaxmifpk jynfolawG&J@ trdEkdifiH umuG,fa&; 65 ESpajrmuf atmifyudk txdr;f trSwjf yKjcif; tjzpf usi;f ycJwmjzpfw,f? ygw[m trsKd ;rsKd ;tzHzaom v_y&m;r_awGudk f JG h D k kH f S aqmif&GufcJhw,f? ZlumaemhAf&J@ pwmvifeJ@ rsufarSmufacwf/ pwmvifacwf&J@ udef;*%ef;taxmuftxm;rsm;eJ@ wu,fhjzpf&yfrsm;pwJh pmtkyfrsm;ukdvnf; xkwfa0cJhw,f? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_awG&J@ &v'fwckuawmh vDeif/ pwmvifwkd@&J@ au;a=umforsm;ukd qufvufuipJG qifEa&;twGuf k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygwtwGi;f ok@d yg0ifvm=uw,f? 'ga=umifh H dk f J$ S D ygwD0ifta&twGuf usqif;aewJh taetxm;ukd ygwD[m ausmf eif;EkdifcJhw,f? k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw[m qdA,ufjynfaxmifporki;f ukd kyysuqif;ysujf zpf atmif vkyaqmifcsuawGudk S D k D k d f f f f qef@usifuef@uGufr_awG qufvufvkyfaqmifcJhw,f? 'gtwGuf xl;jcm;wJh ae@xl;ae@jrwf&ufpGJrsm;ukd txdrf;trSwfyGJawG usi;f ycJ=h uw,f? Oyrm - l&*g*g&if tmumotwGi;f ysoef;jcif; ESpf 50 jynftxdr;f trSwjf yKwJh tcrf;tem;ukd usi;f ycJw,f? D H h h avmavmq,fq,fEprsm;twGi;f k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygw&@J ta&;}uD;vkyief;wm0ef uawmh tufpu&m (trSef S f S D f f w&m;) owif;pm ESpf 100 jynfae@udk txdr;f trSwjf yKwJh tcrf;tem; jyKvkya&;jzpfw,f? h f vl@tzGJ@tpnf;pdwf"mwf&J@ wdrf;nGwfr_opfu l&Sm;tkyfpkd;ol tkyfpkawGukd tvGefrwnf r+idrfjzpfapcJhw,f? EkdifiH olEkdifiHom;awG&J@ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkorkdif; wefzkd;jzwfcsufawGu 20 &mpk 90 ckESpfrsm;u tm;aumif;vS+yD; tvGefrsm; 82

jym;vSwJh uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; ,Hkwrf;pum;awGukd a=ujyKef;ysufpD;oGm;apwJh oabmaqmifygw,f? 'Dvkd tajct aeatmufrm "e&Sivwef;pm; tawG;tac:ynm&SiawGu pwmvif&@J ta&;ygr_ usqif;oGm;apa&;tawG;tac:ukd S f l f k&m;jynfoawG twif;vufcapzk@d }uHpnftm;xkwvm=uw,f? 2010 aqmif;OD;rSm k&m;jynfaxmifpk orRwvuf S l H f S atmufrm xlaxmifxm;wJh EkiioEiiom;vl@tzG@J tpnf;eJ@ vl@tcGihf ta&;aumfrwD OuUu pwmvif&@J ta&;ygr_ S d f H l dk f H us qif;oGm;apa&;&J@ vkdtyfr_ukd OD;qHk;a=unmvkdufygw,f? k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif; uGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwDOuU ZlumaemhAfu k&Sm;orRw rufAD'ufxHokd@ 'Djy\emukd twdtvif;uef@uGufwJhpm ay;ykd@ xkwfjyefvkdufw,f? 2011 rSm pwmvif&@J ta&;ygr_ usqif;oGm;apa&; &nfre;f csue@J vkyaqmifcsuf awGudk vl@tzG@J tpnf;u S f f vufcapa&;ukd qufvuf+yD; twif;tusyf }uHpnfcjhJ yefw,f? k&m; zuf'a&;uGejf rLepfygw[m pwmvif&@J ta&;ygr_ H S D usqif;oGm;a&;ukd ckcHqef@usifwJh wkdufyGJtwGif;rSm oufaoxljy&ef ta=umif;tcsuf wpDwwef;}uD;ukd toHk;cscJh w,f? k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif; uGefjrLepfygwDu t&if;&Sifpepf[m 20 &mpk 80 ckESpfrsm; aESmif;ykdif;eJ@ 90 ckESpftpykdif;rSm jzpfay:cJwhJ tusytwnf;u vGwajrmufvmr_[m rdr&@J twGi;f yki;f t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd rDc+dk yD; vGwajrmufvmcJwm h f f d d S f h r[kwbJ qkA,ufjynfaxmifpudk +zdKzsuypfa&;eJ@ qdA,ufjynfaxmifpk tzG@J 0if orRwEkiiawG&@J o,HZmw t&if; f d D k f k D dfH tjrpfrsm;ukd tykip;D a&;tay: rDctm;xm;cJwmjzpfw,fqwmukd owday;ajym=um;vkuw,f? ,cktusytwnf;ukd df S dk h dk d f f vnf; taemufwkdif;EkdifiHawG[m rdrd&J@ twGif;ykdif;u o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd rSDckd+yD; tcuftcJukd ausmfeif; oGm;a&; rjzpfEiygb;l ? (vpfAsm;rSm jzpfysucwtjzpftysu[m taemufwi;f u olw@dk tusytwnf;ukd ausmeif;a&; dk f f hJ hJ f dk f f twGuf vkyaqmifcsujf zpfygw,f?) qkvwmu tcuftcJ ausmvm;a&;twGuf wjcm;Ekiiudk rDctm;xm;cJw,f? f d dk f $ dfH S dk h k&Sm;[m e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u usL;ausmf odrf;ykdufvkdwJh ta&;ygwJhypfrSwfwck jzpf+rJjzpfaeao;w,f? taemufwi;f tkyp;dk ol tiftm;pkrsm;[m k&m;tm; awG;ac:,lqr_t& zsuq;D a&;ukd wrdepf wpuUe@f r# dk f S f r&yfrem; vkyfaqmifcJh=uw,f? tawG;tac:wkuyudk tusKd ;oufa&mufraumif;pGm qifEEia&;twGu/f rdr&@J &yfwnfcsuudk 0g'jzef@csa&;/ d f JG _ J$ dk f d f d +ydKifbufawGukd zGifhcsa&;twGuf ygwD[m tawG;tac:b%fwkduf&Sd&ef vkdtyfHkru toHk;csud&d,m*kda'gifvnf; &Sdoifhygw,f? k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwD[m rdrdbmom 0g'jzef@csd a&;pGrf;tifudk wkd;csJ@a&;twGuf vkyfief; trsm;tjym;ukd vkyaqmifcw,f? k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepf ygwD A[kaumfrwD&@J AD',um; kuu;l a&;vkyief;ukd f hJ S d D dk d f f xlaxmifxm;w,f? vufawG@oabmaqmifwJh acgif;pnf;awGukd A[kdjyK+yD; rSwfwrf;kyf&Sifum;rsm;eJ@ rsufarSmufjynf wGif;jynfya&;&m rSwfwrf;um;rsm;ukd kduful;ygw,f? aemufqHk; kdufcJhwmuawmh tdyfrufawG wu,ftaumif txnfay:vmjcif;qkwhJ ky&ium;ygy? 'g[m tmumook@d ysoef;cJr_ tESpf 50 jynfajrmufwtcgor,ukd txdr;f d f Sf J H h h hJ trSwfjyK kduful;xm;jcif; jzpfw,f? ygwD[m tjyeftvSefqufoG,fa&; uGef&ufvkyfief;ukdvnf; wkd;csJ@xm;w,f? Ekiia&;ynmay;a&; tjyeftvSef qufo,v@dk &wJh uGe,uf 0ufbq'uvnf; xlaxmifxm;w,f? 'Dv0ufbq'f dfH G f f f dk f dk dk f dk pmrsufESmrsm;tjyif k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwDu tpkd;&t&m&Sdrsm;&J@ 0ufbfqdk'fpm rsufESmrsm;vnf; &Sdae+yD; tJ'D pmrsufESmuae ygwD&J@vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; ukd &Sif;vif;ajymqkdaeygw,f? (3) k & S m ;zuf ' a&;&S i f ; uG e f j rLepf y gwD e J @ 'l ; rm;a&G ; aumuf y G J k&m;zuf'a&;&Si;f uGejf rLepfygwD A[kaumfrwDu ygw0ifawGudk jynfovxtwGi;f ygw&@J =oZmwk;d cs@J a&;ukd S d D l l k D tav;xm;aqmif&Guf=u&ef awmif;qkdcJhw,f? tusdK;oufa&mufr_aumif;aumif;eJ@ k&Sm;'l;rm;v$wfawmf a&G; aumufyudk yg0ifjcif;tm;jzifh ygw&@J pGr;f tm;ukd wk;d yGm;vmapa&;[m ygw&@J 2011 twGuf ta&;}uD;qH;k wm0eftjzpf JG D D csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhw,f? ygwD[m a&G;aumufyGJ 6 }udrfpvHk; yg0ifcJhw,f? 1993 yxrt}udrfa&G;aumufyGJrSm 'DygwD[m v$wfawmf uk,pm;vS,f 65 ae&m/ wjynfv;kH &J@ rJta&twGuf 12 '\r 35 &mckiEe;f ? 'kw,t}udrf a&G;aumufyrm 157 d f df _ d JG S ae&meJ@ rJta&twGuf 22 '\r 3 &mckiEe;f ? wwd,t}udrf a&G;aumufyrm 110 ae&m/ rJta&twGuf 24 '\ df _ JG S r 29 &mckiEe;f ? pwkwt}udrf a&G;aumufyrm 46 ae&m/ rJta&twGuf 10 '\r 22 &mckiEe;f ? yOPrt}udrf a&G; df _ JG S df _ aumufyrm 57 ae&m/ rJta& twGuf 11 '\r 57 &mckiEe;f &&Scw,f? 4 ESpw}udrusi;f y+rJjzpfv@dk 2011 'DZif JG S d f _ d hJ f f bm 4 &ufae@rm qrt}udrf k&m;'l;rm;v$wawmf a&G;aumufyJG usi;f ycJygw,f? 'Dygw[m tjcm;ygwD 7 ygwe@J twl S S f h D D a&G;aumufyrm 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKifc&m uk,pm;vS,f 97 ae&m/ rJta&twGuf pkpaygi;f &J@ 19 '\r 19 &mckiEe;f JG S S hJ d f k df _ 83

&&Scw,f? a&G;aumufyJG t+yD;rSmawmh tm%m&ygwu a&G;aumufytay: rw&m; npfywfvrvnf d hJ D JG d f rJc;dk r_rsm;ukd qef@usiwhJ taeeJ@ k&m;wjynfv;kH +rdK@ 50 ausmrm uef@uuqENjyyGawG ay:xGucw,f? f S f S G f J f hJ 'DygwD[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdifawGu ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; zdESdyf!pfxkwfcHae&ayr,fh wav#mufv;kH tajccH tm;jzifh wnfwnf+idr+f idrf &yfwnfEic+hJ yD; t"dutwkutcHae&mukd qufvuf dk f d f xdef;xm;EkdifcJhw,f? 'g[m jynfol tajrmuftjrm;u twdwfu aumif;wJht&mukd wrf;wowd &a=umif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ w&m;r#wr_/ ajzmifhrSefr_wkd@ukd ar#mfvifhawmifhwaea=umif; a&mifjyef[yf azmfjycsufjzpfw,f? ukd;um;? ? rsufarSmufurBmeJ@ qkd&S,fvpf0g*sme,f? 2011 trSwf 4 eJ@ rsufarSmufurBm 2012 trS w f 1?

cifat;=unfjr
2012 rwf 7?

ppftm%m&Sif pepfudk wkuzsujf u f d f _ynfotiftm;ukd pkpnf;ju hl

84

rmhup0g' avhvma&; ff

uGefjrLepf0g'. rlrsm;
z&uf'&pf tde*,f f

ar;cG e f ; 19? Tawmf v S e f a &;onf wd k i f ; jynf w jynf x J w G i f jzpf E d k i f a jc &S d y govm;? tajz? rjzpfEiay? urBmaps;uGuukd zefw;D jcif;jzifh t}uD;pm;pufrvyief;u urBmay:&Sd jynf olvxrsm; txl;ojzifh kd f h f _ kf l k ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+yD;olrsm;udk tvGefeD;uyfpGm qufpyfay;cJh onf? eD;uyfvdkufor#rSm wOD;tjzpftysufu aemufwOD;tay: *,ufrkdufbJ raeavmufatmifyif jzpfonf? tjyif/ u ,Ofaus;wd;k wuf+y;D EdiiH kf tm;vH;k wGif "e&SiEihf ypPn;f rJw@kd onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;. tqH;k tjzwf vlwef;pm;ESp&yftjzpf a&muf&vm+yD; fS h f dS wd@k t=um; wduyonf ,ae@t"duwduytqifo@kd a&muf&ap&ef vl@tzG@J tpnf; wd;k wufjzpfay:r_ukd wGJzuf k f JG k f JG h dS !dE_dif;ay;vdkufygonf? xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepf awmfvSefa&;onf EdkifiHwckwnf;. jy\emr[kwfawmhacs? ,Ofaus;wdk;wuf+yD; wdkif;jynfrsm; tm;vHk;wGif tenf;qHk;ajym&v#if t*Fvef/ tar&duef/ jyifopfESifh *smreD wdk@wGif w+ydKifwnf; jzpfay:ayvdrfhrnf? wdkif;jynfwjynf odk@r[kwf tjcm;wjynf wGif&Sdonfh ydkIjzpfay: wdk;wufaeonfh pufr_vkyfief; ydkrdkrsm;jym;onfh "eOpPmrsm; ydkrdkxl;jcm;onfh xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk tpkta0; rsm;ESifhtnD Twdkif;jynfwjynfcsif;onf ydkrdkvsifjrefpGmaomfvnf;aumif;/ ydkIaES;pGmaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfay:wd;k wufvrrnf? xd@k a=umifh *smreDwif taES;qH;k jzpf+yD;/ tcuftcJ trsm;qH;k &ifqi&rnfjzpf+yD; t*Fvef d hf G kd f wGif tjrefq;kH ESihf tvG,q;kH jzpfvrrnf? onf urBmtjcm;Ediirsm;udk tiftm;}uD;rm;aom =oZm*,uf f d hf h kfH rsm;duap+yD; ,ae@txd wd@k .jzpf ay:wd;k yGm;r_ vrf;a=umif;tm; tajccHrpI jyKjyifajymif;vJ+y;D t&Sew;kd jrihf k f S df ay;vdrrnf? ,if;onf wurBmvH;k qdi&m awmfvea&;jzpf+y;D xd@k a=umifyif urBmtwdi;f twm aqmifayvdrrnf? hf kf Sf h h k hf ar;cG e f ; 20? yk * ~ v d u yd k i f q d k i f r _ aemuf q H k ; zsuf o d r f ; jcif ; . tusKd ; quf rsm;um; tb,f e nf ; ? tajz? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf yk*~vdu t&if;&Sifrsm;vufxJrS xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh ukefoG,fr_ vkyief;tm;vH;k xd@k tjyif aiGa=u;vJv,rEihf ukeypPn;f jzef@a0r_rsm;udk odr;f ,lvu+f yD; vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH . f S f_S f kd vktyfcsursm;ESihf &Edionfh t&if;tjrpf rsm;tay: tajccHaom pDrue;f ESitnD pDrcef@cJG vdrrnf? Tenf;jzifh d f kf H d hf H hf ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;. vkyf&yfa=umifh ,cktcg yl;wGJygvmonfh raumif;aom tusKd;qufrsm; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&ayvdrfhrnf? pD;yGm;a&;uyfrsm;vnf; &Sdawmhrnf r[kwfacs? vuf&Sd vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;twGi;f xkwvya&;ydv#rj_ zpfum xd@k a=umifh 'kursm; . t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeaom us,jf yef@ f k f k H Q wdk;yGm;vmonfh xkwfvkyfa&;rSm xdktcsdefwGif rvHkravmufjzpfum ydkrdkwdk;csJ@&ef ydkrdkvdktyfvmvdrfhrnf? xkwf vkyfa&; ydkv#Hr_onf 'kuQqif;&Jrsm;udk jzpfay:aprnfhtpm; tm;vHk;.vdktyfr_udk auseyfEdkifap&eftwGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. tjccHvdktyfcsufrsm;xuf ausmfvGefoGm;ayrnf? vdktyfcsuf topfrsm;ESifh wcsdefwnf; ,if;wd@k ukd jynf0jznfqnf;Edirnfh enf;emrsm;udk zefw;D vdrrnf? onf wd;k wufrtopf. ta=umif;tcsuf h h kf hf _ ESifh v_H@aqmfcsufjzpfvmrSmjzpf+yD; Twdk;wufr_udk a&S;,cifuvdk vl@tzGJ@tpnf; taetxm;tm; _yfaxG; r_jzpfapjcif;rsKd; r&SdbJESifh &&Sdvdrfhrnf? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ zdtm;atmufrS vGwfajrmufvmonfh t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;onf ukefxkwfvkyfcif;tqifhESifh vuf&Sdtqifhwdk@. uGmjcm;r_rsKd; uGmjcm;aom vuf&Sdtqifhxuf us,fjyef@onfxuf us,fjyef@wdk;yGm;r_ jzpfvmvdrfhrnf? Tpufr_vkyfief; jzpfay:wd;k wufru vl@tzG@J tpnf; _ twGuf tm;vH;k . vdtyfcsursm;udk auseyfapEdionftxGuf ypPn;f tajrmuftjrm; tvHtavmuf &&SdapEdkif k f kf h k ygvdrfhrnf? yk*~vduydkifqdkifr_ESifh ajr,mtm; tuGufvdkuf pdwfydkif;xm;r_. '%fudkcHpm;&onfh pdkufysKd;a&; wGifvnf; tvm;wl jzpfvmygvrrnf? Tae&mwGif wnf&aeonfh wd;k wufrrsm;ESihf odyenf;us tpDtpOf d hf dS _ H` rsm;udk vufawG@taumiftxnfazmf+yD; vHk;0opfvGifonfh 'Da&jrifhw&yfjzpfay:apum vHkavmufaom txGuypPn;f tajrmuftjrm;udk vl@tzG@J tpnf;u oH;k pG&ef ay;tyfvrrnf? Tenf;jzifh ukefypPnf; tajrmuf f J d hf tjrm; xkwfvkyfum vl@tzGJ@tpnf;taeESifh tzGJ@tpnf;0iftm;vHk;. vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk &&Sdauseyf apEdkifygvdrfhrnf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; tjyeftvSef &efapmifaeaom vlwef;pm;rsm;tjzpf uGJjym; 85

aer_onfvnf; Tenf;jzifh rvdktyfbJ jzpfvmvdrfhrnf? trSefyif Tonf rvdktyfkHr#ru vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;qdkif&m tae txm;topfESifhvnf; roifhavsmf rqDavsmfawmhacs? vkyftm;cGJa0r_u vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfwnfvmr_udk ay:aygufapcJh+yD; ,ck tcsdefxd odem;vnfvmcJh=uonfh vkyf tm;cGJa0r_rSm vHk;0 aysmufuG,foGm;ayvdrfhrnf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh v,f,mvkyfief; xkwfvkyfa&;wdk@udk u|efawmfwdk@ azmfjycJhwJh tqifhxd a&muf&Sdap&eftwGuf puf,EW&m;ESifh "mwkypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifhom vHkavmufEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ Tud&d,mrsm;udk v_yf&Sm;aeaponfh vlrsm;.pGrf;&nfonfvnf; tvm;wlpGm jzpfay:wdk;wuf vmayrnf? aemufqHk; &mpkESpf (q,fh&Spf&mpk) . v,form;rsm;ESifh ukefxkwfvkyfr_ vkyfcif; vkyfom;rsm;rSm t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;twGif; twif;wGef;ydk@jcif; cH&onfhtcg wdk@. aexdkifr_b0wckvHk; ajymif;oGm;+yD; uGJjym;jcm;em;onfhvlrsm; jzpfoGm;ouJhodk@ xdkenf;vnf;aumif;yJ xkwfvkyfa&;udk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;u trsm;ydkif csKyfudkifaqmif&Gufr_jzifh jzpfay: vmonfh xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ topfonf vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh vl@om; trsK;d tpm;rsm;udk vdvnf;vdtyf k k jzpfvnf;jzpfxe;f vmapvdrrnf? ,cktcseumvrSmvdk vlwOD;wa,muf[m xkwvya&;XmecGwck vuf atmufcjH zpfae&jcif;/ G hf df f kf J &J@tcsKyftaESmifcH/ aoG;pkyfcHae&+yD;jcif;/ rdrdpGrf;&nfrsm;xJrS tjcm;t&mrsm;pGef@v$wfum wckudkomjzpfay:wdk;wufap Edkifjcif;/ vkyfief;cGwck odk@r[kwf xkwfvkyfa&;wckvHk;. vkyfief;cGJwck. tcGJwckudkom od&Sdem;vnfjcif; jzpfaev#if xkwfvkyf J a&;udk trsm;ydkifcsKyfudkif aqmif&GufEdkifr_ rjyKEdkifay? vuf&Sdpufr_vkyfief;rSmyifv#if TuJhodk@aom vlrsKd;rsm;onf ydkIydkI toHk;rwnfh jzpfvma=umif; awG@vmae&onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;taejzifh csKyfudkifaqmif&Gufaom pDrHudef;&Sdonfh trsm;ydkif pufr_vkyfief;onf vlom;rsm;udk bufrsm;pGmY t&nf tcsif;&Sd+yD; xkwfvkyfa&; pepfwckvHk;udk }uD;=uyfEdkifonfh pGrf;&nf&Sdolrsm;tjzpf awmif;qdkayonf? v,form;u wa,muf/ zdeyfcsKyform;u aemufwa,muf/ pufkHvkyfom;u wwd,wa,muf/ pawmhaps;upm;olu pwkwwa,muf pojzifh cGJypfvdkufonfh vkyftm;cGJa0r_onf puf,EW&m;. +zdKzsufjcif; cHvdkuf&+yD;jzpfum vHk;0aysmufuG,foGm;ygvdrfhrnf? vli,frsm;udk ynma&;u xkwfvkyfa&;pepfwckvHk;ESifh u|rf;usifr_ tvsif tjref &SdapEdkifrnfjzpf+yD; vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;. vdktyfr_udk wkH@jyefaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ rdrdqENt&vnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyf a&;XmecGJwckrS wckodk@ qufwdkuf ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh onf ,ae@ vkyftm; cGJa0r_u vlwdkif;tay: wHqyuEyxm;onfh wzufowfvuQ%mrS olw@kd tm; vGwajrmufapayvdrrnf? uGejf rLepftajccHay:Y zG@J pnf;xm;onfh d f dk f dS f f hf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf Tenf;jzifh .tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk wdk@. bufpHkawmfaom t&nftaoG;rsm;udk bufpHk toHk;csEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ay;tyfvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf Todk@ jzpfay:vmygu vlwef;pm;rsm; rv$J{uef aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? uGefjrLepftajccHay: zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf wzufwGif vlwef;pm;rsm; wnf&Sdaer_ESifh o[Zmw rjzpfEdkifbJ/ wzufwGifvnf; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk wnfaqmufjcif;uyifv#if vlwef;pm; uGJjym;r_ukd zsufodrf;onfhenf;emrsm; ay;tyf ayvdrfhrnf? rS &&Sdonfh tcsufwcsufuawmh +rdK@ESifhawmt=um; uGJjym;r_onfvnf; tvm;wl aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf qdjk cif;yif jzpfonf? pduysK;d a&;ESihf pufrvyief; vnfywfa&;udk rwlnwhJ vlwef;pm;ESp&yfu vkyonftpm; vlwpkwnf;uom k f _ kf D f f h vkyfaqmifr_onf kyf0wKta=umif; oufoufjzpfygu uGefjrLepftzGJ@tpnf;twGuf vdktyfaom ta=umif;tcsufw&yf jzpfonf? +rdK@}uD;rsm;u pufr_vlOD;a& jynfhusyf xlxyfvmjcif;ESifhtwl v,fajrrsm;rS pdkufysKd;onfhvlOD;a& jyef@usJaer_onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief; ESpfckpvHk;. rzGH@+zdK;aomtqifEihf vduavsmnDaxGaom ta=umif;tcsuw&yfjzpf+yD; h S k f f a&S@jzpfay:wd;k wufr_ tm;vH;k twGuf twm;tqD;w&yf jzpfa=umif; jrifomod&Sd+yD;jzpfonf? xkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pDrHudef;us pkaygif; tpGrf;ukef toHk;+yKa&; &nf &G,fcsufjzifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0iftm;vHk;. taxGaxG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_/ xkwfvkyfa&;u tm;vHk;.vdktyfr_udk jynfh0auseyfapEdkifonfh tqifhtxd us,fjyef@wdk; yGm;vmr_/ vlwOD; wa,muf. vdtyfrukd tepfem tqH;k _;H cHrom tjcm;olwOD;. vdtyfrukd jynfpap Edionfh tajctae k _ S k _ h kH k f tqHk;owfoGm;r_/ vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh wdk@.ydyuQrsm; vHk;0 ausjyKef;oGm;r_/ vuf&Sdvkyftm;cGJa0r_udk y,fzsufjcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ pufr_vkyfief; ynma&; jzifhvnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk wvSnfhpD ajymif;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ wurBmvHk;u xkwfvkyfonfh aysmf&$ifr_ tzHkzHkudk wurBmvHk;cGJa0cHpm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ +rdK@ESifhawmudk yl;aygif;ay;vdkufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;0if tm;vHk;wdk@&J@ pGrf;&nfowWdrsm;udk tjynfht0jzpfay: wdk;wufr_- Tt&mrsm;onf yk*~vdu ydkifqdkifr_udk zsufodrf;jcif;jzifh &&Sdvmonfh t"du tusKd;qufrsm; jzpfayonf?

86

azmif y d w f a qmif ; yg;

=um;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ at;+idrf;
b,f v d k a &G ; aumuf y G J v J orRw}uD;pum;/ aumfr&Sifpum;/ v$wfawmft}uD;tuJ awG&@J pum;t& vGwvyfw/hJ oef@&i;f wJh a&G;aumufyJG jzpf f S vdrr,fv@kd ar#mwou ar#m/f a=umfjimolu a=umfjimw,f? hf f hJ l Ediiwumhtjrifaumif;atmif/ vdcsiao;wmawG kfH k f awmif;vd@k &atmif odytqd;k }uD;awmh jzpfr,frxifb;l vd@k f wGufolu wGufw,f? etz qdwm rqv aoG;eJ@ ppfoaE<aygi;f +yD; arG; k vmwm/ tm%mvufrv$wa&; tusiu ygae+yDv@kd xif f hf olu xif=uw,f? (u|efawmfhudk tJ'DtxJ xnfhvdkufyg?) jzpf a eyH k u a&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,fc&D;awGrSm 'DcsKyf&J@ w&m;yGJ awG =uufysrus pnfum;wm/ &[ef;/ &Si/f vl/ wyfrawmf H om; (rdom;pk) awGyg tm;ay;wm jrif&+yD? }uH@zGH@ awG&J@ rawmfrw&m;vkyf[efawGvnf; =um;vm cHpm;vm=u&+yD? 'DcsKyf ydpwmawG qkw+f zJc=H u&/ qdi;f bkwf "m;eJ@ k k tckwfcH&/ udk,fpm;vS,fudk avmufav;cGeJ@ypf/ tm;ay; vduvmwJoawG cJe@J txkc&wm ? k f h l H w&m;yGJusif;yzdk@ ae&mcsray;wm/ a[majymyGJ wufa&muf olawG&J@tdrf rD;csray;wm? rJpm&if;awG qkw+f zJwm/ rJpm&if;awGukd oGm;=unfh zd@k rvG,wae&mrSm uyfxm;wmawG &Svmw,f? tJ'D rJpm f hJ d &if;awGxrm aoolawG toufjyef&ivm+yD; ouf&dS xif J S Sf &Sm;olawG toufaysmuf ukefwmvnf; uHvkduf&+yD? 2010 rSm twdkuftcHawGudk taoowfchwhJ u J wifrJawG pa&mufae+yD? txuf a =umif h v m;/ atmuf a =umif h v m; - txufu w&m;ojzifhvkyfaewmyJ? atmufu xif&mpdkif;ae=uwmvdk@ ajymolu ajymw,f? - atmufajcajymwmu wdkifcsif&mwkdif txufu cdkif;vdk@vkyfwmyJ wJh? - w&m;yGae&mudprm wdi;f tqifu ocsKif;uke;f J P S k h oGm;vkyf=u vdk@ trdef@csw,f? - 2010 a&G;aumufywe;f u pmayAdrmefwqyvkd JG k H d f vrf ; wjcrf ; (om) cif ; ay;cJ h z l ; wJ h r@awmf 0 ef a[mif;u aiGxkyfudkif+yD; twkd;enf;enf;eJ@ aiG acs;/ rJq,wmvnf; awG@&w,f? ukeueajym G f f k f ygr,f -xef;yifzsm;rSm&SwhJ orRw}uD;qdol ud,f d k k wdkifu cifAsm;wdk@vdkcsifwJhaiG a[m'DrSm ,lay awmh/ u|efawmf bmvdkcsifovJ cifAsm;wdk@ od w,faemf ajym rJq,vu+f yDy? G f kd J - etz aqmifyk'fudku Edkif&ifvnf; Edkif&r,f? H;_ &ifvnf; Edi&r,f? tEkenf;/ t=urf;enf; vdk kf tyfovdkoHk; wJh? 'k u Q w d k i f w rf ; jcif ; ckawmh tar#mfudk;}uD; ar#mfudk;cJhwJh twdkuftcH bufu w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfr,frxif qdwhJ k toH xGufvmw,f? 'DvdkvkyfaewmawG rvkyfatmifwm;Edkifzdk@ a&G; aumufyaumfr&Siw@kd / tpd;k &wd@k u w&m;0ifpm xkwjf yef JG f oifhw,fvdk@ ajymvm&+yD? ed * H k ; - 1960 a&G;aumufyGJrSm vlwnf+rJ rJoef@&Sif; - 1990 a&G;aumufyrm vl wpn rJ 'DcsKyf JG S - 2010 a&G;aumufyusawmh vl (b,fojl zpfjzpf) JG rJ }uH@zG@H - ck 2012 =um;jzwfrm vl 'DcsKyf rJ S a&G ; aumuf y G J u wywf o momyJ vd k a wmh w ,f ? avmufav;cG ausmufcJtqifhuausmf+yD; aoewfeJ@ypf/ vufypfAHk;eJ@xk tEdkif,lwmrsdK; rjzpfygapeJ@vdk@ &ifwrreJ@ apmifh=unfh&OD;r,f? (22 -3- 2012)

a cgif ; }uD ;

OD;odef;pdefwESpfjynfhrdef@cGef;

acgif;rm*dk%f;eJ@taysmh*dk%f;

,Hkcsifvdkufwm ,Hkvdk@r&bl; tpd k ; &wES p f r jynf h c if (wvavmuf t vd k ) rS m ajymwJh rdef@cGef;[m ppfwyfajAmiftwdtvif; tm%m odr;f cJwhJ awmf vSea&;aumifpD a&$&wkobif ESpf 50 jynfh h f (w&uftvd) tcsef a&G; ajymwJre@f ce;f jzpfaew,f? pOf;pm; k d h d G p&myJ? ppfwyftm%m odrf;cJhwmudk *k%fywJhrdef@cGef;tjzpf aumuf,lvdk@ &aew,f? u|efawmfwdk@tpdk;&[m trsm;ajymae=uovdk acgi;f rm*d%;f eJ@taysm*%;f qd+k yD; uGjJ ym;aewm r&Sygb;l vd@k k h kd d olu ajymvdkufw,f? 'gayrJh orRw}uD;eJ@ol[m taysmh*dk%f;xJrSm yg w,f vdk@ &Gmdk;tjyifxGuf+yD; xkwfazmfaewJh 0ef}uD;u vnf; &Sdaew,f? 'D0ef}uD;u taysmhbuf/ trmbuf/ tdyfaysmfae oleJ@ +cHpnf;dk;cGxdkifaeol&,fvdk@ 4 rsdK; 4 pm; cGJjywJhtjyif &mcdkifE_ef;u b,favmufpD&Sdw,fvdk@vnf; wGujf yygw,f? rcufygvm;? OD;Advoe;f pdef ajymwJh u|ef k f d awmfwdk@rSm y&d,m,fr&Sdygbl; qdkwJhpum; b,fa&muf oGm;+yDvJ? wcsdK@xdyfoD;ydkif;awGuawmh ajymif;vJcsifol eJ@ rajymif;vJcsifolawG tm;yifae&w,fvdk@ ajymwmawG uaum? aumif;rGewtpd;k & oef@&i;f wJtpd;k & qdwhJ *k%f f hJ S h k wif pum;awG tjrKyfxuatmifajymvd@k aumif;wke;f tjrKyf G f rSrao ao;cif usyoe;f axmifcspm&if;vdr/f pm&if;azsmuf f d D xm;wJh 0ef}uD;Xme 6 ck&J@ tr_awG v$wfawmfxJ ay:vm wmuvnf; kyfqdk;vSw,f? KIA eJ@ wduyawG jyefay:aewmeJ@ywfouf+yD; k f JG ppfwyfeJ@tpdk;&=um; tm%myifr_ay:aewmudk

r[kwfygbl;vdk@ olu jiif;w,f? jynfaxmifpktqifhyk*~dKvfwcsdK@ u zm=uax;=u&w,f? wyfe@J tpd;k & tarGc=JG uawmh tpd;k &u EGm;r}uD; a&S@yi;f &+yD; kd ppfwyfu aemufyi;f ,lvuw,f? 'Dawmh wyf&@J p;D yGm;a&;/ bm kd kd f a&;u tusyftwnf;r&Sdbl;? =umavwdk;yGm;av yHkrSefwufae w,f? wdkif;jynf&J@ bmpD;yGm;u odyfusyfaew,f? 'ga=umifhtpdk;&u ppfwyftydkifpD;xm;wJh pD;yGm; bm ud p P enf ; enf ; ajzav#mh a y;apcsif w ,f ? OD ; yd k i f w d k @ jref r mh p D ; yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;wdk@ yHkrSef&aewJh tusdK;pD;yGm;awGudk tpdk;& buf r#ay;apcsifvdrfhr,f? ppfwyfbufu ray;Edkifbl;? jy\em &J@qHkcsufu 'DrSmazmfjyaeyHkyJ? Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ 2008 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccH Oya'u wyfe@J tpd;k &=um; tm%myif/ tusKd ;pD;yGm;yif vkyxm;wm jzpf f w,f? wcg tpd;k &xJrmvnf; oef@&i;f wnf+rJ uGwe;f uvdk *d%;f S S J k k tkyfpktyif jzpfvmw,f? +idrf;csrf;a&; (typf&yf) vkyfxm;wJh wdkif;&if; om;tzGJ@ awG e J @ +id r f ; csrf ; a&;vnf ; r&/ ppf v nf ; rjzpf tajctaevk y f xm;w,f? 'gawG[m ppfwyf&@J ta&;ygr_ udk }uD;vmaprSmyJ? tusyftwnf; }uD;oxuf}uD;vmaewJh jynfolawG vnf; 'gxuf ydkcHEdkifawmhrSm r[kwf? jzpfvmEdiwmuawmh ayguurawGjzpf/ tpd;k &u rxde;f kf f JG _ Ediawmh&if OD;ode;f pdeukd use;f rma&; ta=umif;jy em;cdi;f / pdevif kf f k f G vdk wifatmifjrifhOD;udk orRwwif? 'geJ@rSr&&if rif;atmifvd_ifu Adkvfapmarmifae&m ,layawmhyJ?

You might also like