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Oiaut tcd Outcars
Gamofg [trokcom #kcoptdrs ? omg 7‛3) `s o Famgam.iosdg wr`tdr omg eaurmof`st- Cd cos wr`ttdm oiaut @tof`om trovdf bar puif`kot`ams `mkfug`mh tcd [umgoy Wdfdhropc& @mgdpdmgdmt am [umgoy& [ygmdy Narm`mh Cdrofg& omg Huorg`om& omg `s tcd outcar ab Branndr‐s Bfardmkd " Wuskomy Goy iy Goy omg kaoutcar ab Wuskomy " Tnir`o X`tc Paur Bon`fy-
[tdpcdm Jddf`mh #kcoptdrs ?.; omg 0.?9) hrdw up `m Dmhfomg& f`vdg ir`dbfy `m Fotv`o& omg spdmt ?9 ydors os o b`momk`of eaurmof`st `m Os`o- Gdsp`td ottdnpts ta j`kj c`s hdfota ogg`kt`am& cd cos iddm ta @tofy nomy t`nds‗om `mkanporoifd jmawfdghd ab Wuskom Kc`mdsd rdstouromts barndg wc`fd kcopdram`mh o hraup ab R`dtmondsd abb`k`ofs `m ?007- [tdpcdm `s tcd kaoutcar ab tcd oworg.w`mm`mh Wuskomy " Tnir`o w`tc Paur Bon`fy omg kurrdmtfy f`vds `m Mdw Parj K`ty-
Branndr‐s [tor Yot`mhs& @kams " Oiirdv`ot`ams
Dvdry catdf& rdstouromt& omg ottrokt`am f`st`mh `m tc`s hu`gd cos iddm romjdg bar quof`ty& vofud& sdrv`kd& ondm`t`ds& omg spdk`of bdoturds us`mh o stor.rot`mh systdn- @m kaumtry& stotd& omg rdh`amof hu`gds& wd ofsa rotd tawms omg rdh`ams ta cdfp yau morraw gawm yaur kca`kds omg iughdt yaur t`nd okkarg`mhfy- Catdfs omg rdstouromts ord rotdg am o skofd ab zdra #rdkanndmgdg) ta tcrdd stors #dxkdpt`amof)- Ottrokt`ams& scapp`mh& m`hctf`bd& tawms& omg rdh`ams ord rotdg okkarg`mh ta tcd baffaw`mh skofd5 zdra stors #rdkanndmgdg)& amd stor #c`hcfy rdkanndmgdg)& twa stors #vdry c`hcfy rdkanndmgdg)& omg tcrdd stors #nust.sdd)-
@m ogg`t`am ta tcd stor.rot`mh systdn& wd ofsa usd sdvdm bdoturd `kams tcot pa`mt yau ta tcd hrdot gdofs& `m.tcd.jmaw ogv`kd& omg um`qud dxpdr`dmkds tcot sdporotd trovdfdrs bran taur`sts- Wcrauhcaut tcd iaaj& faaj bar5
spdk`of b`mgs‗tcasd pfokds amfy `ms`gdrs jmaw oiaut
bum bokts‗gdto`fs tcot nojd trovdfdrs nard `mbarndg omg tcd`r tr`ps nard bum
j`gs‗idst idts bar j`gs omg ogv`kd bar tcd wcafd bon`fy
spdk`of nandmts‗tcasd dxpdr`dmkds tcot ndnar`ds ord nogd ab
avdrrotdg‗pfokds ar dxpdr`dmkds mat wartc yaur t`nd ar namdy
`ms`gdr t`ps‗hrdot woys ta sovd t`nd omg namdy
hrdot vofuds‗wcdrd ta hdt tcd idst gdofsWcd baffaw`mh oiirdv`ot`ams ord usdg bar krdg`t korgs5
OD Ondr`kom Dxprdss G@[K G`skavdr R R`so
GK G`mdrs Kfui NK NostdrKorg
\`so& Wuskomy‐s Kaost " tcd Nordnno
Wcd omk`dmt nor`t`nd rdpuif`k ab \`so `s amd ab @tofy‐s nust.sdd k`t`ds- Wc`s f`vdfy um`vdrs`ty tawm iaosts amd ab tcd nast idout`buf p`ozzd `m tcd warfg& om dxpoms`vd hrossy fowm stuggdg w`tc sdrdmd Hatc`k.Yanomdsqud iu`fg`mhs ab wc`td. omg hroy.iomgdg norifd omg gdf`kotd kafammogdg orkog`mh- Iut `t‐ff bardvdr id jmawm kc`dbfy bar tcot squord‐s kotcdgrof idff tawdr5 @t eust rdbusds ta st`kj stro`hct up-
[trumh aut ofamh tcd r`vdr iokj taworg Bfardmkd& tcd c`star`k tawms ab tcd Rofgorma& `mkfug`mh [om N`m`ota omg R`mk`& i`rtcpfokd ab Ydmo`ssomkd nostdr Fdamorga& nojd dxkdffdmt goy tr`ps bran \`so- Wcd irowmy Ndg`k`.krdotdg part ab F`varma& ta tcd sautc& `s Wuskomy‐s sdkamg.forhdst k`ty& iut `s pdrcops um`qud `m tcd rdh`am bar `ts fokj ab ort #idyamg sand Wuskom ‖@nprdss`am`sts„) omg gdortc ab gdkarot`vd kcurkcds- Wcd sdobaag `m `ts rdstouromts& tcauhc& `s rdosam ofamd ta v`s`t& omg `ts komof quortdr oggs sand quos`.Rdmdt`om ranomkd-
Wcd hrddm `sfomgs ab tcd Wuskom orkc`pdfoha s`tt`mh abb tcd Dtruskom Kaost scardf`md ord gattdg w`tc sand b`md idokcds omg bomtost`k moturd prdsdrvds- Wcd hromggoggy ab tcd hraup& Dfio& `s o c`hc.pawdr sunndr taur`st gdst`mot`am- @t‐s @tofy‐s tc`rg.forhdst `sfomg omg o vdr`toifd n`mdrof cargd tcot cos iddm n`mdg s`mkd tcd Dtruskom Ohd- Dfio `s bonaus os tcd scart.f`vdg j`mhgan ab dx`fdg dx.dnpdrar Mopafdam omg papufor bar `ts kafarbuf b`sc`mh tawms& `sfomg ku`s`md& `mfomg c`j`mh& omg idokcds-
Wcd Nordnno `s Wuskomy‐s bor sautc& o f`ttfd.v`s`tdg prav`mkd w`tc gddp Dtruskom raats& krunif`mh c`ff tawms iu`ft otap gronot`k tubo autkraps& omg smaw.wc`td kottfd wotkcdg avdr iy tcd iuttdr`& sand ab tcd warfg‐s fost trud.hr`t kawiays- Wcd pr`mk`pof ort stap cdrd `s Nosso Nor`tt`no& o twa.stary stamd tawm tcot‐s cand ta o b`md Fardmzdtt` oftorp`dkd omg o stotdfy [`dmdsd.Hatc`k p`ozzo- @mfomg& \`t`hf`oma sddns ta spraut stro`hct bran `ts tubo rakj pdrkc‗omg kur`ausfy bar Wuskomy& cos prdsdrvdg o bosk`mot`mh Edw`sc cdr`tohd-
\`so 
99jn #?7 n`fds) [ ab Fukko: 3?jn #4< n`fds) X ab Bfardmkd: ;;7jn #9<3 n`fds) MX ab Yand
Matc`mh soys \`so nard tcom `ts Fdom`mh Wawdr& jdystamd ab tcd Yanomdsqud Konpa gd` N`rokaf`& iut tc`s k`ty ab omk`dmt orkc`tdkturof wamgdrs hads oho`mst typd w`tc `ts yaumh omg upidot bddf- Mot`vd sam Hof`fda noy id famh hamd iut stugdmts st`ff kand cdrd ta stugy ot tcd prdst`h`aus um`vdrs`ty wcdrd cd touhct omg dmeay tcd k`ty‐s v`iromt v`id-
Wc`mhs ta [dd " Ga [dd`mh tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr‐s faps`gdg idouty noy sot`sby& iut ta ga `t eust`kd yau kom kf`ni tcd 907 stdps ot o b`vd.gdhrdd omhfd ta tcd tap bar v`dws avdr tcd Konpa‐s atcdr spdktokufor Yanomdsqud namundmts5 tcd Guana& Iopt`stdry& omg Konpasomta- Wcd umgdrrotdg kaffdkt`am ot tcd Nusda Moz`amofd g` [om Nottda `s omatcdr dssdmt`of stap-
Ydfoxot`am Bar o rdfox`mh irdoj bran tcd Konpa‐s iustfd& raon tcd strddts oraumg orkogdg Iarha [trdtta os tcdy iurst `mta f`bd dvdry narm`mh gur`mh tcd norjdt& tcdm cdog bar tcd Arta Iatom`ka& amd ab tcd afgdst iatom`kof horgdms `m @tofy- Ydhufor iaot tr`ps ofsa gdport bran tcd kdmtdr& kru`s`mh tcd Orma os bor os tcd dnpty Wdmuto g` [om Yassard& wdghdg idtwddm tcd k`ty omg tcd sdo-
Ydstouromts " G`m`mh @m \`so‐s ndg`dvof kdmtdr& pfdmty ab s`npfd trottar`d jddp tcd fakofs wdff bdg- \`so‐s nor`t`nd c`stary ndoms tcot o trog`t`amof ndmu cdrd spdk`of`zds `m b`scy gdf`hcts sukc os iokkofì offo p`somo& soft kag stdwdg `m tanota soukd- Fo Ndsk`to& `m tcd cdort ab tcd pragukd norjdt& sdrvds tcd brdscdst `mhrdg`dmts-
M`hctf`bd " Dmtdrto`mndmt \`so `s praioify Wuskomy‐s f`vdf`dst k`ty wcdm m`hct boffs- Fakofs omg stugdmts wc`fd owoy tcd`r dvdm`mhs `m tcd iors omg m`hctkfuis oraumg \`ozzo Hor`iofg`& omg ofamh Iarha [trdtta omg tcd iomjs ab tcd Y`vdr Orma- Am o worn dvdm`mh cdrd yau‐ff b`mg hraups hotcdr`mh auts`gd ta s`p iddr omg opdr`t`v` bran kc`k iors& tcdm cdog`mh ta fo`g iokj coumts w`tc f`vd nus`k ar GE sdts-
Dssdmt`ofs
Hdtt`mh Wcdrd Iy Wro`m5 Wcdrd ord oraumg 9< g`rdkt tro`ms go`fy bran Yand #9½‛7 cr-)- Bran Bfardmkd& 4< go`fy tro`ms nojd tcd tr`p #2<‛0< n`m-)- Wcrdd tro`ms om caur rum bran mdoriy F`varma #?3 n`m-): tcdrd ord tro`ms opprax`notdfy dvdry caur bran [`dmo #kcomhd ot Dnpaf`: ?<< n`m- tatof)- Fukko abbdrs avdr 94 rums cdrd dvdry goy #94‛;4 n`m-)- Am tcd Fukko f`md& goy.tr`ppdrs #omg omyamd stoy`mh `m omy ab tcd catdfs f`stdg idfaw dxkdpt tcd Yayof R`ktar`o) scaufg hdt abb ot [om Yassard stot`am& o bdw ifakjs wdst ab \`ozzo gdf Guana omg tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr- Off atcdr tro`ms‗omg dvdmtuoffy tcd Fukko amd‗puff `mta \`so Kdmtrofd stot`am- Bran cdrd& ius ma- 7 ar tcd FON Yasso ius w`ff tojd yau kfasd ta \`ozzo gdf Guana-
Iy Kor5 Wcdrd‐s o Bfardmkd.\`so bost c`hcwoy #tcd sa.koffdg B@.\@.F@) ofamh tcd Orma voffdy- Wojd tcd [[?9 ar [[?9r bran Fukko: tcd O?9 kands gawm tcd kaost bran tcd martc #omg up bran F`varma)& omg tcd [[? rums martc omg sautc ofamh tcd kaost- Wcdrd‐s pfdmty ab poy porj`mh am tcd k`ty strddts5 \orj bar brdd ot \orj \`dtrosomt`mo& o ?<.n`mutd wofj ar scart ius r`gd #am tcd FON Yasso) martc ab tcd Konpa& ar ta hdt kfasdr ta tcd okt`am& tcd \orkcdhh`a \`ozzo g` N`rokaf` fat ot R`o K- [- Konnda 4? kcorhds 9₦ pdr caur- Bar nard gdto`fs am fakot`ams omg kcorhds& sdd www-p`sona-`t-
Iy Ius5 Bran nast pfokds w`tc o ro`f stot`am& tcd tro`m `s usuoffy nard kamvdm`dmt& iut Ro`Ius #www-vo`ius-`t) rums sdrv`kds bran \`so O`rpart& R`o Iamomma& omg tcd \arto o Fukko ta Fukko #ot fdost caurfy: 94‛44 n`m-)- K\W # 
<4<.4<4.4?? ar 3<<.<?9.88; `m @tofy: www-kpt-p`so-`t)& cos rautds ta!bran Raftdrro #2‛?< go`fy kammdkt tcrauhc \amtdgdro bar o 9. ta 9¾.cr- tatof tr`p)& F`varma #caurfy: 44 n`m-)& omg tawms ofamh tcd kaost- Wcd K\W ius stot`am omg t`kjdt abb`kd `s `m \`ozzo [omt‐Omtam`a& eust martc ab Kdmtrofd stot`am-
<4<.4<4.4?? ar 3<<.<?9.88; `m @tofy: www-kpt-p`so-`t)& cos rautds ta!bran Raftdrro #2‛?< go`fy kammdkt tcrauhc \amtdgdro bar o 9. ta 9¾.cr- tatof tr`p)& F`varma #caurfy: 44 n`m-)& omg tawms ofamh tcd kaost- Wcd K\W ius stot`am omg t`kjdt abb`kd `s `m \`ozzo [omt‐Omtam`a& eust martc ab Kdmtrofd stot`am-Tbso`c`stary?4?
Wcd k`ty idhom os o sdos`gd sdttfdndmt oraumg ?<<< i-k- omg wos dxpomgdg `mta o movof trog`mh part iy tcd Yanoms `m tcd 9mg kdmtury i-k- Iy tcd ??tc kdmtury& \`so cog hrawm `mta amd ab tcd pdm`msufo‐s nast pawdrbuf nor`t`nd rdpuif`ks& ofamh w`tc Rdm`kd& Onofb`& omg Hdmao- @ts dxtdms`vd trog`mh `m tcd N`ggfd Dost cdfpdg `npart ogvomkdg Oroi`k `gdos #gdkarot`vd omg sk`dmt`b`k)& omg `ts wors w`tc tcd [orokdms fdg `t ta krdotd om abbscard dnp`rd ab Kars`ko& [orgdhmo& omg tcd Iofdor`ks- @t foy wostd ta r`vof Onofb` `m ??;4 omg& r`g`mh o c`hc t`gd ab wdoftc `m tcd fotd N`ggfd Ohds& krdotdg `ts namundmtof iu`fg`mhs- @m ?937& \`so‐s iottfd bfddt wos gdstraydg iy Hdmao ot Ndfar`o #abb F`varma)& o stohhdr`mh gdbdot offaw`mh tcd Hdmadsd ta tojd kamtraf ab tcd Wyrrcdm`om [do omg bark`mh \`so‐s famh sf`gd `mta tw`f`hct- @ts Hc`idff`md moturd hovd Bfardmkd tcd dxkusd `t mddgdg ta tojd kamtraf `m ?7<2- Gdsp`td o bdw snoff rdidff`ams& Bfardmkd stoydg `m kcorhd umt`f @tof`om um`b`kot`am `m tcd ?32<s-
\`so‐s no`m kfo`n ta bond s`mkd cos iddm `ts um`vdrs`ty& amd ab @tofy‐s tap skcaafs& dstoif`scdg `m ?;7;- \`so wos ofsa tcd i`rtcpfokd ab amd ab Xdstdrm c`stary‐s hrdotdst pcys`k`sts omg ostramandrs& Hof`fda Hof`fd` #?427‛?279)& o nom pramd ta grapp`mh umdvdm wd`hcts bran tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr omg noj`mh ifospcdnaus stotdndmts oiaut Dortc rdvafv`mh oraumg tcd sum& omg `t wos cand `m tcd ?9tc kdmtury ta [t- Iamo& wca #onamh atcdr tc`mhs) `s tcd potram so`mt ab bf`hct ottdmgomts-
Iy \fomd5 Wuskomy‐s no`m `mtdrmot`amof o`rpart& Hof`fda Hof`fd` #www-p`so.o`rpart-kan)& `s eust ;jn #9 n`fds) sautc ab tcd kdmtdr- Wro`ms z`p yau gawmtawm ta Kdmtrofd stot`am `m 4 n`mutds: tcd FON Yasso ius gdports dvdry 0 n`mutds bar Kdmtrofd stot`am omg tcdm tcd Konpa- O ndtdrdg tox` r`gd ta tawm w`ff kast ?<₦ ta ?4₦ #gr`vdrs okkdpt krdg`t korgs)- Bar nard am o`r kammdkt`ams& sdd ‖Hdtt`mh Wcdrd„ omg ‖Hdtt`mh Oraumg„-
Hdtt`mh Oraumg Iy Ius5 K\W #sdd oiavd) rums tcd k`ty‐s iusds- Ius ma- 7 omg tcd FON Yasso ius rum ta mdor tcd Konpa gd` N`rokaf` bran Kdmtrofd stot`am-
Iy Wox`5 Wox`s kom id baumg am \`ozzo gdffo [toz`amd omg \`ozzo gdf Guana- Koff o rog`a tox` ot 
<4<.47?.2<< ar <44.444.;;<-
<4<.47?.2<< ar <44.444.;;<-R`s`tar @mbarnot`am Wcd no`m k`ty taur`st abb`kd `s ot \`ozzo R`ttar`a Dnomudfd @@ ?2& \`so # 
<4<.79.90?: www-p`soum`kotdrro-`t: Nam‛[ot 0on‛8pn& [um 0on‛7pn)- Wcdrd‐s ofsa o cdfpbuf gdsj `ms`gd tcd orr`vofs coff ot tcd o`rpart # 
<44.4<9.4?3: go`fy 05;<on‛??5;<pn)- D`tcdr kom comg aut strddt nops omg o haag sdfdkt`am ab ponpcfdts oiaut tcd k`ty omg w`gdr prav`mkd-
<4<.79.90?: www-p`soum`kotdrro-`t: Nam‛[ot 0on‛8pn& [um 0on‛7pn)- Wcdrd‐s ofsa o cdfpbuf gdsj `ms`gd tcd orr`vofs coff ot tcd o`rpart # <44.4<9.4?3: go`fy 05;<on‛??5;<pn)- D`tcdr kom comg aut strddt nops omg o haag sdfdkt`am ab ponpcfdts oiaut tcd k`ty omg w`gdr prav`mkd-Wa b`mg aut wcot‐s ha`mh am `m tawm& p`kj up o kapy ab tcd namtcfy WaGa #abtdm `m iors omg kobds)& ar kcdkj `t amf`md ot www-taganohoz`md-`t- \r`votdfy apdrotdg www-p`soamf`md-`t `s ofsa usdbuf-
Bdst`vofs " Norjdts [`mkd tcd ?7<<s& tdons bran tcd martc omg sautc s`gds ab tcd Orma covd grdssdg `m Ydmo`ssomkd kastunds omg tr`dg tcd`r gormdgdst ta rum amd omatcdr avdr w`tc o h`omt 8.tam #?7&<<<.fi) gdkarotdg kort am tcd \amtd g` Ndzza& s`td ab tcd k`ty‐s afg Yanom ir`ghd- Wc`s `mvdrsd tuh.ab.wor& tcd H`aka gdf \amtd 
& `s cdfg am tcd fost [umgoy `m Eumd- Ofsa `m Eumd `s tcd Bdsto g` [om Yom`dr`& wcdm \`soms camar tcd`r potram so`mt iy f`m`mh tcd Orma w`tc tarkcds am tcd ?2tc& tcdm rumm`mh o iaot rokd am tcd ?8tc- Wcdrd‐s om dxkdffdmt baag norjdt Namgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy am omg oraumg \`ozzo gdffd Rdttavohf`d-
& `s cdfg am tcd fost [umgoy `m Eumd- Ofsa `m Eumd `s tcd Bdsto g` [om Yom`dr`& wcdm \`soms camar tcd`r potram so`mt iy f`m`mh tcd Orma w`tc tarkcds am tcd ?2tc& tcdm rumm`mh o iaot rokd am tcd ?8tc- Wcdrd‐s om dxkdffdmt baag norjdt Namgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy am omg oraumg \`ozzo gdffd Rdttavohf`d-Dxpfar`mh tcd Konpa gd` N`rokaf`
Am o hrossy fowm wdghdg `mta tcd martcwdst karmdr ab tcd k`ty woffs& ndg`dvof \`soms krdotdg amd ab tcd nast gronot`k squords `m tcd warfg- C`star`koffy guiidg tcd Konpa gd` N`rokaf` #B`dfg ab N`rokfds) 
& \`ozzo gdf Guana kamto`ms om orroy ab dfdhomt iu`fg`mhs tcot cdrofgdg tcd \`som.Yanomdsqud styfd-
& \`ozzo gdf Guana kamto`ms om orroy ab dfdhomt iu`fg`mhs tcot cdrofgdg tcd \`som.Yanomdsqud styfd-Iut \`ozzo gdf Guana `sm‐t tcd kdmtrof pfozo `m tawm os `m nast Wuskom k`t`ds- Xcdm `t wos iu`ft idtwddm tcd ??tc omg ?;tc kdmtur`ds& tcd squord wos oho`mst tcd k`ty woffs& surraumgdg iy bornfomg- Iut tc`s pdr`pcdrof fakot`am ofsa sandcaw pfoys o rafd `m tcd p`ozzo‐s um`qudmdss- O vdry forhd iut c`ggdm port ab `ts oppdof& os`gd bran tcd idouty ab tcd iu`fg`mhs& `s `ts spot`of hdandtry- Wcd p`ozzo‐s ndg`dvof dmh`mddrs jmdw wcot tcdy wdrd ga`mh- @b yau tojd om odr`of pcata ab tcd squord omg grow kammdkt.tcd.gat f`mds idtwddm tcd kdmtdrs& gaars& omg atcdr bakof pa`mts ab tcd iu`fg`mhs omg tcd spats wcdrd strddts dmtdr tcd p`ozzo& yau‐ff kand up w`tc off sarts ab pdrbdkt tr`omhfds& tomhdmt`of f`mds ab notcdnot`kof hrokd& omg atcdr umbotcanoifd cypatdmusds-
@mk`gdmtoffy& amfy tcd taur`st `mgustry koffs `t tcd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf`-„ \`soms tc`mj tcot‐s eust o i`t taa nukc omg rdbdr ta `t os \`ozzo gdf Guana- Xd rdkanndmg v`s`t`mh tcd Konpasomta obtdr tcd twa nusduns& s`mkd iatc kamto`m dxc`i`ts tcot‐ff cdfp yau opprdk`otd tcd fass ab tcd Konpasomta brdskads-
Goapf nlb Abrogfjb Onabssbf`sOgn`ss`am kcorhds bar tcd namundmts omg nusduns ab tcd Konpa ord t`dg tahdtcdr `m o kanpf`kotdg woy- Wcd Kottdgrofd ofamd kasts 9₦ #tcauhc `t‐s brdd Mav‛Bdi)- Omy atcdr s`mhfd s`hct `s 4₦: omy twa s`tds kast 2₦- Wa okkdss dvdrytc`mh dxkdpt tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr kasts 3₦ idtwddm Mavdnidr omg Bdiruory omg ?<₦ atcdrw`sd- Kc`fgrdm 0 omg umgdr dmtdr brdd- Bar nard `mbarnot`am& v`s`t tcd`r wdis`td ot www-apop`so-`t- Ogn`ss`am ta tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr `s sdporotd& kast`mh ?4₦& ar ?8₦ `b yau rdsdrvd o t`ndg sfat `m ogvomkd ot www-apop`so-`t #dssdmt`of `m pdoj pdr`ags)- Kc`fgrdm 8 omg umgdr ord mat pdrn`ttdg: sdd ofsa ‖\`so‐s \drpdmg`kuforfy Kcoffdmhdg Wawdr&„ idfaw-
Iopt`stdry ★★ @tofy‐s i`hhdst iopt`stdry #?<7n!;7? bt- `m k`rkunbdrdmkd) wos idhum `m ??4; iy G`at`sofv`& wca hovd `t `ts fawdr Yanomdsqud grun- M`kafo omg H`avomm` \`soma ‖Hatc`k`zdg„ tcd uppdr port bran ?988 ta ?908 omg Kdff`ma g` Mdsd koppdg `t w`tc o Hatc`k gand `m tcd ?;<<s- Nast ab tcd dxtdr`ar stotuds omg gdkarot`vd dfdndmts iy H`avomm` \`soma ord maw jdpt `m tcd Nusda gdff‐Apdro gdf Guana #sdd idfaw)& omg amfy o bdw covd iddm rdpfokdg cdrd w`tc kosts- @t noy mat faaj `t& iut `b yau `mkfugd tcd stotud am tap& tc`s iu`fg`mh `s norh`moffy toffdr tcom tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr okrass tcd squord- Wcd `mtdr`ar `s surpr`s`mhfy pfo`m iut bdoturds tcd b`rst ab tcd hrdot \`soma pufp`ts os wdff os o forhd iopt`snof bamt& korvdg omg `mfo`g iy tcd `g`asymkrot`k Hu`ga I`hordff` go Kana omg spraut`mh o 9<tc.kdmtury stotud ab [t- Eacm-
M`kafo \`soma wos tcd baumgdr ab o hrdot f`md ab Hatc`k skufptars wca f`idrotdg tcd`r ort bran tcd stot`k `kamahropcy ab ndg`dvof`sn ta o mdw fdvdf ab gymon`k okt`am omg `mtdmsd dxprdss`vdmdss tcot waufg `mbfudmkd Hc`idrt` omg Gamotdffa omg sa povd tcd raog bar tcd Ydmo`ssomkd- Wcd pufp`t 
M`kafo korvdg bar tcd iopt`stdry #?944‛2<) `s pdrcops c`s nostdrp`dkd omg tcd pratatypd bar o sdr`ds cd omg c`s sam H`avomm` korr`dg aut avdr tcd ydors #tcd fost `s `m \`so‐s Guana: tcd atcdr twa ord `m \`sta`o omg [`dmo)- Cdov`fy `mbfudmkdg iy kfoss`kof warjs‗`mkfug`mh tcd Yanom sorkapcoh` omg Hrddj vosd maw `m tcd Konpasomta‗M`kafo‐s c`hc.rdf`db pomdfs #o symaps`s ab Kcr`st‐s f`bd) `mkfugd pohom hags kamvdrtdg ta Kcr`st`om`ty os Nogammos omg so`mts-
M`kafo korvdg bar tcd iopt`stdry #?944‛2<) `s pdrcops c`s nostdrp`dkd omg tcd pratatypd bar o sdr`ds cd omg c`s sam H`avomm` korr`dg aut avdr tcd ydors #tcd fost `s `m \`so‐s Guana: tcd atcdr twa ord `m \`sta`o omg [`dmo)- Cdov`fy `mbfudmkdg iy kfoss`kof warjs‗`mkfug`mh tcd Yanom sorkapcoh` omg Hrddj vosd maw `m tcd Konpasomta‗M`kafo‐s c`hc.rdf`db pomdfs #o symaps`s ab Kcr`st‐s f`bd) `mkfugd pohom hags kamvdrtdg ta Kcr`st`om`ty os Nogammos omg so`mts-Wcd atcdr no`m ottrokt`am ab tcd iopt`stdry `s `ts rdmawmdg okaust`ks- Xcdm `t‐s krawgdg `m sunndr& yau noy covd ta osj o huorg ta worifd& iut wcdm tcdrd ord bdwdr pdapfd #kand dorfy `m tcd narm`mh)& fdom avdr tcd rapds ta hdt os mdor ta kdmtdr os pass`ifd omg fdt bfy o kfdor faug matd& f`stdm`mh ta `t dkca oraumg tcd raan os `t bogds- Dvdm idttdr& s`mh twa matds o cofb.aktovd oport omg f`stdm bar tcd`r dkca`mh otamof n`mhf`mh- Xcdm o kca`r s`mhs cdrd& yau kom cdor `t bar n`fds-
\`ozzo gdf Guana- 
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- Opr‛[dpt go`fy 3on‛3pn: Nor go`fy 0on‛2pn: Akt go`fy 0on‛8pn: Mav omg Bdi go`fy 0on‛4pn: Gdk‛Eom go`fy 05;<on‛75;<pn- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- Opr‛[dpt go`fy 3on‛3pn: Nor go`fy 0on‛2pn: Akt go`fy 0on‛8pn: Mav omg Bdi go`fy 0on‛4pn: Gdk‛Eom go`fy 05;<on‛75;<pn- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-Konpasomta Idhum `m ?983 iy H`avomm` g` [`namd ta causd tcd sc`pfaogs ab cafy Hafhatco g`rt #tcd naumt wcdrd Kcr`st wos kruk`b`dg) irauhct iokj iy om orkci`scap bran tcd Krusogds& tcd Konpasomta cos iddm iur`of hraumg bar \`som i`hw`hs dvdr s`mkd- Nast bumdrory namundmts ord rdkykfdg Yanom sorkapcoh` ar mdakfoss`kof kambdkt`ams `mstoffdg `m tcd pdokdbuffy orkogdg karr`gar dmk`rkf`mh tcd potkcds ab hrddm `m tcd kdmtdr-
Wcd woffs wdrd amkd kavdrdg w`tc `npartomt ?7tc. omg ?4tc.kdmtury brdskads iy Woggda Hogg`& [p`mdffa Ordt`ma& omg Idmazza Hazzaf`& onamh atcdrs- Am Eufy 98& ?077& cawdvdr& Ondr`kom worpfomds foumkcdg om ottokj oho`mst tcd k`ty #wc`kc wos st`ff `m Hdrnom comgs) omg tcd kdndtdry wos ianidg- Wcd waagdm raab kouhct b`rd& omg `ts fdog pomdfs ndftdg omg rom gawm avdr tcd brdskads& gdstray`mh nomy ab tcd po`mt`mhs omg sdvdrdfy gonoh`mh tcd bdw tcot rdno`mdg‗o kaupfd ab s`gds ab tcd woffs covd iddm rdturmdg& cawdvdr- Xcdm tcd surv`v`mh brdskads wdrd gdtokcdg ta id navdg& warjdrs g`skavdrdg tcd ort`sts‐ prdporotary sjdtkcds #s`map`d) umgdrmdotc- Wcdsd& ofamh w`tc tcd s`map`d ab sand ab tcd gdstraydg brdskads& ord causdg `m tcd Nusda gdffd [`map`d #sdd idfaw)-
O gaarwoy abb amd karr`gar fdogs ta om dxc`i`t ab sand brdskads tcot nogd `t tcrauhc tcd iani`mh- Wcd nast bosk`mot`mh `s tcd ?;7? Wr`unpc ab Gdotc 
& ottr`iutdg ta Bfardmt`md Iuamon`ka Iubbofnokka- F`szt wos sa navdg iy `t tcot cd sot gawm omg wratd c`s bonaus Watdmtomz-
& ottr`iutdg ta Bfardmt`md Iuamon`ka Iubbofnokka- F`szt wos sa navdg iy `t tcot cd sot gawm omg wratd c`s bonaus Watdmtomz-\`ozzo gdf Guana- 
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- [ond caurs os tcd Iopt`stdry: sdd oiavd- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- [ond caurs os tcd Iopt`stdry: sdd oiavd- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-Kottdgrofd ★★ Iuskcdta& tcd orkc`tdkt wca fo`g tcd kotcdgrof‐s b`rst stamd `m ?<2;& j`kj`mh abb o mdw dro `m ort iy iu`fg`mh wcot wos ta idkand tcd nagdf bar tcd \`som.Yanomdsqud styfd& `s iur`dg `m tcd fost if`mg orkc am tcd fdbt ab tcd bokogd- Off tcd dfdndmts ab tcd moskdmt Yanomdsqud styfd ord cdrd am tcd bokogd 
& gds`hmdg omg iu`ft iy Iuskcdta‐s sukkdssar& Yo`mofga5 oftdrmot`mh f`hct omg gorj iomg`mh& raumgdg if`mg orkcds w`tc Naar`sc.`msp`rdg fazdmhds ot tcd tap omg kafardg norifd `mfoy gds`hms& omg Faniorg.styfd apdm hoffdr`ds ab t`my n`snotkcdg kafunms stokjdg ta nojd tcd bokogd nukc c`hcdr tcom tcd kcurkc raab- O g`sostraus ?404 b`rd gdstraydg nast ab tcd warjs `ms`gd tcd kcurkc& iut fukj`fy tcd ?2tc.kdmtury \`soms rdkahm`zdg omg c`rdg sand ab tcd idttdr fotd. omg past.Ydmo`ssomkd ort`sts bar tcd rdburi`sc`mh-
& gds`hmdg omg iu`ft iy Iuskcdta‐s sukkdssar& Yo`mofga5 oftdrmot`mh f`hct omg gorj iomg`mh& raumgdg if`mg orkcds w`tc Naar`sc.`msp`rdg fazdmhds ot tcd tap omg kafardg norifd `mfoy gds`hms& omg Faniorg.styfd apdm hoffdr`ds ab t`my n`snotkcdg kafunms stokjdg ta nojd tcd bokogd nukc c`hcdr tcom tcd kcurkc raab- O g`sostraus ?404 b`rd gdstraydg nast ab tcd warjs `ms`gd tcd kcurkc& iut fukj`fy tcd ?2tc.kdmtury \`soms rdkahm`zdg omg c`rdg sand ab tcd idttdr fotd. omg past.Ydmo`ssomkd ort`sts bar tcd rdburi`sc`mh-Wcd no`m gaar `s amd ab tcrdd kost iy stugdmts ab H`oniafahmo obtdr tcd ?404 b`rd gdstraydg tcd ar`h`mofs- Am tcd iokj ab tcd r`hct tromsdpt& okrass bran tcd idff tawdr& `s o 9<<3 kost ab tcd iramzd Gaar ab [om Yom`dr` 
: tcd amfy ar`h`mof gaar surv`vds `m tcd Nusda gdff‐Apdro #sdd idfaw) omg wos kost iy Iammoma \`soma `m ??3< wc`fd cd wos warj`mh am tcd idff tawdr- @ms`gd tcd r`hct tromsdpt& yau‐ff b`mg omatcdr warj tcot surv`vdg tcd b`rd& tcd tani ab Dnpdrar Cdmry R@@ iy W`ma g` Kono`ma #?;?4) surnaumtdg iy o po`r ab Hc`rfomgo`a omhdfs- Cdmry R@@ wos o cdra ta tcd Hc`idff`md \`soms& wca suppartdg c`s sukkdssbuf i`g bar Cafy Yanom Dnpdrar-
: tcd amfy ar`h`mof gaar surv`vds `m tcd Nusda gdff‐Apdro #sdd idfaw) omg wos kost iy Iammoma \`soma `m ??3< wc`fd cd wos warj`mh am tcd idff tawdr- @ms`gd tcd r`hct tromsdpt& yau‐ff b`mg omatcdr warj tcot surv`vdg tcd b`rd& tcd tani ab Dnpdrar Cdmry R@@ iy W`ma g` Kono`ma #?;?4) surnaumtdg iy o po`r ab Hc`rfomgo`a omhdfs- Cdmry R@@ wos o cdra ta tcd Hc`idff`md \`soms& wca suppartdg c`s sukkdssbuf i`g bar Cafy Yanom Dnpdrar-Am tcd martc s`gd ab tcd movd& H`avomm` \`soma‐s nostdrp`dkd pufp`t 
#?;<9‛??) cos rdho`mdg `ts r`hctbuf pfokd- Obtdr tcd b`rd& tcd ioraqu`ds gdk`gdg tcd mosty afg Hatc`k pufp`t wos om dydsard& sa tcdy g`snomtfdg `t omg put `t `m o krotd: `t wosm‐t baumg omg rdossdnifdg umt`f ?092- @t‐s tcd fost ab tcd bondg \`soma pufp`ts omg& ofamh w`tc tcd amd `m \`sta`o& tcd hrdotdst-
#?;<9‛??) cos rdho`mdg `ts r`hctbuf pfokd- Obtdr tcd b`rd& tcd ioraqu`ds gdk`gdg tcd mosty afg Hatc`k pufp`t wos om dydsard& sa tcdy g`snomtfdg `t omg put `t `m o krotd: `t wosm‐t baumg omg rdossdnifdg umt`f ?092- @t‐s tcd fost ab tcd bondg \`soma pufp`ts omg& ofamh w`tc tcd amd `m \`sta`o& tcd hrdotdst-Comh`mh faw mdor tcd pufp`t `s o forhd iramzd fonp tcot& okkarg`mh ta fdhdmg& o iardg Hof`fda wos stor`mh ot amd goy gur`mh Noss& wotkc`mh `t swoy hdmtfy iokj omg bartc& wcdm c`s fow ab tcd pdmgufun suggdmfy c`t c`n- [pa`fsparts f`jd ta pa`mt aut tcd fonp wos kost `m ?432& o bdw ydors obtdr Hof`fda‐s g`skavdry& iut tcd fdhdmg noy st`ff id sofvohdg5 Omatcdr fonp praioify cumh cdrd idbard tc`s amd- Idmdotc tcd brdskadg avof gand `s wcot rdno`ms ab tcd Kasnotdsqud povdndmt ab port`kafardg norifd gds`hms- Wcd iramzd omhdfs #?2<9) bfomj`mh tcd kca`r dmtromkd omg tcd kruk`b`dg Kcr`st avdr tcd oftor ord iy tcd ioraqud nostdr ab iramzd H`oniafahmo& omg am tcd dmtromkd p`dr ta tcd kca`r `s Omgrdo gdf [orta‐s ofnast Fdamorgdsqud [t- Ohmds w`tc cdr Foni 
& po`mtdg `m C`hc Ydmo`ssomkd styfd- @m tcd opsd `s tcd fost ab tcd noear surv`vars ab tcd b`rd& om dmarnaus ?;tc.kdmtury naso`k Kcr`st \omkrotar& kanpfdtdg `m ?;<9 iy K`noiud& wca oggdg tcd [t- Eacm tcd Dvomhdf`st am tcd r`hct-
& po`mtdg `m C`hc Ydmo`ssomkd styfd- @m tcd opsd `s tcd fost ab tcd noear surv`vars ab tcd b`rd& om dmarnaus ?;tc.kdmtury naso`k Kcr`st \omkrotar& kanpfdtdg `m ?;<9 iy K`noiud& wca oggdg tcd [t- Eacm tcd Dvomhdf`st am tcd r`hct-\`ozzo gdf Guana- 
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- Opr‛[dpt Nam‛[ot ?<on‛3pn& [um ?‛3pn: Nor Nam‛[ot ?<on‛45;<pn& [um ?‛45;<pn: Akt Nam‛[ot ?<on‛25;<pn& [um ?‛25;<pn: Mav‛Bdi Nam‛[ot ?<on‛?9574pn omg 9‛75;<pn& [um 9‛75;<pn- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- Opr‛[dpt Nam‛[ot ?<on‛3pn& [um ?‛3pn: Nor Nam‛[ot ?<on‛45;<pn& [um ?‛45;<pn: Akt Nam‛[ot ?<on‛25;<pn& [um ?‛25;<pn: Mav‛Bdi Nam‛[ot ?<on‛?9574pn omg 9‛75;<pn& [um 9‛75;<pn- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-Tbso‒s Tlrpl`nbgujorjy Ghojjl`klntawdr
Wcd praifdn w`tc tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr 
& \`so‐s Warrd \dmgdmtd‗omg tcd iomd ab \`som dmh`mddrs bar 3 kdmtur`ds‗`s tcot yau kom‐t stokj tcot nukc cdovy norifd am sc`bt`mh suisa`f omg jddp `t off upr`hct- @t wos stortdg `m ??8;‗tcd gotd am tcd woff ab ??87 awds ta om afg qu`rj ab got`mh bran tcd R`rh`m‐s kamkdpt`am‗iy Huhf`dfna omg Iammoma \`soma& wca ofsa kost tcd Guana‐s ar`h`mof gaars- Wcdy rdokcdg tcd tc`rg fdvdf `m ??34 wcdm tcdy mat`kdg o fdom& ot tcot pa`mt oiaut ;-3 kdmt`ndtdrs #?¾ `m-)- Xarj stappdg omg wosm‐t rdsundg umt`f ?984 umgdr H`avomm` g` [`namd- Cd tr`dg ta karrdkt tcd t`ft iy kurv`mh tcd strukturd iokj taworg tcd pdrpdmg`kufor& h`v`mh tcd tawdr `ts sf`hct iomomo scopd- @m ?937& warj stappdg ydt oho`m- @m ?;2<& Wannosa g` Omgrdo go \amtdgdro koppdg `t abb ot oiaut 4?n #?28 bt-) w`tc o vohudfy Hatc`k idfbry-
& \`so‐s Warrd \dmgdmtd‗omg tcd iomd ab \`som dmh`mddrs bar 3 kdmtur`ds‗`s tcot yau kom‐t stokj tcot nukc cdovy norifd am sc`bt`mh suisa`f omg jddp `t off upr`hct- @t wos stortdg `m ??8;‗tcd gotd am tcd woff ab ??87 awds ta om afg qu`rj ab got`mh bran tcd R`rh`m‐s kamkdpt`am‗iy Huhf`dfna omg Iammoma \`soma& wca ofsa kost tcd Guana‐s ar`h`mof gaars- Wcdy rdokcdg tcd tc`rg fdvdf `m ??34 wcdm tcdy mat`kdg o fdom& ot tcot pa`mt oiaut ;-3 kdmt`ndtdrs #?¾ `m-)- Xarj stappdg omg wosm‐t rdsundg umt`f ?984 umgdr H`avomm` g` [`namd- Cd tr`dg ta karrdkt tcd t`ft iy kurv`mh tcd strukturd iokj taworg tcd pdrpdmg`kufor& h`v`mh tcd tawdr `ts sf`hct iomomo scopd- @m ?937& warj stappdg ydt oho`m- @m ?;2<& Wannosa g` Omgrdo go \amtdgdro koppdg `t abb ot oiaut 4?n #?28 bt-) w`tc o vohudfy Hatc`k idfbry-Dxkovot`ams oraumg tcd iosd `m tcd dorfy ?0tc kdmtury kousdg tcd tawdr ta stort boff`mh bostdr tcom dvdr #oiaut ?nn!-<7 `m- o ydor)& omg iy ?00< tcd fdom wos oiaut 7-2n #?4 bt-)& sa \`so‐s noyar kfasdg tcd tawdr- [toi`f`zot`am warj kamt`mudg umt`f Gdkdnidr 9<<? wcdm& r`hctdg ta `ts fdom ab ?3;3 #wcdm `t wos o ndrd 7n!?; bt- abb)& tcd tawdr rdapdmdg- Maw tcd munidr ab v`s`tars `s kamtraffdg v`o ;<.n`mutd sfats‗omg o noss`vd ogn`ss`am kcorhd- [dd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd bar gdto`fs-
Wcd konpom`fd `sm‐t tcd amfy dg`b`kd aut ab wcokj am tcd p`ozzo- Wcd sond soturotdg& somgy sa`f cos tojdm `ts taff am tcd Iopt`stdry& wc`kc fdoms ta tcd martc: omg `b yau kotkc tcd Kottdgrofd‐s bokogd ot tcd karrdkt omhfd& yau‐ff sdd `t `s o bdw bddt scy ab stro`hct- Nomy ab \`so‐s afg iu`fg`mhs covd sc`btdg& omg o kaupfd ab atcdr konpom`f` oiaut tawm covd iddm m`kjmondg \`so‐s ‖atcdr fdom`mh tawdrs„ #[om N`kcdfd gdhf` [kofz` `s pdrcops dvdm nard osjdw tcom `ts bonaus kaus`m: sdd idfaw)-
Nusda gdffd [`map`d ★ \drcops \`so‐s soggdst nusdun causds tcd s`map`d sjdtkcds tcot wdrd g`skavdrdg umgdrmdotc tcd kcorrdg rdno`ms ab tcd Konpasomta‐s ru`mdg brdskads #sdd oiavd)- \fokorgs rdpraguk`mh Korfa Fos`m`a‐s ?0tc.kdmtury dmhrov`mhs ab tcd b`m`scdg brdskads s`t `m bramt ab dokc s`map`d ta cdfp yau rdkamstrukt wcot tcd b`mof warj amkd faajdg f`jd- Matd caw g`bbdrdmt ort`sts usdg tcd s`map`o stohd ab tcd brdska prakdss #sand sjdtkcdg eust rauhc autf`mds ta hu`gd tcd`r fotdr warj& atcdrs wdmt os bor os scog`mh tcd gropdry omg gdto`f`mh bok`of bdoturds) omg sdd wcdrd o nostdr kcomhdg c`s n`mg idtwddm sjdtkc omg b`m`scdg warj-
\`ozzo gdf Guana- 
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- [ond caurs os Iopt`stdry: sdd oiavd- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- [ond caurs os Iopt`stdry: sdd oiavd- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-Nusda gdff‐Apdro gdf Guana ★ Wcd afg Kcoptdr Causd‛kun.kamvdmt cos iddm tromsbarndg `mta o stardcausd bar skufpturds& po`mt`mhs& omg atcdr warjs bran tcd dkkfds`ost`kof iu`fg`mhs am \`ozzo gdf Guana- Yaan ? cos nagdfs ab tcd Guana iu`fg`mhs omg dmhrovdg hfoss pfoms scaw`mh tcd squord‐s c`stary omg hdandtry- Yaan 9 `s& s`mkd 9<<3& tcd cand ab tcd kotcdgrof‐s fost rdno`m`mh ?9tc.kdmtury ar`h`mof partof& tcd Gaar ab [om Yom`dr` 
- Yaan ; cos gdf`kotd ?9tc.kdmtury korv`mhs omg `mtors`o norifd gdkarot`am g`spfoy`mh o stramh Naar`sc `mbfudmkd omg o noss`vd ?9tc.kdmtury waagdm kruk`b`x bran Iurhumgy& w`tc o Kcr`st styfdg sa ndg`dvoffy mo`vd tcot `t faajs f`jd nagdrm ort- Iut tcd no`m ottrokt`am `s tcd @sfon`k ??tc.kdmtury iramzd hr`bb`m 
& wor iaaty bran tcd Krusogds& wc`kc famh gdkarotdg tcd Guana‐s kupafo idbard `t wos rdpfokdg iy o kapy-
- Yaan ; cos gdf`kotd ?9tc.kdmtury korv`mhs omg `mtors`o norifd gdkarot`am g`spfoy`mh o stramh Naar`sc `mbfudmkd omg o noss`vd ?9tc.kdmtury waagdm kruk`b`x bran Iurhumgy& w`tc o Kcr`st styfdg sa ndg`dvoffy mo`vd tcot `t faajs f`jd nagdrm ort- Iut tcd no`m ottrokt`am `s tcd @sfon`k ??tc.kdmtury iramzd hr`bb`m & wor iaaty bran tcd Krusogds& wc`kc famh gdkarotdg tcd Guana‐s kupafo idbard `t wos rdpfokdg iy o kapy-Yaan 8 kamto`ms kurv`mh romjs ab bogdg.ta.bokdfdssmdss ?;tc.kdmtury H`avomm` \`soma stotuds bran tcd iopt`stdry omg kotcdgrof- Wcd trdosury #raan ??) cos twa \`somas5 o waagdm kruk`b`x omg o swoyiokjdg Nogammo kaf Ioni`ma 
cd korvdg bran o kurv`mh `vary tusj #?900)- Ofsa cdrd `s o prdk`aus \`som rdf`k& tcd krass tcot fdg \`soms am tcd B`rst Krusogd-
cd korvdg bran o kurv`mh `vary tusj #?900)- Ofsa cdrd `s o prdk`aus \`som rdf`k& tcd krass tcot fdg \`soms am tcd B`rst Krusogd-Tpsto`rs& tcd fost bdw raans causd tcd prdk`aus fdhoky ab Korfa Fos`m`a& wca rdstardg tcd Konpasomta brdskads `m tcd dorfy ?0tc kdmtury omg& bartumotdfy bar pastdr`ty& nogd o sdr`ds ab dtkc`mhs 
ab dokc brdska& tcd pr`mts bran wc`kc wdrd kafardg iy c`s sam- Mat amfy g`g tcd ar`h`mof puif`kot`am ab tcdsd pr`mts covd om `npartomt `mbfudmkd am tcd gdvdfap`mh prd.Yopcodf`td navdndmt ot tcd t`nd& iut tcdy‐rd tcd idst rdkarg wd covd ab tcd po`mt`mhs tcot wdmt up `m bfonds wcdm tcd Konpasomta wos ianidg `m ?077- Wcd dfdvotdg fahh`o ofsa prav`gds o um`qud #rdor) pdrspdkt`vd am tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr-
ab dokc brdska& tcd pr`mts bran wc`kc wdrd kafardg iy c`s sam- Mat amfy g`g tcd ar`h`mof puif`kot`am ab tcdsd pr`mts covd om `npartomt `mbfudmkd am tcd gdvdfap`mh prd.Yopcodf`td navdndmt ot tcd t`nd& iut tcdy‐rd tcd idst rdkarg wd covd ab tcd po`mt`mhs tcot wdmt up `m bfonds wcdm tcd Konpasomta wos ianidg `m ?077- Wcd dfdvotdg fahh`o ofsa prav`gds o um`qud #rdor) pdrspdkt`vd am tcd Fdom`mh Wawdr-\`ozzo Ork`vdskavoga 2- 
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- [ond caurs os Iopt`stdry: sdd oiavd- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-
<4<.3;4.<??- www-apop`so-`t- Bar pr`kds& sdd ‖Konpa gd` N`rokaf` Ogn`ss`ams&„ oiavd- [ond caurs os Iopt`stdry: sdd oiavd- Ius5 D& 7& ar FON Yasso-Dxpfar`mh tcd Ydst ab \`so
@b yau ha gawm R`o [omto Nor`o bran \`ozzo gdf Guana omg tojd o fdbt am R`o gd` N`ffd& yau‐ff kand aut `mta \`ozzo Kovof`dr`& pass`ify tcd s`td ab tcd Yanom tawm‐s barun omg fotdr tcd squord wcdrd tcd k`t`zdms ab tcd ndg`dvof k`ty.stotd ndt ta g`skuss paf`t`kof `ssuds- H`arh`a Rosor` rdnagdfdg tcd \ofozza gd` Kovof`dr` `m ?429 omg gdkarotdg `t w`tc rdkdmtfy rdstardg omg vdry gdto`fdg hrobb`t`: `t maw causds tcd rdmawmdg [kuafo Marnofd [updr`ard- Mdxt ta tcd pofokd `s tcd ioraqud [omta [tdboma& caus`mh tdnpdro po`mt`mhs iy tcd f`jds ab Dnpaf`& Kr`staboma Offar`& omg Rosor` # 
<4<.43<.3?7: Nam‛[ot ?<on‛8pn& [um ?‛85;<pn: ogn`ss`am ?-4<₦)- Ofsa am tcd p`ozzo `s tcd stuiiy kfakj tawdr ab tcd \ofozza gdff‐Arafah`a& wcdrd Kaumt Thaf`ma gdffo Hcdrorgdsko& suspdktdg ab cov`mh idtroydg c`s bdffaw \`soms `m tcd botdbuf iottfd wcdrd Hdmao gdk`s`vdfy kruscdg \`som movof n`hct& wos fakjdg up ta storvd ta gdotc ofamh w`tc c`s sams omg hromgsams- Wcd troh`k stary wos `nnartof`zdg iy Gomtd `m c`s @mbdrma omg [cdffdy `m c`s Wawdr ab Bon`md- Wcd mdoriy Arta Iatom`ka 
& R`o Fuko Hc`m` 4 # 
<4<.42<.<74) `s tcd afgdst ab `ts j`mg `m Durapd& dstoif`scdg `m ?477 omg cdrd s`mkd ?404- Wcdrd‐s spokd ta rdfox `m tcd scogd ab pofn trdds os tcd orano ab cdris woscds avdr yau- Ogn`ss`am kasts 9-4<₦ bar ogufts& ?-4<₦ bar kc`fgrdm ohdg 2 ta ?9- Caurs ord Namgoy ta Br`goy bran 35;<on ta 45;<pn omg [oturgoy 35;<on ta ?pn-
<4<.43<.3?7: Nam‛[ot ?<on‛8pn& [um ?‛85;<pn: ogn`ss`am ?-4<₦)- Ofsa am tcd p`ozzo `s tcd stuiiy kfakj tawdr ab tcd \ofozza gdff‐Arafah`a& wcdrd Kaumt Thaf`ma gdffo Hcdrorgdsko& suspdktdg ab cov`mh idtroydg c`s bdffaw \`soms `m tcd botdbuf iottfd wcdrd Hdmao gdk`s`vdfy kruscdg \`som movof n`hct& wos fakjdg up ta storvd ta gdotc ofamh w`tc c`s sams omg hromgsams- Wcd troh`k stary wos `nnartof`zdg iy Gomtd `m c`s @mbdrma omg [cdffdy `m c`s Wawdr ab Bon`md- Wcd mdoriy Arta Iatom`ka & R`o Fuko Hc`m` 4 # <4<.42<.<74) `s tcd afgdst ab `ts j`mg `m Durapd& dstoif`scdg `m ?477 omg cdrd s`mkd ?404- Wcdrd‐s spokd ta rdfox `m tcd scogd ab pofn trdds os tcd orano ab cdris woscds avdr yau- Ogn`ss`am kasts 9-4<₦ bar ogufts& ?-4<₦ bar kc`fgrdm ohdg 2 ta ?9- Caurs ord Namgoy ta Br`goy bran 35;<on ta 45;<pn omg [oturgoy 35;<on ta ?pn-@b yau kamt`mud gawm R`o [omto Nor`o taworg tcd Orma& yau‐ff kand ta tcd n`ffdmm`of kcurkc ab [om M`kafo # 
<4<.97.288)& w`tc o Bromkdska Wro`m` Nogammo omg Kc`fg am tcd b`rst oftor am tcd r`hct omg o ?7<< [t- M`kcafos ab Wafdmt`ma \ratdkt`mh \`so bran tcd \fohud- Wa tcd fdbt ab tcd c`hc oftor `s H`avomm` \`soma‐s houmt Edsus id`mh kruk`b`dg- Wcd kcurkc `s ofsa cand ta tcd sdkamg ab \`so‐s fdom`mh tawdrs& o ?;tc.kdmtury konpom`fd wcasd sp`rof sto`rkosd `msp`rdg Ydmo`ssomkd orkc`tdkt Ironomtd bar tcd sto`rs cd `mstoffdg `m tcd Rot`kom- #Wcauhc tcd kcurkc `s abb`k`offy apdm go`fy 0on‛maam omg 4‛3pn& yau abtdm mddg ta sddj aut tcd sokr`stom ta hdt `m: r`mh tcd idff ot tcd gaar mdxt ta tcd tawdr& tcauhc tcdrd‐s ma huoromtdd yau‐ff hdt om omswdr-)
<4<.97.288)& w`tc o Bromkdska Wro`m` Nogammo omg Kc`fg am tcd b`rst oftor am tcd r`hct omg o ?7<< [t- M`kcafos ab Wafdmt`ma \ratdkt`mh \`so bran tcd \fohud- Wa tcd fdbt ab tcd c`hc oftor `s H`avomm` \`soma‐s houmt Edsus id`mh kruk`b`dg- Wcd kcurkc `s ofsa cand ta tcd sdkamg ab \`so‐s fdom`mh tawdrs& o ?;tc.kdmtury konpom`fd wcasd sp`rof sto`rkosd `msp`rdg Ydmo`ssomkd orkc`tdkt Ironomtd bar tcd sto`rs cd `mstoffdg `m tcd Rot`kom- #Wcauhc tcd kcurkc `s abb`k`offy apdm go`fy 0on‛maam omg 4‛3pn& yau abtdm mddg ta sddj aut tcd sokr`stom ta hdt `m: r`mh tcd idff ot tcd gaar mdxt ta tcd tawdr& tcauhc tcdrd‐s ma huoromtdd yau‐ff hdt om omswdr-)Wa tcd martcdost ab \`ozzo Kovof`dr` f`ds [omto Kotdr`mo # 
<4<.449.33;)& w`tc o Hatc`k bokogd bran ?;;< omg tcd tani ab Orkci`scap [`namd [oftordff` iy M`ma \`soma ofamh w`tc Bromkdska Wro`m`‐s Opatcdas`s ab [t- Wcanos Oqu`mos- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 3on ta ?pn& os famh os rdstarot`am warjs ord kanpfdtd- [autcdost ab tc`s& mdor tcd k`ty woffs& [om Bromkdska # 
<4<.477.<0?) kamto`ms haag ioraqud warjs iy Dnpaf`& @f \oss`hmoma& omg [omt` g` W`ta- Wcd tromsdpt cos ?;79 brdskads iy Woggda Hogg`- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 85;<on ta maam omg 7 ta 8pn-
<4<.449.33;)& w`tc o Hatc`k bokogd bran ?;;< omg tcd tani ab Orkci`scap [`namd [oftordff` iy M`ma \`soma ofamh w`tc Bromkdska Wro`m`‐s Opatcdas`s ab [t- Wcanos Oqu`mos- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 3on ta ?pn& os famh os rdstarot`am warjs ord kanpfdtd- [autcdost ab tc`s& mdor tcd k`ty woffs& [om Bromkdska # <4<.477.<0?) kamto`ms haag ioraqud warjs iy Dnpaf`& @f \oss`hmoma& omg [omt` g` W`ta- Wcd tromsdpt cos ?;79 brdskads iy Woggda Hogg`- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 85;<on ta maam omg 7 ta 8pn-Xofj wdst ofamh R`o [om Bromkdska ta Iarha [trdtta& \`so‐s orkogdg scapp`mh strddt- Abb Iarha [trdtta mdor \`ozzo Hor`iofg` `s c`ggdm tcd orkcdg \`ozzo Rdttavohf`d& wc`kc causds o iustf`mh autgaar pragukd norjdt dvdry goy dxkdpt [umgoy- Ot tcd baat ab Iarha [trdtta `s \`so‐s idst hdfota stap5 Fo Iattdho gdf Hdfota 
& \`ozzo Hor`iofg` ?? # 
<4<.484.728)-
& \`ozzo Hor`iofg` ?? # <4<.484.728)-Dost ofamh tcd Orma mdor \amtd Bartdzzo `s \`so‐s amfy s`hm`b`komt po`mt`mh kaffdkt`am& tcd Nusda Moz`amofd g` [om Nottda 
& \`ozzo [om Nottda `m [aorto ? # 
<4<.47?.324)- Wa sdd tcd kaffdkt`am `m kcramafah`kof argdr& cdog `nndg`otdfy aut `mta tcd prdtty ir`kj kfa`stdr omg krass ta oskdmg tcd kdmtrof sto`rkosd am tcd appas`td s`gd- \aarfy f`t omg sparog`koffy foidfdg& tcd kaffdkt`ams ord kamstomtfy id`mh rdorromhdg& iut yau scaufg id oifd ta b`mg tcd nostdrp`dkds on`g tcd scubbfd- Wcd b`rst forhd raan cos o F`bd ab [t- Gan`m`k pafptykc iy Wur`ma Romm` tcot rdogs f`jd o kortaam str`p& omg warjs iy Woggda g` Iortafa omg [p`mdffa Ordt`ma& pfus o po`r ab Ohmafa Hogg` pafyptykcs- Amd ab tcd pr`gds ab tcd kaffdkt`ams `s tcd [`dmdsd nostdr [`namd Nort`m`‐s pafyptykc ab tcd R`rh`m omg Kc`fg w`tc [o`mts 
- @m o s`gd raan tcdy jddp tcd ar`h`mofs ab tcd H`avomm` omg M`ma \`soma skufpturds bran [omto Nor`o gdffo [p`mo& `mkfug`mh M`ma‐s nostdrp`dkd& o Nogammo gdf Fottd& o vdry cunom natcdr `m Hatc`k kurv`mh hrokd wca sn`fds gawm ot cdr murs`mh ioiy-
& \`ozzo [om Nottda `m [aorto ? # <4<.47?.324)- Wa sdd tcd kaffdkt`am `m kcramafah`kof argdr& cdog `nndg`otdfy aut `mta tcd prdtty ir`kj kfa`stdr omg krass ta oskdmg tcd kdmtrof sto`rkosd am tcd appas`td s`gd- \aarfy f`t omg sparog`koffy foidfdg& tcd kaffdkt`ams ord kamstomtfy id`mh rdorromhdg& iut yau scaufg id oifd ta b`mg tcd nostdrp`dkds on`g tcd scubbfd- Wcd b`rst forhd raan cos o F`bd ab [t- Gan`m`k pafptykc iy Wur`ma Romm` tcot rdogs f`jd o kortaam str`p& omg warjs iy Woggda g` Iortafa omg [p`mdffa Ordt`ma& pfus o po`r ab Ohmafa Hogg` pafyptykcs- Amd ab tcd pr`gds ab tcd kaffdkt`ams `s tcd [`dmdsd nostdr [`namd Nort`m`‐s pafyptykc ab tcd R`rh`m omg Kc`fg w`tc [o`mts - @m o s`gd raan tcdy jddp tcd ar`h`mofs ab tcd H`avomm` omg M`ma \`soma skufpturds bran [omto Nor`o gdffo [p`mo& `mkfug`mh M`ma‐s nostdrp`dkd& o Nogammo gdf Fottd& o vdry cunom natcdr `m Hatc`k kurv`mh hrokd wca sn`fds gawm ot cdr murs`mh ioiy-Atcdr stor warjs ord o [t- \ouf iy Nosokk`a #tcd amfy port ab c`s fast \`so Oftorp`dkd st`ff `m \`so)& tcd hrddm`scfy ohdg Nogammo gdff‐Tn`ftì iy Hdmt`fd go Boir`oma& omg o Gamotdffa h`fgdg iramzd rdf`quory Iust ab [t- Yassard #?798)& om `npartomt skufpturof stdp bran ndg`dvof ta Ydmo`ssomkd styfd tcot `s cdfg iy sand ta id o sdfb.partro`t- G`h oraumg sand nard #`t‐s tcot j`mg ab pfokd) omg yau‐ff g`skavdr warjs iy Hc`rfomgo`a& N`kcdfazza& Bro‐ Omhdf`ka& omg Idmazza Hazzaf`- Xofj ar tojd ius ma- 7& FON Ifu& ar FON Rdrgd ta hdt ta tcd nusdun: `t‐s apdm Wudsgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy bran 35;<on ta 8pn omg [umgoy bran 0on ta ?5;<pn: ogn`ss`am `s 4₦& brdd bar kc`fgrdm ?3 omg umgdr omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr-
@b yau baffaw tcd martc s`gd ab tcd Orma upstrdon oiaut o n`fd post [om Nottda #ar tojd ius ma- ?7)& yau‐ff kand ta \`so‐s tc`rg omg pdrcops nast sjdwdg ‖fdom`mh tawdr-„ @t ofnast faajs os `b tcd \`soms s`npfy hovd up am r`hct omhfds wcdm iu`fg`mh [om N`kcdfd gdhf` [kofz`- Matc`mh stomgs stro`hct up5 mat tcd autdr woffs& tcd t`drs ab kafunms g`v`g`mh tcd movd bran tcd o`sfds& tcd opsd& tcd w`mgaws& ar& ab kaursd& tcd idff tawdr- Wojd ius ma- ?; #bran R`o [om N`kcdfd gdhf` [kofz`) iokj ta tcd kdmtdr-
Off \`so‐s trufy omk`dmt kcurkcds bokd tcd sdo #tcd k`ty‐s ar`h`mof saurkd ab praspdr`ty)& omg tcot‐s kdrto`mfy trud ab tcd edwdf ab tcd Orma‐s sautc iomj& Hatc`k [omto Nor`o gdffo [p`mo 
& Fumhorma Honiokart` # 
<4<.9?.77?)- Wcd kcurkc `s o kaffoiarot`vd H`avomm` omg M`ma \`soma warj ab ?9;< ta ?;9;& g`snomtfdg omg ro`sdg ta kurrdmt hraumg fdvdf #bar bdor ab bfaags) `m ?38?- @t wos iu`ft ta causd o sp`mo #tcarm) bran Kcr`st‐s \oss`am krawm irauhct iokj iy o ndrkcomt bran tcd Krusogds- Nukc ab tcd \`soma skufpturd bran tcd auts`gd cos iddm rdnavdg bar sobdjddp`mh ta tcd Nusda Moz`amofd g` [om Nottda& os cos tcd kcurkc‐s pr`nory ottrokt`am& M`ma \`soma‐s Nogammo gdf Fottd- Wcd no`m orkc`tdkturof okt`am `s am tcd auts`gd& iut tcd `ms`gd `s apdm Wudsgoy tcrauhc Br`goy bran ??on ta ?9574pn omg ; ta 4574pn& [oturgoy omg [umgoy ??on ta ?9574pn omg ; ta 2574pn- #Matd& cawdvdr& tcot tcdsd caurs ord vdry vor`oifd-) Ogn`ss`am kasts 9₦ ogufts& ?-4<₦ bar kc`fgrdm omg sdm`ars- @m 9<<0& tcd k`ty apdmdg o mdoriy kaffdkt`am ab ort iy po`mtdrs wca covd warjdg `m \`so avdr tcd kdmtur`ds& awmdg iy Kor`\`so iomj omg g`spfoydg ot tcd rdmavotdg \ofozza Ifu 
& Fumhorma Honiokart` 0 # 
<4<.0?2.04<: www-pofozzaifu-arh)& tcd str`j`mh ifud pofokd am tcd iomjs ab tcd Orma- @t causds sand pdrcops fdssdr.jmawm Wuskom ort`sts& sukc os H`avom Iott`sto Wdnpdst`& wca abtdm kcasd tcd k`ty os o iokjgrap bar tcd`r po`mt`mhs& omg stohds kamtdnparory scaws& taa- Ogn`ss`am `s brdd& omg `t‐s apdm Wudsgoy ta [umgoy ?<on ta ?pn omg 7 ta ?<pn-
& Fumhorma Honiokart` # <4<.9?.77?)- Wcd kcurkc `s o kaffoiarot`vd H`avomm` omg M`ma \`soma warj ab ?9;< ta ?;9;& g`snomtfdg omg ro`sdg ta kurrdmt hraumg fdvdf #bar bdor ab bfaags) `m ?38?- @t wos iu`ft ta causd o sp`mo #tcarm) bran Kcr`st‐s \oss`am krawm irauhct iokj iy o ndrkcomt bran tcd Krusogds- Nukc ab tcd \`soma skufpturd bran tcd auts`gd cos iddm rdnavdg bar sobdjddp`mh ta tcd Nusda Moz`amofd g` [om Nottda& os cos tcd kcurkc‐s pr`nory ottrokt`am& M`ma \`soma‐s Nogammo gdf Fottd- Wcd no`m orkc`tdkturof okt`am `s am tcd auts`gd& iut tcd `ms`gd `s apdm Wudsgoy tcrauhc Br`goy bran ??on ta ?9574pn omg ; ta 4574pn& [oturgoy omg [umgoy ??on ta ?9574pn omg ; ta 2574pn- #Matd& cawdvdr& tcot tcdsd caurs ord vdry vor`oifd-) Ogn`ss`am kasts 9₦ ogufts& ?-4<₦ bar kc`fgrdm omg sdm`ars- @m 9<<0& tcd k`ty apdmdg o mdoriy kaffdkt`am ab ort iy po`mtdrs wca covd warjdg `m \`so avdr tcd kdmtur`ds& awmdg iy Kor`\`so iomj omg g`spfoydg ot tcd rdmavotdg \ofozza Ifu & Fumhorma Honiokart` 0 # <4<.0?2.04<: www-pofozzaifu-arh)& tcd str`j`mh ifud pofokd am tcd iomjs ab tcd Orma- @t causds sand pdrcops fdssdr.jmawm Wuskom ort`sts& sukc os H`avom Iott`sto Wdnpdst`& wca abtdm kcasd tcd k`ty os o iokjgrap bar tcd`r po`mt`mhs& omg stohds kamtdnparory scaws& taa- Ogn`ss`am `s brdd& omg `t‐s apdm Wudsgoy ta [umgoy ?<on ta ?pn omg 7 ta ?<pn-Xcdrd ta [toy
\`so `s sukc o noear goy.tr`p s`td tcot bdw pdapfd stoy cdrd avdrm`hct& wc`kc cdfps jddp catdf pr`kds gawm iut ofsa f`n`ts quof`ty apt`ams `m tcd kdmtdr- Wcd faw sdosam bar nast catdfs `m \`so `s Ouhust-
Mavdkdmta ★ Apdmdg `m fotd 9<<2& tc`s `nnokufotdfy kamvdrtdg kafam`of v`ffo sdt oraumg o kaurtyorg horgdm `s \`so‐s idst obbargoifd iaut`qud catdf- Yaans ord snoff& kdrto`mfy‗mamd cos o iotcraan& bar dxonpfd& mar ord tcdrd bon`fy.s`zd um`ts‗iut gdkar `s rdbrdsc`mhfy kamtdnparory& w`tc nutdg kafars& tcd akkos`amof bfosc ab dxuidromkd& omg mat om omt`qud orna`rd `m s`hct- Nast pdokdbuf omg nast kanbartoifd ab tcd raans `s tcd Horgdm Yaan& o sdfb.kamto`mdg um`t w`tc o snoff ‖omtdkconidr„ stomg`mh ofamd on`g tcd fusc suitrap`kof hrddmdry-
R`o Yano ;8& 42?<< \`so- www-catdfmavdkdmta-p`so-`t- 
<4<.4<<.;9;- Box <4<.99<.0?2;- ?7 um`ts- 3<₦‛?9<₦ gauifd: 0<₦‛?8<₦ Horgdm Yaan- Yotds `mkfugd irdojbost- OD& NK& R- \orj`mh am strddt #?<₦ pdr goy)- Ius5 D ar 7- Ondm`t`ds5 Ioiys`tt`mh: kamk`drhd- @m raan5 O!K& WR& co`r grydr& n`m`ior& X`.B` #brdd)-
<4<.4<<.;9;- Box <4<.99<.0?2;- ?7 um`ts- 3<₦‛?9<₦ gauifd: 0<₦‛?8<₦ Horgdm Yaan- Yotds `mkfugd irdojbost- OD& NK& R- \orj`mh am strddt #?<₦ pdr goy)- Ius5 D ar 7- Ondm`t`ds5 Ioiys`tt`mh: kamk`drhd- @m raan5 O!K& WR& co`r grydr& n`m`ior& X`.B` #brdd)-Ydfo`s gdff‐Arafah`a ★★ Wcdsd ord tcd idst fagh`mhs `m kdmtrof \`so& o catdf ab kcorn omg hrokd wartcy ab \`so‐s stotus os o noear taur`st gdst`mot`am- @t‐s ofsa amd ab tcd nast tromqu`f catdfs `m tcd kdmtdr& gdsp`td o fakot`am eust yorgs bran tcd k`ty‐s cdortidot \`ozzo gd` Kovof`dr`- Wc`s barndr c`star`k noms`am wos kamstruktdg os o bart`b`dg tawdr `m tcd ?;tc kdmtury& omg hrdot rdspdkt wos scawm bar tcd styfd ab tcd ar`h`mof iu`fg`mh `m `ts nagdrm`zot`am- [noff ta n`gs`zd idgraans ord burm`scdg w`tc @tof`om bfo`r omg styfd& omg nomy rdto`m tcd`r waagdm idons- Pau‐ff poy o f`ttfd dxtro bar o raan avdrfaaj`mh tcd kaurtyorg horgdm& pdrcops tcd qu`dtdst spat `m tcd k`ty w`tc`m 4 n`mutds‐ wofj ab tcd Konpa- Bar t`hctdr iughdts& tcd sond awmdrs rum tcd ?9.raan I"I Ydfo`s gd` B`ar`& R`o Korgukk` ;4 #www-rdfo`sgd`b`ar`-kan: 
<4<.442.<47)& wcdrd gauifds kast idtwddm 84₦ omg ?84₦-
<4<.442.<47)& wcdrd gauifds kast idtwddm 84₦ omg ?84₦-R`o gdffo Bohh`afo Th`kk`amd ?9‛?7& 42?92 \`so- www-catdfrdfo`sarafah`a-kan- 
<4<.3;<.;2?- Box <4<.44?.320- 9? um`ts- ?;4₦‛;84₦ gauifd: 994₦‛234₦ su`td- Yotds `mkfugd iubbdt irdojbost- OD& GK& NK& R- Horohd porj`mh ;<₦- Ius5 D ar 7- Ondm`t`ds5 Ydstouromt: ior: ioiys`tt`mh: raan sdrv`kd: X`.B` #brdd& `m faiiy)- @m raan5 O!K& WR& co`r grydr& n`m`ior-
<4<.3;<.;2?- Box <4<.44?.320- 9? um`ts- ?;4₦‛;84₦ gauifd: 994₦‛234₦ su`td- Yotds `mkfugd iubbdt irdojbost- OD& GK& NK& R- Horohd porj`mh ;<₦- Ius5 D ar 7- Ondm`t`ds5 Ydstouromt: ior: ioiys`tt`mh: raan sdrv`kd: X`.B` #brdd& `m faiiy)- @m raan5 O!K& WR& co`r grydr& n`m`ior-
O @bkht f` thl ^fw`Wcd k`ty kdmtdr skdmd `s o f`vdfy n`x ab yaumh fakofs omg stugdmts bran \`so‐s prdst`h`aus um`vdrs`ty wca hotcdr‗am worn wddjdmg m`hcts dspdk`offy‗oraumg tcd kdmtrof p`ozzos& Hor`iofg`& Ko`raf`& omg [om \oafa of‐Arta `m port`kufor- Wcd ior ab tcd n`mutd woxds omg womds& iut Iozddf& Fumhorma \ok`matt` ? #ot \`ozzo Hor`iofg`: 
;7<.933?.??;: www-iozddf-`t) `s dvdr papufor bar om opdr`t`va& f`vd i`h.skrddm sparts& kakjto`fs& omg GE sdts t`ff fotd am wddjdmgs- Ot Arza Iruma 
& R`o Kosd G`p`mtd 2 # 
<4<.4833<9: www-arzairuma-`t)& twdmty.sandtc`mhs hotcdr `m om`notdg hraups ta dmeay tcd pfokd‐s ort`som iddr& irdwdg aut iokj- Hfossds kast ;₦ omg 7₦ #sf`hctfy fdss idtwddm 8 omg 35;<pn)- Apdmdg `m 9<?<& [attaiaska& \`ozzo [om \oafa off‐Arta ; # 
<4<.00?.9;27: www-bokdiaaj-kan!sattaiaska-f`ir`kobd: kfasdg Nam) `s o iaaj`sc kobd iy goy& iut obtdr gorj grows om ortsy& wdff.grdssdg krawg s`pp`mh kakjto`fs omg iattfdg iddrs- Wcdrd‐s ofsa o g`mmdr ndmu omg abtdm okaust`k nus`k sdts obtdr caurs- Matd5 Wcd k`ty `s vdry qu`dt `m Ouhust& omg nomy pfokds kfasd bar ofnast tcd wcafd namtc-
;7<.933?.??;: www-iozddf-`t) `s dvdr papufor bar om opdr`t`va& f`vd i`h.skrddm sparts& kakjto`fs& omg GE sdts t`ff fotd am wddjdmgs- Ot Arza Iruma & R`o Kosd G`p`mtd 2 # <4<.4833<9: www-arzairuma-`t)& twdmty.sandtc`mhs hotcdr `m om`notdg hraups ta dmeay tcd pfokd‐s ort`som iddr& irdwdg aut iokj- Hfossds kast ;₦ omg 7₦ #sf`hctfy fdss idtwddm 8 omg 35;<pn)- Apdmdg `m 9<?<& [attaiaska& \`ozzo [om \oafa off‐Arta ; # <4<.00?.9;27: www-bokdiaaj-kan!sattaiaska-f`ir`kobd: kfasdg Nam) `s o iaaj`sc kobd iy goy& iut obtdr gorj grows om ortsy& wdff.grdssdg krawg s`pp`mh kakjto`fs omg iattfdg iddrs- Wcdrd‐s ofsa o g`mmdr ndmu omg abtdm okaust`k nus`k sdts obtdr caurs- Matd5 Wcd k`ty `s vdry qu`dt `m Ouhust& omg nomy pfokds kfasd bar ofnast tcd wcafd namtc-Yayof R`ktar`o ★ 
‖@ buffy dmgarsd tcd oiavd&„ wratd Wdggy Yaasdvdft ab tc`s pfokd `m amd ab tcd omt`qud hudst iaajs- @t apdmdg `m ?3;0 os \`so‐s b`rst catdf& um`t`mh sdvdrof ndg`dvof tawdrs omg causds& omg rdno`ms \`so‐s nast kcoroktdrbuf trog`t`amof catdf- Wcd raans am tcd Orma tdmg ta id forhdr& os ga tcd qu`dtdr #omg kaafdr) amds `mstoffdg `m tcd rdno`ms ab o tawdr got`mh bran tcd 03<s- Wcdrd ord nomy brdskadg kd`f`mhs& omg amd raan `s o tr`unpc ab tranpd f‐ad`f& `mkfug`mh bojd kurto`ms po`mtdg am tcd woffs surraumg`mh tcd idg- Wcdy covd tcrdd raans w`tc kannam gaars tcot kom id turmdg `mta bon`fy su`tds bar baur‗iut tcd eum`ar su`tds ord nard kcoroktdrbuf omg amfy sf`hctfy fdss spok`aus- Oftcauhc sand raans ord rotcdr pfo`m& `m off yau‐ff praioify b`mg yaursdfb& os Yusj`m g`g `m tdrsd s`npf`k`ty& ‖ofwoys vdry kanbartoifd `m tc`s `mm-„
‖@ buffy dmgarsd tcd oiavd&„ wratd Wdggy Yaasdvdft ab tc`s pfokd `m amd ab tcd omt`qud hudst iaajs- @t apdmdg `m ?3;0 os \`so‐s b`rst catdf& um`t`mh sdvdrof ndg`dvof tawdrs omg causds& omg rdno`ms \`so‐s nast kcoroktdrbuf trog`t`amof catdf- Wcd raans am tcd Orma tdmg ta id forhdr& os ga tcd qu`dtdr #omg kaafdr) amds `mstoffdg `m tcd rdno`ms ab o tawdr got`mh bran tcd 03<s- Wcdrd ord nomy brdskadg kd`f`mhs& omg amd raan `s o tr`unpc ab tranpd f‐ad`f& `mkfug`mh bojd kurto`ms po`mtdg am tcd woffs surraumg`mh tcd idg- Wcdy covd tcrdd raans w`tc kannam gaars tcot kom id turmdg `mta bon`fy su`tds bar baur‗iut tcd eum`ar su`tds ord nard kcoroktdrbuf omg amfy sf`hctfy fdss spok`aus- Oftcauhc sand raans ord rotcdr pfo`m& `m off yau‐ff praioify b`mg yaursdfb& os Yusj`m g`g `m tdrsd s`npf`k`ty& ‖ofwoys vdry kanbartoifd `m tc`s `mm-„Fumhorma \ok`matt` ?9 #mdor \`ozzo Hor`iofg`)& 42?92 \`so- www-rayofv`ktar`o-`t- 
<4<.07<.???- Box <4<.07<.?3<- 73 um`ts- 7<₦‛3<₦ gauifd w`tcaut iotcraan: 24₦‛?4<₦ gauifd w`tc iotcraan: ?4<₦‛?0<₦ eum`ar su`td- Yotds `mkfugd irdojbost- OD& GK& NK& R- Horohd porj`mh 9<₦- Ius5 7& D& FON Yasso& ar FON Rdrgd- Ondm`t`ds5 Ior: ioiys`tt`mh: i`jds: kamk`drhd: X`.B` #9-4<₦!cr-)- @m raan5 O!K #`m sand)& WR-
<4<.07<.???- Box <4<.07<.?3<- 73 um`ts- 7<₦‛3<₦ gauifd w`tcaut iotcraan: 24₦‛?4<₦ gauifd w`tc iotcraan: ?4<₦‛?0<₦ eum`ar su`td- Yotds `mkfugd irdojbost- OD& GK& NK& R- Horohd porj`mh 9<₦- Ius5 7& D& FON Yasso& ar FON Rdrgd- Ondm`t`ds5 Ior: ioiys`tt`mh: i`jds: kamk`drhd: X`.B` #9-4<₦!cr-)- @m raan5 O!K #`m sand)& WR-Xcdrd ta Dot
Bar p`zzo ar kdk`mo #o horiomza.idom bfaur bfotirdog sdrvdg worn)& stap `m ot @f Namt`ma& R`kafa gdf Namtd # 
<4<.403.204)& o bovar`td sf`kd stap bar \`soms- Wcdrd‐s nukc haag g`m`mh `m omg oraumg \`so‐s pragukd norjdt5 @m ogg`t`am ta aur bovar`tds idfaw& yau kaufg try \artam Yassa 
& R`o \artam Yassa ?? # 
<4<.43<.422: www-astdr`ogdfpartamrassa-kan)- wcdrd sdobaag `s tcd causd spdk`ofty- \r`n` kast ?<₦ omg sdkamg` up ta ?2₦: `t‐s kfasdg [umgoy omg nast ab Ouhust-
<4<.403.204)& o bovar`td sf`kd stap bar \`soms- Wcdrd‐s nukc haag g`m`mh `m omg oraumg \`so‐s pragukd norjdt5 @m ogg`t`am ta aur bovar`tds idfaw& yau kaufg try \artam Yassa & R`o \artam Yassa ?? # <4<.43<.422: www-astdr`ogdfpartamrassa-kan)- wcdrd sdobaag `s tcd causd spdk`ofty- \r`n` kast ?<₦ omg sdkamg` up ta ?2₦: `t‐s kfasdg [umgoy omg nast ab Ouhust-Go Iruma ★ \@[OM
<4<.42<.3?3- www-goiruma-`t- Ydsdrvot`ams rdkanndmgdg- \r`n` ?<₦‛?9₦: sdkamg` ?4₦‛94₦- OD& GK& NK& R- Xdg‛Nam maam‛;pn omg 8‛?<5;<pn- Kfasdg 9 wddjs fotd Eufy ta dorfy Ouh- Ius5 D ar 7-
<4<.42<.3?3- www-goiruma-`t- Ydsdrvot`ams rdkanndmgdg- \r`n` ?<₦‛?9₦: sdkamg` ?4₦‛94₦- OD& GK& NK& R- Xdg‛Nam maam‛;pn omg 8‛?<5;<pn- Kfasdg 9 wddjs fotd Eufy ta dorfy Ouh- Ius5 D ar 7-Fo Ndsk`to ★ \@[OM!X@MD IOY Wcd norjdtpfokd fakot`am omg s`npfd gdkar ab tc`s papufor spat idf`d `ts rdputot`am bar sj`ffbuf kaaj`mh- Wcd ndmu kcomhds dokc namtc& iut abtdm `mkfugds tcd gdf`k`aus f`jds ab o sbarnot`ma g` ndfomzomd #dhhpfomt saubbfà `m tanota soukd)& ta id baffawdg pdrcops iy rov`af` g` kdk` kam sofso g` honidrdtt` d panagara brdska #rov`af` stubbdg w`tc o horiomza idom pétà omg sdrvdg `m scr`np.omg.tanota soukd) ar strazzoprdt` of trdv`soma d Harhamzafo #posto kurf`kuds `m o kcddsy soukd tappdg w`tc scrdggdg i`ttdr rog`kkc`a)- Pau kom st`kj ta trog`t`am w`tc yaur sdkamga iy argdr`mh tcd okk`uhcd r`p`dm` #stubbdg omkcav`ds)- Idkousd tcd pfokd apdrotds os om dmatdko #w`md kdffor) obtdr caurs& tcd w`md f`st `s famh omg gdto`fdg-
R`o Kovofko 9 #eust abb tcd norjdt squord)- 
<4<.048.<?0- www-astdr`ofondsk`top`so-`t- Ydsdrvot`ams rdkanndmgdg- \r`n` 0₦: sdkamg` ?4₦- OD& GK& NK& R- Wuds‛[um 8574‛??pn: [ot‛[um ?‛95;<pn- Kfasdg 9< goys `m Ouh- Ius5 7& D& Fon Yasso& ar FON Rdrgd-
<4<.048.<?0- www-astdr`ofondsk`top`so-`t- Ydsdrvot`ams rdkanndmgdg- \r`n` 0₦: sdkamg` ?4₦- OD& GK& NK& R- Wuds‛[um 8574‛??pn: [ot‛[um ?‛95;<pn- Kfasdg 9< goys `m Ouh- Ius5 7& D& Fon Yasso& ar FON Rdrgd-[- Anaiama ★ 
\@[OM Oraumg o kafunm surv`v`mh bran tcd ndg`dvof kcurkc tcot amkd staag cdrd& fakofs hotcdr ot tc`s trottar`o ta dmeay outcdmt`k \`som cand kaaj`mh- Apdm w`tc sandtc`mh f`jd irokcdttd offo rdmo`oafo #om omt`qud \`som g`sc kams`st`mh ab forhd posto squords `m o puràd ab turm`p hrddms omg snajdg b`sc) ar tohf`otdffd offo skorporo #`m o sousohd rohð)- Wcd sdkamg` ord s`npfd omg stro`hctbarworg5 iokkofì offo f`varmdsd #soft kag stdwdg w`tc tanotads) ar no`ofd orrasta #tc`mfy sf`kdg raost parj)& w`tc wc`kc yau kom argdr br`dg pafdmto sf`kds ar uftro.\`som kdk` #horiomza) idoms-
\@[OM Oraumg o kafunm surv`v`mh bran tcd ndg`dvof kcurkc tcot amkd staag cdrd& fakofs hotcdr ot tc`s trottar`o ta dmeay outcdmt`k \`som cand kaaj`mh- Apdm w`tc sandtc`mh f`jd irokcdttd offo rdmo`oafo #om omt`qud \`som g`sc kams`st`mh ab forhd posto squords `m o puràd ab turm`p hrddms omg snajdg b`sc) ar tohf`otdffd offo skorporo #`m o sousohd rohð)- Wcd sdkamg` ord s`npfd omg stro`hctbarworg5 iokkofì offo f`varmdsd #soft kag stdwdg w`tc tanotads) ar no`ofd orrasta #tc`mfy sf`kdg raost parj)& w`tc wc`kc yau kom argdr br`dg pafdmto sf`kds ar uftro.\`som kdk` #horiomza) idoms-\`ozzo [- Anaiama 2 #mdxt ta tcd norjdt squord)- 
<4<.47<.378- Ydsdrvot`ams rdkanndmgdg- \r`n` 8₦‛3₦: sdkamg` 3-4<₦‛?<₦- GK& NK& R- Nam‛[ot 85;<‛?<pn- Kfasdg Ouh 3‛9<- Ius5 7& D& Fon Yasso& ar FON Rdrgd-
<4<.47<.378- Ydsdrvot`ams rdkanndmgdg- \r`n` 8₦‛3₦: sdkamg` 3-4<₦‛?<₦- GK& NK& R- Nam‛[ot 85;<‛?<pn- Kfasdg Ouh 3‛9<- Ius5 7& D& Fon Yasso& ar FON Rdrgd-O Namostdry " o X`fgdrmdss mdor \`so
Wc`rtddm j`fandtdrs #3 n`fds) dost ab \`so auts`gd tcd v`ffohd ab Kofk` f`ds tcd forhdst omg nast `mtdrdst`mh Kortcus`om namostdry #ar Kcortdrcausd) `m @tofy& tcd Kdrtaso g` Kofk` 
# 
<4<.0;3.7;<)- @t wos baumgdg `m ?;22& iut nast ab `ts kurrdmt bokogd gotds bran tcd ?3tc omg ?0tc kdmtur`ds- Pau kom sdd tc`s cuhd kanpfdx ab ioraqud brdskadg kcopdfs omg kfa`stdrs gur`mh o bosk`mot`mh ?.caur hu`gdg taur fdog`mh yau tcrauhc kcopdfs& tcd no`m kcurkc& omg o namj‐s ‖kdff-„ Wcd Tm`vdrs`ty ab \`so ofsa jddps o Moturof C`stary Nusdun `m amd w`mh # 
<4<.99?.908<: www-nsm-um`p`-`t)& w`tc o forhd toxamany kaffdkt`am omg o trap`kof oquor`un- Wcd Kdrtaso `s apdm Wudsgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy bran 35;<on ta 25;<pn& omg [umgoy bran 35;<on ta ?95;<pn ydor.raumg- Waurs kast 7₦- Wcd moturof c`stary nusdun `s apdm go`fy 0on ta 4pn #[um ?<on‛8pn& iut kfasds 9pn Nam‛Br` Akt‛Bdi)& omg ogn`ss`am `s om ogg`t`amof 8₦ bar ogufts& ;-4<₦ bar kc`fgrdm 2‛?3 omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr- Wcd idst woy ta hdt ta tcd Kdrtaso `s iy toj`mh K\W ius ma- ?9< ta Namtdnohma& wc`kc fdts yau abb ot tcd hotds& rotcdr tcom tcd amd ta Kofk`-
# <4<.0;3.7;<)- @t wos baumgdg `m ?;22& iut nast ab `ts kurrdmt bokogd gotds bran tcd ?3tc omg ?0tc kdmtur`ds- Pau kom sdd tc`s cuhd kanpfdx ab ioraqud brdskadg kcopdfs omg kfa`stdrs gur`mh o bosk`mot`mh ?.caur hu`gdg taur fdog`mh yau tcrauhc kcopdfs& tcd no`m kcurkc& omg o namj‐s ‖kdff-„ Wcd Tm`vdrs`ty ab \`so ofsa jddps o Moturof C`stary Nusdun `m amd w`mh # <4<.99?.908<: www-nsm-um`p`-`t)& w`tc o forhd toxamany kaffdkt`am omg o trap`kof oquor`un- Wcd Kdrtaso `s apdm Wudsgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy bran 35;<on ta 25;<pn& omg [umgoy bran 35;<on ta ?95;<pn ydor.raumg- Waurs kast 7₦- Wcd moturof c`stary nusdun `s apdm go`fy 0on ta 4pn #[um ?<on‛8pn& iut kfasds 9pn Nam‛Br` Akt‛Bdi)& omg ogn`ss`am `s om ogg`t`amof 8₦ bar ogufts& ;-4<₦ bar kc`fgrdm 2‛?3 omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr- Wcd idst woy ta hdt ta tcd Kdrtaso `s iy toj`mh K\W ius ma- ?9< ta Namtdnohma& wc`kc fdts yau abb ot tcd hotds& rotcdr tcom tcd amd ta Kofk`-Eust wdst ab \`so idh`ms tcd \orka Moturofd N`hf`or`ma [om Yassard Nossok`ukkaf` 
# 
<4<.4;<.?<?: www-porkasomrassard-`t)- Amkd tcd sunndr dstotd ab @tofy‐s prds`gdmt& `t `s maw o puif`kfy awmdg porj- @t barns port ab amd ab Wuskomy‐s nast prdk`aus pratdktdg w`fgf`bd ordos& o kaostof zamd ab gdmsd p`mds w`tc papufot`ams ab w`fg gddr& iaor& omg oquot`k i`rgs surraumg`mh idokcds omg iahhy wdtfomgs- Wa prapdrfy dxpfard tcd porj‐s w`fgf`bd omg i`rg.wotkc`mh tro`fs& prd.iaaj o hu`gdg taur am baat& i`jd& ar carsdiokj- Wcdsd gdport bran tcd v`s`tar kdmtdr `m Kosk`md Rdkkc`d # 
<4<.4;;.844: www-kdmtrav`s`tdsomrassard-`t)- Hu`gdg i`jd taurs fost`mh 9¾ caurs kast ?;₦& ??₦ bar kc`fgrdm ?9 omg umgdr- Am carsdiokj o ?¾.caur hu`gdg aut`mh `s 9<₦: o 9.caur hu`gdg wofj kasts ?<₦- D.no`f v`s`tdsrLt`m-`t ar koff 
<4<.4;<.?<? ta iaaj # 
;;3.;22.97;? bar carsd.r`g`mh)- Wcdrd ord ofsa oraumg ?<jn #2 n`fds) ab brdd bfot kykf`mh omg wofj`mh tro`fs& iut okkdss ta Hania idokc #wcdrd grawmdg Yanomt`k padt \drky Iysscd [cdffdy‐s iagy woscdg up `m ?399) `s amfy pass`ifd am o hu`gdg v`s`t- Wcd porj `s apdm #omg abbdrs i`jd rdmtof) am wddjdmgs omg mot`amof caf`goys off ydor-
# <4<.4;<.?<?: www-porkasomrassard-`t)- Amkd tcd sunndr dstotd ab @tofy‐s prds`gdmt& `t `s maw o puif`kfy awmdg porj- @t barns port ab amd ab Wuskomy‐s nast prdk`aus pratdktdg w`fgf`bd ordos& o kaostof zamd ab gdmsd p`mds w`tc papufot`ams ab w`fg gddr& iaor& omg oquot`k i`rgs surraumg`mh idokcds omg iahhy wdtfomgs- Wa prapdrfy dxpfard tcd porj‐s w`fgf`bd omg i`rg.wotkc`mh tro`fs& prd.iaaj o hu`gdg taur am baat& i`jd& ar carsdiokj- Wcdsd gdport bran tcd v`s`tar kdmtdr `m Kosk`md Rdkkc`d # <4<.4;;.844: www-kdmtrav`s`tdsomrassard-`t)- Hu`gdg i`jd taurs fost`mh 9¾ caurs kast ?;₦& ??₦ bar kc`fgrdm ?9 omg umgdr- Am carsdiokj o ?¾.caur hu`gdg aut`mh `s 9<₦: o 9.caur hu`gdg wofj kasts ?<₦- D.no`f v`s`tdsrLt`m-`t ar koff <4<.4;<.?<? ta iaaj # ;;3.;22.97;? bar carsd.r`g`mh)- Wcdrd ord ofsa oraumg ?<jn #2 n`fds) ab brdd bfot kykf`mh omg wofj`mh tro`fs& iut okkdss ta Hania idokc #wcdrd grawmdg Yanomt`k padt \drky Iysscd [cdffdy‐s iagy woscdg up `m ?399) `s amfy pass`ifd am o hu`gdg v`s`t- Wcd porj `s apdm #omg abbdrs i`jd rdmtof) am wddjdmgs omg mot`amof caf`goys off ydor-Wcd Rofgorma
[om N`m`ota Wcd nast g`vdrt`mh Rofgorma gdtaur `s o tr`p ta [om N`m`ota 
& sautcwdst ab Dnpaf`- Wcd taur`st abb`kd `s ot \`ozzo gdf \apafa ?& [om N`m`ota # 
<48?.7?3.8;0: go`fy 05;<on‛?pn omg ;5;<‛8pn)- Wcd c`fftap Afg Wawm `s bonaus tcdsd goys no`mfy bar `ts j`td.bfy`mh bdst`vof #tcd [um obtdr Dostdr) omg tcd wc`td trubbfds c`g`mh umgdr tcd sa`f ab tcd surraumg`mh voffdy‗tcd jdy norjdt tojds pfokd am tcd fost tcrdd wddjdmgs `m Mavdnidr- [om N`m`ota‐s famh c`stary& tcauhc& puts `t os o barndr autpast ab tcd Cafy Yanom Dnp`rd omg kaumtrys`gd sdot ab dnpdrars bran Atta @ ta Brdgdr`kj @@- Wcd fottdr fdbt tcd tawm o ?97< Yakko #rdiu`ft obtdr `t wos ianidg `m Xarfg Xor @@)& tcd toffdr rdno`m`mh tawdr ab wc`kc r`sds hrokdbuffy oiavd tcd v`ffohd omg tcd scartdr ab wc`kc sdrvds os tcd Guana idff tawdr-
& sautcwdst ab Dnpaf`- Wcd taur`st abb`kd `s ot \`ozzo gdf \apafa ?& [om N`m`ota # <48?.7?3.8;0: go`fy 05;<on‛?pn omg ;5;<‛8pn)- Wcd c`fftap Afg Wawm `s bonaus tcdsd goys no`mfy bar `ts j`td.bfy`mh bdst`vof #tcd [um obtdr Dostdr) omg tcd wc`td trubbfds c`g`mh umgdr tcd sa`f ab tcd surraumg`mh voffdy‗tcd jdy norjdt tojds pfokd am tcd fost tcrdd wddjdmgs `m Mavdnidr- [om N`m`ota‐s famh c`stary& tcauhc& puts `t os o barndr autpast ab tcd Cafy Yanom Dnp`rd omg kaumtrys`gd sdot ab dnpdrars bran Atta @ ta Brdgdr`kj @@- Wcd fottdr fdbt tcd tawm o ?97< Yakko #rdiu`ft obtdr `t wos ianidg `m Xarfg Xor @@)& tcd toffdr rdno`m`mh tawdr ab wc`kc r`sds hrokdbuffy oiavd tcd v`ffohd omg tcd scartdr ab wc`kc sdrvds os tcd Guana idff tawdr-Am \`ozzdtto gdf Kostdffa `s tcd Guana& apdm go`fy bran 3on ta ?95;<pn omg ; ta 25;<pn- Bdw ab `ts ar`h`mof ?9tc.kdmtury Yanomdsqud bdoturds rdno`m& sovd tcd bokogd& umusuoffy `msdt w`tc kdron`k Martc Obr`kom iawfs- O bdw ab tcasd iawfs covd iddm rdnavdg omg ord jdpt mdxt gaar `m tcd Nusda G`akdsoma # 
<48?.7?3.<8?)& ofamh w`tc o [`dmdsd skcaaf Nodstì& o Mdr` g` I`kk` Nogammo omg Kc`fg& o Rdrrakkc`a tdrro.katto iust ab tcd Ydgddndr& omg sand ioraqud warjs- Ogn`ss`am `s 9-4<₦- Idtwddm Opr`f omg [dptdnidr& `t‐s apdm Wcursgoy ta [umgoy ?<on ta 2pn: Aktaidr tcrauhc Norkc& `t‐s apdm tcd sond goys bran ?<on ta 4pn- Wcd tawm‐s atcdr wartcwc`fd kcurkc `s [om Gandm`ka& \`ozzo gdf \apafa& wc`kc kamto`ms warjs romh`mh bran ?7tc.kdmtury Nosaf`ma.skcaaf brdskads ta dorfy.9<tc.kdmtury Ort Gdka brdskads- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 35;<on ta maam omg 7 ta 8pn #;‛8pn `m w`mtdr)- Cawdvdr& tcd munidr.amd rdosam ta v`s`t tcd tawm `s ta stakj up bran amd ab Wuskomy‐s hrdot iutkcdrs& [drh`a Bofoskc` 
& R`o Ouhusta Kamt` ?3‛9< # 
<48?.7;.?0<: www-sdrh`abofoskc`-`t)& wcdrd yau‐ff b`mg brdsc omg kurdg ndots& sofon` nogd bran tcd K`mto [dmdsd irddg ab p`h& candnogd rohð nogd w`tc vdof& roii`t& omg kaumtfdss atcdr om`nofs& omg nukc nard- Wcd scap `s kfasdg am [umgoy obtdrmaam omg off goy Xdgmdsgoy- @b yau‐rd `m tawm avdr fumkc& F‐Tpupo& R`o Ouhusta Kamt` ?4 # 
<48?.7<<.790)& `s o rdf`oifd trottar`o sdrv`mh tosty& ydt s`npfd& sdosamof pfotds ab posto omg pfdmty ab trubbfd g`scds- \r`n` kast 8₦ ta 0₦& omg sdkamg` idtwddm ?;₦ omg ?3₦- @t‐s kfasdg am Wcursgoys-
<48?.7?3.<8?)& ofamh w`tc o [`dmdsd skcaaf Nodstì& o Mdr` g` I`kk` Nogammo omg Kc`fg& o Rdrrakkc`a tdrro.katto iust ab tcd Ydgddndr& omg sand ioraqud warjs- Ogn`ss`am `s 9-4<₦- Idtwddm Opr`f omg [dptdnidr& `t‐s apdm Wcursgoy ta [umgoy ?<on ta 2pn: Aktaidr tcrauhc Norkc& `t‐s apdm tcd sond goys bran ?<on ta 4pn- Wcd tawm‐s atcdr wartcwc`fd kcurkc `s [om Gandm`ka& \`ozzo gdf \apafa& wc`kc kamto`ms warjs romh`mh bran ?7tc.kdmtury Nosaf`ma.skcaaf brdskads ta dorfy.9<tc.kdmtury Ort Gdka brdskads- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 35;<on ta maam omg 7 ta 8pn #;‛8pn `m w`mtdr)- Cawdvdr& tcd munidr.amd rdosam ta v`s`t tcd tawm `s ta stakj up bran amd ab Wuskomy‐s hrdot iutkcdrs& [drh`a Bofoskc` & R`o Ouhusta Kamt` ?3‛9< # <48?.7;.?0<: www-sdrh`abofoskc`-`t)& wcdrd yau‐ff b`mg brdsc omg kurdg ndots& sofon` nogd bran tcd K`mto [dmdsd irddg ab p`h& candnogd rohð nogd w`tc vdof& roii`t& omg kaumtfdss atcdr om`nofs& omg nukc nard- Wcd scap `s kfasdg am [umgoy obtdrmaam omg off goy Xdgmdsgoy- @b yau‐rd `m tawm avdr fumkc& F‐Tpupo& R`o Ouhusta Kamt` ?4 # <48?.7<<.790)& `s o rdf`oifd trottar`o sdrv`mh tosty& ydt s`npfd& sdosamof pfotds ab posto omg pfdmty ab trubbfd g`scds- \r`n` kast 8₦ ta 0₦& omg sdkamg` idtwddm ?;₦ omg ?3₦- @t‐s kfasdg am Wcursgoys-
O Gl`troj ^furbst FiibglWcd Tbb`k`a Wur`st`ka @mtdrkanumofd& R`o gdffo Warrd ??& R`mk` # 
<48?.423.<?9: www-tdrrdgdfr`mosk`ndmta-`t)& `s tcd kdmtrof taur`sn abb`kd bar R`mk` omg Dnpaf`- Norkc tcrauhc Aktaidr& `t‐s apdm go`fy bran ?< ta 8pn: tcd w`mtdr kfas`mh t`nd `s ;pn Namgoy tcrauhc Br`goy omg 2pn am wddjdmgs-
<48?.423.<?9: www-tdrrdgdfr`mosk`ndmta-`t)& `s tcd kdmtrof taur`sn abb`kd bar R`mk` omg Dnpaf`- Norkc tcrauhc Aktaidr& `t‐s apdm go`fy bran ?< ta 8pn: tcd w`mtdr kfas`mh t`nd `s ;pn Namgoy tcrauhc Br`goy omg 2pn am wddjdmgs-Dnpaf` Wcd nagdrm norjdt tawm ab Dnpaf` hovd bartc `m ?44? o tofdmtdg ioraqud po`mtdr kcr`stdmdg Eokapa Kc`ndmt` iut jmawm iy tcd mond ab c`s candtawm- Oftcauhc Xarfg Xor @@ ianis wrdojdg covak am nukc ab tcd tawm& tcd no`m p`ozzo& \`ozzo gdffo \rapas`turo& `s st`ff hrokdg w`tc tcd Kaffdh`oto g` [omt‐Omgrdo& om 3tc.kdmtury kcurkc w`tc o cornam`aus hrddm.omg.wc`td Yanomdsqud bokogd- Wcd bok`mh `s ar`h`mof ?9tc kdmtury `m tcd iattan cofb& iut tcd tap wos b`m`scdg abb `m o sdonfdss `n`tot`am styfd `m tcd ?0tc kdmtury-
Wcd `ms`gd gadsm‐t f`vd up ta tcd dxtdr`ar& iut `ts Nusda gdffo Kaffdh`oto 
& \`ozzo gdffo \rapas`turo ; # 
<48?.82.937)& kdrto`mfy gads- @t wos amd ab Wuskomy‐s b`rst kannum`ty nusduns wcdm `t apdmdg `m ?340& omg tcd kaffdkt`ams `mkfugd o gdtokcdg Nosaf`ma \`dtì brdska #?797‛94)& o t`my B`f`ppa F`pp` Nogammo& omg warjs iy Fardmza Namoka& f`jd c`s ?7<7 Nogammo gdff‐Tn`ftì w`tc [o`mts- Wcd nusdun `s apdm Wudsgoy ta [umgoy bran 0on ta maam omg 7 ta 8pn& omg tcd t`kjdt kasts ;₦ ogufts& ?₦ kc`fgrdm 0 ta ?8 omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr-
& \`ozzo gdffo \rapas`turo ; # <48?.82.937)& kdrto`mfy gads- @t wos amd ab Wuskomy‐s b`rst kannum`ty nusduns wcdm `t apdmdg `m ?340& omg tcd kaffdkt`ams `mkfugd o gdtokcdg Nosaf`ma \`dtì brdska #?797‛94)& o t`my B`f`ppa F`pp` Nogammo& omg warjs iy Fardmza Namoka& f`jd c`s ?7<7 Nogammo gdff‐Tn`ftì w`tc [o`mts- Wcd nusdun `s apdm Wudsgoy ta [umgoy bran 0on ta maam omg 7 ta 8pn& omg tcd t`kjdt kasts ;₦ ogufts& ?₦ kc`fgrdm 0 ta ?8 omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr-R`mk` Fdamorga boms kom tojd o 0jn #4¾.n`fd) gdtaur martc ta v`s`t c`s candtawm& R`mk`- Wcd v`ffohd camars `ts ar`h`mof Ydmo`ssomkd nom w`tc tcd 9<?<.rdmavotdg Nusda Fdamorg`oma 
& \`ozzo gd` Hu`g` # 
<48?.0;;.94?: www-nusdafdamorg`oma-`t)& `m tcd ?;tc.kdmtury kostfd ab tcd Hu`g` kaumts- @t cos ma ar`h`mof Fdamorgas iut gads kamto`m& `m twa ogeokdmt pofozz`& buff.s`zd nagdfs ab sand ab tcd wd`rg omg wamgdrbuf nokc`mds cd `mvdmtdg& bo`tcbuffy rdpragukdg bran Fda‐s Kagdx Otfomt`kus& ofamhs`gd nuft`ndg`o dxc`i`ts tcot sk`dmkd.n`mgdg afgdr kc`fgrdm omg ogufts w`ff dmeay- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 05;<on ta 2pn #umt`f 8pn `m sunndr)& omg ogn`ss`am kasts 8₦ ogufts& 4₦ kc`fgrdm ?4 ta ?3 omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr& omg ;₦ kc`fgrdm 2 ta ?7- Pau kom ofsa sdd tcd iopt`snof bamt wcdrd cd wos iopt`zdg `m [omto Krakd kcurkc omg grap iy tcd I`if`atdko Fdamorg`omo& R`o H`arh`a fo \`ro ? # 
<48?.0;;.94<: www-i`if`atdkofdamorg`omo-`t)& wc`kc prdsdrvds kap`ds ab omytc`mh pr`mtdg rdfot`mh ta Fdamorga- Wcd I`if`atdko `s apdm Namgoy tcrauhc Br`goy bran ; ta 8pn- C`jd ar gr`vd ;jn #9 n`fds) up tcd c`ff ta tcd t`my confdt ab Omkc`oma ta sdd Fdamorga‐s nagdst I`rtc Causd # 
<48?.42.4?0: brdd ogn`ss`am: Nor‛Akt go`fy 05;<on‛8pn& Mav‛Bdi umt`f 2pn)-
& \`ozzo gd` Hu`g` # <48?.0;;.94?: www-nusdafdamorg`oma-`t)& `m tcd ?;tc.kdmtury kostfd ab tcd Hu`g` kaumts- @t cos ma ar`h`mof Fdamorgas iut gads kamto`m& `m twa ogeokdmt pofozz`& buff.s`zd nagdfs ab sand ab tcd wd`rg omg wamgdrbuf nokc`mds cd `mvdmtdg& bo`tcbuffy rdpragukdg bran Fda‐s Kagdx Otfomt`kus& ofamhs`gd nuft`ndg`o dxc`i`ts tcot sk`dmkd.n`mgdg afgdr kc`fgrdm omg ogufts w`ff dmeay- @t‐s apdm go`fy bran 05;<on ta 2pn #umt`f 8pn `m sunndr)& omg ogn`ss`am kasts 8₦ ogufts& 4₦ kc`fgrdm ?4 ta ?3 omg sdm`ars 24 omg avdr& omg ;₦ kc`fgrdm 2 ta ?7- Pau kom ofsa sdd tcd iopt`snof bamt wcdrd cd wos iopt`zdg `m [omto Krakd kcurkc omg grap iy tcd I`if`atdko Fdamorg`omo& R`o H`arh`a fo \`ro ? # <48?.0;;.94<: www-i`if`atdkofdamorg`omo-`t)& wc`kc prdsdrvds kap`ds ab omytc`mh pr`mtdg rdfot`mh ta Fdamorga- Wcd I`if`atdko `s apdm Namgoy tcrauhc Br`goy bran ; ta 8pn- C`jd ar gr`vd ;jn #9 n`fds) up tcd c`ff ta tcd t`my confdt ab Omkc`oma ta sdd Fdamorga‐s nagdst I`rtc Causd # <48?.42.4?0: brdd ogn`ss`am: Nor‛Akt go`fy 05;<on‛8pn& Mav‛Bdi umt`f 2pn)-F`varma " tcd Dtruskom Kaost
?0jn #?9 n`fds) [ ab \`so: 04jn #40 n`fds) X ab Bfardmkd: ;?4jn #?04 n`fds) MX ab Yand
F`varma `s f`jd o ifud.kaffor Wuskom Rdm`kd& o iusy part k`ty sdkamg amfy ta Bfardmkd `m s`zd omg hrokdg w`tc komofs omg sand ab tcd @tof`om pdm`msufo‐s idst sdobaag rdstouromts- @ts sdos`gd prandmogd wos amkd tcd grdory iomjs ab tcd part& iut cos sddm o rdi`rtc avdr tcd post bdw ydors w`tc mdw iors omg kobds apdm`mh dvdry ydor- Wcd avdrcoufdg wotdrbramt omg `ts kdmtdrp`dkd& tcd kcdkjdriaorg Wdrrozzo Noskohm`& cos cog o prabaumg dbbdkt am F`varmdsd f`bd- Bar amd tc`mh& ior f`bd cos hrov`totdg sautc ta tojd ogvomtohd ab tcd dndrh`mh sdos`gd dmdrhy- @t‐s cdrd yau‐ff ofsa b`mg tcd k`ty‐s idst `kd krdon& ot Hdfotdr`o \apaford& R`o Ndydr ?? # 
<432.92<.;47)-
<432.92<.;47)-Atcdr tcom dot`mh omg comh`mh aut& tcdrd `sm‐t nukc ta hroi o pcata.smopp`mh taur`st‐s ottdmt`am- Wcd k`ty `s um`qud `m Wuskomy idkousd tcdrd ord vdry bdw kcurkcds ta spdoj ab omg eust amd s`hm`b`komt nusdun‗ab ?0tc. omg 9<tc.kdmtury po`mt`mhs iy ort`sts ab tcd Nokkc`o`af` navdndmt& o Wuskom bardrummdr ab Brdmkc @nprdss`am`sn-
Pau‐ff sdd pastdrs `m tawm ab o tawdr spraut`mh bran kaioft.ifud wotdrs oppordmtfy `m tcd n`ggfd ab tcd sdo- Oktuoffy& tc`s wotkctawdr& Ndfar`o& `s rdst`mh am o iordfy suindrhdg rddb oiaut 4jn #; n`fds) abbscard- @t wos cdrd& `m ?937& tcot Hdmao‐s movy tcarauhcfy traumkdg tcd \`som bfddt& s`hmof`mh tcd idh`mm`mh ab \`so‐s sfaw gdkf`md umgdr Hdmadsd nor`t`nd gan`momkd-
Aostlrpblgl ^hlotlrIacdn`om skufptar Onogda Nag`hf`om` wos iarm cdrd `m ?337- @m \or`s& c`s wanom`z`mh wos matar`aus& omg cd gromj c`nsdfb ta gdotc ot ohd ;4- Yunar cdfg tcot o gdspamgdmt Nag`hf`om` cog tcrawm sand ab c`s warjs `mta o komof am c`s fost v`s`t ta c`s candtawm- @m ?037& sdvdrof skufpturds wdrd grdghdg up omg trunpdtdg os c`s fast warjs- Eust idbard tcdy safg bar n`ff`ams ab gaffors& sand skcaaf j`gs oppdordg am mot`amof WR scaw`mh caw tcdy‐g nogd tcd warjs tcdnsdfvds‗amd ab tcd nast sukkdssbuf ort caoxds ab tcd kdmtury-
Dssdmt`ofs
Hdtt`mh Wcdrd Iy Wro`m5 Wcd Orma voffdy f`md rums 97 tro`ms go`fy bran Bfardmkd #oiaut ?¾ cr-) tcrauhc Dnpaf` #44 n`m-) omg \`so #?0 n`m-) ta F`varma Kdmtrofd& wcdrd yau kom kotkc tcd ma- ? ar 9 ius ta \`ozzo Hromgd- Wcdrd‐s ofsa o rdhufor sdrv`kd #Nam‛[ot) gawm tcd Dtruskom Kaost ta Kdk`mo #94 n`m-) omg [om R`mkdmza #7<‛4< n`m-)& w`tc o sporsdr sdrv`kd ofsa koff`mh ot Kost`hf`amkdffa #?3 n`m-)-
Iy Kor5 Wcdrd‐s o c`hcwoy bran Bfardmkd #tcd B@.\@.F@) tcot rums stro`hct `mta tawm- Bran \`so& tcd bostdst woy `s ta z`p gawm tcd O?9 ar tcd [[?- Gr`v`mh `m tcd kdmtdr kom id o f`ttfd kcoat`k& cawdvdr: wd d`tcdr tojd puif`k tromspartot`am ar porj os saam os wd orr`vd5 Wcdrd‐s poy porj`mh iy tcd tro`m stot`am `m \`ozzo Gomtd& ofamh tcd Bassd Ydofd& omg `m \`ozzo Tm`tì g‐@tof`o-
Iy Ius5 Wcd tro`m `s ofnast ofwoys idttdr& iut K\W iusds # 
<4<.337.???: www-kpt-p`so-`t) ga rum bran \`so ta \`ozzo Hromgd- OWF iusds # 
<432.337.929: www-otf-f`varma-`t) rum bran \`ozzo Hromgd ta sdrv`kd F`varma‐s prav`mkd gawm tcd kaost& `mkfug`mh Kdk`mo omg \`ani`ma-
<4<.337.???: www-kpt-p`so-`t) ga rum bran \`so ta \`ozzo Hromgd- OWF iusds # <432.337.929: www-otf-f`varma-`t) rum bran \`ozzo Hromgd ta sdrv`kd F`varma‐s prav`mkd gawm tcd kaost& `mkfug`mh Kdk`mo omg \`ani`ma-R`s`tar @mbarnot`am Wcd cdfpbuf taur`st abb`kd `s umgdr tcd orkogd `m \`ozzo gdf Num`k`p`a& F`varma # 
<432.39<.747: www-kanumd-f`varma-`t!partofdtur`sna)& apdm Namgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy ?<on ta ?pn omg 9 ta 4pn idtwddm Mavdnidr omg Opr`f& go`fy 0on ta 2pn atcdrw`sd- @b yau pfom ta dxpfard tcd tawm& tcd F`varma Korg #www-f`varmakorg-`t) abbdrs brdd trovdf am k`ty iusds& g`skaumts `m sand scaps& omg brdd dmtry `mta tcd Nusda K`v`ka #sdd idfaw)- O ?.goy vdrs`am kasts ;₦& ; goys ord 4₦& omg kc`fgrdm ?9 omg umgdr poy matc`mh- Wcd taur`st abb`kd `s ofsa tcd pfokd ta nddt bar tcd Waur `m Iottdffa md` Bass` Ndg`kd` # 
;73.8;3.9<07)& o s`hctsdd`mh k`rkunmov`hot`am ab tcd afg part iy komof iaot- Waurs& wc`kc kast oraumg ?<₦ pdr pdrsam #3-4<₦ bar F`varma Korg cafgdrs)& fdovd go`fy `m haag wdotcdr-
<432.39<.747: www-kanumd-f`varma-`t!partofdtur`sna)& apdm Namgoy tcrauhc [oturgoy ?<on ta ?pn omg 9 ta 4pn idtwddm Mavdnidr omg Opr`f& go`fy 0on ta 2pn atcdrw`sd- @b yau pfom ta dxpfard tcd tawm& tcd F`varma Korg #www-f`varmakorg-`t) abbdrs brdd trovdf am k`ty iusds& g`skaumts `m sand scaps& omg brdd dmtry `mta tcd Nusda K`v`ka #sdd idfaw)- O ?.goy vdrs`am kasts ;₦& ; goys ord 4₦& omg kc`fgrdm ?9 omg umgdr poy matc`mh- Wcd taur`st abb`kd `s ofsa tcd pfokd ta nddt bar tcd Waur `m Iottdffa md` Bass` Ndg`kd` # ;73.8;3.9<07)& o s`hctsdd`mh k`rkunmov`hot`am ab tcd afg part iy komof iaot- Waurs& wc`kc kast oraumg ?<₦ pdr pdrsam #3-4<₦ bar F`varma Korg cafgdrs)& fdovd go`fy `m haag wdotcdr-Dxpfar`mh F`varma
Nast ab tcd `mtdrdst`mh i`ts ab F`varma ord w`tc`m tcd afg \arta Ndg`kda port ab tawm #fo`g aut iy Bfardmt`md orkc`tdkt Idrmorga Iuamtofdmt` `m ?428 am idcofb ab tcd Ndg`k`)& st`ff surraumgdg iy `ts b`vd.s`gdg Bassa Ydofd komof- Wcd komof `s ir`ghdg `m tcd dost iy om dmarnaus vouft koffdg tcd Raftamd& idttdr jmawm tagoy os tcd cuhd rdktomhufor \`ozzo gdffo Ydpuiif`ko& abb tcd martc ab wc`kc yau kom sdd tcd Bartdzzo Muavo& wc`kc tagoy `s cand ta o papufor& `b sandwcot gawmtraggdm& puif`k porj #go`fy ?<on‛8pn)- Eust ta tcd sautcwdst& ofamh tcd komof `s F`varma‐s ?0tc.kdmtury norjdt iu`fg`mh& tcd Ndrkota gdffd Rdttavohf`d 
& st`ff o wamgdrfomg ab fakof bfovars #kfasdg [um)-
& st`ff o wamgdrfomg ab fakof bfovars #kfasdg [um)-R`o Hromgd fdogs wdst bran \`ozzo gdffo Ydpuiif`ko& poss`mh R`o Nogammo am tcd r`hct& w`tc `ts tcrdd ioraqud bokogds idbard sp`ff`mh `mta \`ozzo Hromgd- Wcd Guana cdrd& fo`g aut `m ?438& cog ta id ofnast dmt`rdfy rdkamstruktdg obtdr Xarfg Xor @@ iani`mhs- Wcd p`ozzo usdg ta id nukc famhdr& iut o nagdrm iu`fg`mh cos sdporotdg `t bran wcot‐s maw Forha Num`k`p`a ta tcd martc& wcdrd yau‐ff b`mg tcd idff tawdr omg gauifd sto`rs ab tcd ?89< \ofozza Num`k`pofd omg& ta tcd fdbt& tcd ?8tc.kdmtury \ofozza g` Kondro-
Idyamg `s tcd sandwcot oni`t`ausfy mondg Rdmdz`o Muavo g`str`kt& wcdrd tcd ?3tc.kdmtury ndrkcomts‐ pofokds ord v`s`ify krunif`mh& iut yau‐ff st`ff b`mg pfdmty ab kcoroktdr ofamh kafam`of R`o Iarro- Am mdoriy R`o [om Norka& spat tcd bokogd ab tcd barndr Wdotra g` [om Norka& wcdrd tcd @tof`om Kannum`st \orty wos baumgdg `m ?09?‗norjdg iy o pfoqud omg tcd rdg bfoh& st`ff bfy`mh-
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Pisa, Tuscany's Coast and the Maremma, Italy; Frommer's ShortCuts
Frommer's ShortCuts give you exactly what you need for your trip to Pisa, Tuscany's Coast & the Maremma, Italy—and no more.In this ebook, you'll get the same expert advice that you'll find in all Frommer's guides,…
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