C s ca chuyn mch gi Mt giao thc Internet (IP) ca router l mt nt mng quan trng trong mng chuyn mch gi hin

nay. N bao gm nhiu u vo / u ra cng. Gi d liu t nhiu ni khc nhau n u vo ca cc b nh tuyn IP. Chng c gi n cc cng u ra ph hp bi mt loi vi chuyn i theo mt bng chuyn tip, c cp nht bi giao thc nh tuyn. Trong chuyn i gi tin mng, cc gi tin t cng u vo khc nhau c th ri ng cho c ng mt cng u ra simulta-neously, dn n tranh chp cng u ra. Lm th no phn x v lch trnh cc gi tin khi tranh chp pht sinh l mt vn quan trng v y th thch trong vic thit k mt hiu sut cao kh nng m rng gi chuyn i. Cc mng in thoi truyn thng s dng k thut chuyn mch thit lp kt ni. Trong chng trnh chuyn mch, thng l c mt b x l tp trung xc nh tt c cc kt ni gia u vo v u ra cng. Mi kt ni ko di trung bnh 3 pht. i vi mt cng tc N N, c hu ht cc kt ni N ng thi v thi gian cn thit lm cho mi kt ni l 180 giy chia N. V d, nu N l 1000, thi gian to mt kt ni l ti hu ht 180ms, m l kh thoi mi cho hu ht cc chuyn i cc loi vi s dng cng ngh hin ti, chng hn nh chip CMOS-giao im chuyn i. Tuy nhin, cho cc b nh tuyn IP, thi gian cn thit cu hnh cc kt ni u vo-u ra nhiu hn na nghim ngt, v n thng c da trn mt khe thi gian c di c nh. V d, n c th l nh nh nh 64 byte i ph vi chiu di gi nh nht ca 40 byte. i vi mt dng 10Gbit / s, khe thi gian l khong 50 ns. Khi tng t l dng bit v s chuyn i cng gia tng, thi gian cn thit cho mi kt ni l tip tc gim. Kt qu l, n l khng thc t s dng b vi x l kt ni tp trung thit lp kt ni gia cc yu t u vo v u ra. Nh vy, i vi thit b nh tuyn IP, chng ti khng s dng mt b x l kt ni tp trung thnh lp connec - vn hnh. Nhng ng hn, mt chng trnh t nh tuyn c s dng thit lp kt ni u vo-u ra

trong mt distributed cch. Ni cch khc, vi chuyn i c tr thng minh cc gi tin tuyn ng thch hp cng u ra, da trn cc cng ra vt l a ch nh km pha trc ca mi gi. Mt trong nhng chuyn i cc loi vi c kh nng t nh tuyn, v d, vic chuyn i a. Ngoi vic nh tuyn cc gi trong cc b nh tuyn IP, mt chc nng quan trng l gii quyt cng u ra tranh chp khi c nhiu hn mt gi tin n cng mt cng u ra cng mt lc. C mt s phng n gii quyt tranh chp c xut k t khi kin trc chuyn i cc gi tin u ti n c xut vo u nhng nm 1980. Mt cch gii quyt tranh chp l cho php tt c cc gi tin c tr nh cho cng mt cng u ra i n u ra cng cng mt lc. K t khi gi d liu ch c mt c th c truyn thng qua lin kt u ra mt thi gian, cc gi cn li c xp hng i chuyn i port.A u ra vi kin trc nh vy c gi l chuyn i sn lng m. i vi chng trnh nh vy, c mt nhu cu vn hnh chuyn i vi v b nh ti thi im N tc dng, trong N l kch thc chuyn i. Theo dng tc hoc tng s chuyn i cng, chng trnh ny tr nn thc t khng th thc hin. Tuy nhin, nu tt c cc gi tin khng c php i vo cng u ra tng t ti mt thi im, n lp k hoch (hay cn gi l trng ti chng trnh) l cn thit phn x cc gi tin rng c dnh cho cng mt cng u ra. Cc gi tin b mt tranh phi ch ti u vo m. Mt chuyn i vi kin trc nh vy c gi l chuyn i u vo m.

Cch x l tranh chp u ra s nh hng n hiu sut chuyn i, phc tp, v chi ph thc hin. Mt s n c thc hin trong mt centralizedmanner

v mt s trong mt cch thc phn phi. Sau thng cho php chuyn i phi c thu nh t l dng c hai v chuyn i kch thc trong khi trc y l mt chuyn i kch thc nh hn v thng l t phc tp hn. Ngoi ra lp lch trnh cc gi tin u vo khi gii quyt tranh chp cng u ra, lp lch trnh gi tin cng c thc hin ti u ra ca switch. Lch trnh gi tin CNTT truyn theo u ti n ca h v / hoc phn b bng thng p ng mi kt ni ca s chm tr / thng (tc l, cht lng dch v) yu cu. Packet lp k hoch n t c cht lng yu cu dch v c tho lun rng ri trong Chng 4.

5.1 Khi nim chuyn i c bn Trc khi tho lun v nguyn tc chuyn mch v kin trc, mt s khi nim c bn trong gi chuyn i u ti n c trnh by. Chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Cc mc ti u c bn cho chuyn mch v nh tuyn l nh nhau, c hai c gng chuyn giao mt phn fromone thng tin khc. Tuy nhi n, nh tuyn thng thng i din mt quan im quy m ln, ni m thng tin c trao i gia hai nt c th c ngn cch bi mt khong cch ln trong mng. Trong khi chuyn i thng d ng ch cc thng tin trao i trong mt nt mng. Hn na, nh tuyn thng cn s hp tc ca cc nt mng khc, v c da trn mt giao thc nh tuyn, trong khi chuyn i ch l mt chc nng ca mt thit b duy nht, v c da trn mt bng chuyn tip, chuyn i kin trc, v cc thut ton lp lch trnh. Hnh 5.1 v 5.2 minh ha v d cho chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Unicast v Multicast. Phn ln cc kt ni mng l im-im, l gi l unicast. Kt qu l, lu lng truy cp vo mt cng u vo ca mt loi vi chuyn i ch n mt cng u ra. Tuy nhin, cho cc ng dng video / m thanh hi ngh v d liu pht sng, lu lng truy cp t mt ngun c gi ti cc im

n khc nhau.

h tr multicast, th m c ch chuyn i l cn thit sao chp d liu t mt u vo cng vi cng u ra nhiu. Multicast trong mt vi chuyn i c minh ha trong hnh 5.3

Thng lng v tng tc. Thng qua mt lp vi chuyn i c nh ngha l t l t l tng hp sn lng trung bnh t l u vo trung bnh tng hp khi tt c cc cng u vo giao thng 100% vi tc dng. N l mt gi tr tch cc

khng nhiu hn mt. Tng tc ca k c ngha l t l chuyn tip ni b ca vi chuyn i l k ln u vo t l dng. V vy, khi tng tc vt qu mt, b m phi c s dng ti cng u ra. Tng tc cho php mt loi vi chuyn i chuyn tip nhiu hn mt gi tin ti cc cng mt khe thi gian cc cng u ra gim bt ganh ua cng u ra, kt qu trong mt cao hn thng qua. Ngn chn v Contention ra. y chng ti tham kho ngn chn v tranh u ra chuyn mch phn chia khng gian, v trong thi gian b phn chuyn mch, giao thng c ghp trnh b chn. Trong chuyn mch phn chia khng gian, vn chnh l s kt hp ca cng u vo-u ra. Khng chn c ngha l khi c mt yu cu c to ra gia mt u vo nhn ri cng v u ra mt cng nhn ri, kt ni lun lun c th c thit lp. Lu rng 1 nhn ri cng cp n mt cng khng kt ni cng khng y u cu. Mt khc, ngn chn c ngha l rng n c th kt ni khng c thit lp gia cc u vo / u ra nhn ri cp. Hnh 5.4 cho thy mt ni b ngn chn trong mt b chuyn mch Clos ba giai on, khi nhn ri u vo cng 9 yu cu cc cng u ra nhn ri 4 hoc 6, mt kt ni c th c thit lp v chn ni b. Mt v d khc c hin th trong hnh 5.5, trong mt v ng ng bng mng, u vo cng 0 c yu cu 5 cng u ra v u vo cng 2 c yu cu u ra 4 cng, nhng c hai cn cng mt cng u ra trong giai on th hai thit lp kt ni, gy ra ni b blocking.Atypical kin trc chuyn i khng chn l mt x ngang chuyn i.

Mt vn khc lm gim thng lng ca mt loi vi chuyn i l u ra ganh ua. N khng phi l v thit k ca kin trc chuyn i, nhng do bn cht ca lu lng IP bursty. Nu nhiu hn mt u vo cng yu cu cng mt cng u ra, ch c mt c th c cp, v vy nhng ngi khc phi ch i. iu ny c m t trong hnh 5.6. Tranh u ra nh hng ln n vic s dng tng th ca vi chuyn i.

Cell-ch chuyn mch v chuyn mch gi, ch . Trong cc mng ATM, thng tin ng gi vo cc t bo kch thc c nh. V vy, trong mt chuyn mch ATM, lp k hoch din ra trn mt t bo thi gian, c gi l khe thi gian. Tuy nhin, trong cc mng IP, thay i chiu di gi tin lp lch trnh cc thut ton thng qua, v v vy truyn thng trong cu trc chuyn i ca cc b nh tuyn IP

Hot ng mi gi c bn. N c gi l tinh khit ch chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin, do phn phi ngu nhi n c di gi, ln lch v tr nn qu phc tp thit k trong b nh tuyn quy m ln. thc hin cng ngh ATM di ng chuyn i trong cc b nh tuyn IP, archi ph bin Tecture [1] c xut, nh th hin trong hnh 5.7. Trong mi cng u vo, mt u vo phn khc m-un (ISM) c s dng chuyn i cc gi tin IP thay i kch thc thnh mt s cc t bo kch thc c nh. 1 thch hp nhi c s dng khi cc gi tin cn li l ngn hn hn c mt t bo. Sau , cc t bo m trong cc hng i t bo (CQS), v d, 1Cell c nh ngha l n v d liu c di c nh c s dng trong cu trc chuyn i. N bao gm mt ti u di ng, c s dng cho nh tuyn vi chuyn i v ti trng. Nhu cu khng nht thit phi l mt t bo ATM.

Hng i u ra (VOQs o), mi lin quan vi mi u ra. Xem thm chi tit v VOQs c th c tm thy trong Chng 7. Cc thut ton lp lch trnh c th c thc hin trong vic la chn cc t bo ra ca VOQs v chuyn i chng sa cha cng u ra. Out t reassembly module (ORM) l cn thit trong mi cng u ra lp rp li cc t bo ca gi tin li vi nhau. Sau khi ORM, mt gi FIFO (PF) c s dng m tp hp li cc gi tin khi ORM c mt tng tc. Chin lc chuyn i ny c gi l t bo-ch chuyn i trong cc b nh tuyn IP. Nghin cu gn y bi Marsan et al. [2] v Ganjali et al. [3] trnh by mt lp k hoch chin lc, ch chuyn mch gi. Mt gi tin c chia thnh cc t bo kch thc c nh ging nh trong ch t bo, nhng cc t bo ca cc gi tin c ln k hoch lin tc k nhau, khng independently. Nhng li th ca ch gi tin chuyn i l reassembly ca cc gi tin tr nn d dng hn nhiu. N cng c li ch t s chm tr gi tin trung bnh thp hn so vi lp k hoch ch t bo khi phng sai ca phn phi chiu di gi nh.

5.2 Phn loi vi tc

Cc loi vi chuyn i c th c phn loi da trn k thut chuyn i ca h thnh hai nhm: phn chia thi gian chuyn i (TDS) v phn chia khng gian chuyn i (SDS). TDS l tip tc chia loi vo chia s b nh v cc loi phng tin chia s. SDS l tip tc chia thnh con ng duy nht thit b chuyn mch v thit b chuyn mch, nhiu con ng m chng ln lt chia thnh mt s khc cc loi, nh minh ha trong hnh 5.8.

5.2.1 Thi gian B phn chuyn mch

Cc t bo t cc u vo khc nhau c ghp knh v chuyn tip thng qua mt con ng kt ni d liu tt c cc yu t u vo v u ra. C cu chuyn mch phn chia thi gian tiu biu l b nh chia s chuyn i (xem Chng 6) v chuyn i chia s trung bnh. Cc chuyn mch phn chia thi gian structure c gii hn bi bng thng giao tip ni b cn t c s tng hp chuyn tip bng thng ca tt c cc cng u vo. Tuy nhin, lp hc ca chuyn i ny cung cp mt li th. K t khi mi t bo chy qua cc cu trc thng tin lin lc duy nht, n c th c d dng m rng h tr hot ng multicast / pht sng.

Trong mt chuyn i phng tin chia s, th hin trong hnh 5,9, cc t bo n cc cng u vo l phn chia thi gian ghp thnh mt phng tin tc cao ph bin, chng hn nh xe but hoc mt chic nhn, bng thng bng N ln u vo rate.An b lc a ch (AF) v FIFO u ra m ny c s dng trong mi dng u ra kt ni vi cc phng tin chia s. AF xem xt ti u ca mi t bo n v sau ch chp nhn cc t bo dnh cho chnh n.Trong cch, ghp t bo n c demultiplexed vo cng u ra chnh xc. Do FIFO b m ring bit trong mi cng u ra, s dng b nh chia s va chuyn i thp hn so vi cu trc b nh chia s. i vi mt chuyn i phng tin chia s, chuyn i kch thc l gii hn bi b nh c / vit thi gian truy cp, trong N n v 1 i cc t bo trong mt khe thi gian cn phi c truy cp. Gi s thi gian cho mt khe cm di ng l Tcell v thi gian truy cp b nh l Tmem, s lng chuyn i kch thc N c th c tnh bng cch s dng theo phng trnh: (N + 1) Tcell/Tmem

V d, cc khe thi gian di ng cho mt gi 64 byte ti mt giao din 10G Tcell = Packetsize/throughput = (64 8)/(10 109) = 51.2 ns Nu Tmem = 4 ns, tng cng(51,2 / 4) - 1 = 11 cng c th c h tr. Trong mt b nh chia s chuyn i (xem Chng 6), ging nh cc thit b chuyn mch va chia s, cc t bo t tt c cc cng u vo phn chia thi gian ghp vo logic trung tm. Tuy nhin, h khng chuyn tip immediately v l lt cho tt c cc kt qu u ra nh trong cu trc c chia s va. Thay vo , t bo m trong b nh trung tm, v sau d kin demultiplexer ni cc t bo n cho cc cng u ra khc nhau c tch ra. Cu trc b nh chia s l tt hn trong b nh s dng hn so vi cu trc FIFO ring bit trong c cu chia s, trung bnh, nhng i hi hai ln tc b nh.

5.2.2 B phn chuyn mch khng gian

Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDS) l vit tt ca cc cu trc d liu

nhiu con ng c sn gia u vo v cc cng u ra v cc t bo sn lng u vo khc nhau kt ni c th c chuyn tip ng thi, khi khng ngn chn hin nay. Tng s cc chuyn mch kh nng l sau cc sn phm ca bng thng ca mi con ng v s lng cc ng dn c th truyn cc t bo cng mt lc. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, kh nng chuyn i c gii hn bi vt l thc hin hn ch nh s lng pin ca thit b v kt ni bng ni a nng.

Cc thit b chuyn mch SDS c phn loi da trn s lng cc ng dn c sn gia bt k cp u vo-u ra. Trong cc thit b chuyn mch-con ng duy nht, ch c mt con ng tn ti cho bt k cp u vo-u ra, trong khi nhiu con ng chuyn mch c nhiu hn mt. C nh tuyn n gin kim sot hn so vi sau ny, nhng sau ny c tnh linh hot kt ni tt hn v kh nng chu li. c thn-Path tc. Trong hnh 5.8, thit b chuyn mch ng dn duy nht c phn loi vo-x ngang da trn thit b chuyn mch, thit b chuyn mch kt ni y , v banyan da trn thit b chuyn mch. X ngang i. A4 chuyn i 4 x ngang c th hin trong hnh 5,10, ngang dng i din cho cc yu t u vo chuyn i, v ng thng ng i din cho cc kt qu u ra. V c bn, N N x ngang chuyn i bao gm mt mng hai chiu ca N2 qua im, mi tng ng vi mt cp u vo-u ra. -Giao im tng c 2 c th : cho (mc nh) v quy bar. Mt kt ni gia u vo v u ra cng i cng j c thnh lp bng cch thit lp th (i, j)-giao im chuyn i trng thi thanh trong khi cho php crosspoints khc cng kt ni vn cn trong trng thi qua. Tnh trng thanh ca mt - giao im c th c kch hot c nhn ca mi t bo n khi n ch ca n ph hp vi a ch u ra. Khng c thng tin ton cu v cc t bo khc. cc im n c yu cu. Ti sn ny c gi l ti sn t nh tuyn, s phc tp kim sot c gim ng k trong c cu chuyn i nh kim sot chc nng

c phn phi trong s tt c cc crosspoints. Vic chuyn i thanh ngang cho php xuy n ferring n cc t bo N vi cng u vo khc nhau v cc im n u ra khc nhau trong cng mt khe thi gian.

Thit b chuyn mch thanh ngang c ba tnh cht hp dn: ni b khng chn, n gin trong kin trc andmodular. Tuy nhin, s lng ca crosspoints pht trin nh mt chc nng N2. Nu xy dng chuyn i a tng ln hn vi cc m-un chuyn i nh x ngang, phc tp c th c ci thin O (N log N). Khng c kh nng chn ni b trong mt x ngang chuyn i. Nh th hin trong hnh 5,11, c bn yu cu, u vo cng 1

u ra ca cng 3, u vo cng 2 u ra 4 cng, cng u vo cng 3 n u ra 1 v u vo 4 n Kt qu 3. Ngoi tr cc yu cu cui cng, ba yu cu u tin c th c chuyn sang cng thi gian m khng ngn chn ni

b. Tuy nhin, c mt tranh ci gia ngi u tin v yu cu cui c ng c nh du bi mt vng trn chm trong hnh 5,11.

C mt s a im c th cho cc b m trong mt b chuyn mch thanh ngang, chng hn nh (1) ti cc crosspoints vi chuyn i, (2) cc yu t u vo ca chuyn i, v (3) u vo v u ra ca switch. Mi loi c u v nhc im ca n, h c trnh by chi tit ti mc 5.3. Thit b chuyn mch kt ni vi nhau hon ton. Mt loi thit b chuyn mch phn chia khng gian mt con ng kt ni y thit b chuyn mch. Trong mt chuyn i hon ton kt ni vi nhau, hon ton connectivity gia u vo v u ra thng c thc hin bng cc phng tin N ring bit pht sng xe but t tt c cc cng u vo tt c cc cng u ra, nh th hin trong hnh 5,12. N b

m ring bit c yu cu trong chuyn i nh vy, ti mi cng u ra. Tuy nhin, nu mi ngi trong s cc b m u ra N trong chuyn i hon ton kt ni vi nhau c phn chia v dnh ring cho mi dng u vo, nng sut b m N2 chuyn dng, n s tr thnh topologi-Cally ging ht nhau vi s chuyn i-giao im-m v do cung cp chnh xc nh nhau thc hin hiu sut v phc tp.

Vic chuyn i hon ton kt ni vi nhau hot ng mt cch tng t cc phng tin chia s chuyn i. Mt t bo t bt k cng u vo c pht sng tt c cc cng u ra.S khc bit c nhiu rng cc t bo t mt s cng u vo c th c ng thi pht song tt c cc cng u ra. V vy, t bo ring bit cc b lc v b m chuyn dng, mt cho mi cng u ra, c yu cu lc ra cc t bo misdelivered v lu tr tm thi ng cch n cc t bo. Hn na, vic chuyn i hon ton kt ni vi nhau l khc nhau fromthe sharedmediumswitch trong y u cu tc gy ra bi hp s tun t trong chia s va c thay th bi khng gian trn cao ca xe but tng N2 pht sng ring bit.iu ny c coi l mt bt li ca loi chuyn i. Nhng li th ca y Interconnected chuyn i nm trong cu trc n gin v khng chn ca n, tng t nh x ngang da trn chuyn i. Banyan da trn thit b chuyn mch. Cc thit b chuyn mch da tr n cy a cng l khng gian-mt con ng b phn thit b chuyn mch. H l mt gia nh ca thit b chuyn mch nh tuyn t xy dng t 2 2 chuyn i cc yu t vi mt con ng duy nht gia bt k cp u vo-u ra. Nh th hin trong hnh 5,13, c 3 ng cu topo: ng bng, omega, v a mng.

Tt c trong s h cung cp tng ng hiu sut. M t chi tit cc thit b chuyn mch a trong phn 5.4. Nhiu con ng tc. Nhiu thit b chuyn mch ng dn c phn loi l gia tng a thit b chuyn mch, thit b chuyn mch Clos, thit b chuyn mch khng gian c nhi u lp cnh, v thit b chuyn mch tun hon, nh c hin th Hnh 5,14. Augmented Banyan tc. Thng xuyn N N chuyn i a, cc t bo i qua ng nhp N giai on chuyn i cc yu t trc khi t n im n ca h. Cc gia tng a chuyn i, nh minh ha trong hnh 5.14a, cp n vic chuyn i a m hasmore giai on hn so vi vic chuyn i a thng thng. Trong chuyn i loi a thng xuyn, mt khi mt t bo l chch hng vo mt lin kt khng chnh xc v do lch t mt con ng duy nht c xc nh trc, t bo khng c bo m t c sn lng ca n yu cu. y, trong a gia tng chuyn i, cc t bo lch c cung cp nhiu c hi hn c chuyn ti cc im n ca h

Mt ln na bng cch s dng cc giai on sau tng cng. Khi cc t bo chch hng khng t c ca h cc im n sau khi giai on cui cng, h s b loi b. Li th ca vic gia tng chuyn i a l th m gia tng giai on, t l mt t bo gim. Vic thc hin chuyn i c ci thin. Nhng bt li loi chuyn i ny l chng trnh nh tuyn phc tp ca n. Cc t bo c kim tra ti tt c cc tng cng giai on xc nh xem h

n u ra yu cu ca h cng. Nu vy, theywill c gi n cc interfacemodule u ra. Nu khng, h c nh tuyn giai on tip theo v s c xem xt bt li again. Another s ca giai on gia tng cn phi ln, p ng hiu sut mong mun. Thm tng giai on gia tng chuyn i gy ra phc tp phn cng tng l n. Song song a chuyn i [4] v trao i kp ngu nhin chuyn i [5] l nhng v d ca a gia tng thit b chuyn mch. BaGiai on chuyn mch Clos. Cu trc ca mt b chuyn mch Clos ba giai on, nh th hin trong Hnh 5.14b, bao gm ba giai on ca m-un chuyn i. Giai on u ti n c s dng phn phi lu lng truy cp, v trong giai on gia, mt s m-un chuyn i song song c xy dng cung cp nhiu ng thng qua cc thit b chuyn mch, v cui cng trong cc t bo giai on th ba t m-un chuyn i khc nhau ca giai on gia c chuyn sang cc cng u ra chnh xc. Cc chi tit c m t trong phn 5.4. Phi c co nhi u lp canh tc. Hnh 5.14c thy chuyn i amultiplane. Chng cp n cc thit b chuyn mch c nhiu, my bay chuyn i thng l ging ht nhau,. Phi c co nhi u lp canh thit b chuyn mch l ch yu xut nh l mt cch ci thin thng qua h thng. Bng cch s dng mt s c ch phn phi ti lu lng truy cp n, s va chm t bo trong cc thit b chuyn mch c th l gim. Ngoi ra, nhiu hn mt c th c truyn n cng mt cng u ra bng cch s dng mi my bay chuyn i cc dng u ra l khng cn thit hot ng mt nhanh hn tc hn so vi cc dng u vo. Mt li th ca cc thit b chuyn mch phi c co nhi u lp canh chng c s dng nh mt phng tin t c tin cy k t khi mt hon ton chuyn i my bay s lm gim nng lc nhng khng phi l kt ni ca cc thit b chuyn mch. Cc song song a chuyn i v chuyn i Sunshine [6] l nhng v d ca phi c co nhi u lp canh thit b chuyn mch. Tun hon tc. Thit b chuyn mch tun hon, nh th hin trong hnh 5.14d, c thit k x l cc vn tranh u ra cng. Bng cch tun hon cc t bo lm khng lm cho n vi cng u ra ca h trong cc khe thi gian

hin ti u vo cng thng qua mt tp hp cc con ng tun hon, t l mt t bo c th c gim. iu ny kt qu trong ci thin thng qua h thng. Nhng bt li ca tun hon thit b chuyn mch l h yu cu mt chuyn i kch thc ln hn thch ng vi tun hon cng. Ngoi ra, tun hon c th gy ra li out-of-trnh t. Mt s c ch cn thit bo qun cc chui t bo gia cc t bo trong cng mt kt ni. Cc i din cc thit b chuyn mch tun hon l chuyn i Starlite [7] v Sunshine chuyn i [6]. 5.3 - m chin lc trong cc loi chuyn mch T khi khi lu lng truy cp c kh nng tranh chp cc cng u ra v/hoc lin kt ni b. Cc b m c yu cu tm thi lu tr cc b tranh chp.Cc b m chin lc khc nhau c trnh by di y :

5.3.1 Hng i chia s b nh: Cu trc hng i chia s b nh c th hin bng hnh 5,15, ni mt n v b nh c s dng lu tr cc t tt c cc cng u vo. B nh cha N hng i logic,cc cng u ra,v mi hng i lu tr cc dnh cho u ra tng ng. Do b nh c chia s cho tt c cc cng u ra v b nh c s dng 1 cch ti a. Tuy nhin, bt li l trong mi khe thi gian b nh phi ng thi ghi v c N ln, ni gii hn chuyn mch kch thc nh. Thng tin chi tit c m t trong Chng 6.

5.3.2 Hng i u ra (OQ) Hnh 5,16 m t hng i u ra. Theo cu trc ny,cc c a ngay n mi cng u ra trc khi c chuyn n u vo. T khi tc n mi cng u ra ln hn tc dng u ra, cc b m l cn thit ti cc cng u ra. Li ch ca hng i u ra t kh nng kim sot QoS tt hn,nh cc d tr lun c sn ti cc cng u ra c sp xp da trn mc u ti n ca n, phn b bng thng, v yu cu QoS. Tuy nhin, cu trc ny b hn ch tc b nh v do chuyn mch gii hn kch thc. iu ny l do n c th l n N t cc cng u vo khc nhau tng ng cc cng u ra tng t ti c ng mt thi gian. B nh c s dng khng tt nh hng i chia s b nh.

5.3.3 Hng i u vo : Do cu trc chuyn mch gii hn kch thc ca cc hng i u ra, cu trc hng i u vo thu ht s ch nhiu hn na trong nhng nm gn y. Nh th hin trong hnh 5,17, thun ty hng i u vo ch c mt hng i FIFO cho mt cng u vo n m . Mt thut ton lp lch trnh yu cu khp cng u vo vi cc cng u ra trong mi khong thi gian,nh duy nht mt ti u ti cng u ra c th c chuyn tip trong mt khe thi gian. Mt vn hng i u vo l ci c gi l ngn chn ti u ca hng (Hol) . V d, trong hnh 5,18 cng u vo s 0 khng c th gi ti u

ca hng ti cng u ra 2 v mt tranh chp u vo ti cng u ra 3. Tuy nhin , cc hng i cng u vo s 0 ng sau cc Hol khng th c truyn ngay c khi cng u ra 1 ri. iu ny lm thoi ha nghim trng thng qua chuyn mch. N c chng minh khi lu lng n ng u, thng qua mt chuyn i u vo b m ln nht 58,6% [8, 9]. Mt s gii php nh nhm knh v ca s c xut tng thng lng.

5.3.4 Hng i u ra o (VOQ) : loi b chn HOL , hng i u ra o (VOQ) c c s dng rng ri. Hnh 5,19, tng t nh cu trc hng i u vo, cc c m ti cc cng u vo. Tuy nhin, b m u vo c chia thnh N hng i hp l, c gi l VOQ, lu tr cc n cc cng u ra c lin quan. Cc Hol ca mi VOQ c sp xp trong thi gian hin ti, so vi cu trc hng i u vo, ch c mt Hol ca mi u vo c th c chuyn tip. Tuy nhin, v s lng hng i logic l N ln cu trc hng i u vo do lp lch trnh gi thut phc tp hn nhiu. N l mt ch nghin cu rt nng, v nhiu thut ton lp lch trnh c xut [1, 10-13] . Chc nng chnh l chn mt u vo-u ra ph hp vi yu cu t mt ma trn NN. tr / lu lng thc hin v phc tp thc hin phi c xem xt. Bit thm chi tit c th c tm thy chng 7.

5.3.5. Hng i kt hp u vo v ra : Mt cch khc lm gim bt chn Hol l cho php mi cng u ra nhn c nhiu hn so 1 trong mi khe thi gian. l thi gian chuyn mch khung S hot ng ca tc dy, trong 1 <S <N V khung chuyn mch hot ng nhanh hn tc dy, b m phi c t ti cc cng u vo v u ra i ph vi s chnh lch tc gia tc dy v tc chuyn mch khung Trong cu trc khng gian hng i kt hp u vo v u ra ban u (CIOQ) th hin trong hnh 5,20, mi cng u vo v u ra c mt hng i FIFO. N chng minh rng vi vic tng tc ln bn ln, vic chuyn mch CIOQ c th t c 99% thng qua lu lng u vo thng nht c lp [14, 15]. Mt cu trc CIOQ nng cao [16, 17], th hin trong hnh 5,21, c N hng i VOQ trong b m u vo, trong khi mi cng u ra vn c mt hng i FIFO n. N chng minh rng theo lu lng truy cp b hn ch, cu trc CIOQ ny c th m phng chuyn mch hng i u vo FIFO (FIFO-OQ) vi s khc bit chn tr gp 2 ln [18]. Lu rng chuyn mch FIFO-OQ cung cp tr / lu lng tt nht. Chi tit c th c tm thy trong chng 7.

5.3.6. Hng i giao im : i vi mt khung chuyn i ngang, mt b m c th c t ti mi giao im, nh trong hnh 5,22. n l b m giao im u ti n tng ng (XB), ch c truyn n cc cng u ra. Mt b phn x ca mi u ra la chn mt trong s cc XBs trn cng mt ct da trn mt s n k hoch, v d, round-robin. Chuyn mch ny c th t c hiu nng ging nh cc thit b chuyn mch OQ v khng ngn chn Hol. Tuy nhin, v c b m ri rc N2, hiu qu chia s l rt km. Vi khng

gian con chip hn ch, ch c mt vi c th c thc hin. Kt qu l, chuyn mch ny thng kt hp VOQs ti mi u vo. Thng tin chi tit c th c tm thy trong chng 11. 5.4 Chuyn mch a ng v a tng : Mt chuyn mch quy m ln thng c xy dng vi nhiu m-un chuyn mch (hoc trong cc chip hoc bng mch) kt ni vi nhau trong mt cu trc khc. N c phn chia thnh cc on n hoc thit b chuyn mch nhiu tng.

Chuyn mch gi song song. Hnh 5,23 cho thy khung chuyn mch tng vi nhiu m-un chuyn mch ging ht nhau kt ni song song, c gi l chuyn mch gi song song (PPS) [19-21]. Nh l mt lung vo khung chuyn mch, n c phn phi cho K mt phng song song. Vn thch thc l lm th no tm thy cc K t N VOQs trong mi khe thi gian sao cho lu lng c ti a. V khung chuyn mch trung tm khng c b m, n s khng c ra khi ch lin quan. N chng minh rng tng tc ln 2 ln, cu trc PPS c th m phng chuyn mch hng i u ra (OQ) n

trc phc v trc (FCFS); tng tc ln 3 ln, PPS c th gi lp bt k c ch hng i QoS no , v thm ch c vi khng tng tc, cc PPS c th bt chc chuyn mch FCFS OQ vi mt s tr b rng buc. Tuy nhin, k t khi PPS s dng khung chuyn mch tng n, n khng th h tr s cng ln, trong khi chuyn mch nhiu tng c th [22, 23]. Cc cu trc chuyn mch a tng kt ni u vo v cng u ra trong nhiu tng v c th c chia thnh hai loi. Mt l mng a tng kt ni y , trong hai tng lin k, mi m-un trong tng u tin kt ni vi tt c cc m-un tng tip theo. Cn li l mng kt ni a tng 1 phn, ni m mi m-un trong tng u tin kt ni vi mt tp hp con mun trong tng tip theo. Chuyn mch da trn Banyan. Mt v d ca mng kt ni a tng 1 phn l: mng banyan nh hnh 5.24. 1 v d in hnh ca cu trc a tng kt ni y l cu trc chuyn mch Clos, nh th hin trong hnh 5,25. Mng a tng banyan N N bao gm logb N tng b b phn t chuyn mch. Mi tng c nhiu phn t chuyn mch b b ca u vo v u ra c dn nhn t 0 n b - 1. M hnh kt ni lin tng nh vy ch c mt ng hin hnh gia u vo bt k ca tng u ti n v u ra bt k ca tng cui cng. Cc mng banyan c kh nng t nh tuyn. Khi mt vo trong mt trong cc cng u vo, n s dng a ch u ra nh thng tin nh tuyn khi i qua tt c cc tng. V d, trong hnh 5. 24, mt u vo cng 1 n u ra cng 2, ('010 ') theo chiu lin kt u (0) ca phn t chuyn mch u tin, ti lin kt xung (1) ca phn t chuyn mch th hai, v ti lin kt u (0) ca phn t chuyn mch th ba. Chuyn mch da trn banyan cung cp mt s li th. N c cc phn t chuyn mch t hn da trn crossbar-based v chuyn mch kt ni hon ton vi nhau , O (N log N) vi O (N2). S hu t nh tuyn cng l mt tnh nng

hp dn m khng c c ch iu khin l cn thit cho cc nh tuyn. Thng tin nh tuyn c cha trong mi v n c s dng trong khi c nh tuyn dc theo con ng i Tuy nhi n, nhc im chnh ca chuyn mch da trn banyan l n l ngn chn chuyn mch ni b. Hiu sut ca n gim nhanh chng nh tng kch c ca chuyn mch. Hiu nng c th c ci thin nu cc phn t lp chuyn mch lm vic (tc l, b> 2). iu ny dn n nhm ca chuyn mch da trn delta.

Mng chuyn mch Clos. Mt chuyn mch ngang khng chn nghim ngt ng lun lun c sn kt ni mt cng u vo nhn ri ti mt cng u ra nhn ri. iu khng phi l lun lun ng.vi chuyn mch Clos . Hnh 5,26 cho thy ba tng chuyn mch Clos vi N = 9, n = 3, v m = 3. Cc dng in m ch ra cc kt ni hin c. C th thy rng u vo cng 9 khng c kt ni c hai cng u ra 4 hoc 6, mc d c hai u ra nhn ri. Tuy nhin,bng cch sp xp li cc kt ni hin c, 1 yu cu kt ni mi c th c cung cp . Nh vy, mng Clos sp xp khng ngn chn. Bng cch tng gi tr ca m (s lng cc m-un chuyn mch tng gia),xc sut ngn chn c gim. tm gi tr ca m cn cho chuyn mch 3 tng khng chn, chng ta hy tham kho hnh 5,27.

Chng ti mun thit lp mt ng dn t cng u vo n cng u ra b. Trng hp xu nht xut hin ngn chn nu tt c cc n-1 di u vo cn li v n - 1 di u ra l bn v c kt ni vi cc m-un chuyn mch tng gia chuyn i khc nhau. Nh vy tng cng (n - 1) + (n - 1) = 2n - 2 m-un chuyn mch tng gia khng c sn to ra mt ng i t a n b. Tuy

nhin, nu thm mt cc m-un chuyn mch tng gia tn ti, lin kt thch hp phi sn sng kt ni. Nh vy, chuyn mch Clos 3 tng s khng chn nu m (2n 2) + 1 = 2n 1 Tng s crosspoints Nx trong mt b chuyn mch Clos ba tng khi n l i xng (tc l, m = k)

Thay m = 2n - 1 vo Nx, chng ta c c

cho mt b chuyn mch khng chn. i vi chuyn mch kch thc ln, n l s ln.Chng ta c th ly gn ng

ti u ha s crosspoints, phn bit Nx li n quan n n v thit lp cc kt qu l 0. Kt qu s l n (N / 2) 1/2. Thay th vo Nx,

Chuyn mch Clos ba tng cung cp mt li th ch n lm gim s phc tp phn cng ti O (N2) trong trng hp ca vic chuyn mch ngang O (N3 / 2) trong khi chuyn mch c th c thit k khng chn. Hn na, n cng cung cp tin cy hn trc l nhiu hn mt ng c th thng qua chuyn mch ti kt ni vi cng u vo bt k ti cng u ra bt k . Nhc im chnh ca loi chuyn mch ny l mt s c ch nhanh chng v thng

minh l cn thit sp xp li cc kt ni trong tt c cc khe thi gian ngn chn ni b c th trnh. iu ny s l nt c chai khi chuyn mch kch thc ln. Trong thc t, rt kh khn trnh s ngn chn ni b mc d chuyn mch chnh n l khng chn. Mt khi cc tranh chp trn cc lin kt ni b xy ra, thng lng l b gim. iu ny c th c ci thin bng cch tng s lng cc lin kt ni b gia cc module chuyn mch hoc tng bng thng ca lin kt ni b nhiu hn mt t cc m-un u vo n m-un ca tng th ba c th c nh tuyn. 5.5.1 Thc hin chuyn mch c bn: Qu trnh Bernoulli v chuyn mch ngu nhin: Cc cell n mi u vo trong mt khe khe cch. Di qu trnh Bernoulli, xc sut l mt cell n ti mi khe thi gian l ging ht nhau v l c lp ca bt k khe khc. Xc sut ny c nhc nh ti c cung cp u vo. Nu mi cell l nh nhau c kh nng c dnh cho bt k u ra, lu lng tr thnh phn b ng u gia cc chuyn i. Xem xt tiu chun FIFO mi u vo. Ch c cc HOL cell cho truy cp vo cc kt qu u ra chuyn i. Nu mi cell c dnh cho mt u ra khc nhau, i chuyn i cho php tng ci i qua vi u ra tng ng ca n.Nu k HOL cell cho cng mt u ra,th ch mt ci c i qua b chuyn i.V k-1 ci cn li phi i n khe thi gian tip theo.Trong khi mt cell ang ch n lt ca mnh truy cp vo mt u ra, cc cell khc xp hang pha sau n v b chn cho kt qu u ra nhn ri. Mt m hnhMarkov c th c thnh lp nh gi thng bo ha khi N l nh. Khi N l ln,s khe ca cc cell HOL nh cho mt u ra c th tr thnh qu trnh POISSON. Nh m t trong mc 5.5.2, Hol chn gii hn thng lng ti a 0,586 khi N .

Tt m MODEL v chuyn mch BURSTY:trong m hnh chuyn mch BURSTY c bn mi u vo lun phin gia thi gian hot ng v thi gian nhn ri ca hnh hc phn phi. Hnh 5,28 xem xt m- tt ngun trn m hnh trong mt qu trnh n cng u vo gi m (hot ng) v tt (nhn ri) thi gian. Mt ngun tin tip tc gi cc cell trong tt c cc khe thi gian,nhng s dng vic gi cc sell trong thi gian nhn ri.Thi gian ca cc thi k hot ng c gi l mt burst c xc nh bi mt bin ngu nhin X {1 , 2 , . . }, c gi nh phn phi hnh hc vi mt trung bnh ca cc cell (i.echiu di busrt trung bnh). Tng t, thi gian ca thi k tt c xc nh bi mt bin ngu nhin Y {0 , 1, 2, . . } cng c gi nh bng phn phi hnh hc vi cc cell trung bnh. Xc nh q l xc sut bt u t mt burst trong mi khe thi gian ( thi gian) v p l xc sut ca chm dt mt burst.Cc cell ti cng cng u vo c gi nh cho cng mt cng u ra. Nh vy , xc sut m cc giai on trn ko di mt thi gian cc khe thi gian i: Pr{X = i} = p(1 p)i1, i 1 V khi c chiu di burst trung bnh:

Xc sut mt thi gian gim ko di cho mt khe thi gian j l:

V ta c

Ti c cung cp l mt phn ca thi gian m mt khe thi gian hot ng :

5.5.2 u vo-chuyn mch Buffered: Chng ta xt b m 1 vo- 1 ra (FIFO) trong vic nh gi hiu sut ca cc u vo. Chng ti gi nh rng ch c cc cell phn u ca b m c th cho ra vi kt qu u ra ca n.Tng t nu c nhiu hn 1 cell cc cng u ra,th ch 1 trong s c vt qua chuyn i v nhng ci cell khc phi ch i cho n cc khe thi gia tip theo.Khi mt cell u dng (HOL) mt tnh cnh tranh,ti cng mt thi im, n c th chn mt s cell ng sau n t c kt qu u ra nhn ri.Kt qu l , thng lng ti a ca chuyn i b gii hn. khng t 100%. xc nh thng lng ti a , chng ta gi nh rng tt c cc hng i u vo c bo ha . l,lun lun c cellswaiting trong mi b m u vo , v bt c khi no mt cell c truyn thng qua chuyn i , mt cell mi ngay lp tc thay th n ti u ca hng i u vo. Nu c c cc cell k ch i u ca hng i u vo u ra tng t , mt trong nhng s s c la chn ngu nhi n vt qua thng qua chuyn i . Ni cch khc , mi cc cell u dng ( HOL ) c xc sut bng (1 / k ) c la chn .

Xt N cell u vo ca b m u vo trong khe thi gian m. Ty thuc vo cc im n , n c th c phn loi vo nhm N . Mt s nhm c th c nhiu hn mt cell , v mt s c th c khng c. i vi nhng nhm c t nht mt cell , cc cell s c la chn thng qua chuyn i , v cc cell cn li phi li cho n khi thi gian ti khe cm. K hiu Bm nh s lng ca cc cell cn li dnh cho u ra i trong khe thi gian mth ,Bi bin ngu nhin trong trng thi n nh [ 8, 9 ]. Ngoi ra biu th Ai m l s lng cell di chuyn ti ng u ca hng i u vo trong khe thi gian thng v n u ra i , v AI bin trng thi n nh tng ng ngu nhi n. Lu rng mt cell ch c th di chuyn ti ng u ca mt hng i u vo nu cc cell HOL trong khe thi gian trc c g b t hng i truyn mt u ra . Do , vic chuyn trng thi ca Bm c th c th hin bi :

Chng ta gi nh rng mi khi newcell ng u ca mt hng i u vo c xc sut bng 1 / N c dnh cho bt k sn lng nht nh . Nh l mt kt qu, c cc nh thc phn phi sau y:

Fm-1 i din cho tng s cell truyn thng qua chuyn mch khe thi gian th (m-1) . bo ha l tng s hang i u vo c 1 cell di chuyn ti v tr HOL trong khe thi gian mth. l

Khi N , Ami c phn phi Poisson vi t l mi= Fm -1 / N.Trong trng thi n nh, Aim Ai cng c 1 phn phi Poisson.T l 0 = F / N, trong F l mc trung bnh s lng cell i qua chuyn i , v 0 l s dng dng u ra ( tc l , thng qua chuyn i bnh thng ) . Vic chuyn trng thi ca Bi c thc y bi cc Markov x l tng t nh M/D/1 hng i trong trng thi n nh . S dng cc kt qu cho gi tr trung bnh trng thi n nh kch thc hng i cho mt hng i M/D/1 , cho N chng ta c:

Trong trng thi n nh , ( 5.3) tr thnh

l bnh ng cho tt c . c bit,

T (5.5) v (5.7) ta thy: 0=(2 - )=0.586 Khi N l hu hn v nh , thng qua chuyn i c th c tnh bng cch m phng h thng nh l mt chui Markov . Kt qu s c a ra trong Bng 5.1 . Lu rng cc thng qua nhanh chng hi t n 0,586 l tng N . Cc kt qu ch ra rng, nu t l u vo ln hn 0,586 , vic chuyn i s tr thnh bo ha , v thng qua s l 0,586 . Nu t l u vo t hn 0,586 , thng s l 100 %, v mi cell s nhn c thng qua vic chuyn i sau khi tr . c trng cho s chm tr, thi gian ri rc Geom/G/1 m hnh xp hng c th c s dng c c mt cng thc chnh xc ca thi gian ch i d kin cho N . Kt qu c da trn hai gi nh sau y : (1) n qu trnh cho mi u vo hng i l mt qu trnh Bernoulli . l, xc sut m mt cell n trong thi gian mi khe cm l ging ht nhau v c lp ca bt k khe cm khc . Chng ti biu th xc sut l p , v gi n l ti cung cp . (2) Mi cell u c kh nng c mnh cho bt k mt u ra .Cc dch v theo thi gian cho mt cell phn u ca dng bao gm thi gian ch i cho n khi n c

la chn, cng vi mt khe thi gian cho truyn dn ca n thng qua chuyn i . N , v trong trng thi n nh , s lng ca cell n ng u ca hng i u vo , v gii quyt u ra c th ( say j ) c phn phi Poisson vi t l p . Do , dch v thi gian phn phi cho cc m hnh Geom/G/1 thi gian ri rc l phn phi chm tr ca mt h thng : mt thi gian ri rc M/D/1 hng i vi khch hng c phc v trong vi trt t ngu nhi n. S dng kt qu ti u chun cho mt hng i Geom/G/1 thi gian ri rc , chng ta c c cc cell trung bnh thi gian ch xp hng u vo vi b m FIFO:

trong S l bin ngu nhi n ca thi gian dch v thu c t m hnh M/D/1 . cc c ngha l cell thi gian ch xp hng u vo vi b m FIFO c tnh ton v hin th trong Hnh 5,29 cho N .