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From Being Property of Men to Becoming Equal Owners?Early Impacts of Land Registration and Certificationon Women in Southern Ethiopia
By
Stein HoldenNorwegian University of Life Sciences
with assistance from
Tewodros TeferaUniversity of Hawassa
Final Research Report prepared for
UNHABITAT, Shelter Branch,Land Tenure and Property Administration Section
December 1, 2007, Revised January 2, 2008
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................2Executive summary................................................................................................................4List of abbreviations...............................................................................................................9Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................101. Introduction......................................................................................................................112. Definitions and methods...................................................................................................122.1. Rights perspective.....................................................................................................122.2. Gender perspective and empowerment of women....................................................132.3. Poverty definition......................................................................................................152.4. Sampling of communities..........................................................................................162.5. Conceptual framework..............................................................................................183. The historical context of the introduction of the land certificates....................................194. Recent changes in the land laws and regulations.............................................................204.1. Federal land proclamations........................................................................................204.2. Regional land proclamations and implementation rules (regulations)......................204.3. Elements of the laws of particular importance to women.........................................245. Description of land registration and certification system.................................................285.1. Administrative structure and geographical coverage................................................285.2. Staff and training.......................................................................................................285.3. System of land registration and cadastre...................................................................295.4. Land certification system and process.......................................................................315.5. Role of Land Administration Committees................................................................325.6. System for conflict resolution...................................................................................335.7. Up-scaling and completion of activities....................................................................375.8. Assessment of costs of registration and certification................................................385.9. Main constraints as perceived by the land administrations.......................................395.10. Policy recommendations.........................................................................................396. Implementation of land registraton and certification in study communities....................416.1. Land registration and issuing and distribution of certificates...................................416.2. Changes introduced with land registration and certification implementation...........446.3. Women’s vs. men’s knowledge of the law................................................................496.4. Land fragmentation and land redistribution..............................................................537. Gender implications of land certification and empowerment of women.........................557.1. Traditional position of women vs. the effects of the land reform.............................557.2. Polygamy and position of polygamous wives...........................................................597.3. Women’s participation in the process.......................................................................647.4. Women’s and men’s perceptions of women’s benefits of the reform.......................658. Conflict mediator survey findings....................................................................................668.1. Conflict mediators’ knowledge of the law................................................................668.2. Conflict mediators’ perceptions of the effects of land certification on border disputes..........................................................................................................................................699. How pro-poor was the land reform?.................................................................................7010. Overall discussion..........................................................................................................7511. Conclusions....................................................................................................................78References............................................................................................................................80List of persons interviewed..................................................................................................82Appendix 1. Terms of reference...........................................................................................83Appendix 2. Survey instrument, household survey, land issues..........................................87Appendix 3. Poverty indicator assessment.........................................................................103
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Appendix 4. Women’s land conflict case studies...............................................................108
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