First of all this lec. Is the first one after mid exam.

. to be honest there are some announcements about dental anatomy mid exam which we have already examined then the Dr. discussed modification in oral histology and oral physiology exam marks which we know them In dental anatomy and occlusion material there will be 10 marks for carving teeth, quizzes and our note books..

Actually, our lec. Started here believe me this very interesting lec. This lec. Will be about dentinogenesis and dentin .

dentinogenesis

Slide #1 dentinogenesis : process in which dentin is formed. When does this process start? dentinogenesis starts after the tooth germ has reached bell stageso we conclude that after tooth germ has reached bell stage there will be first formation of hard tissue. so there's no hard tissue formation before bell stage ( ya3ni there's no hard tissue formation in bud and cap stage).

BUT we know that bell stage is divided into two stages; early and late one ..So when does hard tissue formation ( dentinogenesis) take place exactly? The answer 2nd or late stage of bell stage. There is a similarity between amelogenesis and dentinogenesis.. Both of them initiate formation at cusp tips or incisal edges then proceed along the margin of the tooth.. And also there are differences Dentinogenesis is continuous process through our life, but amelogenesis has starting and ending pointsit starts after Dentinogenesis an Dentinogenesis ends when the enamel is full matured and completed but in Dentinogenesis there's different case as long as there's vitality in dental pulp, Dentinogenesis is continuous that means Dentinogenesis Will stop in this two cases: -Losing of the tooth. -Root canal treatment( removing of dental pulp. There's an important information Before Dentinogenesis takes place, enamel organ should be fully formed and the morphogenesis of the tooth must be finished . Ya3ni the 3-D shape of the crown must be formed before dentin formation. Slide #4

We know that ameloblasts are development of IEE ( internal enamel epithelium) and there's interaction between IEE and peripheral cells of dental papilla .

What is the importance of this interaction in dentinogenesis? By this interaction Dentinogenesis starts and then it (Dentinogenesis) induces amelogenesis and this emphasize that Dentinogenesis precedes amelogenesis (Dentinogenesis firstly then amelogenesis takes place). Note
Tooth pulp is the development of dental papilla Because of building dentin up dental papilla regresses in size ( I think because Dentinogenesis is based on the interaction between dental papilla and IEE) then the remaining part of dental papilla after regression is dental pulp.. So Dental pulp is the development of dental papilla. As a general rule in all mammals, amelogenesis has starting and ending points EXCEPT in rodents; amelogenesis is continuous in incisors . Again and again.there still differences between amelogenesis and Dentinogenesis . As we know that amelogenesis is divided into two phases : 1-secretory stage: where organic matrix is laid down. 2- maturation stage: maturation of pre-mature enamel.

Maturation means absorption of organic matrix , so there will be no spaces left then these spaces will be filled by more minerals so mature enamel is seen here. ? is this process ( maturation ) involved in dentinogenesis ? The answer is NO. This is general description of this process and the details as following.. According to minerlization of both amelogenesis and dentinogenesis In amelognensis ; this process ( mineralization ) is done immediately. That means when organic matrix is laid down then it will immediately calcified intiately, but in dentinogenesis calcification process will be after 24 hrs. of laying down of organic matrix so it's not immediate so.. firstly organic matrix laid down then after 24 hrs. it will be calcified and so on , And this will lead to form layers in dentin and something else which is called * pre-dentin. pre-dentin: new layers that has been laid down but not minerlizied yet. After 24 hrs. of formation of pre-dentin, this layer will be minerlizied and another pre-dentin layer will be formed that emphasized that dentinoglenesis doesn't have maturation ( you conclude that maturation process in amelogenesis involves in immediate minerlization of organic matrix so there is no pre-enamel because laying down of organic matrix and minerlization are done immediately, but there is pre-dentin because of these two processes are not done immediately) Cells that form dentin are called odontoblast cells their origin is from neuralm crest cells which are ectomesenchymal cells and they are named so because of their migration from ectoderm layer to mesoderm layer in head region( cephalic end) So peripheral region of ectomesenchymal cells (neural crest cells) differentiate to be odontoblasts. So odontoblast cells are development of neural crest cellsand these cells are ectomesenchymal in origin.

*epithelial mesenchymal interaction: an interaction between epithelial component of the tooth (enamel organ or IEE) and mesenchymal component of the tooth (dental papilla) " we said previously that to start dentinogenesis there must be an interaction between IEE and dental papilla. Slide # 4 Contact with oral epithelium essential for odontoblastic differentiation. ? Can dentinogenesis take place without this interaction? Actually, there will be no tooth formation without this interaction this actually is imphasized by this experiment If dental papilla is isolated alone and put in tissue culture there will be no tooth formation and if this done to enamel organ the result is the same. Ya3ni in simple words..interaction between IEE and ( part of enamel organ ) and peripheral part of dental papilla ( part of mesenchyme)is important to both dentinogenesis and enamel matrix. Basement membrane of IEE seems to be important for odontoblasts differentiation as it undergoes time limited changes. BM is membrane that separates between IEE and dental papilla when this mem. Is disappeared it allow for the interaction to be done. Do you remember the mechanism of amelogenesis? BM separates between IEEand pre-odontoblast cells , but when secretion of enamel takes place the BM disappeares in maturation stage then appear again in transitional stage. When BM disappeares it allow the translation of signals . There will be an involvement ofg rowth factors ; TGF,IGF " NO need to memorize them just you have to know that growth factors are impotant in this interaction.

Slide # 5 This slide summarizes this interaction Please follow me in this slide In #1 there are two cells ( yellow and blue one)

This is IEE cells. Pointed on the low columnar cells and this is peripheral dental papilla cells .as you notice here this peripheral dental papilla cells starts to divide into two cells ; one of them still in contact and the other one goes deep to the core and the other one goes deep to the core of dental papilla as you see in # 3 ? may you ask your self.. what is the stimulation that stimulates this division? The stimulation is signals transplated from IEE to peripheral cells of dental papilla stimulate them to divide into two cells ; one of as we said remains in contact ( pre-odontoblast) and the other goes deeply Guys.. I want to imphasize the principle of interaction Interaction process is two-wayed process .. the first way is signals from IEE to peripheral cells of dental papilla induce them to differentiate into pre-odontoblast , the other way that preodontoblast cells send signals to IEE to be ameloblast I think the idea of this interaction is fully understood now. ??when does pre-odontoblast become odonto blast?? When they start to form dentin.

The first part of dentine is formed. So the first layer of dentine is formedas you see in #5, after the first layer of dentine is formed ,ameloblast start to secrete enamel #6. When cells start to form dentin they move from their original place and keeps process as an extension, this extension is odontoblastic process , so these cells as they go away from dentine layers (which they produce )they left process as you see in # 6 and # 7. As you notice that initially there will be more than one odontoblastic process , but later on then all combine to be one process.

Q&A
What the purpose of division as you said in # 3?
Dr. Ashraf emphasized that this Q.is important there are

few undifferentiated cells that go deeply in the core of the dental papilla these cells will differentiate into odontoblasts and lay down new dentine layers when the tooth is subjected to injury so having these undifferentiated cells in the pulp prevent caries( for example ) from reaching into the pulp by forming new dentine layers.

But in healthy people who they take care about the health of their teeth and there is no caries they conserve these un differentiated cells because there is no need to form new-dentine layer Slide # 6 Please follow me in this slide A,B,C and D sections:

This is summary of what happened: A" section: enamel organ, IEE and dental pulp. " "B" section: as you see there are somed differentiation into preodontoblast and this differentiation as you know is caused by signals from IEE. "C" section: here you can conclude that pre-odontoblast differentiate into odontoblast and these cells start to form first layer of dentine and that will induce ameloblast to secret enamel. So here we have both of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. "D" section: odontoblast cells lay down a layer of dentine, then ameloblast lay down a layer of enamelso on SO layer of dentine then layer of enamel As you notice here as this process pregress ( forming of enamel and dentine layers) proceeds , both of ameloblasts and odontoblasts become further from each other. Slide # 7 Cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts. -Differentiation cells are found at peripheral of dental papilla -Upon division the daughter cells in contact wit BM become preodotoblast and the other cells seek deeply and become undifferentiated untill there is need to be differentiated. -Pre-odontoblasts become odontoblast.

-Differentiation starts at the cusp( incisal) edges then to the margin of the tooth. Slide # 8 This slide demonostrates the changes that indicates activation and differentiation . -At the first I want to give some notes: Cytodifferentiation of cells is same as histodifferentiation of cells which means internal changes within the cells which lead to differentiation. -Hypertrophy: increasing in the size -Basically locate nuclei :nuclei are away from BM. Cells hypertrophy and nuclei located basically: -The cells get increasind in their size and nuchei located basically ( as in ameloblasts too)because these cells are going to form vesicles, so the nuclei get further away from BM to form enough space for vesicles formation in the cytoplasm which will be secreted. -Golgi complex become pronounced above the nuclei and the complex is an evidence that the cells are active in theprotein synthesis. -RER ( rough endoplasmic reticulum ) increases in size and flattens parallel to long axis of the cell. -Mitochondria : its presence is important because there is need to get energy for building protein up. -Redistribution of intracellular skeleton : cells becomr elongated so the intracellular skeleton will be disapper (?) Slide # 9 This slide is the comp. of the previous one. -Small sell process extend toward BM of IEE , that indicates that dentin has tubules, but enamel not.. that means that dentine is more permeable than enamel, so Why caries is faster in dentine than in enamel?

-Because dentin is porous because of the presence of these tubules ( odontoblstic process are in these tubules ) where enamel is more solid than dentin because it doesn't have these tubules. -As we said previously " number of processes is reduces and only one will be dominates" -Tight / gap junction and desmosomes exist between odontoblastic, also they are linked with sub odontoblastic cells ( as in ameloblasts they are linked desmosomes). Slide # 10 .deposition of dentin matrix -The first part of dentine which deposits is called dentine matrix ( organic material) ? what are the components of organic materials in dentine? Basically, collagen is the basic component of organic material and the other components are phosphoprotein, proteoglycan, glycoprotein( sialoprotein), lipid, serum-derived proteins and GFs. -But in the enamel the major component material is amelogenin and non-amelogenin.. that means that proteins that are secreted from enamel and dentin is different. Slide # 11 Collafen is the organic material of dentine, bone and cementum. note: there are more than one type of collagen I, V ,VI and small amount of type III, and it me be found or not. the major component of organic matrix is : collagen I dentin phosphoprotein(DPP) which has an important role in mineralization and this process will not take place without DPP.

note

Soft dentine is one of the oral diseases, in which dentine is easly lost due to absence of DPP , so dentine will not fully mineralised, an example of these diseases id dentinogenesis imperfecta in which dentin isn't fully mineralised due to absence of DPP, so dentine will be mainly organic matrix . Slide # 11 Dentine collagen is similar to collagen of bone and tendon. Aminoacids like; glycan, alanine and proline make this collagen . If you look at one collagen fiber you notice that this collagen striated into bands , and there will be 40-70 between each two bands . Protein fibrils are microcomponent of fibers which varing in lenghth up to 700, and they indeterminate thickness and they welded togother into bundles ( fibers) means that one fiber is composed from more than one fibril and they act as one matrix ( frame work for calcification ) NOTE: fibrils are important in calcification because they act as framework to put calcium on. slide # 12 deposition of dentine matrix: -the first layer of dentine which deposits underneath directly is called mantle dentine and the rest of dentine is called circumpulpal ( mantle dentine and circumpulpal ) have different structures and composition . -fibers of collagen lay prependicularly to DEG ( dentino-enamel junction) -deposition of circumpulpal is regular incremental patter that means layer by layer -collgen I ( as we said this is the major collagen in dentine) is released from the process ( not the body) of odontoblasts . -NOTE: DPP is so important in mineralization , so it will be realeased from the first part of process of odontoblasts.

The Dr. emphasized that the secretion of DPP from the first part of odontoblast process not from the body because if it is secreted from the body it will not be able to reach pre-odontoblast, because these pre-odontoblast cells near the first part of process . Don't be confused we said that odontogenesis is continous process and it does not have maturation so always there will be pre-odontoblasts cells because minerlization process isn't immediately occur. -dont' woory about korff's fiber" they're not include " Slide # 14 Deposition of dentine matrix The first part of dentine which is formed is pre-dentine which isn't mineralized , it will be mineralized later on after 24 hrs. Dr. ashraf gave us an example which represent odontogenesis . Imagine that a worker has to build a wall in every day he built a layer which when you see it still soft without soldification if you come again in the next day ( 24 hrs.) you notice that the layer which you see yesterday was a solid and there is another soft layer and so on So any time the last part of dentin is soft and unmineralized untill 24hrs. When the last formed layer of dentine is lost that indicates that the dentin is vital, but when all dentin is odontoblast that means that this tooth undergoes pulpectomy ( removing of pulp) when pulpectomy occurred the last layer is minerlized. *I think that the following notes are important As dentinogenesis occures and continous the pulp becomes smaller and smaller because building dentine up and increasing in its size affect the pulp by reducing its size.. SO YOU AS ADENTIST if you asked to do canal root treatement to one of these two patients; old man or young one? Who will choose and why?

Of course you will do this to the young man because his canal is bigger than in the old man So root canal treatement in old man will be hard because you have to be accurate when using the file If dentine formation as same as enamel formation ( imagine) the root canal treatement will be the same in young and old patients. Slide # 14

Matrix deposition precedes mineralization. And the difference in time is 24hrs. in which this layer is called predentine and after 24hrs. there will be new layer. What is the thickness of this new layer? It is 4 m. Dentin has short-term rhythm and long-term line, like enamel which has incremental lines and striae, respectively. *dentin could reduce or increase in the formation : -Reducing in the formation: the rate of dentin formation will be decreased for example in the baby when the baby is born he has already tooth formation (deciduous tooth formation) but because of environmental changes the dentine will be decreased. And the illness will affect too even if when he is embryo and his mother is patient. Increasing in formation: when the tooth is subjective to injury for example when the pulp is injured there will be increasing in dentin formation instead of 4m it will be 6 or 7 m.. Slide# 15 This is an example of calcifying dentine..you could see predentine which is an unmineralized dentine which is secreted by

odontoblast cells which have granules which are associated with collagen formation and already we know that the nuclei of these cells( odontoblast cells) are located away from dentin . Slide # 16 Serum Ca+2 is taken up by odontoblast and accumulates in the distal body of the process so it will be deposits in the site of seretion. Under the control of DPP, Ca+2 deposits into a template formed by collagen I fibrils to build up as crystalline mineral .. the fibrils are already foundand DPP enzyme stimulate secretion of Ca+2 on these fibrils. DPP is absent in dentinogenesis imperfect as we said this disease Is occurred when DPP enzyme is absent so the dentin will be soft and isn't fully mineralized because this enzyme stimulates secretion of Ca+2. So the teeth will be as same level as gum in dentinogenesis slide # 17 The role of DPP (dentino-phosphoprotein) -transport ions to mineralized front -location of nucleation to specific regions of collagen fibril surface ( determines the location of calcification). -stabilization of the formed crystals ..mineralization process of dentin isn't haphazard.mineralization in both enamel and dentin form crystals. But crystals in enamel will be bigger than in dentine.

There are other protein that have a simple rule not major as in DPP are: - osteonectin. - osteopontin. - bone sialoprotein. - proteoglycan chondroitin sulphate 4 and 6. This topic is undergoes investigation BUT DPP rule is obvious. Slide # 18 Matrix vesicle mineralization : the mechanism in which mantle dentin( FIRST LAYER FORMED) is mineralized " THIS MECHANISM IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE EXAM " Just you have to know that matrix vesicle mineralization is limited to mantle dentin. The mechanism is: the nucleation sites ( calcopheretis) increase in their sizes to fuse with each other. Mineralization in dentin isn't as in enamel in dentin the mineralization is in the form of globules (calcopherites) as they increase in their size they will be fuse with each other but they may fail in fusion so it will form intra-globular dentine which is located in peripheral dentin. Ok YOU JUST HAVE TO KNOW. -matrix vesicle mineralization is limited to mantle dentine. - mineralization of dentin is in the form of globules( calcopherites) they increase in size and fuse togother and

when they fail to fuse togother they form intra-globular dentine. - failure of fusion of calcopherites together will form intraglobular dentine ( I am wondering why the Dr. asked us not to memorize them then he said that you have to know themso guys please memorize it ) Slide # 19 This is an example of cacopherites ( first sites of mineralization process )you can see more than one . Then grow in size and then fuse togother and they may fail in their fusion.

Important note:

Mineralization front in enamel is as straight line, but in dentine it's irregular because of the presence of globules in this process ya3ni at the junction line between dentine and predentin the isn't soft. DON'T WORRY ABOUT SLIDE # 20 SLIDE # 21 FORMATION OF ROOT DENTIN: Dentin in the root is similar to dentin in the crown but there's one difference in the peripheral dentin ya3ni in the outer layer of dentine.

First collagen isn't deposited immediately against the basal lamina. Root sheath epithelium fills the space with an amorphous ground substance and a fine febrile non collagenous matrix ( don't worry about this now. We will take about it later on on details ) *** I said that the only difference between dentine in root and in crown is in the peripheral partin the peripheral part of root dentine there's an outer most layer of hyaline cartilage then underneath of it there's*granular layer of tomes.there's another difference in this peripheral part which is in CDJ ( cement-dentin junction ) the initial deposition of collagen fibers occur parallel not perpendicular as in DEJ. *granular layer of tomes: the 2nd layer after the hyaline layer, this layer is formed due to : 1- presence of radicular odontoblast (odontoblast in root) which have several fine branches so the dentin which will be formed will be different. 2-failure of calcopherites fusion that forms inter-globular dentine. -Calcopherites are smaller and inter-globular area more numerous than those of coronal dentine. Slower rate of formation than in coronal dentine. Slide # 22 We know that dentine have tubules . Within these tubules there are odontoblastic processes -Peritubular dentine: dentine surrounds the tubules and form their walls.

-Inter-tubular dentine: dentine between the tubules and it's different from peritubular dentine. In peritubular dentine: -Small crystals in an amorphous matrix -Product of odontoblasts and plasma proteins that have diffused along the cell membrane. With age progression these tubules will decrease in size specially near root apices until tubular occlusion ..Why these tubules decrease in their size? ??? 1-Dentine and pre-dentin are formed continuously in the inner part of pulp. 2-Odontoblast cells form dentine in the wall of these tubules so these factors affect their size.
Note:

as we know old people are less affected by caries than others and if they have caries it will not extend and spread as rapid as in young people because dentine will be less porous. 3- caries : in the carious tooth the tubules will be decrease in size to prevent the spread of bacteria. In forensic dentistry which is one of our Dr. specialism the researcher could guess some features of the person from his tooth when they make section to the root tip and note that this tooth has occlused tubules that means that this person is an old man. Slide # 23 There are two types of dentine: Primary dentin: which forms before root completion. Secondary dentine: which forms after root completion.

For example.the root completion of first mandibular Molar is occurs after 10 yrs. Any dentine that has been formed before 10 yrs. Is primary dentine and after 10 yrs. is secondary. Because of sec. dentine formation pulp will be reduced in size and that will lead to crowd the odontoblasts at the peripheral part of pulp so some of the odontoblasts will dead or dysfunctional. So primary dentine is formed when the cells are healthy and not crowded but secondary dentine is formed when the cells are crowded and it lead to regress pulp so dentine that forms by sec. dentine will be less qualified. And there's another point which is the direction of tubules will be changed( when an odontoblast cell form dentin in a specific line then when it becomes crowded the direction of this line will be changed ) Slide # 24 Formation of tertiary dentine If you remember when I classified dentine tertiary dentine isn't mentioned because it is just formed when the tooth has an injury.. so healthy people who take care about their teeth will not have this dentine so if someone has caries tertiary dentine will be formed When the rate of building dentine is more than destruction rate, caries will be came over If the rate of destruction is more than building rate there will be pulp necrosis Less severe stimuli will lead to tertiary dentine formation

Important note:

Do you remember when we discussed about formation of odontoblast? When we said that there will be part of the undifferentiated cells go deeply in the pulp core? Tertiary dentine will be formed by these cells when there is need to . BUT these cells don't have phosphophoryn so mineralization which is done by these cells will be weak.

Then Dr. Ashraf started new lecture which is about dentin : dentine

Slide #2 -Dentine form the bulkof the tooth is covered by enamel in the crown and by cementum in root . -consists of large no. of small parallel tubules in a mineralized collagen matrix. - tubules consist of odontoblastic processes and dentinal fluid

. Slide # 3 Physical properties: -dentine is pale yellow in color not white as in enamel. - dentine is harder than bone and cementum but is softer than enamel. -dentine is permeable because of the presence of dentinal tubules so it allow the fluids to move because of this point caries in dentin will progresses very fast in dentine but it's slower in enamel. -permeability depends on the size and number of tubules ;the more number of tubules the more permeable dentine. -Consistency is similar to cartilage.. it bends when it decalcified dentin has some elasticity so it support enamel. Do you remember when we said that enamel is hard and brittle ? y3ni enamel will not fracture easily that because of the presence of elastic dentin. Y3ni it has grade of elasticity if force is subjected to dentin it will bend a little. Imagine that dentine is soft and is not calcified!!!! What will happen ?? Dentine will be soft and it will look like as in dentiogenesis imperfecta

Slide # 4 Chemical properties of dentin: This table will demonstrates the percent of : by weight By volume inorganic

Organic 20% 30%

water 10% 20%

70% 50%

What is the importance of these percents ? If we did calcification to dentine ( y3ni removing of inorganic material) what will happen? Organic material and water will remain by 30% so decalcified dentin is visible under microscope unlike decalcified enamel which will look like as space because in enamel the inorganic material is 96% not 70%as in dentine I think this is very important note. -Inorganic material in dentine is made up of hydroxyapatite crystals found between collagen fibers which are smaller than hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel. -Organic material is composed of collagen fibers by 90% which are impeded in amorphous ground substance. The Dr. assumes that we know that any component of connective tissue is composed of fibers, ground substance and cells -Ground substance of dentin is amorphous and the fibers are primarily collagen fibers tybe I and small amount of 3rd and 5th types.

-Collagen fibers run parallel to pulp surface and they are not in bundles as in large collagen fibers ..
Fibers are larger and more closely packed in mineralized dentine than in pre-dentine. Finally these are quiz Qs. Which is given at the end of the lec.

amelogenesis dentinogenesis

Immediate mineralization Starts at cusp tips and incisal edges Involves maturation Starts at cusp tips and incisal edges Has unmineralised front Continuous

Special thanks to my sister. Done by : Mays Jaradat.

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