Franklin Style Manual

AresourceforavoidingplagiarismandusingAPAstyle(6thed.)

UpdatedJanuary2011

1 Dearstudentsandfaculty, TheFranklinStyleManualisadaptedfromtheStudentLearningCentersearlierAPAGuide.Besides integratingthelatestAPAguidelines(aspresentedinthe6theditionofThePublicationManualforthe AmericanPsychologicalAssociation,2010),thismanualprovidesextradiscussionoffundamentalwriting tasks,suchaslocatingsourcesandavoidingplagiarism.Whiletheseadditionscannotreplacefull researchandwritingguides,likethoseyouwillbeassignedforcourseshavingamajorwriting component,theguidelineshereshouldremindyouofthekeypurposesandaimsofresearchwritingand academicworkingeneral,whichwillhelpyouonthepathwaytosuccessforanywritingassignment. OurreasonforrevisingFranklinsAPAguidesosubstantiallyisthatweareagrowinginstitution, regularlydevelopingnewmajorsthatbringintoourlearningcommunityawidervarietyofstudentsand faculty.Asdiscussedlaterinthismanual,theexpectationsforwritingvarymoreorlesswitheach disciplineandcourse,manyofwhichrequireminoralterationstoFranklinschosenstandardfor academicpapersthatis,theAPAguidelinesforscholarlypublication.Infact,APAhasitselfleftmanyof itsrecommendationsopentorevisionandclarificationdependingonthepurposesandexpectationsof particularwritingcommunities.InordertohavethecommonAPAstandardserveasatruegoto standardforacademiccoursework,asopposedtojustavagueguideforpreparingmanuscripts,afuller manualwasrequired,inpart,togeteveryoneonthesamepage.Thismanual,then,clarifies expectationsforacademicwritingatFranklin,identifyingwhereFranklinasaninstitutiondivergesfrom APArecommendationsandwhereparticularassignments,courses,orinstructorsmaydivergefromboth APAandFranklinwiderecommendations.Wheneveryouhavequestionsaboutthematerialinthis documentandhowitcanbeappliedtoparticularassignments,youareencouragedtoaskyour instructorand,iffurtherhelpisrequired,tocontactthetutorsattheStudentLearningCenter: slc@franklin.edu. Asadocumentintendedtoaccommodateagrowing,modernuniversity,finally,theFranklinStyle Manualshouldbeconsideredaworkinprogress.WeontheFranklinWritingTeamencourageyouto sendsuggestionsformodifications,disagreementswithstandards,orrequestsforadditionstothe followingemailaddress:writing@franklin.edu.Wewillreviewthesesubmissionsregularlyaswepublish periodicrevisionsandupdatestothemanualitself. Writewell! January20,2011
DanielSeward LeadFaculty,Writing,Rhetoric,andCommunication DepartmentofHumanitiesandCommunicationArts

HeatherMaynard AssistantDirector StudentLearningCenter

PhyllisDuryee LeadFaculty,GeneralEducation DepartmentofHumanitiesandCommunicationArts

MichaelKlingler ProgramChair,GeneralEducation;InterimDepartmentChair DepartmentofHumanitiesandCommunicationArts

TableofContents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................4 1.ResearchingandWritingResponsibly.......................................................................................................5 1.1FindingSources...................................................................................................................................5 1.1.1Areyouconductingtheappropriatekindofresearch?............................................................5 1.1.2Areyouexploringavarietyofmedia?......................................................................................5 1.1.3Areyouusingtherightsearchtools?.......................................................................................6 1.1.4Areyourecordingtherightinformationaboutyoursources?.................................................6 1.2EvaluatingSources..............................................................................................................................6 1.2.1.Assessingtheauthorityofsources..........................................................................................7 1.2.2.AssessingWebsearchresults..................................................................................................7 1.3UsingSourcesEffectively....................................................................................................................8 1.3.1.Referencingsourcesinthebodyofthepaper.........................................................................8 1.3.2.Introducingandpositioningsourceswithinapaper...............................................................9 1.3.3.Citingreferences....................................................................................................................10 1.4AvoidingPlagiarismwithProperCitationandQuotation.................................................................10 1.4.1.Definingandassessingplagiarism .........................................................................................10 . 1.4.2.Understandingtheconsequencesofplagiarism....................................................................11 1.4.3.Determiningwhatneedstobecited.....................................................................................12 1.4.4.Quoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizingresponsibly..........................................................14 2.APADocumentation................................................................................................................................20 2.1TheBasicsofAPADocumentation....................................................................................................20 2.2.FormattingIntextNotes.................................................................................................................21 2.2.1.Wheretoputintextnotes....................................................................................................22 2.2.2.Whatdetailstoincludeinintextnotes.................................................................................23 2.2.3.Howtoplaceandpunctuateintextnotes............................................................................24 2.2.3.Whentostreamlinenotesforreadability..............................................................................27 2.2.4.SourcesneedingintextnotesbutnoentryontheReferencespage...................................28 2.3APAReferenceLists..........................................................................................................................30 2.3.1.Listingbooksandothernonperiodicalprintpublications....................................................33 2.3.2.Listingarticlesfromprintedjournals,magazines,andnewspapers......................................35 2.3.3.Listingperiodicalarticlesfromdatabasesandperiodicalwebsites.......................................37 2.3.4.ListingWebpages,blogs,readerpostings,andebooks.......................................................40 2.3.5.Listingaudio,video,andmultimediasources........................................................................42 2.3.6.Listingreferencearticles,governmentdocuments,andotherspecialgenres......................44

3 3.APADocumentFormatting.....................................................................................................................46 3.1.FormatSettingsAppliedtotheWholeDocument ..........................................................................46 . 3.1.1.Pagelayoutsettings...............................................................................................................46 3.1.2.Paragraphandtypesettings..................................................................................................46 3.2.StandardPartsofanAPAPaper.......................................................................................................47 3.2.1.Titlepage................................................................................................................................47 3.2.2.Abstractpage.........................................................................................................................47 3.2.3.Thebodyofthepaper............................................................................................................48 3.2.4.Referencespage.....................................................................................................................49 3.2.5.Appendices.............................................................................................................................50 3.3.FormattingTables,Figures,andLists...............................................................................................50 3.3.1.Lists ........................................................................................................................................50 . 3.3.2.Tablesandfigures..................................................................................................................51 4.APAConventionsforGrammarandMechanics......................................................................................53 4.1.PunctuationandSpacing.................................................................................................................53 4.1.1.Commas..................................................................................................................................53 4.1.2.Quotationmarks....................................................................................................................53 4.2.SpecialFormatting...........................................................................................................................53 4.2.1.Capitalization .........................................................................................................................53 . 4.2.2.Titles.......................................................................................................................................54 4.2.3.Italics......................................................................................................................................54 4.2.4.Numbers.................................................................................................................................54 5.OtherResourcesonWriting,Plagiarism,andAPAStyle.........................................................................55

Introduction
Thetermstylemanual(orstyleguide),whilecommonlyusedtodescribeawritingresourcelike thisdocument,isoftenmisunderstood.Stylemanualsdonotprimarilyfocusonhowtoimprove onesverbalstyle(thoughsomeoftheguidelinescancertainlyhelp).Rather,theypresentand clarifyavarietyofconventionsforgrammar,formatting,anddocumentationexpectedwhenwriting forspecificcommunitiesofreaders.Youmayrecognizemanyofthefollowingstylemanuals:the ChicagoManualofStyle,thePublicationManualfortheAmericanPsychologyAssociation,andthe MLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers.Eachofthesemanualstreatscompositionand presentationguidelinessharedbyfairlylargeacademicaudienceshavingdifferentspecialtiesand interests.Sincemostprofessionalsocietiesandorganizationsadoptsomesetofguidelines,often basedononeofthemanualslistedabove,youwillneedtolearntousereferenceslikethisoneas standardpracticeinproducingformalwrittenwork,whetherwritingforcolleaguesorclassmates. TheFranklinStyleManualreflectsFranklinUniversitysexpectationsforusingAPAformattingand documentationguidelines.Usethismanualwheneveryourcourseworkcallsforapaperfollowing APAguidelinesforgrammar,usage,formatting,ordocumentation.Whenacourserequiresother materialsthatalsotreatAPAdocumentation(whichoftenoccursinwritingclasses),usethe requiredtextbookasyourprimaryreferenceandthismanualasasupplement.Whenthereseemto beconflictingguidelines,yourinstructorcantellyouwhatheorsheexpects.Someclassesand assignments,moreover,mayfollowalternativeguidelinesforformatting,editing,andproofing,in particular,guidelinesthatmatchtheexpectationsofmorespecializedfieldsofwork.Thisis especiallytrueforlatercourseworkinyourprogramofstudy,whichwillpresentyouwith particularconventionsforprofessionalsinyourfield.Whenyouhavequestionsaboutwhich referencesandresourcestouse,askyourinstructorforclarification.Sheorhewilldeterminewhat exceptionsormodificationstothismanualsguidelinesshouldbefollowedtomeettheaimsofthe particularclassorassignment. Finally,beyondservingasacommonstylemanualforediting,formatting,anddocumenting academicpapersatFranklinUniversity,thisguidealsoprovidesanextendeddiscussionof plagiarism.Eachyear,manystudentsaredisciplinedforcommittingplagiarismbecausetheydonot understandwhatplagiarismisorthewaystoavoiditbycorrectlycitingandquotingsources.To understandtheacademicconcernsaboutplagiarism,youshouldkeepinmindthecommonaimsof allworkyousubmitintheprocessofearningyourdegree.AsstatedinFranklinsAcademicBulletin, 20102011,thepurposeofeducationistoadvanceonesownintellectualskillsandtodemonstrate theoutcomesofthoseefforts(p.16).Todemonstrateyourownintellectualachievements accurately,youneedtoacknowledgehowtheworkofotherscontributedtoyourownefforts. Consequently,theinitialsectionsofthemanual,beforecomingtothespecificsconcerning plagiarism,willdiscussresearchwritinginmoregeneralterms.

1.ResearchingandWritingResponsibly
Onedesiredoutcomeofmanycollegelevelwritingassignmentsisactiveintellectualengagement withotherthinkers,whethertheybeexpertsinyourfield,professionalsoutsideyourfield,orjust fellowcitizenssharingcommonconcernsandfacingsimilarissues.Quiteoften,studentswill demonstratetheirintellectualengagementinwriting,especiallybyrespondingtoordrawingupon thethoughtsandideasofotherwriters.Toparticipateresponsiblyintheseacademic conversations,youhavetheobligationbothtoanalyzethevaryingperspectivesonyourtopicand torepresentthoseperspectivesfairlyandappropriatelyforthepurposesofeachparticular assignment.Inotherwords,asaresearcher,youwillneedtobecuriousaboutotherviewsand diligentinfindingandanalyzingthem;asawriter,youwillneedtopresentyourownideasand analysiswithoutplagiarizingormisrepresentingthewordsorideasofothers.

1.1FindingSources
Formanywritingassignments,yourinstructorwillprovidesourceswithwhichtowork.However, youwilloftenberequiredtolocatesourcesonyourown.Whilethetypesofsourcesyouareasked tousemayvaryfromclasstoclassandassignmenttoassignment,youwillultimatelyhavethe responsibilitytoresolvethesefollowingresearchdecisionsmoreorlessindependently:(a)howto locatecredibleandappropriatesourcesaddressingyourtopic;(b)whetherthesourcesyoulocate suitthepurposesoftheassignment;and(c)whetheryouhavedoneenoughresearchtoachievethe goalsoftheassignments.Yourinstructorswillgiveyoumoreorlessspecificguidanceforachieving theseresearchtasks,dependingonthescopeoftheassignmentandlevelofthecourse,butbelow youwillfindsomefundamentalconsiderationsfordoinganyresearchproject.

1.1.1Areyouconductingtheappropriatekindofresearch?
Therearetwogeneraltypesofresearch,primaryandsecondary.Primaryresearchincludesany collectionoffactsanddetailsgatheredthroughdirectinteractionwithorobservationofthesubject beingstudied.Interviews,surveys,laboratoryexperiments,andmethodicalfieldobservationsare allexamplesofprimaryresearch.Secondaryresearchcomesfrompublishedsourcesdocumenting theresearchefforts(primaryorsecondary)ofotherindividuals.Manywritingassignmentswill accommodatebothprimaryresearchandsecondaryresearch,butsomeassignmentsmayfavorone kindovertheother.Asyoudirectyourresearchefforts,considerwheretoexpendyourenergyin ordertobestmeettherequirementsoftheassignment.Forexample,youwillnotwanttospend timetryingtolocateapublishedinterviewofanexpert(asecondarysource)whenyourassignment callsforyoutoconductyourowninterviewofanexpert(aprimarysource).

1.1.2Areyouexploringavarietyofmedia?
Allsourcescomeinsomemediumorphysicalformatandsomesourcesactuallycomein multimediaformats.Whilethemostcommondistinctionmadeisthatbetweenprintandonline media,thereare,infact,numerousotherformatsthatcanbeusedforavarietyofresearchprojects. TheseformatsincludeCDsandDVDs,aswellaspaintingsandsculptures.Printandonlinemedia themselvestakeanumberofmoreorlesscommonforms.Printsourcescanbebooks,periodicals,

6 orpamphlets,tonamesomeofthemostcommon.Onlinesourcescanbewebsites,digitalmedia files,digitizedarticlesandbooks,oremails.Asaresearcher,youneedtounderstandhowtoaccess andnavigatethemediamostlikelytoprovidesourcesusefulforyourprojects.Youalsoneedto knowwhichpublicationandproductiondetailstorecordinyournotes,sothatyoucandocument thesourcesappropriately.Eachmediumhasspecialqualitiesthatareconsideredmoreorless relevantforthepurposesofdocumentation.NotethatthelistofmodelentriesfortheReferences page(inSection2.3)isdivided,forthemostpart,accordingtomedium.

1.1.3Areyouusingtherightsearchtools?
Besidesexistinginavarietyofmedia,sourcescanbefoundinmanyways.Primarysources,for instance,peopletosurveyorinterview,canbelocatedonorganizationalwebsites.Manysecondary sources,ontheotherhand,arethoroughlycataloguedinlibrarydatabases,includingthemain catalogueofthelibraryscollectionandmorespecializedresearchdatabases.Amixofsources,as mostpeopleknow,canbefoundthroughWebsearchengines.AtFranklin,youwillprobablyuseall thesekindsofsearchtools.Besuretotakeadvantageofthemanytutorialsandothersearch resourcesprovidedbyFranklinsNationwideLibrary.Whenhavingdifficultylocatingsuitable sources,askalibrarianforassistance,referringtoyourassignmentasyouexplaintothelibrarian whatkindsofsourcesyouaretryingtofindandhowyouplantousethem.

1.1.4Areyourecordingtherightinformationaboutyoursources?
Beforeyoucanexpecttouseasourceinapaper,youneedtorecordsomekeyinformationabout thesourcesoyoucanbothdeterminewhetherthesourcehasthepropercredibility(see1.2.5 below)andcitethesourcecorrectly,assumingyouactuallyuseitinyourpaper(seeSection2.2 below).Thedetailsyoushouldrecorddependuponthemediumbywhichthesourcewaspublished orproducedand(toacertainextent)howyoufoundthesource.Beforeyoufullycommittoreading asource,youmightmakesureyoucanfindalltheinformationneededtocitethesource(see Section2.3below).Thisstepmayseemprematurewhenyouarestilldoingexploratoryresearch, butlocatingsuchinformationactuallypreventsyoufromwastingtimewritingapaperbuilton sourcesthatultimatelywillnotproveauthoritativeenoughforyouraudience.

1.2EvaluatingSources
Asyoubrowsethrougheachpotentialsource,payextraattentiontothedetailsthatdeterminethe sourcescredibility.Theseincludetheauthor,thedateofpublication,andthepublisher,aswellas somequalitiesofthewritingitself.Writingthatincludesdocumentationforreferencesand standardeditedEnglishtendstocarrymoreweightwithacademicaudiences,especiallyifthe sourcehasbeenrecentlypublishedbyapeerreviewedjournalorrespectedacademicpress. Thatisnottosaythatothersourceswillnotbeusefulforsomewritingprojects.Forinstance,you maybeassignedtowriteananalysisofanadvertisingcampaign,whichwouldobviouslyrequire youtocitesourcesthatdonothavethelevelofscrutinyrequiredforacademicpublications. Likewise,youmaybeaskedtoanalyzepopularviewsofasoftwareproductasconveyedinself publishedblogsandonlineconsumerforums,neitherofwhichcanstandforacademicpublications, nomatterthecredentialsofthecontributors.Thesesourcesarefineforsomepurposes,butnot

7 others.Theappropriatenessofthesourcedependsentirelyuponthepurposeoftheassignmentand howyouareusingthesourceinthepaper.Itisyourjobasaresearcherandwritertomakesure youknowthecriteriathatdetermineasourcescredibilityforyourwritingproject.

1.2.1.Assessingtheauthorityofsources
Theoverallauthorityofasourceoftendependsuponthecredentialsofthosewritingorproducing thesources,butitalsodependsuponwhetherthesourcehasbeenscrutinizedbyprofessionalsin thefield.Peerreviewedjournalsrepresentthepinnacleofacademicauthority(eventhoughthe articlesinthemarenotperfectorbeyondcritique),sincemultipleexpertsinthedisciplinehave readandapprovedasourceforpublication.Journalisticsources,suchasnewspapers,arealso consideredhighlycredible,becauseaprofessionaleditorexercisingrespectedjournalistic standardshasreviewedtheworkofpracticingjournalists.Somecurrenteventsourcesmay nonethelessbestrongerthanothers.Foranyeditedsource,youcanlearnmuchaboutitsauthority andsuitabilitybyresearchingtheperiodicalorpressitself,whichmayhaveparticularfocusareas, biases,andagendasthatmayaffecthowreadersperceivethesourcescredibility. Ontheotherendofthespectrumareuneditedorselfpublishedsources.Inparticular,sources writtenbyanonymousonlineauthors,suchasWikipediaarticlesorreaderpostedcommentson anysite,donotupholdthestandardsofacademiccredibility,becausereadersneverknowthe credentialsofthelastpersonwhoeditedtheentry.AnydetailyoufindforreferenceonWikipedia orsimilarwikisitesshouldbeconfirmedbyasourcehavingmoreauthoritativeproduction guidelines,suchasthoseforpeerreviewedjournalsorprofessionallyeditedbooks.Infact,awiki articleitselfmaycitecrediblesources,whichyoucanaccessdirectlyforyourownresearchproject.

1.2.2.AssessingWebsearchresults
Bearinmindthatsourcesfoundonlinetendtorequireextrascrutiny,especiallywhenlocatedviaa Websearchengine.OnecannotsimplytypesubjectkeywordsintoGoogleandexpecttoretrieve instantlythemostrecent,unbiased,orscholarlyofsources.Manyvaluablesourcesmayindeed showupinqueriesconductedviaoneofthesebroadWebsearches,butyouwillneedtosift throughtheresultstodeterminewhichsourcesareappropriateforyourassignment. Therearevariousqualitiestolookforinassessingappropriateness.Academicorprofessional sourcesfromtheWebincludeorganizationalhomepagesoronlineprofessionaljournals.Non professionalandnonacademicsourcesmayincludepersonalhomepages,blogs,orgeneralonline audiencemagazines.Ingeneral,ifmanypopupadvertisements,advertisingbannersonthesidesof thepage,and/orflashyadvertisementsexistonthepage,itisnotlikelytohavemuchacademic credibilityevenso,itmaybesuitableasasourcerepresentingpopularperspectivesor,insome cases,newsoncurrentevents.Ifapagereferencesotherscholarlyworksorprofessionals,itmaybe worthinvestigating,orperhapsthesourcesreferencedbythepageareworthreviewthemselves. Remember,finally,thatsourcesusedinaprojectshouldbeaccessibletoreaders,whocanlearn detailsaboutthesourceonyourReferencespage.Someofthesedetailsmaybetrickytoidentify withsomeonlinesources.Thetrickieritis,thelesslikelythosesourceswillbeofusetoreaders.

1.3UsingSourcesEffectively
Whetheryoulocateyoursourcesyourselforareprovidedsourcesforreferencebyyourinstructor, youneedtodeterminehowtheywillfitintoyourownwritingproject.Remember,thepurposeof usingoutsidesourcesforacademicpapersisgenerallytoobtainandreferencematerialthat supportsyouroriginalobservations,thesis,ormainclaim.Ifyoufindyourselfusingmore quotationsorparaphrasesthanwritingyourownmaterial,youneedtoreevaluatewhatyouare actuallycontributingtoyourpaper.Whataretheobservations,analyses,andconclusionsyoubring tothetopics?Yournameisonthefrontpageofthepaper;therefore,youshouldprovidemostofthe paperscontent.Regardlessoftheassignment,donotsimplycollectandreportmaterialfrom others.Instead,insertyourownvoicebypresentinganoriginalanalysisofwhatthesourcessay andcriticalthinkingabouttheirbasesforsayingit,howtheysayit,orwhattheydonotsay.

1.3.1.Referencingsourcesinthebodyofthepaper
Asemphasizedabove,sourcesyoureferenceinyourpapershouldbeutilizedtohelpexplain, support,andillustrateforyouroriginalobservationsandkeypoints.Sourcescanprovideexamples; theycanofferauthoritativeviewsonparticularconcepts;theycandefineanalyticalterminology youthenapplytoexamples;andsoon.Onceyouhavedeterminedthekeypointsyouwanttomake, youhaveafewoptionsfordrawinguponsourcematerialforsupportandillustration. Quotation.Quotationisusingtheexactwordingoftheoriginalsource.Becarefulnottooveruse quotationsorpresentlongerquotationsthannecessary.Quotationsshouldonlybeusedwhenthe wordingoftheoriginalsourceiseitherthemainobjectofanalysisorparticularlypoignant.You might,forinstance,quotespecificwordingwhenanalyzingcontroversialopinionsexpressedin sources,sincereaderswillwantreassurancethatyouarenotjustpresentingabiased interpretation.Whiletherearemanyotherstrategicreasonsforusingquotationsofvaryinglength toachieveaparticularpurpose,somegeneralguidelinesapply:(a)allquotedlanguagemustbeput intoquotationmarkstoavoidplagiarism(seethenextsection);(b)yourownanalysisand explanationofthequotationshouldbeatleastaslongasthequotationitself;and,finally,(c) quotationsshouldnotgenerallyappearinplaceswherereadersexpectyouroriginalwordingand observations(forinstance,asathesisstatement,asatopicsentenceforaparagraph,etc.). Summary.Summarizingisreiteratingthemainpointconveyedbythesourceordescribingthe sourcesoverallapproachtothetopicusingyourownwords.Youwouldsummarize,asopposedto quote,whenyouwanttoreportonlythegistoftheauthorswritingorquicklydescribethemanner bywhichthesourcetreatsthetopic.Ifyougointoparticularsbeyondwhatmostreaderscaneasily takeawayfromaquickreviewofthesourcethemselves,thenyouprobablyneedtoprovide quotationsorparaphrasespecificpassages,eachofwhichrequiresmorecarefulconsiderationsfor integrationintoyourownwriting,especiallyintermsofpropercitation.Whileasummarydoesnot requirespecificpagereferencesbecited,sincethesummarypresumablyreflectsthegistofthe sourceasawhole,younonethelessneedtociteandcreditthesourcetoavoidplagiarizing. Paraphrase.Paraphrasingisputtingtheideaspresentedinaparticularpassageofasourceinto yourownwords.Youwouldwanttoparaphraseapassage,asopposedtoquoteit,inordertotailor theconceptsandideasexpressedbythesourcetofityourparticularaudience,whichmaynothave

9 thesamebackgroundandinterestsastheaudienceforwhomtheoriginalsourcewaswritten.You alsomightparaphraseapassage,ratherthanquote,totranslatetheideasintoterminologyand conceptsyoualreadyintroducedinthepaper,therebybettertosupporttheoverallpurposesof yourpaper.Notethatparaphrasedpassagescanbeeithershort,suchas,aphraseconveyinga statistic,orlong,awholeparagraphexplainingacomplexidea.Nomattertheirlength,paraphrases shouldalwaysbecitedwithreferencestospecificpassagesintheoriginalsource.Bearinmindthat paraphrasingisoneofthekeyplaceswherewritersinadvertentlyplagiarize,eitherbyborrowing originalwordingfromthesourcewithoutusingquotationmarksorbynotmakingclearwherethe paraphrasedideasbeginandoriginalwritingends(andviceversa).SeemoreinSection1.4below. Figuresandtablesreproducedfromsources.Manywritingprojectsinthedigitalagenow includevisualevidenceforsupport.Ifyouuseafigureortableinthebodyofyourpaper,expectto explainitssignificanceatlength,justasyouwouldexplainandanalyzeanextendedquotation.If youdiscussthefigureonlyinpassing,thenconsidershiftingittoanappendixappearingafterthe mainbodyofthepaper.Citethetableorfigureasyouwouldaquotationorparaphrase,notingthe sourceandreferencingthelocationwhereitappearsinthesource.Besuretonoteany modificationsyouhavemadeandprovideappropriateheadingsandformatting.

1.3.2.Introducingandpositioningsourceswithinapaper
Asmentionedabove,notallsourceshaveequalcredibilityandsuitabilityforallwriting assignments.Likewise,whenfinallypresentingsourceswithinyourpaper,donotassumeallplay equalrolesinhelpingyoudemonstrateyourmainpoints.Rather,asthewriter,youshouldtell readershowthereferencestosourceshelpyouachieveyourpurpose.Tomakethisconnectionfor readers,youwillneedtospendtimeintroducingimportantorcontroversialsources,especiallyso youcanshowyourpositionontheirrelevancetoyouroriginaltreatmentofthesubject. Toooften,studentwritersjumprightintoaquotationorparaphrasewithouttellingreaders anythingabouttheauthority,expertise,orbiasesofthesourcesauthor(s).Similarly,student writersoftenomitsufficientexplanationandexaminationofquotationsandlengthyparaphrases, forcingreaderstomaketheirownconnectionsbetweenthesourcesobservationsandthepapers overallpurpose.Inbothcases,thewriteroftheresearchpaperlosesavaluableopportunityto directreadersattentionsandleadthemfromwhattheyalreadyknowandunderstandtonew informationandconnections.Cleartransitionsandintroductionstosourceshelpdemonstratethe writersmainthesisandpersuadeskepticalaudiencememberstoadoptanewpointofview. Thereareafewstrategieswriterscanusetocreatemeaningfultransitionstosourcematerial.The primaryverbaltooltoframesuchreferencesistobeginthemwithphrasesofattribution:According to...,aneconomistatUniversity...said;theheadoftheFinanceCommittee,...,stated;andsoon. Suchphrasesallowyoutoinsertbackgroundinformationaboutthesource.Anotherstrategy writersoftenuseistodedicateextendedpassages,evenwholeparagraphs,toexplaininghow quotationsandparaphrasesreflect,support,orqualifypointsraisedearlierinthepaper.Thereare manyotherstrategiesforengagingwithoutsidesources,andyouareencouragedtodiscusswith yourinstructorsthemostcommonlyacceptedwaysforengagingwithsourceswithinyourfield.For moregeneralguidanceonhowtointroducesources,youcanalsoreviewthesuggestionsin numerousguidesonresearchwritingorarrangefortutoringwiththeStudentLearningCenter.

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1.3.3.Citingreferences
Yourmethodsforpresentingsourcematerialsareultimatelyuptoyouandshouldbebasedonyour overallpurposeinwritingandoriginaldevelopmentofideasforyourparticularaudience. However,everyinstancewhereasourceappearsinyourpapermustbecitedproperlyfora numberofreasons.Whilethefollowingsection(1.4below)treatsthepracticalusesofcorrect citationtoavoidchargesofplagiarism,threeotherpracticalpurposesforcitingsourcesexist: Toacknowledgeandcredittheintellectualworkofotherthinkerswritinginthefield. Tohelpyourreaderslocateyoursourcesiftheydesirefurtherinformation. Toillustratethatyourargumentsandanalysesarebasedonanestablished,acceptedbody ofinformationor,inotherwords,thatyouarenotjustmakingthesethingsup!

Inanutshell,knowingthesourceofwordsorinformationhelpsprofessorsandfellowstudents engage(aswithyou)inabroaderconversationaboutthesubjectaboutwhichyouwrote.Byciting yoursources,youshowyourreadersthatyouareneitherwritingaboutsomeesoteric,unimportant topic,norsoselfimportantthatyouthinkyourownideasmattermorethanthoseofothers.

1.4AvoidingPlagiarismwithProperCitationandQuotation
Whetheryoupresentquotations,summaries,orparaphrasedpassages,youmustdosoresponsibly, followingacademicguidelinesforcreditingotherthinkers.Partofthisresponsibilityincludes takingthetimetolearnthedifferencesbetweenappropriateandinappropriateuseofmaterial fromoutsidesources.Thissectioncoversthebasicdistinctionsbetweenproperuseofsource materialandplagiarism.Inthenextsection(2.APADocumentation),youwilllearnevenmore abouthowtodocumentyoursources,especiallyabouttheAPAconventionsforquotationand citation.Aswillbecomeclear,thissectioncoversquotationandacademicdocumentationstandards inmoregeneralterms,butespeciallyforthepurposesofavoidingplagiarismormisrepresentation.

1.4.1.Definingandassessingplagiarism
Plagiarismisoftenpresumedtoreferonlytocopyingwiththeintenttocheat.AccordingtoThe OxfordAmericanDictionaryofCurrentEnglish(2011),however,toplagiarizeistotakeanduse[the thoughts,writings,inventions,etc.,ofanotherperson]asonesown.Noticethatthisdefinitionof plagiarismdoesnottakeintoconsiderationwhethertheviolationwasintentionalornot.This meansthatplagiarismcanbecommittedinadvertently.Havingbeenaccusedofplagiarism,some professionalwritershave,forinstance,claimedthattheirnotetakingmethodsledtoaccidental confusionbetweentheirownobservationsonwhatsourcessayanddirectquotationsfromsources recordedintheirnotes.Intheend,nomatterwhetherreadersbelievethesewritersexcuses,the plagiarizedpassagesthemselvesdonotmeetacademicstandardsandmaybeconsideredacademic dishonesty(seemorebelow),dependingonthecircumstancesandnatureoftheplagiarism. Fromapracticalperspective,then,theintentionsofthewriterplaynoroleinassessingwhetheror notapieceofwritinghasbeenplagiarized.Rather,adeterminationthatapassagehasbeen plagiarizedisbasedonthreequalitiesofthewritingitself:(a)itssimilarityinwording,structure, andideastoanotherpieceofwriting;(b)thedegreetowhichthosesimilaritiesareexplicitly attributedtoanotherpieceofwriting;and(c)thelikelihoodthatunacknowledgedsimilaritiesare

11 merelycoincidental.Ifsimilarityishighandacknowledgementandlikelihoodofsimilarityarelow, readershavegoodreasontobelievethepassageisplagiarized.Thisdoesnotmean,however,that lowsimilarityindicatesnoplagiarism.Asinglephrase,whennotattributedtoanearlierauthor whousedthatphraseinuniqueapplicationtotheparticularsubjectofwriting,canbeconsidered plagiarizedunlessitisplacedwithinquotationmarksandclearlyattributedtoitssource. Inmostcases,instructorswhofirstidentifyplagiarisminapaperandthenfileformalchargespoint towholeparagraphsorextendedseriesofsmall,unacknowledgedsimilaritiesthatareunlikelyto becoincidental.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherthewriterconfusednoteswithrecordedquotationsor consciouslycopiedandpastedtextdirectlyfromasourceintoadraftdocumentorevenwhether thewriterhappenedtorecallasignificantamountofsimilarverbiagefromasourcereaddaysor weeksearlier.Ifapapershowsasignificantunacknowledgedsimilaritythatisunlikelytobe coincidental,aninstructorcanreasonablyfileaformalplagiarismcharge(whichthestudentwould thenbeallowedtoappeal).Bearingthisinmind,studentsshouldexerciseduediligencetolearn howtorecordinformationcarefullyandacknowledgesourcesproperly.Studentsshouldalsotake thetimetocorrectinappropriateborrowingsidentifiedindraftsbyinstructors,peerreviewers,or electronictools.Notdoingsoisafailureofduediligenceandwarrantschargesofplagiarism.

1.4.2.Understandingtheconsequencesofplagiarism
Inacademicsettings,usingsomeoneelseswordsorideaswithoutproperacknowledgmentis consideredtobeoneformofacademicdishonesty,anattempttopassoffanothersworkasones own.Asaformofacademicdishonesty,plagiarismbearswithitseriousconsequences.Franklin University,tofurtheritscommitmenttohighqualityeducation,imposesseverepenaltiesfor academicdishonestyfromagradeofzeroonanassignmenttofailingacourseorbeingexpelled fromtheuniversitywithanotationononespermanentrecord.Thecompletepolicycanbefound onpages1618oftheFranklinUniversityAcademicBulletin20102011availablehere: http://www.franklin.edu/franklin/files/bulletin/2010General_Information.pdf InSection1.4.1,youlearnedthattheexistenceofplagiarismdoesnotdependonintentionality.It mayseemunfair,then,thatchargesofplagiarismfallunderthecategoryofacademicdishonesty. Yettherationaleforplacingtheminsuchacategoryisnotunliketherationaleusedforotherforms oflegalprosecutionwhereinthewelfareofthecommunitydependsontheduediligence individualstaketolearnthelaws.Infact,plagiarismviolationsaresometimescomparedtotraffic violations:Notknowingthespeedlimitisnotanacceptableexcusetoavoidgettingaspeeding ticket.Justso,notknowinghowandwhentoacknowledgesourcesproperlyisnotasufficient excusetoavoidachargeofplagiarism.Eachstudentisresponsibleforcorrectcitationpracticesto avoidplagiarism,whichisaconceptcoveredinmanycoursesandtreatedbymanyrequired textbooksandwritingresources(thisoneincluded).Ifachargeofacademicdishonestyisfiled,the consequenceswillnotonlybeassessedbasedonthedegreeofplagiarism,butalsoonthedegreeto whichthewriterchosetoignoreclearandfrequentwarningsigns. Inthebiggerpicture,inattentivenesstoplagiarismcanhavemoresevereconsequencesthanfailure ofanassignmentorclass.Theacademicstandardsheldbytheinstitutionwhereyouacquireyour degreeultimatelyreflectthequalityofworkexhibitedbystudentsgraduatingwiththosedegrees. Toupholdsuchstandards,manyinstitutionsnotonlyprovidefrequentguidanceonissueslike

12 plagiarism,butsomehavealsorevokeddegreeslaterfoundtobebasedonplagiarizedwork.Inthe professionalworld,finally,employersandcolleaguesexpectcollegegraduatestounderstandthe differencesbetweenoriginalworkandplagiarizedwork.Whileplagiarismisnotthesameas copyrightviolation(seemoreinthefollowingsection),writerswhoareabletoupholdthe academicstandardsforproducingoriginalworkcanmorereadilyidentifypotentialcopyright violationsthatcancostfirmsthousandsofdollarsindamagesandlegalfees.

1.4.3.Determiningwhatneedstobecited
WhiletheexamplesinSection1.4.4belowaddressthepracticalconsiderationsforhowtointegrate thewordsandideasofothersappropriatelyintoyourownwritingproject,thissectionfocuseson oneofthetrickieraspectsofresponsibledocumentation:determiningwhattocitewhencommon knowledgeorcasualobservationsareinvolved.TheAPAsPublicationManual(2010)hasahighly instructivepassageonthisveryissue: Thekeyelementofthisprinciple[determiningwhentocite]isthatauthorsdonot presenttheworkofanotherasifitweretheirownwork.Thiscanextendtoideasas wellaswrittenwords.Ifauthorsmodelastudyafteronedonebysomeoneelse,the originatingauthorshouldbegivencredit.Iftherationaleforastudywassuggested intheDiscussionsectionofsomeoneelsesarticle,thatpersonshouldbegiven credit.Giventhefreeexchangeofideas,whichisveryimportanttothehealthof intellectualdiscourse,authorsmaynotknowwhereanideaforastudyoriginated.If authorsdoknow,however,theyshouldacknowledgethesource;thisincludes personalcommunications[e.g.,emails,interviews,etc.].(p.16) Thegistofthispassageisthatyoushouldgivecredittoallsourcesyouknowinfluencedtheideas andwordingyoupresentalongsideyourownwork.Whiletheprincipleisfairlystraightforward, whenstudentwritersworkonresearchpapers,manycommonconfusionscometolight,someof whichleadtofallaciesincitation.Mostofthesefallaciesderivefrommisunderstandingsabout moreorlesssubtledistinctionspertainingtotheinfluenceofotherthinkersonawritersworkand whatthosedistinctionsmeanforacademicaudiences. Borrowingwordsversusborrowingideas:Bothkindsofmaterialneedtobecited,butall borrowedwordsmustalsobeputwithinquotationmarksor,forlongerquotations,putintoblock formatting(seemorebelow).Sometimesstudentwritersborrowphrasesandpassagesverbatim fromthesource,butthenonlyacknowledgethemasborrowedideas.Thismostoftenhappens whenstudentsdonotproperlyparaphrasetheideasofsources(again,seemorebelow).Anytime youcopyandpastewordsfromasourceintoyourownpaperorotherwisetakepassagesverbatim, youshouldimmediatelyputquotationmarksaroundtheborrowedmaterialtoshowreaders(and remindyourself)thatyoudidnotjustuseasourcesideas,butalsoitsoriginalmeansforexplaining theideasthatis,thewordsthemselves. Copyrightviolationversusplagiarism:Onerelatedfallacystudentwritersoftenhaveconcerns passagesinthepublicdomain,thatis,passagesnotprotectedbycopyrightlaws.Thestatusofa passageaspublicdomainornotdoesnotaltertherequirementtociteandquoteproperly.When thesamewordingisrepeatedwithoutcitationonmultiplewebsites,studentwritersandthesites copyingthesepassagesmaybeexemptfromchargesofcopyrightviolationassumingthepassages

13 aretrulyinthepublicdomainbutstudentwritersarenotexemptfromchargesofplagiarismif thepassagesarenotproperlyidentifiedwithquotationmarksandintextcitations. Simplyput,plagiarismisnotthesameascopyrightviolation.Anindividualororganizationcanbuy therightstousewordsandideasfromanyoriginalauthorandusethemwithoutacknowledgment (asisoftenthecaseformaterialappearingoncommercialwebsites).Thispracticenonetheless constitutesplagiarismandisunacceptablewhereoriginalworkisexpected.Nomatterhowmany sourcesyoucanfindsimilartothephrasesinquestion,youmustputallwordsyoucopyandpaste fromasourcewithinquotationmarks,providingalsopropercitationinthebodyofthepaperand onyourReferencespage.Insuchacase,youwouldideallycitethemostauthoritativesource repeatingthewording(e.g.,agovernmentdocument,professionalwebsite,orearlierprinted reference),sincethiskeysourceisprobablytheonefromwhichtheotherstooktheirwording. Commonknowledgeversuspersonalmemory:Anothercommonfallacystudentwritershave aboutacademiccitationpertainstothedistinctionbetweencommonknowledgeandpersonal experience.Often,studentswillomitcitationforfactsordetailstheyjustread(orheard) somewhere.Whenthosefactsordetailstrulyrepresentcommonknowledge,theyneednocitation. However,thetestforcommonknowledgeisnotbasedononespersonalmemory,butratheronthe expectationthatyouraudiencewouldalreadytakethatfactordetailforgranted. Inpracticalterms,then,commonknowledgeinthecontextofacademicdocumentationisaudience dependent,basedonwhattheaudienceholdsincommonasanacceptedandgenerallyunderstood observation.Toillustrate,mosteducatedaudienceswillnotexpectyoutocitereferencestothe datesofthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependenceortheratificationoftheU.S.Constitution,or otherdatesaudiencememberscaneasilyreciteoffthetopsoftheirheadsorreadilyrecallwitha quickreminder.Bycontrast,factsanddetailsthatyouacquiredthroughyourownpersonal experiences(readings,lectures,orotheractivitiesoutsidethecommoneducationalexperience sharedbyaudiencemembers)should,inmostcases,becreditedtoanauthoritativereference. Besidesdoingyourreaderstheserviceofprovidingareferencetheycanusetolearnmoreabout theinformationinquestion,youalsoforceyourselftoverifythatwhatyourecollectisaccurate. Commonknowledgeversusspecializedknowledge.Studentwritersoftenmistakethe acceptedfacts,theories,anddetailsheldbyaspecializedgroupofreadersforcommonknowledge amongabroaderaudience.Youmayreadacademicsourcesfromspecialprofessionalor disciplinaryjournalswhereinnocitationsappearforinformationorideasthatdonotseempartof commonknowledge.Suchdetailsusuallyreflectthecommonknowledgeofexpertsinthefield,who wouldbetheprimaryaudienceforspecializedpublicationslikeacademicjournals.Whenwriting forabroaderacademicandprofessionalaudience,however,writersshouldgenerallyprovidefuller documentation,especiallytoidentifytheirsourcesforexpertknowledge.Anaccountant,for instance,maytakeforgrantedthatfellowaccountantsarefamiliarwithaparticularpracticefor recordingdepreciation;however,thisaccountantcannotexpectabroaderbusinessaudienceto sharethesameunderstanding.Areferencecanhelptheaudienceinsuchacontextunderstandthe basesuponwhichexpertsderivesomeoftheircommonconceptsandpractices. Asastudentwriter,moreimportantly,youneedtoshowyourinstructorsfromwhereyouare derivingyourunderstandingofparticularprofessionalandacademicfields.Yourinstructorsfor

14 classeswithinyourmajorwillultimatelygiveyouasenseaboutwhichfacts,theories,anddetailsdo notneedcitationforanaudienceoffellowspecialists.Untilthen,erronthesideofcaution.Ifyou arenotsurewhetherparticularinformationshouldbeattributed,provideacitation,especiallyif youcanrecallspecificallywhereyouacquiredtheinformation.Ifyoucannotrecallthespecific sourcewhereyouoriginallyacquiredapieceofinformation,lookforanauthoritativesource conveyingtheinformationinquestionexpertsregularlyverifyandcitedetailstheytakefor grantedwhenpresentingthemtocolleagues.Remember,finally,thatexactwordingfromasource nomatterwhetherthewordingdiscussessomedetailwithincommonknowledgemustbeput withinquotationmarksandprovidedacitationtoavoidplagiarism(seemorebelow).

1.4.4.Quoting,paraphrasing,andsummarizingresponsibly
Insimpleterms,yourmainresponsibilityasawriterusingresearchistomakecleartoreaders whichideasandwordsareyourownandwhichcomefromthesourcesthemselves.Inthissection, youwillbepresentedsomeexamplestohelpillustratethedividinglinebetweenappropriateand inappropriateborrowing.Immediatelybelowisanoriginalpassagefroma2006articlewrittenfor Regulationmagazine,aperiodicalcoveringtheimpactsofgovernmentregulationonbroader economicissues.Theoriginalpassagebelowisusedtodemonstratethedistinctionsbetween plagiarismandresponsibleuseofsourcematerial. Anytimethereisaconsensusaboutthefuture,itisprobablywisetobetagainst it.Inthepastcoupleofyears,predictionsabouthomepriceshavegonefromasober questioningoffuturepricegrowthtoshrillapocalypticpredictionsofanimpending marketcollapsethatwilltriggeradeeprecession. Wecannotclaimtohaveacrystalballthatworksanybetterthanthe commentariat,butwebelieveaclearlookattheavailabledatasuggeststhatthe situationisfarfromdire.WhileaveragehomepricesintheUnitedStateshave increasedsmartlyinthepastdecade,thatbyitselfisnotsufficienttoconclude anythingaboutwhatfuturepriceswilldo.

References Stewart, S., & Brannon, I. (2006, Spring). A collapsing housing bubble? Regulation, 29(1), 15-16. Retrieved from http://www.cato.org/store/regulation-magazine

Quotingresponsibly:Whenintentionallyborrowingtheexactwordingfromsources,youmust dooneoftwothingstoavoidplagiarism:(a)encloseallborrowedwordswithinquotationmarksor (b)formattheborrowedwords(ifmorethan40)asablockquotation(seemorebelow).A referencetothesourceisnotenough.Thespecialformattingtellsreadersclearly,thesearenotmy words,butthoseofmysource.Herearetwovariationsofresponsiblequotationsforthepassage:

APPROPRIATESHORTQUOTATION

As late as 2006, Stewart and Brannon characterized forecasts of a burst in the housing bubble as shrill apocalyptic predictions (p. 15). This assessment . . .

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APPROPRIATELONGQUOTATION(OVER40WORDS)

Stewart and Brannon (2006) displayed a strong reliance on comparative data analyses, which provided their bases for critiquing the views expressed in the popular press: We cannot claim to have a crystal ball that works any better than the commentariat, but we believe a clear look at the available data suggests that the situation is far from dire. While average home prices in the United States have increased smartly in the past decade, that by itself is not sufficient to conclude anything about what future prices will do. (p. 15) Their confidence in their forecast came from . . .
Byusingquotationmarksorblockformatting,thewritereasilyavoidsplagiarism.However,writers haveanotherkeyresponsibilitywhenpresentingdirectquotations:thewordingmustmatchexactly whatappearsintheoriginalsource.Ifyouneedtomodifytheexactwordingtoimprovethefocusof thequotationorclarifysomeideainthequotation,youmustdothefollowing: Insertellipses()whereyouomitwordsfromtheoriginal.Thispracticecanbeusefulto cutdownthesizeoflongquotations,fromwhichyoumayonlyneedthebeginningandthe endorkeypiecesinthemiddle. Putsquarebrackets([...])aroundwordsyouinsertforclarificationorreadability.This techniquemaybeusefultoexplainthemeaningofphrasesinthequotedmaterialthatmay havebeenexplainedintheunquotedportionsoftheoriginalsource.

Whenyouuseeitherofthesetechniques,youmustbesurenottochangetheintendedmeaning(as bestyouseeit)oftheoriginalwording.
APPROPRIATEUSEOFBRACKETSANDELLIPSESINASHORTQUOTATION

Stewart and Brannon (2006) presented a measured, but confident view of their forecast: We cannot claim to have a crystal ball . . ., but . . . the available data suggests that the situation [as of April 2006] is far from dire (p. 15). Their data led them to . . .
Paraphrasingresponsibly:Byputtingtheideasandexplanationsfromyoursourcesintoyour ownwords,youcanoftenforgeastrongconnectionbetweenyourownobservationsonthesubject andthosepresentedbyotherthinkers.Suchstrongconnections,whentheyallowyoutobuildupon researchtopresentanoriginalthesisorperspective,exemplifywellthefundamentalaimsof researchwriting.Paraphrasing,however,hasitspitfalls.Whennotdonewithproperattentionto theboundariesbetweenyourownideasandwordsandthoseofothers,youcaneasilyfallintoone ofthefollowingerrors,eachofwhichconstitutesplagiarismoftheoriginalsource:(a)usingtoo muchoriginalwordingfromthesource;(b)borrowingthestructureofanextendedpassage;or(c) omittingclearboundariesbetweenparaphrasedandoriginalmaterial.

16 (a)Borrowingtoomuchoftheoriginalwording.Recallthatparaphrasinginvolvesputtinganothers ideasintoyourownwords;thisrephrasingdoesnotsimplymeanchangingawordortwointhe original.Yoursourceschoiceofwordingrepresentstheintellectuallaborofitsauthors,andso shouldbeclearlyacknowledgedwhenborrowed.Whennotputintoyourownphrasingnor acknowledgedasborrowed(withquotationmarks),thewordstakenfromthesourcehavebeen plagiarized.Hereisapassageinappropriatelyparaphrasingtheoriginalpassageabove:

INAPPROPRIATEPARAPHRASEDUETOBORROWEDWORDING

Taking a contrarian position, Stewart and Brannon (2006) argued in the spring issue of Regulation magazine that a smart increase in U.S. home prices over the preceding 10 years was not by itself sufficient to conclude that the housing industry was a bubble about to burst (p. 15). They further claimed that other statistics showed the economic outlook was far from dire. Based on this fuller picture, Stewart and Brannon characterized the change in opinion among the commentariat, from measured caution on continued price rises to apocalyptic prognoses of recession, as faulty reasoning.
Thewordsinboldaboveillustratethelocationswherethewriterhasnotsufficientlytranslatedthe sourcesoriginalwordingintonewphrases.Besidesincludingfullverbatimphrasesfromthe original(notbyitselfsufficienttoconcludeandfarfromdire),bothofwhichreflecttheauthors uniquewayofpresentingtheirobservations,theparaphraseaboveborrowsuncommondiction, suchassmart(fromsmartly),apocalyptic,andcommentariatallofwhichreflectstylistic originalitythattheauthorsworkedhardtodevelop.Therearecertainlywordsfromtheoriginal thatcanberepeatedwithoutplagiarizing,suchashomepricesandrecession,eitherofwhich mighthavebeenusedalreadyinaresearchpaperonthissubject.Combinedwiththeothercopied verbiage,however,theseborrowingsonlyprovidemoreevidenceforafailuretorephrasefully. (b)Reusingthesentenceandparagraphstructureoftheoriginal.Thisnextpassagerepresentsthe secondkindofinappropriateparaphrasing.Thewriterhasavoidedusingtheauthorsoriginal phrasingthroughout,buthaseffectivelymimickedthewholeseriesofsentences,simplyfinding substitutephrases,ratherthancreatingatrulyoriginalrepresentationofthesourcesmaterial.
INAPPROPRIATEPARAPHRASEDUETOBORROWEDSTRUCTURE

Writing for Regulation magazine, Stewart and Brannon (2006) noted that, whenever there is general agreement about upcoming events, it is smart to take a contrarian position (p. 15). Over the preceding months, measured caution from analysts on continued in rises house prices had changed to forecasts of a catastrophic housing collapse producing an extended economic slowdown. The authors claimed no ability to

17

foresee the future better than popular financial analysts, but they also did not think an unobstructed view of published statistics supported a strongly negative prognosis on housing. While the sales figures (in terms of dollars) had trended up sharply over the preceding 10 years, this information was found inconclusive for the purpose of forecasting the subsequent direction of those trends.
Sentencestructures,likechoicesindiction,reflecttheoriginalworkofauthors.Infact,many writersfindthestructuringofsentencesandparagraphsmoredifficultthanthewordingofdiscrete phrases.Consequently,academicreadersexpectthatresearcherseitherclearlyquotethewording directlyordoafullandproperparaphrase,onethatreflectstheresearchersuniquerecapitulation ofwhatthesourcesays,ratherthanjustafreshcoatofpaintoverthesourcesoriginalstructure. (c)Failingtoprovideclearattributionforallborrowedideas.Thefinalformofinappropriate paraphrasingpertainstolongerpassagesinparticular,passagesthatcontainmultiplesentences paraphrasedfromthesource.Whenreaderscannottellwhetherasentencerepresentstheoriginal analysisofthewriterorthatofasource,thewriteriseffectivelyplagiarizing.Thisproblemismost apparentwhenwritersfailtotellreadersthattheyhaveactuallybegunparaphrasingasource,as thefollowingexamplesshows,butitoccursingeneralwhereaparaphrasedsentencehasnotbeen clearlycitedorintroducedbyaphraseofattribution,asillustratedhere:
INAPPROPRIATEPARAPHRASEDUETOUNCLEARATTRIBUTION,EXAMPLE1

Sharp rises in sales figures for U.S. housing over the 10 years leading up to 2006 were not then determinant indicators of an impending burst in the housing bubble. Taking a contrarian position in the spring of 2006, Stewart and Brannon claimed that other numbers showed the economic outlook then was far from dire (p. 15). Based on this analysis, there was no good reason to expect a sharp drop in housing prices, much less a slowdown in the broader economy due to such a drop.
INAPPROPRIATEPARAPHRASEDUETOUNCLEARATTRIBUTION,EXAMPLE2

Sharp rises in sales figures for U.S. housing over the 10 years leading up to 2006 were not then determinant indicators of an impending burst in the housing bubble. Based on analysis of other financial statistics and skepticism of popular consensus, there was no good reason to expect a sharp drop in housing prices, much less a slowdown in the broader economy due to such a drop (Stewart & Brannon, 2006, p. 15).

18 Inthefirstexample,thewriterhasclearlycitedthemiddlesentence,buttheideasbeforeandafter comefromthesourceaswell.Inthesecondexample,thewriterhasputacitationattheendofthe finalsentence,notindicatingsufficientlythattheopeningsentencealsocomesdirectlyfromthe source.Notethatcitationsaregiveninbothparagraphs,butalsonotethattheyfailtoshowreaders clearlythatthewholepassageisaparaphraseofthesourcesideas,nottheresearchersoriginal analysis.Readersassume,basedonthemannerofcitation,thatthewriterispresentingatleast someoriginalanalysis,whichisnotthecase,sothewritercommitsplagiarism. Correctparaphrasing:Herefinallyaretwoappropriateparaphrasesoftheoriginalsourcematerial presentedabove.Thekeydifferencebetweenthesetwoexamplesisthatoneborrowsafewspecific phrasesfromtheoriginalalbeitusingquotationmarkstoidentifyproperlytheborrowings whiletheotherrewordsthepassageentirely.Noticeintheseexampleshowclearlythewriter showsreadersthatthewholepassageisbasedonsourcematerial.
APPROPRIATEPARAPHRASEINTEGRATEDWITHBRIEFQUOTATIONS

Taking a contrarian position at the beginning of 2006, Stewart and Brannon concluded that a sharp upward trend in home sale prices over the previous 10 years did not necessarily indicate a housing bubble, much less one about to burst. Their own analyses of other statistics led them to posit an economic outlook that was far from dire (p. 15). Based on that data, Stewart and Brannon judged the change in attitude among the contemporary commentariatfrom measured caution on continued price rises to apocalyptic prognoses of recession (p. 15)as faulty, alarmist analysis.
APPROPRIATEPARAPHRASE,WORDINGCHANGEDENTIRELY

Taking a contrarian position, Stewart and Brannon (2006) argued that a sharp upward trend in home sale prices over the preceding 10 years did not necessarily indicate a housing bubble, much less one about to burst (p. 15). The authors claimed that other numbers showed the economic outlook was not then a point of concern. Based on that data, Stewart and Brannon judged the change in attitude among popular financial commentatorsfrom measured caution on continued price rises to excited warnings of impending recessionas faulty, alarmist analysis.
Thesearebynomeanstheonlywaystoparaphrasetheoriginalideasoftheauthors.Infact,there arenumerousotherwaystodoso.Ingeneral,theeffectivenessofaparaphrasedependsuponhow appropriatelyandaccuratelytheideasofthesourcearepresentedforthepurposesofsupporting thewritersoverallthesisandkeypointsorobservations.Awritermight,forinstance,highlightthe

19 authorsoftheoriginalpassagemorewhenparaphrasinganopinionthanwhenparaphrasingan explanationofamechanicalprocessorsimplyrepeatingstatistics.Inanycase,theparaphrasing examplesinthissectionarenotprimarilyintendedtogiveguidanceontheeffectivenessof particularparaphrasingtechniques,butrathertoidentifythecommonpitfallswritersexhibitwhen theydonottakethetimeandefforttorewordsourcematerialsufficiently.Thesepitfalls,whennot avoided,canleadtoplagiarismormisrepresentationofanotherswork. Summarizingresponsibly:Summarizingcanbemuchlesschallengingthanparaphrasing,but hasitsownpitfalls.First,though,beawarethatasummarycanexhibitthefirstparaphrasing problemdiscussedabove.Whensummarizing,makesuretouseyourownwordingtorestatethe sourcesmainpointordescribethesourcesperspective.Whenyoudoborrowexactwording,putit intoquotationmarks,justasyouwouldforanextendedparaphraseofafullerpassage.Usingthe sampleabove,forinstance,youcouldnotsimplycopyandpastetheauthorsownsummaryofthe pointoftheirarticle,presentingittoreaderswithoutquotationmarksorrewording:
INAPPROPRIATESUMMARYDUETOBORROWEDWORDING

Stewart and Brannon (2006) concluded that the housing situation was far from dire at the beginning of 2006. Their outlook did not predict an apocalyptic downturn. . . .
Besidestheinappropriateformofborrowingjustillustrated,thereareotherpotentialproblems withsummaries,especially(a)misrepresentinganopinionasafactand(b)concludingfroma singlesourcethatoneperspectiveisgenerallytakenasfact.Thisexampleillustratesbotherrors:
INAPPROPRIATESUMMARYDUETOMISREPRESENTATION

At the beginning of 2006, no major fall in housing was expected (Stewart & Brannon, 2006), so no one could reasonably have anticipated a burst in the housing bubble. . . .
Thissummaryobscuresthefactthattheauthorsareactuallyrespondingtoamultiplicityof predictionsthatthehousingindustrywasabubbleabouttoburstandthattheeconomywasgoing intorecession.Anappropriatesummaryofthearticlemightrathergolikethis:
APPROPRIATESUMMARY

Looking at a variety of statistics aside from home prices, Stewart and Brannon (2006) determined that a sharp downturn in housing was not then imminent. Given their . . .

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2.APADocumentation
ThedocumentationconventionsdiscussedherereflecttheguidelinessetoutbytheAmerican PsychologyAssociationinitsmostrecentPublicationManual(6thed.,2010).TheAPAstandards werechosenbyFranklinbecausetheyrepresentthemostcommonlyusedguidelinesforthe psychologicalandbehavioralsciences,whichareresearchareasinformingmanyappliedfieldsof studyinvolvinghumaninteraction,frombusinessadministrationtocomputerinterfacedesign. Likemostscientificcitationstyles,theAPAguidelinesrepresentanauthordatesystem,asopposed toanauthortitlesystem(likeMLAorChicagostyles).Authordatecitationsystems,sincethey alwayspresentthedateimmediatelyaftertheauthor,highlightthecurrencyofresearch,whichis imperativetoconsiderwhenjudgingtherelevanceofempiricalstudies.However,theAPA documentationguidelinescanaccommodateavarietyofkindsofsources,notjustpublished scientificresearch.Forsomeofyourcoursework,thetimelinessofthestudymaynotbeas importantastheinfluenceoftheauthororthepublicationitself;likewise,conclusionsof experimentsmaybelessimportantthanoriginalwordingpresentedbywellspokenauthorsor importantindividuals.Asyoudeterminehowtointroduceandciteyourreferencesinthecourseof yourpaper,decidehowbesttoapplyAPAguidelinestoachieveyouroverallpurposeforwriting.

2.1TheBasicsofAPADocumentation
CompleteAPAcitationofsourcesinvolvestwokeyparts: referencelistentries(usuallyappearingonaseparateReferencespage)and intextnotes(appearinginthemainbodyofthepaper).

YourReferencespageincludeskeybibliographicinformationonthesourcesyouusedtodevelop thebodyofyourpaperorproject.Entriesgenerallyincludetheauthor(s),thedateofpublication, thetitleofthesource,andvariousdetailsofpublicationdependinguponthemediumofproduction andmeansofaccess.Section2.3belowprovidesexamplesforavarietyofkindsofsources publishedinmediarangingfromtraditionalprintedbookstosocialmediasites.Besuretoconsult thisreferenceoranotherAPAguidetodeterminehowtoformatlistingsonyourReferencespage. Itisnotenough,though,totellreaderswhichsourcesyouviewed.Youmustalsotellreaderswhere youactuallydrawuponsourcesinyourpaper.Intextnotesindicatetoreaderswherethesources onyourReferencespagearequoted,paraphrased,orsummarized,andtheyalsogivereadersuseful informationaboutthesourcesthemselves.InAPAdocumentation,intextnotesgenerallyinclude threekeydetails:(a)theauthorslastname,(b)theyearofpublication,and(c)pagereferencesto thematerialused(whichmaybeomittedwhenquicklysummarizingthegistofthewholesource). ThestandardformatofintextnotesandvariationsfromitarecoveredfullyinSection2.2below. Thefollowingsectionexplainshowthetwopartsworktogethertoprovidecompletecitation. Howthetwopartsworktogether:Belowisapaperexcerptquotingabook.Whiletheintext citationandquotationmarksinthepassageareimportantforthepurposesofgivingthesource propercreditandavoidingplagiarism,thedetailsinthecitation(inboldintheexample,butnotina realpaper)alsopointtoafullerbibliographicentrylistedontheReferencesentryfartherbelow.

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Many sociologists address the challenges of public problem solving by focusing on social influence. For example, Putnam (2000) notes, social capital allows citizens to resolve collective problems more easily (p. 288). For Putnam, social capital is . . .
Inthispassage,Putnamistheauthorslastname;2000istheyearthebookwaspublished;p.288is thepagewherethequotationislocated.ThetitleofthebookisunnecessaryforAPAcitation,but canbeprovidedwhenithelpsreadersunderstandtherelevanceandimportanceofthesource.In fact,youmightwanttoprovideotherdetailsabouttheauthororpublisheralongsidetheintext notetoestablishcredibilityorexplainrelevance.Forproperdocumentation,however,theintext noteneedonlyincludetheauthor,date,and(forquotationsandparaphrases)pagenumber. Asnotedabove,intextnotesalonearenotsufficientforcompletedocumentationinAPA.Readers maywanttoknowmoreabouthowtolocatethesourceandwhopublishedorproducedit,all detailsthatshouldappearontheReferencespage,whetherornotyourefertosuchdetailsinthe bodyofthepaper.SincePutnamsbookiscitedinthebody,thewriterofthispapermustalsogivea fulllistingforthebookontheReferencespage.ThelistingontheReferencespagewouldlikethis:

References ... Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
AlthoughtheessentialpiecesofAPAdocumentationarefairlysimple,especiallyifusingtraditional sourceslikebooksandarticles,therearemanyrequiredvariationstoaccommodatethewide varietyofsourcesavailableto21stcenturyresearchers.Thesevariationsarecoveredin2.2and2.3.

2.2.FormattingIntextNotes
Asexplainedabove,intextnotesplayanessentialroleinavoidingplagiarism,becausetheyhelp youclearlyidentifywhichwordsandideascomefromsourcesandwhichonesareyourown.The notes,alsoascoveredabove,allowyoutogivereaderskeydetailsnamely,theauthorandthe yearofpublicationallowingfulleraccesstoinformationaboutthesourcesthemselves,which readerscanfindontheReferencespage.Thefollowingsectionsgointomoredepthaboutwhich detailsneedtobepresentedwithinintextnotesandhowtoformatthosedetailssotheywillnot disrupttheflowofyourwriting. Notethattheexamplesinthissectionaregivenletterstoallowforcrossreferencingthroughout thesection.NotealsothatasampleReferencespageincludingentriesforallsourcesusedinthese examplesappearsattheendofthesectiononpage29.Asyoureadtheguidelinesbelowandlookat theexamples,reviewcarefullytheconnectionsbetweenintextnotesandfullerlistingsonthe Referencespage.

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2.2.1.Wheretoputintextnotes
Thekeydetailsforintextnotes,whichwillbediscussedmoreinSection2.2.2,canactuallyappear intwodifferentlocationssurroundingthequotation,paraphrase,orsummarybeingcited:(a)ina parentheticalnotefollowingthecitedmaterialor(b)inthemainflowofthesentenceintroducing citedmaterial.Sometimes,youwillputcitationdetailsinbothplaces.Whileyoualwayshavethe optionofputtingyourentireintextcitationwithinaparentheticalnote,keepinmindthatsome sourcesarebestintroducedinthemainflowofthesentencetodemonstratetoreadersthe credibilityandrelevanceoftheresearch,butalsotoprovidesmoothertransitions.Forinstance,you mightwanttogivereaderssomebackgroundaboutanauthor,notinghisorherexpertiseinthe field,beforegivingaquotation.Herearesomebasicguidelinesforthetwocitationtechniques: (a)Whencitingasourceentirelywithinaparentheticalcitation,placetheauthorslastname(no firstnamesorinitials)immediatelyaftertheopeningparentheses,followedbyacommaandthe yearofpublication.Ifthesourceisattributedtomultipleauthors,listalltheauthorslastnames, separatingthemwithcommasandputtinganampersandbeforethefinalnameinthelist;omitthe commawhenonlytwonamesarelisted.Tocitespecificpagesbeingparaphrasedorquoted,puta commaaftertheyearofpublication,andthenlistalocationreferenceindicatingwherethematerial appearsinthesource.Besuretousetheappropriatelocationabbreviation,dependingonthe mediumofthesourceandwhetheritispaginated(e.g.,p.,pp.,para.,sect.,etc.).Finally,besureto placetheparentheticalcitationimmediatelyaftertherelevantinformationinthesentenceand beforesubsequentpunctuationmarks,includingendingpunctuationforthesentenceitself.
A.CITINGASOURCEENTIRELYWITHINAPARENTHETICALNOTE

One argument against a growing housing bubble in the mid-2000s was steadiness in the Housing Affordability Index (Smith, 2005, p. 30). A rise would have . . .
(b)Whenintroducingasourceinthemainflowofthesentence,providetheauthorslastname,just asyouwouldinaparentheticalcitation.Aswithparentheticalcitations,firstinitialsarenot generallyused;inthemainflowofthesentence,however,youdohavetheoptionoflistinganinitial orevenafullfirstname.Placetheyearinparenthesesimmediatelyaftertheauthorslastname, unlessyouhavealreadymentionedtheyearofpublicationaspartofyourseguetothesource.For multipleauthors,listalltheirlastnamesseparatedbyacommawiththewordandbeforethelast authorsname.Theyeargoesinparenthesesafterthelastauthorsname.Pagereferences(orother kindsoflocationreferences,suchassectionheadings)goinparenthesesafterthequotationor paraphrase,followingtheguidelinesforparentheticalnoteplacementdescribedabove.
B.CITINGASOURCEBYINTRODUCINGTHEAUTHORINTHEMAINFLOWOFTHESENTENCE

A prominent real-estate economist, Smith (2005) eschewed the possibility of a housing bubble by citing steadiness in the Housing Affordability Index (p. 30). A rise would . . .

23

2.2.2.Whatdetailstoincludeinintextnotes
Theguidelinesaboveexplainhowtoplacethethreestandarddetailsofinformationgenerally requiredforintextnotes.Thesestandarddetailsincludethefollowing: author(orauthors,lastnamesonly); year(nofulldates,eveniflistedontheReferencespage);and pagereference(forquotationsandparaphrases,butnotsummarystatements).

However,whatyoupresentinintextnotesultimatelydependsupontheassociatedlistingsonthe Referencespage,whichmayincludesourceswithnoidentifiedauthorandotherkindsofsources complicatingthestandardrequirementslistedabove.Notonlyarethereafewkindsofsourcesthat donothavetherequiredinformation,butsomeextrainformationmayberequiredforsomeintext notes,especiallytoavoidconfusionbetweensimilarlycitedsourcesontheReferencespage.Asyou createintextnotes,askthesequestions: Aremorethanfiveauthorslistedforasource?Toavoidacumbersomeintextcitation,you shouldlistonlythefirstauthorslastnamefollowedbytheLatinabbreviationetal.(andothers). Examples:Kurlandetal.(2010)concluded...or...(Kurlandetal.,2010,p.459460). AretwosourceslistedonyourReferencespagewritteninthesameyearbytwoauthors withthesamelastname?Provideinitialsbeforethesurnamestodistinguishthetwosources. Isasourcebyanorganizationalauthor?Anauthorisnotlimitedtoanindividualpersonor specificindividual.Sourcesmaybecreditedtopubliccorporations,privatecompanies,notfor profitorganizations,governmentagencies,andotherkindsofgroupauthors.Whencitingan organizationalauthorinthemainbodyofthetext,spelloutthewholenameofthegroupor organizationthefirsttimeitisused.Ifyouplantouseanabbreviationlaterinthetext,introduce theabbreviationinparenthesesaftertheorganizationsfullname.Insomecases,thisabbreviation willappearinthesameparentheticalnoteastheyearandpagenumber.SeeexampleE.below. Isasourceunsigned?Ifanauthorisunknown,thefirstitemoftheentryontheReferencespage shouldbeatitle,ratherthananauthorsname.Correspondingintextnotesshouldreflectthisfact byreferringtoashortenedversionofthesourcestitleinsteadofaname.Whenatitleappearsin thebodyofthepaper,allmajorwordsshouldbecapitalized.TitlesitalicizedontheReferencespage shouldbeitalicizedwithinthebodyofthetext,whilethosewithnospecialformattingonthe Referencespage,suchasarticletitles,shouldbeplacedwithinquotationmarks.SeeexampleK. AretheremultiplesourcesontheReferencespagewrittenbythesameauthor(s)inthe sameyear?Todistinguishonesourcefromtheother(s),youmustputadistinguishinglowercase letteraftertheyearineachentryontheReferencespagelistingthesameyear(e.g.,1999a,1999b, etc.).Thissamelowercaseletterwillalsoappearinallintextcitationsforthesource. Areyoucitingmultiplesourcesinthesameparentheticalnote?Separateeachcitationwitha semicolonandorderthemaccordingtohowtheyappearintheReferencespagethatis, alphabeticallywithmultiplesourcesbythesameauthorlistedearliesttolatest.SeeexampleK.

24 Areyouusingquotationsorobservationsthatyoursourceattributestoanother,secondary source?Whenquotingapassagethatincludesintextcitationswithinit,youneeddonothing differentthanyouwouldforanyquotation:simplyprovidethepassageverbatim,includingthe sourcesintextnote.Alternatively,youmaydecidetousethesecondarysourceswordsaloneasthe primarypointofinterest,whichcommonlyoccurswhenquotingfrompublicremarkspublishedin newssources.Inwhichcase,youwouldprovideanintextnotecreditingtheauthorwhoisquoted inthesourceyouareactuallyusingtheoneyouareputtingonyourReferencespage.Precedethe intexttothesourcelistedonyourReferencespagewiththephraseasquotedinorascitedin.As longasyoudonotquoteyoursourcessourcedirectly(sometimesabetteroptionwhenactually publishedseparately),youneednotaddittoyourReferencespage.SeeexampleH.below. Doesasourceyouarequotingorparaphrasinglackpagenumbers?Whilemanyonline articlesactuallydohavepagination(especiallyPDFversionswhichmostinstructorsprefer), whenpagenumbersarenotlistedbythesource,citeparagraphorsectionnumbersasprovided (precededbyortheabbreviationpara.).Whennoreferencenumbersareprovidedatall,citeany availablesectionheading.Pagereferencesarenotrequiredforsinglepagesources,butother referencelocatorsarewelcome,especiallyifreferringtoalongWebpage.SeeD.,E.,andG..below.

2.2.3.Howtoplaceandpunctuateintextnotes
Although2.2.1aboveexplainsthetwobasicoptionsyouhaveforplacingintextnotesalongside citedmaterial,writersoftenfindintextnotesdifficulttopunctuatecorrectly.Thissectionoffers moreguidanceonthemechanicsofcoordinatingintextnoteswithspecifickindsofreferences. ShortQuotations(40wordsorless):Whenyoutakeanotherauthorsideaswordforword,you mustputdoublequotationmarksaroundtheinformation(oruseblockformattingforlonger quotesseebelow).Thepagenumber(orotherlocationreferenceseeabove)wherethepassage appearsmustalsobepartoftheintextcitation,presentedinparenthesesafterthequotationand beforetheendpunctuationforthesentence.Thequotationstartsandendswithdoublequotation marks(...).Noticethatforshortquotationstheperiodattheendofthesentencegoesafterthein textcitation,whichgoesoutsidetheclosingquotationmark.
C.SHORTQUOTATIONFROMAPAGINATEDSOURCE

Smith and Smith (2006) subscribe to a value-based definition, stating, a bubble [is] a situation in which the market prices of certain assets (such as stocks or real estate) rise far above the present value of the anticipated cash flow from the asset (p. 3).
D.SHORTQUOTATIONFROMSINGLEPAGESOURCEWITHNOSECTIONHEADINGS

Later in the year, Krugman (2006) characterized Greenspan as an optimist, aligning himself with the pessimists, whom Krugman believed had the stronger case.

25
E.SHORTQUOTATIONFROMNONPAGINATEDSOURCEWITHSECTIONHEADINGS

By 2010, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) offered a detailed definition of predatory lending, including acts wherein lenders knowingly lend more money than the borrower can afford (What Is Predatory Lending?).
LongQuotations(over40words):Quotationswithmorethan40wordsshouldbepresentedas indentedblocksoftextstartingonanewline.Indentonehalfinchfromtheleftmargin.Omit quotationmarks,sincetheindentationandcitationtellreadersthatthewordsarefromasource. Maintaindoublespacing,eveniftheoriginaldoesnotincludedoublespacing.Ifthequotation includesaparagraphbreakwithinit,indentonehalfinchfromthealreadyindentedblockmargin wherethebreakappearsintheoriginal.Unlikeotherquotations,theparentheticalcitationfora blockquotationshouldcomeaftertheclosingpunctuationforthefinalsentenceofthequotation:
F.BLOCKQUOTATION

Schiller (2006) presents a more poetic view of the behavior leading to financial bubbles: The kind of less-than-perfectly rational behavior that underlies the [current] bubble is not abject foolishness. It is not the error of fools. It is more the error that afflicts some of Shakespeare's tragic figuresin the sense of having subtle weaknesses or a partial blindness to reality. (p. 18) The partial blindness described by Schiller appears in many statements from . . .
Shortparaphrases(onesentenceorless):Whenpresentingobservationsfromasource withoutusingthesourcesoriginalwording,youdonothavethechallengeofcoordinating quotationmarksandcitations,butyoustillmustprovidementionoftheauthoranddateanda referencetoaspecificlocationinthesource.Youhavetheoptionofpresentingallthesedetailsina closingparentheticalcitationattheendofthesentence,oryoucanintroducetheauthorandyearin themainflowofthesentence,placingthepagereference(orwhateverlocationreferenceis available)inparenthesesafterthecitedmaterial.Aswithquotations,theendpunctuationmarks forthesentencefollowtheparentheticalcitation(seealsoexamplesA.andB.above).
G.SHORTPARAPHRASEFROMWEBSOURCEWITHSECTIONNUMBERS

Rules for releasing executive pay had not changed since 1993 (White, 2007, sect. 7).
H.SHORTPARAPHRASE(OFSECONDARYSOURCE)FROMWEBSOURCEWITHSECTIONHEADINGS

Writing in 2001, E. Chancellor posited that increased speculative short-selling could actually help prevent financial bubbles (as cited in Chanos, 2003, Short Sellers).

26 Longparaphrases(multiplesentences):Extendedparaphrasesofasourcerequirethewriter bothtomakeclearwhichpiecesofinformationcomefromthesourceandtoidentifyasspecifically aspossiblewherethoseborrowedideasarefoundinthesource.Itmaybethatextended paraphrasescovermaterialspanningmultiplepages,inwhichcase,thewriterwouldneedtoput multiplepagereferencesthroughouttheparaphrase.Theexamplebelowillustratesalong paraphraseofpassagesextendingmultiplepages.Theexamplesofappropriateparaphrasingabove (Section1.4.4.)illustrateaparaphraseoftwosuccessiveparagraphsonasinglepage.

I.LONGPARAPHRASE

The roles of individual agents in producing large-scale financial crises are often hard to identify, but they are important to consider when formulating regulations for trade and commerce. Gray, Frieder, and Clark (2007) offer a series of historical case studies to illustrate connections between financial bubbles and ethical or professional misconduct of individuals (p. 860). The railroad industry of the 19th century, which Gray et al. compare to the dot-com industry of the 1990s (p. 866), is associated with multiple bubbles. In the mid-1800s, one stock bubble is attributed to both economic downturn and falsified books (pp. 867-868). By contrast, a later railroad bubble, leading up to the Panic of 1873, does not appear to be associated with clear ethical misconduct, but is more attributable to debt assumed on unrealistic growth estimates (pp. 869-70). The cases described by Gray et al. illustrate a range of challenges for those who write and enforce regulations: from detecting outright corruption and fraud to balancing the public interest in economic stability with the right of large-scale capitalists to assume risk commensurate with their desired rates of return.
Nomattertheformorlengthoftheoriginalpassage,theparaphrasingwriterhastheresponsibility toshowreadersclearlywhichideascomefromthesourceandwhicharetheoriginalcontributions ofthewriter.Noticehowtheexamplebelowdoesnotrepeatalltheauthorsnamesandtheyearof publicationthroughout.Sincenoothersourcebythesamegroupofauthorsappearsonthe Referencespage,readerscanbeassuredthatallthepagereferencesintheextendedparaphrase refertothearticleintroducedatthebeginningoftheparagraph.Formoreguidanceonhowto streamlinecitationsandmakethemmorereadable,seeSection2.2.3below. Summarystatements:Briefrecapitulationsofthemainpointorconclusionsofasourcerequire nodirectpagereference,butstillneedtobeattributedtoasourceonyourReferencespages.Below aretwoexamples,onecitingasinglesourceandonecitingmultiplesourcessharingasinglepoint:

27
J.SUMMARYOFAUTHORSCONCLUSIONS

Henderschott, Henderschott, and Ward (2003) dismiss the notion that sharp price rises and declines generally indicate financial bubbles driven by unreasonable exuberance.
K.INTEXTCITATIONOFSUMMARYSTATEMENTSREFLECTINGTHECONCLUSIONSOFMULTIPLESOURCES

Although the two years preceding the burst in the housing bubble saw multiple early forecasts of the event (Krugman, 2006; Latest Anderson Forecast, 2005; Leonhardt, 2005), many economics experts, including journalists and academics alike, foresaw no catastrophic downturn (Brennan, 2006; Kudlow, 2006a, 2006b; Smith, 2005). 2.2.3.Whentostreamlinenotesforreadability
Whiletheinstructionsheretoforehavefocusedontherequiredformattingofintextnotes,this sectiongivessomeguidelinesforimprovingreadabilitywhenfrequentintextcitationsbecome cumbersomeforreaderstryingtofollowthemainflowofthepaper.Youmaybeabletostreamline yournotesifyouansweryestoanyofthefollowingquestions: Doyourepeatedlyciteasourceinasingleparagraph?Aslongasthereisonlyonesourcefor theauthor(orgroupofauthors)ontheReferencespage,youcangenerallyomittheyearof publicationforsubsequentcitationsinthesameparagraph,assumingyouhaveintroducedthe sourceinthemainflowofthesentence,ratherthaninaparentheticalnote.However,ifyour Referencespageincludesmultipleentriesfromthesameauthor(s),youllneedtolistayearinall intextcitationsforthesourceinordertotellreadersclearlywhichoftheseentriesisreferenced. Doyourepeatedlyciteasourcewiththreetofiveauthors?Forsourceswithmorethantwo authorsandlessthansix,youmustlistallthelastnamesinthefirstintextcitation.Forintext citationsappearinglaterinthepaper,however,replaceallbutthefirstauthorsnamewiththe Latinabbreviationetal.(andothers).Ifanothersourceyouusewouldalsohavethesame abbreviatedform,thenprovideenoughauthorsnamesforeachintextcitationtodistinguishthe twosources.ExampleI.aboveillustratestheabbreviatedform. Doyoucitethesamesourcemanytimesinarowbeforecitinganothersource?When providingmultiplequotationsorparaphrasedpassagesfromonesourceinthesameparagraph, youdonotneedtorepeattheauthorsnameandyearwitheachreference,aslongasyoudont introduceanothersourcebetweenseparatecitations.Ofcourse,youstillneedtomakesurereaders understandwhichinformationandideascomefromthesourceandwhichrepresentyourown analysesandobservations.Youhaveacoupleofwaystomakethisclearwithoutthecumbersome repetitionoftheauthordateinformation:(a)givenewparentheticalpage(orparagraph,etc.) referencesaftereachsentenceparaphrasingorquotingapassageinthesource;(b)usephrasesof attributiontointroduceinformationfromthesource(e.g.,Theauthorsgoontosay...;Accordingto thestudy,...;etc.).ExampleI.aboveillustratesbothtechniques.

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2.2.4.SourcesneedingintextnotesbutnoentryontheReferencespage
Finally,realizethatthereareafewkindsofsourcesthatrequireintextcitations,butno correspondingentriesontheReferencespage. Areyoucitinganunpublishedcommunication(e.g.,email,memo,interview,etc.).These sourcescannotbefoundandverifiedbyyourreadersbydoingstandardsourcesearches; consequently,thereislittleuseforfullerdetailontheReferencespage.Evenso,youarerequiredto acknowledgewhensuchsourceshaveinfluencedyourownwriting.Whenrelyingonpersonal communicationsforimportantpartsofyourpaper,considerputtingtranscriptsinanappendix(see Section4below).Whetheryouprovidefullertextinanappendixorjustmakepassingreferences, theintextcitationmusthavethefollowinginformation:(a)thelastnameoftheauthor(initialsand namesareacceptablehere),(b)adescriptionofthesource,and(c)thedateofthecommunication.
INTEXTCITATIONSFORUNPUBLISHEDCOMMUNICATIONS

According to one expert, . . . (J. Bolton, personal interview, January 10, 2009). According to an e-mail from M. Tan (personal communication, September 9, 2010), . . .
Areyoucitingclassicalorsacredtextswithwellknowneditionsandcitationpractices? Sincereadershavemanyoptionsforaccessingthesametextyouareusing,youdonotneedan entryontheReferencespagetodirectthemtoaspecificpublication.However,youshouldtell readerstheversionofthetextyouareusingandrefertospecificpassagesbywayofstandardized numberingforthesource.Biblicalpassages,forinstance,arecitedbybook,chapter,andverse; Shakespearesplaysarecitedbyreferringtotheact,scene,andlinenumbers.Manymodern editionsprovideexamples(intheirintroductorymaterials)demonstratinghowtocitespecific passagesthroughstandardcitationschemas.Yourinstructorcanhelpyoudeterminewhethera sourceisconsideredaclassicalorsacredtextcommonenoughtoomitfromtheReferencespage.
INTEXTCITATIONSSACREDANDCLASSICALTEXTSWITHCOMMONVERSIONSANDCITATIONSCHEMES

The authority of civic leaders has often been attributed to a divine hand, as conveyed, for example, in Ezekiel: I will set a shepherd over them (32:23, King James Version).
Areyoucitingafullwebsitewithoutreferringtospecificpages?Whileyouwilloftenquoteor paraphrasespecificpassagesonawebsite,youmayonlymakesummarystatementsaboutthe contentsorauthorshipofasite.Whenreferringtospecificpassages,youmustgiveafullcitationon yourReferencespage(seeSections2.3.3and2.3.4).Ifonlymakinggeneralobservations,however, youneedonlymentionthenameofthesiteandgiveaquickparentheticalnoteforthesitesURL. Sinceyouarereferringtothewholesite,ratherthanaspecificpage,theURLshouldbeveryshort.
INTEXTCITATIONSTOWHOLEWEBSITES(RATHERTHANSPECIFICPAGES)

Amazon (http://www.amazon.com) is a commonly known provider of e-books. . . .

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References Brennan, T. (2006, December 27). Analyst: Housing bubble fears behind us. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id/16368271/Analyst_Housing_Bubble_Fears_Behind_Us Chanos, J. (2003, May 15). [Prepared remarks]. In Hedge fund strategies and market participation. Panel conducted at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Roundtable on Hedge Funds. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/spotlight /hedgefunds/hedge-chanos.htm Gray, K. R., Frieder, L. A., & Clark, G. W. (2007). Financial bubbles and business scandals in history. International Journal of Public Administration, 30, 859-888. doi: 10.1080 /01900690701227420 Krugman, P. (2006, October 30). Bursting bubble blues. The New York Times, late edition, p. 25. Kudlow, L. (2006a, August 22). Greatest story never told. New York Sun. Retrieved from http://www.nysun.com/opinion/greatest-story-never-told/38330/ Kudlow, L. (2006b, March 11). Riding the right curve: Laffer days are here again. National Review. Retrieved from http://old.nationalreview.com/kudlow/kudlow200603111211.asp Latest Anderson forecast sees housing bust ahead. (2005). Forest Products Journal, 55(10), 13. Retrieved from http://www.forestprod.org/FPJonline.html Leonhardt, D. (2005, August 21). Be warned: Mr. Bubbles worried again. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/business/yourmoney /21real.html Schiller, R. J. (2002, May/June). Bubbles, human judgment, and expert opinion. Financial Analysts Journal, 58(3), 18-26. Retrieved from http://www.cfapubs.org/loi/faj Smith, J. F. (2005). There is no housing bubble in the USA. Business Economics, 40(2), 29-35. Retrieved from http://www.palgrave-journals.com/be/index.html Smith, M. H., & Smith, G. (2006). Bubble, bubble, wheres the housing bubble? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1-49. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/economics /bpea.aspx U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (n.d.). Predatory lending. Retrieved October 10, 2010 from http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/sfh/pred/predlend.cfm White, J. W. (2007, February 23). The promise of transparencyCorporation finance in 2007. Speech given at the 29th Annual Conference on Regulation and Business Law in Dallas, TX. Retrieved from the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission website: http://www.sec .gov /news/speech/2007/spch022307jww.htm

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2.3APAReferenceLists
Asnotedabove,allsourcescitedinthebodyofyourpapermustbelistedmorecompletelyona Referencespage,whichfollowsthemaintextofthepaper.Ofcourse,youmaynotbeworkingona researchpaper.Ifworkingonaprojecttobepresentedinanothermediaformat,aslide presentationorWebpage,forexample,youwouldpresentaspecialReferencessectionlistingthe samedetailsdiscussedhere.TheformatoftheReferencespageinaformalAPAstylepaper includingspacing,indentation,andsooniscoveredinSection3.2.4below.Inthissection,we treattheformatofthereferencelistentriesthemselves,includingthekeydetailsrequiredfor particularkindsofsourcesandcommonformattingguidelinesapplyingtoalllistings. Templatesforcitation:Allreferencelistentriesincludevariationsonthesamebasicelements, eachofwhichreflectsinformationusefulforreaderstoaccessandreviewsourcesforthemselves. However,thesebasicpiecesarealteredtoaccommodatethespecialfeaturesofparticularkindsof sources.Thefollowingsections(2.3.12.3.6)coverthesevariations,goingfromthemostbasicand traditionalsourcestomorespecializedandnontraditionalkindsofsources.Tohelpyou understandthesevariations,eachsectionincludes(a)anopeningsetofguidelinesfordealingwith particularkindsofsources,(b)templatesreflectingstandardstructuresforcommonlyusedkinds ofsources,and(c)manyexamplesofreferencelistentriesforrealsources.Immediatelybeloware themostbasictemplatesforprint,online,andrecordedmedia(i.e.,CDs,DVDs,etc.).

2.3.BASICTEMPLATESFORREFERENCELISTENTRIES

TEMPLATES

Print Online

Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of the source. Publication information. Author(s). (Date of online posting). Title of the source. Online retrieval information

Recordedmedia

Main contributor(s) (Contributions). (Date of production).

Title of the source [Format]. Production information.

ThesethreesimpletemplatesillustratethemostbasicstructuresforallentriesontheReferences page.Noticethateachincludesfourparts:(a)authorormaincontributor;(b)dateofpublication; (c)titleofthesource;and(d)publicationinformation.Noticealsothateachpartbeginswitha capitalletterandendswithaperiod(exceptforonlineretrievalinfo).Thechartonthefollowing pageexplainshowtoformatfurthertheinformationthatgoesintoeachelementinthetemplates. Notethatyouwillneedfurtherinstructiontolearnextradetailssometimesrequiredforspecialized andnontraditionalsources.Asnotedabove,thesubsectionsbelowarrangethisaddedinstruction accordingtothemediumbywhichyouaccessedthesource.Keepinmind,finally,thatthe templatesandexamplesinthelatersubsectionscannotpossiblycoverallthevariationstothebasic templatesabove,buttheydoprovideguidanceonthemostcommonlyseensources.

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BASICFORMATTINGRULESFORREFERENCELIST ITEMS
BASIC ELEMENTS OF EACH ENTRY EXAMPLES
Nightingale, F. Date, etc. . . . Wordsworth, W., & Coleridge, S. T. . . . Varela, F., Thompson, E. T., & Rosch, E. Writer, A,. Writer, B., Writer, C., Writer, D.,Writer, E., Writer, F., . . . Writer, Z. Perry, K. (Performer). Tarantino, Q. (Writer/Director). . . . Ginsberg, A. (Writer), & Drooker, E. (Animator). Date, etc. . . . Osbourne, O. (with C. Ayers).

Authors:Listallauthorslastnamefirstintheorderthey appearonthebylineofthesource.Insteadoffullfirst names,provideonlyinitials.Multipleauthorsnamesare separatedbycommas(evenwhenonlytwo)withthelast precededbyanampersand(&).Whenmorethanseven authorsappear,listthefirstsix,anellipses(),thenthelast.

Othercontributors:Alongsideorinplaceofauthors,you willsometimeslistothercontributors.Amoviemightbe creditedtoadirectorandaproducer;asong,toacomposer; etc.Whengivenprimarycredit,listthemasyouwould traditionalauthors,butalsoinsertaparentheticalnote describingtheircontribution(s).Consultingauthorsappearin parenthesesafterthemainauthor,precededbywith.

QUICKREFERERNCEGUIDE

Publicationdate:Inparenthesesaftertheauthors,youwill alwaysputtheyearofpublication.Whenlistingmultiple sourcesforthesameauthorinthesameyear,differentiate eachwithlowercaseletters.Forsomesources(newspaper articlesandWebpostings,forinstance),youwillalsoprovide amonthandday(seemorebelow).Whennopublication dateisidentifiable,putn.d.withintheparentheses.Aperiod followstheclosingparentheses.

Adams, J. (2000). . . . Collins, M. (1991a). . . . Collins, M. (1991b). . . . Michaels, B. (2009, March). . . . Smith, J. (2010, January 4). . . . Williams, V. (n.d.). . . .

Titles:Capitalizeonlythefirstwordandpropernouns.Titles

Longer works

formajorworks,suchasbooks,periodicals,andmovies,are italicized.Titlesofshorterworksneednoextraformatting. Subtitlesappearafterthemaintitle,followedbyacolon.A periodgoesafterthetitleandanyparenthetical/bracketed details(e.g.,edition,format,etc.),whicharenotitalicized.

The social network [Motion picture]. Principles of information security (2nd ed.).
Shorter works Facebook, fad or phenomenon. About (Face)book [Editorial].

Publicationinformationforbooksandrecordedmedia:List thecityofpublicationfollowedbyacommaandafull countrynameorstandardU.S.stateabbreviation.Afterthe city,putacolonandthenameofthepublisherorproduction company.Whennoplaceisgivenforthesource,putthe abbreviationN.p.whereyouwouldlistthecity.

New York, NY: Longman. London, England: W. W. Norton. Columbus, OH: Author. Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office.

Publicationinformationforperiodicalarticles:Listthename oftheperiodicalinitalicsafterthearticlestitle,capitalizing eachword(exceptarticlesandshortprepositions).Ifnota newspaper,insertacommaandthevolume(alsoitalicized), followedbytheissue(inparentheses,noitalics).Next,insert anothercommafollowedbythepageswherethearticle appears.Whenlistingnovolumeorissue,precedethepages withp.(asinglepage)orpp.(multiplepages)asappropriate.

The New York Times, pp. A5-A6. Fortune, 45, 10. Journal of Business Ethics, 5, 99-107. The Star-Ledger (Newark, NJ), pp. 1, 5.

32 Listingretrievalinformationforonlinesources:NotlistedintheQuickReferencetableonthe previouspageareguidelinesforpresentingtheonlineretrievalinformationappearingattheendof entriesforonlinesources.Thisinformationaboutonlinepublicationtypicallyreplacesthe traditionalpublicationdetailsappearingforprintandrecordedmedia.However,aswillbe discussedanddemonstratedinSection2.3.3.,somelistingsofonlinesources,particularlyarticles fromresearchdatabases,requirethatyoulistoriginalprintinformationaswell,whichcanbe usefulforanysourceoriginallyproducedinonemedium,butthenlaterdigitizedtoanonlinesite. Eachlistingforonlinesourcesendswitharetrievalstatement,whichbeginswiththephrase Retrievedfromandincludes,initssimplestform,aUniformResourceLocator(URL)forthesource. TwootherpiecesofinformationmightbeinsertedbeforetheURL(or,morecommonly,web address):(a)adateofmostrecentretrievalforsourcesthatareexpectedtobeupdatedregularly; and(b)thenameofthewebsitehousingthesource(capitalizedbutnoitalics)followedbyacolon, whennotclearfromotherinformationintheentry.WhileSections2.3.36provideplentyof examplesforreview,herearesomebasicguidelinesforlistingretrievalstatements: DonotpresentURLsthatincludesessionspecificqueryinformation;instead,listasearchor homepageforthesite,oradirectpermalinktothesourceitself. Donotlistaretrievaldateforsourcesthatarenotexpectedtochange. DonotputaperiodaftertheURLorincludehyperlinkformatting(i.e.,underlining,etc.) WhenaURLextendsbeyondthelengthoftheline,insertaspacebeforeslashesorperiods atappropriateplacesintheURLtoforcethewordprocessortocreatealinebreak.

Formattingdifferencesbetweenreferencelistentriesandintextnotes:Beforecomingto themoredetailedreferencelistguidelines,itisworthwhiletorecallthatintextnotesshouldrefer directlytospecificentriesontheReferencespage.Whileintextnotesessentiallyrepeatthekey informationofcorrespondingentriesontheReferencespage,forthebenefitofreadability,those detailshaveslightlydifferentformattingwhenappearinginthebodyofthetext.Hereisaquick summaryofhowthesameinformationappearsdifferentlyformattedinthebodyofthepaper versusinthereferencelistentriescoveredbelow. Authorsinitialsareomittedinintextcitationsunlessnecessaryfordistinguishing betweentwoauthorswiththesamelastname.However,whentheauthorsareintroduced inthemainflowofthesentence,youcanalwaysputinitialsorfullfirstnames(ifyoufindit helpsyourpurposes).Whenmentioningmorethanoneauthorinthemainflowofthe sentence,usethefullwordandbeforethelastauthor,ratherthanjustanampersand(&). Theyearaloneappearsinintextnotes,nomatterwhetherthefulldateislistedonthe Referencespage.Besure,however,toprovidedistinguishinglowercaselettersthathave beenattachedtoyeartodistinguishmultipleentriesbythesameauthorinthesameyear (seeexampleI.amongtheintextnotesabove). Titlesarerequiredinintextnotesforunsignedsourcesonly,butyoucanlistthetitleinthe mainflowofthesentenceifyoufeelithelpsyoubetterpositionandintroduceanimportant source.Nomatterwhereyoulisttitlesinthebodyofthepaper,capitalizeallmajorwords, insteadofjustthefirstwordandpropernouns(asisexpectedontheReferencespage). Also,inthebodyofthepaper,titlesthatarenotitalicized,shouldappearwithinquotation marks;italicizedtitlesappearassuchonboththeReferencespageandinthepaperitself.

33

2.3.1.Listingbooksandothernonperiodicalprintpublications
Books,brochures,reports,andsoonarenonperiodicalprintpublicationsfamiliartomostanyone, eventhoughtheirnecessityforresearchwritinghasdiminishedsomewhatsincetheincreaseof accessibleonlinepublicationchannels.Forthepurposesofcitation,youwillneedtopayextra attentiontopublicationdetailseasilyoverlookedwhennotusedfordocumentation. Whatinformationtorecord:Asyoureadthroughsources,besuretorecordtheimportant informationyouwillneedforcitation.Besidesthespecificpagescontainingmaterialyoureference, recordthesekeydetails,whichareusuallyfoundonthetitlepageorcopyrightpageforthesource: Theauthorsofthesource,includingfirstandmiddleinitialslistedonthetitlepage. Thelatestcopyrightandoriginalprintingdate,orotherindicationoftheprintingdate (usuallyonthecopyrightpage,whichappearsonthereversesideoftheinsidetitlepage). Anyindicationsofspecialeditionorversion(usuallyanumber,butsometimesaname). Specialcontributorslistedonthetitlepage,suchasillustrators,editors,ortranslators. Thenamesofchapterorarticlecontributors(authors,translators,etc.)listedinthe bylinesofspecificbookchaptersorarticlesyoureferenceinthebodyofthepapers.(Thisis commonforanthologiesandothereditedcollections.) Theplaceofpublication.(Whenmultiplelocationsarelisted,recordthefirstcity.) Thepublisheror,ifnotavailable,theprinterorprintingorganization.

Asyourecordthekeydetailslistedabove,askthesequestionstomakesureyouarerecordingall therelevantinformationandformattingthecitationcorrectly: Istheauthorofthesourceanorganizationorcorporation?Ifso,listthenameofthe organizationfullyspelledatthebeginningoftheentry,inplaceofapersonalauthorname.Ifthe organizationisalsothepublisher,aftertheplaceofpublication,simplyputthewordAuthor. Isaspecialcontributorgivenequallistingwiththeauthor?Ifyoursourcegivessignificant credittoaspecialkindofcontributor,forinstance,anillustrator,listthecontributorsname alongsidetheauthor(orderingthemastheyappearonthetitlepage),puttinghisorherspecial contributioninparentheses:forinstance,Smith,J.(Illustrator). Isthebookyouareusingarevisedorspecialversion?Listtheeditionnumberorversiontitle inparenthesesimmediatelyafterthetitle,beforetheperiodthatfollowsthetitle.Donotitalicize thisinformation.Notethatotherinformation(e.g.,thevolume)mayalsoappearintheparentheses. Usecommastoseparatemultipleextradetailsappearinginparenthesesafterthebookstitle. Areyouprimarilyreferencingaspecificchapter,ratherthanthewholebook?Forthe author(s)oftheentry,listthechapterswriter(s),whomaybedifferentfromthosecreditedforthe bookitself.Themaintitleforthelistingshouldmatchthechapterstitle(noitalics).Thebookstitle appearsnextinthelisting,precededbyInandthenamesofthosecreditedforthewholebook. Whenthosecreditedforthebookareeditors,putEds.orEd.inparenthesesaftertheirnames. Finally,inparenthesesafterthebookstitle,listthepagesforchapter,precededbypp. Isthebookorchaptercitedatranslation?Listthename(s)ofthetranslator(s)inparentheses (noitalics)afterthetitleofthetranslatedsource,followedbytheabbreviationTrans..

34

2.3.1.PRINTEDBOOKS,BROCHURES,REPORTS,ETC.

BOOK BOOK Twoauthors Foreignpub.City BOOK Threeauthors Revisededition BOOKCHAPTER Articleinedited book BROCHURE Organizational author

Name, A. (YEAR). Title of the book in italics. Publication City, ST: Publisher. Name, A., & Name, B. (YEAR). Title of the book in italics. Publication City, Country: Publisher. Name, A., Name, B., & Name, C. (YEAR). Title of the book in italics (NUM ed.). Publication City, ST: Publisher. Name, A. (YEAR). Title of chapter. In B. Name (Ed.), Title of the book

TEMPLATES

in italics (pp. PAGES). Publication City, ST: Publisher.

Organization Name. (YEAR). Title of the brochure in italics. Publication City, ST: Printer.

EXAMPLES
1.Book Withsubtitle 2.Brochure Org.authorand publisher 3.Book Translation 4.Bookintro Notbyauthor 5.Book Graphicnovel listingillustrator 6.Book Twoauthors,a revisededition 7.Bookchapter Threeauthorsin anedited collection

References Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably irrational: The hidden forces that shape our decisions. New York, NY: Harper. College Board. (2006). CLEP: Shorten your path to a college degree [Brochure]. New York, NY: Author. Fuentes, C. (1996). A new time for Mexico (M. Castaneda and author, Trans.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Original work published in 1994). Kennedy, G. A. (1991). Introduction. In Aristotle, On rhetoric: A theory of civic discourse (pp. 3-22). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Kudlow, J. T., & Neves, D. (Illustrator). (2011). Justice League: Rise and fall. Los Angeles, CA: DC Comics. Lunsford, A., & Ruszkiewicz, J. J. (2009). Everythings an argument (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins. Thompson, E., Lutz, A., & Cosmelli, D. (2005). Neurophenomenology: An introduction for neurophilosophers. In A. Brook & K. Akins (Eds.), Cognition and the brain: The philosophy and neuroscience movement (pp. 40-97). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

35

2.3.2.Listingarticlesfromprintedjournals,magazines,andnewspapers

Periodicalpublications,suchasjournals,magazines,andnewspapers,areregularlypublished sourcesfocusedonmoreorlessspecifictopicsofinterest.Youwilloftenciteindividualarticles fromsuchpublications,especiallyifyourresearchprojectrequiresmorecurrentperspectives withinthefield.Tofindperspectivesfromavarietyofperiodicals,mostresearchersuselibrary researchdatabases,whichhousedigitizedversionsofarticlesfromprintpublications.Consideralso locatingthewebsitesforperiodicalsinyourfield.Suchsitesmayactuallyberequiredforcitationof articlesacquiredonline,buttheyalsomaybeusefulforlearningabouttheauthorityofthesource. Ifyoudochoosetoaccessperiodicalarticlesonline,thelistingontheReferencespagewillneedto includeonlineretrievalinformation,whichiscoveredinthenextsection.Nomatterhowyouaccess theperiodicalarticle,though,youwillneedtoconsiderthedetailsdiscussedinthissection. Whatinformationtorecord:Besidesnotingspecificpagescontainingmaterialyoureference, recordthesekeydetailsfromthebylineofthearticle,coveroftheissue,oritstableofcontents: Theauthorsofthesource,includingfirstandmiddleinitialslistedonthearticlesbyline. Thepublicationdatefortheissuewiththearticle,includingmonthanddaywhenavailable. Thetitleofthearticle,includingsubtitles. Thetypeofarticle(inparticular,editorials,letterstotheeditor,andreviews). Thenameoftheperiodicaland,fornewspapers,theplacewhereitispublished. Thevolumeand/orissuenumber(butnotneededfornewspapers). Anyindicationsthattheissueisaspecialedition. Thepageorpageswherethearticleappearsintheissue.

Asyourecordthekeydetailslistedaboveanddraftyourreferencelistentry,askthesequestionsto makesureyouarerecordingalltherelevantinformationandformattingthecitationcorrectly: Areyoulistinganarticlefromanewspaper?Aftertheauthor(ortitle,ifunsigned),listthefull issuedate,puttingtheyearfirst,acomma,thenmonthandday(ifgiven).Afterthearticlestitle(or date,ifunsigned),listtheperiodicalsname(italicized),acomma,p.orpp.,andthearticlespages.If theperiodicalnamedoesnotindicatethepublicationcity,listitinparenthesesafterthename. Areyoulistinganarticlefromapeerreviewedjournal?Aftertheauthor,provideonlythe yearofthevolumeforthedate.Afterthearticlestitle(ordate,ifunsigned),listinitalicsthe journalsname,acomma,thenthevolume(italicized),anothercomma,andpagenumbersforthe article(nop.orpp.inthiscase).Ifthejournalrestartspaginationwitheachissueinthevolume(or, issuepagination),identifytheissueinparentheses(butnoitalics)immediatelyafterthevolume. Areyoulistingamagazinearticle?Alwaysprovidethefullissuedate.Ifnovolumeorissueis listed,thenformattherestoftheentrylikeanewspaperarticle;otherwise,likeajournalarticle. Isthearticleunsigned?Listthetitleofthearticlefirst,beforethedate.Theperiodicalnamegoes immediatelyafterthedate,followedbythestandarddetailsaboutissueandpages. Isthearticleareview,editorial,orotherspecialgenre?Describethegenreinsquarebrackets ([...])afterthearticletitle.Forreviews,includeareferencetothetitleoftheworkbeingreviewed followedbythenamesofthosegivenprimarycreditforthereviewedwork.

36

2.3.2.ARTICLESINPRINTEDPERIODICALS

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the article. Periodical Name (City), pp. PAGES. Name, A., & Name, B. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the article.

TEMPLATES

MAGAZINEARTICLE Twoauthors Weekly,issue#s UNSIGNEDARTICLE Monthly,noissue# JOURNALARTICLE Fourauthors, pagedbyvolume REVIEWARTICLE Inanewspaper, reviewofabook

Periodical Name, ISSUE, PAGES.

Title of the article. (YEAR, Month). Periodical Name, pp. RANGE. Name, A., Name, B., Name, C., & Name, D. (YEAR). Title of the article. Periodical Name, VOL, PAGES. Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of article [Review of the book Title

of book reviewed, by B. Name]. Periodical Name, pp. PAGES.

EXAMPLES
8.Newspaperarticle Unsigned 9.Bookreview Injournalpagedby volume

References An advocate for equal justice. (2010, March 10). The New York Times, p. 26. Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

10.Lettertoeditor Inweeklymagazine, noissuenumber 11.Journalarticle Threeauthors,in journalpagedbyvol. 12.Journalarticle Fourauthors,in journalpagedby issue 13.Magazinearticle Inweekly,withissue numbers 14.Moviereview Untitledreview,ina newspaper

Bradford, B. (2000, November 19). Newt at rest [Letter to the editor]. New York Times Magazine, p. 28. Davis, J., Payne, G. T., & McMahan, G. (2007). A few bad apples? Scandalous behavior of mutual fund managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 76, 319-334. Nikbin, D., Ismail, I., Marimuthu, M., & Jalalkamali, M. (2010). Perceived justice in service recovery and recovery satisfaction: The moderating role of corporate image. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(2), 47-56. OBrien, D. (2004, August 21). Protecting computers against evil emails. New Scientist, 2461, 23. Puig, C. (2008, July 13). [Review of the movie The incredible hulk, written by Z. Penn & directed by L. Leterrier, 2008]. p. 05e.

15.Magazine Sweeney, E. (2010, September/October). A collective intelligence [Editorial]. editorial American Jails, 24(4), 5, 93. Signed,inbimonthly, discontinuouspaging

37

2.3.3.Listingperiodicalarticlesfromdatabasesandperiodicalwebsites

WhatdistinguishesanonlinearticlefromotherWebpages(discussedinSection2.3.4)isthe presumptionthatthesourceisnotintendedtobeupdated,butisratherwrittenasashort,fixed pieceofwriting,likearticlesappearinginprintperiodicals.Infact,articlesappearinginlibrary databasesoronperiodicalwebsitesareoftendigitizedversionsofarticlesalsoappearinginprint. Thepublisheroftheonlinearticlemaymakeminorcorrections,butonlinearticles,oncepublished, aregenerallyexpectedtoremainunchanged.Consequently,mostoftheinformationforonline articlesisthesameasthatlistedforprintedarticles,especiallywhenthecorrespondingprint detailsarelistedwithanonlineversion.Thereare,however,keydifferencesdiscussedbelow. Whatinformationtorecord:Therearemanyplacestofindarticlesonline:librarydatabases, periodicalwebsites,andavarietyofthirdpartysites.Whereveryoulocateanarticle,lookforthe standarddetailsforprintarticles,includingperiodicalname,volumeandissuenumbering,and pagelistingswherethearticlealsoappearsinprint(seeSection2.3.3.above).Butalsopay attentiontospecialonlinepublicationdetails,includingtheURLsfortheperiodicalswebsiteand thearticleitself.EitheroftheseWebaddressesmaybenecessaryfortheretrievalstatementatthe endofthereferencelistentry,whichisanaddedrequirementattheendoflistingsforonline sources(seeabove).Oneotherdetailisimportanttolookfor.ThelatestAPAguidelinesaskfor DigitalObjectIdentifiers,which,whenavailable,replaceallotheronlineretrievalinformationinthe listing. LocatingDigitalObjectIdentifiers(DOIs):ADOIisauniquealphanumericstringassigned... toidentifycontentandprovideapersistentlinktoitslocationontheInternet(APA,2010,p.189). SinceaDOIisuniqueandpermanentforeachofficialelectronicversionofasource,itispreferred bytheAPAtoURLreferences,whichcanfrequentlychange.Unfortunately,notallsourceshave beenassignedDOIs.HerearethreestrategiesforlocatingasourcesDOI(ifitexists): (a)Lookattheresearchdatabasesbibliographicinformationforthearticle.Often,theDOIcanbe foundonthedatabasesearchorresultspagewhereyoufirstlocatedthearticle.Forexample:

(b)Lookattheelectronic versionofthearticleitself.The DOIisoftenlocatedonthefirst pageofanarticle,nearthe copyrightnoticeorinthefooter ofthefirstpage.Totheright, youwillfindanimageofthe firstpageofaPDFversionofan articlewithaDOI.

38 (c)UseaDOIcrossreferencingsite:IfyoucannotlocatetheDOIonthefirstpageofthearticle,goto <http://www.crossref.org/guestquery>.ThissiteandotherslikeitallowyoutosearchforDOIs basedonotherdetailsyoushouldalsohaveaboutthesource,includingtitle,periodical,andauthor. UsingDOIsinthereferencelistentry.IfyousuccessfullylocatetheDOIforasource,placethe identifier(precededbydoi:)attheendoftheentry(noperiodafter);nootherretrievalinformation isneededwhenDOIsarelisted.Forthearticleabove,theentrylookslikethis:

REFERENCELISTENTRYFORASOURCEWITHADOI

Perry, B. (2010). Exploring academic misconduct: Some insights into student behaviour. Active Learning in Higher Education, 11(2), 97-108. doi: 10.1177/146978741036565
RetrievalstatementswhennoDOIisavailable:Inthenextsection,youwilllearnmoreabout howtociteawidevarietyofonlinesources,,whichoftenincludeadateofaccessintheirretrieval statements.Aswithallelementsinthebasicreferencelisttemplates,however,therearekey variations.Foronlinearticles,firstofall,noretrievaldateislisted,becausethesourceisassumedto remainunchanged.OnlinearticlesalsohavespecialrequirementsforlistingtheURLforthesource. WhennoDOIisavailable,askthesequestionstodeterminewhichURLtoprovide: Didyoulocatethearticleontheperiodicalswebsite?Yourretrievalstatementshouldatthevery leastincludetheURLfortheperiodicalshomepage.However,ifthearticleisreliablyretrievedon theperiodicalsitethroughaURLlinkingdirectlytoit,youshouldprovidethisfullerURL.Donot providefullURLs,though,whenaccesstothearticlerequiresaloginorwhentheonlydirectURLis excessivelylong.Somesiteswillactuallyprovideapermanentlinksuitableforcitation. Didyoulocatethearticleinaresearchdatabase?Neverlistthefull,directURLforarticlesaccessed throughresearchdatabases,sincethoseWebaddressesareoftencryptic,overlylong,andsession specific.ThelatestAPAguidelinesaskyouinsteadtodoastandardWebsearch(e.g.,inGoogle)for theperiodicalswebsite,listingtheURLforthehomepageoftheperiodicalswebsite.Onceyou locatetheperiodicalswebsite,youcanfollowtheguidelinesinthepreviousparagraph. Theexpectationtolocatetheperiodicalswebsitemayseemstrangeforarticlesfromdatabases,but thereissomereasonbehindit.Databasesoftenchangetheirofferings,solaterreaderscanmore reliablyuseaperiodicalsownonlinearchivesthanthefulltextofferingsinathirdpartydatabase. OnecanunderstandtheAPAsconcernaboutreliableaccessovertime,onceoneconsidersthatthe APAguidelinesaboveareprimarilyframedforusebyacademicpublishersofferingbooksand papersintendedtoserveaslastingrecordsofresearch. Forclassassignments,however,otherguidelinesmaybemoreappropriate.Inparticular, instructorsmayaskyoutolistthedatabasename(e.g.,LexisNexisAcademic,AcademicSearch Premiere,BusinessSourceComplete,etc.)insteadoftheperiodicalsURL,indicatingwhereyou actuallyfoundthearticlewithinlibraryresearchdatabases.Instructors,then,caneasilylocatethe articlethemselvesforreference.(SeetheHarleyexampleonthefollowingpage.)Aswithother modificationstoAPAsofficialrecommendations,followtheexpectationssetbyyourinstructor.

39

2.3.3.PERIODICALARTICLESINDATABASES,ONPERIODICALSITES

ONLINEARTICLE Digitizedto newspaperssite

Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the article. Periodical Name, pp. PAGES. Retrieved from http://periodicalsite/home.html Name, A., Name, B., Name, C., & Name, D. (YEAR). Title of the article. Periodical Name, VOL(ISSUE), PAGES. Retrieved from http://journalsite/home.html Name, A., & Name, B. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the article.

TEMPLATES

ONLINEARTICLE Digitizedfrom journalinto database ONLINEARTICLE DOIavailable ONLINEARTICLE Availableonlyon periodicalsite

Periodical Name, VOL(ISSUE), PAGES. doi: DOI.NUMBER

Name, A. (YEAR). Title of the article. Periodical Site. Retrieved from http://journalsite/article.html

EXAMPLES
16.Journalarticle Fromnon subscriptione journal,noDOI

References Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social Psychology, 6(9), 124133. Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htm

17.Magazinearticle Campanelli, M. (2000, August). Spanning the globe: Localizing your Web site. Fromaperiodical Entrepreneur. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/30718-4 site,noDOIlisted 18.Journalarticle Dehaene, S., Pegado, F., Braga, L. W., Ventura, P., Filho, G. N., Jobert, A., . . . Fromadatabase, Cohen, L. (2010). How learning to read changes the cortical networks for pagedbyvolume, morethanseven vision and language. Science, 330, 1359-1364. doi: 10.1126/science.1194140 authors,withDOI 19.Journalarticle Dimofte, C. V., Johansson, J. K., & Ronkainen, I. A. (2008). Spanning the globe. Fromadatabase, Marketing Management, 17(5), 40-43. Retrieved from http://www pagedbyissue, threeauthors,no .mmaglobal.org/publications/marketingmanagementjournal.html DOI 20.Magazinearticle Harley, B. (1995, December). Spanning the globe. Database Magazine, 18(6), Fromdatabase,no 52-57. Retrieved from Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition database. periodicalwebsite
21.Newspaperarticle

Fromadatabase, twoauths.,noDOI 22.Journalarticle Pagedbyvolume, withDOI

Swanson, M., & Paul-Johnson, E. (2010, July 6). Spanning the globe. The Press Enterprise. Retrieved from http://www.pe.com Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555. doi:10.1006/ssre.2000.0680

40

2.3.4.ListingWebpages,blogs,readerpostings,andebooks

TheWorldWideWebofferssomanykindsofsourcesdeliveredinsomanydifferentformatsthat citationsystemshavedifficultykeepingupnottomentionstudentsandinstructors!Evenso, therearesomestandarddetailsyoucanlookfortoinsureyourcitationdoesnotomitimportant info.Manyoftheguidelinesbelowalsoapplytorichmediaandspecialgenresourcescoveredin Sections2.3.5.and2.3.6.HerewefocusongenericWebpages,blogs,userpostings,andebooks. Whatinformationtorecord:Asyouwouldforothersources,lookforthekeyelementsofthe basicreferencelistentry:author,date,title,andpublicationinformation.Thelackofstandardsfor publicationcan,however,makeidentifyingsomeimportantdetailsdifficult.Herearesuggestions: TheauthorsforWebsourcescanbelistedinmanyplaces,includinginabylineatthetop, inthefooterofthepage,orevenonaseparatepagelinkedtotheoneyouarereferencing. Thepublicationdateforonlinesourcesisgenerallythepostingdate,whichcanappearina varietyoflocationsonthepage;acopyrightdateforthesitemaybeallthatisavailable. Thetitlesofonlinesourcesarealsosometimestricky,sincemostappearaspartofthe hierarchywithinalargersite,somakesuretoexploretheoverallsitehousingthesource. Originalproductioninformationissometimeslistedforthesource(e.g.,printdate),etc. Thelastdateyouretrievedthesourceshouldbenotedforpagesupdatedregularly. AdirectURL(i.e.,Webaddress)canoftenbepareddowntoomitunnecessaryqueryinfo. ThewebsitenameandmainURLofthesitearealsooftenusedtocitesources. Remember,finally,torecordlocationreferences(e.g.,sectionnumbers,headings,etc.) wherematerialyoureferenceappears.NotethatsomeWebsourcesdohavepagenumbers.

AreyoucitingaWebpageoranodeofWebpages?Begintheentryasyouwouldforaprinted report,listingtheauthorfirst(ortitle,ifunsigned).NotethattheauthorofsomeWebsourcesis assumedtobethesameorganizationhousingthesourceonitswebsite(butnotforonline articlesseebelow).Next,listthepostingdateandtitle(italicized).Finally,putRetrievedfrom,a retrievaldate(unlessthesourceisassumedtoremainunchanged)andthesourcesURL. AreyoucitingaWeblogorblogposting?Thetitleofthepostingshouldnotbeitalicized; insert[Weblogpost]afterit.Besuretolistthefullpostingdate,butomittheretrievaldate. Areyoucitinganonlinearticlefromanonperiodicalwebsite?Donotitalicizetitlesforthese sources;ifthearticledoesnotnameanauthorinthebyline,putthetitlefirst(justasyouwouldfor periodicalarticles).Ifitisaspecialkindofarticle(e.g.,areview),noteitinbracketsafterthetitle. Areyoucitingreadercontributedcontent,ratherthananeditedposting?Describethepost insquarebracketsafterthesubjectline(noitalics):forexample,[Weblogcomment]or[Online forumcomment].Besuretoprovidethefulldateoftheposting;theretrievaldatecanbeomitted. Istheidentityofthewebsitehousingthesourceindicatedclearlybyotherpartsofthe entry?Ifnot,listthenameofthesite(noitalics)aftertheretrievaldate,beforetheURL. Areyoucitinganebookorebookchapter?Starttheentrylikeasimilarprintsource.In bracketsafterthetitle,however,describethefileformat.Replacethepublicationdetailswitha retrievalstatementlistingtheURLforthesourceor,ifadirectURLisnotreliable,theURLforthe siteprovidingtheebook.IfaDOIisavailable,provideonlytheDOI(seeSection2.3.3).

41

2.3.4.WEBPAGES,ONLINE POSTINGS, AND EBOOKS

WEBPAGE Organization Name. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the page italicized. Byorg.author Retrieved Month DAY, YEAR, from http://orgsite/page.html Updatedregularly

TEMPLATES

BLOGENTRY Authorgiven USERPOSTING Siteclarified EBOOK,REPORT Printed& digitizedtodbase

Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the blog entry [Web log posting]. Retrieved from http://blogsite/page.html Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of post [Reader comment]. Retrieved from Name of Site website: http://website/page.html Name, A. (YEAR). Title of the book italicized [Format not italicized]. Retrieved from http://databasesite/page.html

EXAMPLES

References

23.Webpage/node American Management Association. (n.d.). Training options. Retrieved July 1, Groupauthor,no 2010, from http://www.amanet.org/government/trainingoptions.aspx dateposted 24.Ebook Ereaderversion, noDOI

Carnegie, D. (2009). How to win friends and influence people (Reissue ed.). [Kindle Edition version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com (Original work published in 1937)

25.Ebook Donogue, D. (2008). On eloquence. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com/lib Digitizedto /librarytitles/home.action database,noDOI 26.Online report Digitizedtoorg. site,noDOI 27.Forum posting 28.Blogposting

Gill, K., Brooks, K., McDougall, J., Patel, P., & Kes, A. (2010). Bridging the gender divide. Retrieved from the International Center for Research on Women website: http://www.icrw.org/publications/bridging-gender-divide Goodwin, A. (2009, June 12). Okay, Ill bite [Online forum posting]. Retrieved from http://forums.cnet.com/7723-7811_102-344788.html?messageId =3060623 Kiume, S. (2007, August 17). Loneliness isn't good [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/ 2007/08/17/loneliness-isnt-good/

29.Onlinearticle Ricky Gervais sends friend around world for series. (2011, January 7). Retrieved Unsigned,on from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/01/06/ap/entertainment newswebsite (i.e.,non /main7220544.shtml periodicalsite) 30.Webpage/node World Wide Web Consortium. (2010). The semantic web. Retrieved January 1, Groupauthor, 2011, from http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb copyrightdated

42

2.3.5.Listingaudio,video,andmultimediasources
Movies,radiobroadcasts,televisionseries,andotherrichmediacontentwilloftenbeusedin researchpaperstreatingavarietyofsubjects,fromstudiesofculturaltrendstoanalysesof economicforecasts.Infact,thesekindsofsourcesareusedmorethanever,sinceonlineaccessto themhasimprovedsosignificantly.Whilesuchwidespreadaccesshasenabledwriterstodrawona largerpoolofresources,thevariationsinhowresearchersaccessthesekindsofsourcescreates someaddedcomplicationsforcitationpurposes.Tobestunderstandtheguidelinesbelow,you shouldreviewtheguidelinestotheprevioussections,whichcovermorebasiccitationpracticesfor bothonlineandofflinesources.Thesourcesinthissectionrequireminorvariationstothosebasics. Whatinformationtorecord:Oneofthemostobviousspecialrequirementsforthesesources involvesthewayauthorsarelisted.Whilemostmassproducedsourcesinvolvethecontributionsof multipleindividualsbesidesthewritersgivencreditonthetitlepageorbyline,thespecial contributionsofthosecreatingrichmediasourcesareoftenmoresignificant,sosignificantthatthe specialcontributorsareusuallypresentedastheauthorsofthesource.Adirector,forinstance, mightbelistedfirstforamovie,whileaperformermightbelistedfirstforamusicalrecording eventhoughneitherofthesecontributorsmightactuallybetheauthorofthescriptorlyrics.Here aresomedetailstolookforasyourecordinformationaboutthesekindsofsources: Thecontributorswhoaregiventopbillingforthesourceandthoseyoufeelaremost relevantforyourpurposeinwriting(e.g.,performerswhoseworkyouareanalyzing,etc.). Theproductiondateforthesource,whichmaybearecordingororiginalreleasedatefor musicalrecordingsandmoviesorabroadcastdatefortelevisionandradio,etc. Thetitleofthesources,includingbothepisodeandseriesorprogramnames. TheproductionlocationandcompanyforCDs,DVDs,andotherrecordedmedia,. Forsourcesaccessedonline,theformatofthesource(seebelow),theURLofthesource itself,andtheURLofthesiteprovidingthesource.

Asyourecordthekeydetailslistedaboveanddraftyourreferencelistentry,askthesequestionsto makesureyouarerecordingalltherelevantinformationandformattingthecitationcorrectly: Areyoucitingrecordedmedia,suchasDVDsorCDs?Asnotedabove,youllhaveafew optionsforlistingtheauthorsforthesource,dependingonhowthesourceiscredited(e.g.,tothe director,totheproducer,totheperformer,etc.).Thedateofproductiongoesnextandthenthetitle ofthesource(italicized).Immediatelyafterthetitle,listthemediaformatinsquarebrackets(no italics).Finally,closetheentrywithproductioncityandcompany. Areyoucitingaradioortelevisionbroadcast?Afterlistingthemaincontributors,providethe dateforthespecificbroadcastyouareciting.Thenlistthetitleoftheprogram,puttingthemedium insquarebracketsafter.Ifatitlehasbeengiventotheparticularepisodeyouareciting,listit(no italics),thentheformat,aperiod,andtheprogramname(precededbyIn).Theendoftheentry shouldincludethecitywherethebroadcastwasheardorviewedandthenetworkorstation. Areyoucitingavideooraudiodownloadorpodcast?Thefirstpartoftheentrywillmatch similarsourcesonrecordedorbroadcastmedia.Afterthetitle,though,describetheformat.Inplace ofproductioninformation,providestandardretrievalinformation(noretrievaldateisrequired).

43

2.3.5.VIDEO,AUDIO,ANDOTHERRICHMEDIASOURCES

DVDoffilm Directorgiven primarycredit Radiobroadcast Hostgiven primarycredit Podcastofvideo Televisionepisode Broadcastmedia Multiple contributors Downloaded Video Postdategiven

Name, A. (Writer), & Name, B. (Director). (YEAR). Title of the film [DVD]. Production City, ST: Production Company. Name, A (Host). (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of program [Radio program]. Broadcast City, ST: Station. Name, A. (Contribution). (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of podcast [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://podcastsite/page.xml Name, A (Contribution), & Name, B. (Contribution). (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In Title of

TEMPLATES

the series italicized. Broadcast City, ST: Station.

Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of the video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://website/page.html

EXAMPLES
31.Movie theatrical release 32.VideoClip Downloadfrom database 33.Television broadcast 34.Television episode OnDVD

References Affleck, B. (Writer/Director), Iwanyk, B., & King, G. (Producers). (2010). The town [Motion picture]. United States: Warner Brothers. Agoyen. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY Cheap Trick (Performers). (2011, January 1). Austin city limits [Television series episode]. Austin, TX: KRLU. Coyne, S., Martin, B. (Writers), & McKinney, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Madness in great ones [Television series episode]. In Slings and arrows: The complete collection [DVD]. Silver Spring, MD: Acorn Media.

35.Radio broadcast 36.Podcast Ofaradio program 37.CDliner notes Songlyrics,with originaldate

Gross, T. (Host). (2010a, January 6). Fresh air [Radio program]. Columbus, OH: WCBE. Gross, T. (Host). (2010b, July 30). Fresh air [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/rss/podcast.php?id=13 Young, N. (n.d.). After the gold rush [CD liner notes]. In After the gold rush [CD]. Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers. (Original work recorded in 1970)

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2.3.6.Listingreferencearticles,governmentdocuments,andotherspecialgenres
Thesourceslistedonthispagerepresentspecialgenresthathavemoreorlessuniquecitation requirements.Thesesourcescanbefoundbothonlineandinprint,andtheirpublicationdetails shouldbelistedaccordingly.Besuretoreviewtheguidelinesinearliersectionssoyouunderstand howthebasiccitationrequirementsalreadycoveredareadjustedtofitthesespecialgenres. Areyoucitinganentryfromareferencework,suchasanencyclopediaordictionary?If thereisabylinefortheentry,whichsometimesoccursinhighlyspecializedreferenceworks,then listthatauthoratthebeginningofyourcitation.Ifnoauthorisidentifiedforthespecificentry, beginwiththetitleoftheentry(noitalicsorquotationmarks).Next,listthecopyrightyearor,for onlinereferences,themostrecentpostingdatefortheentry(ifprovided).Next,providethetitleof theoverallreferenceworkinitalics,precededbythewordIn.Provideanyavailableeditionor volumeinformationinparentheses(noitalics)afterthetitle.Finally,listpublicationdetailsas appropriateforthemedium:eitherplaceandpublisheroronlineretrievalinformation. Areyoucitingaspeech,lecture,orotherpresentation?Listlikeanyotheroriginalwork, beginningwiththenameofthepresenter,date,andtitle(initalics).Afterthetitle,describethe presentation(e.g.,speech,lecture,etc.),givingthenameoftheevent,sponsoringorganization,and locationwheretheeventtookplace.Whenusingatranscriptofapresentation,closetheentrywith therelevantpublicationinformation(i.e.,asabookpart,aperiodicalarticle,orWebsource). Areyoucitinganorganizationsponsoredreport?Ifusingaprintedcopy,citelikeabook;if usinganonlinecopy,citelikesimilaronlinesources(i.e.,ebooksorWebpages).Inparentheses afterthetitle,insertanyidentifyingreportnumbers.Notethatmanyreportsarebyorganizational authors,butsomecreditspecificindividuals.Thepublisherisusuallyanorganization,however. Areyoucitingdocumentsbygovernmentagencies?Thesesourcesaregenerallycitedlike similargroupauthorsourcesinthesamemedium.Whenlistingtheauthoringorganization, however,besuretobeginwiththeoverallgovernmententity(e.g.,U.S.;Ohio;FranklinCounty;City ofColumbus,OH;etc.),narrowingdowntotheagencyorofficeproducingthedocument. AreyoucitingofficialdocumentsproducedbytheU.S.Congress?Thereareconventional abbreviationsusedfordocumentsproducedbytheU.S.Congress(seehttp://www.loc.gov).Begin theentrywithanabbreviationindicatingthegovernmententityresponsibleforthesource(e.g.,S. forSenate,H.R.forHouseofRepresentatives,etc.).Thenlistofficialtypeofdocument(e.g.,Res.for Resolution,Rep.forReport,etc.)alongwithanyassociatednumericidentifier.Finally,listthe numberoftheCongressionalsessionandtheyearofpublication. AreyoucitingtheCongressionalRecord?Afterthenumericidentifierforthedocument(see above),putacomma,thevolumehousingthematerials,theabbreviationCong.Rec.,andthepage wheretherelevantmaterialsbeginintheCongressionalRecord,allbeforethepublicationdate. AreyoucitingaCongressionalhearingortestimony?Startwiththetitleofthetestimonyor hearing,includingthenameoftherelevantcommitteeallinitalics.Next,putacomma,the numberoftheCongress,andthefirstpagewherethehearingbeginsintheofficialdocumentation.

45

2.3.6.REFERENCEARTICLES,PRESENTATIONS,GOV.DOCS.,ETC.

ReferenceArticle OnlineReport Presentation

Reference article title. (YEAR, Month DAY). In Title of reference

italicized (Xth ed., Vol. No., pp. PAGES). Pub. City, ST: Publisher
Organization Name. (YEAR). Title of report (Report number). Retrieved from http://orgwebsite/page.html Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of presentation. Description with name of Event, Organization, Presentation City, ST.

TEMPLATES

Online presentation materials Congressional documents

Name, A. (YEAR, Month DAY). Title of presentation[Format]. Retrieved from http://website/page.html Document Identifier, Congressional Session. (YEAR).

EXAMPLES

References

38.Annualreport Girl Scouts of the USA. (2010). 2009 annual report. New York, NY: Author. 39.Presentation Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Invention (prewriting) [PowerPoint file]. materialsonline Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/ppt Undatedslidesin PowerPoint /20071017013746_695.ppt format 40.Dataset Pew Research Center. (2010, November). Paid content (omnibus) [SPSS data file]. Ownedby Retrieved from the Pew Internet and American Life website: organization

http://www.pewinternet.org/Data-Tools/Download-Data/Data-Sets.aspx
41.Onlineref.art. Psychometrics. (n.d.). In The psychology wiki. Retrieved January 8, 2011, from Nopostingdate http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Psychometrics onwiki 42.Class Handout

Stirm, A. (2005, Spring). The importance of strong introductions and conclusions. ENG 111: Bowling Green State University.

43.Online U.S. National Endowment for the Arts. (2009). 2008 survey of public participation Report in the arts (NEA Research Report #49). Retrieved from http://www.nea.gov/ From government research/2008-SPPA.pdf agency 44.Referenceart. Winfrey, Oprah. (2005). In C. H. Krismann (Ed.), Encyclopedia of American Editedreference women in business (Vol. II, pp. 563-565). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. work 45.Onlineref. art.Noeditors named

Zambia. (2010, December 28). In The world factbook. Retrieved January 6, 2011, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html

46

3.APADocumentFormatting
ThefollowsectionsexplainhowtoformatastudentpaperinAPAformat.Asmentionedearlier (Section2),APAstyleisgenerallyusedforwritersseekingtopublishresearchinthesocial sciences.However,likeotherstyleconventions(mostnotablyMLA),APAhasalsobeenadaptedfor thepurposesofpreparingformalpapersforacademiccoursework.Manyoftheconventionsused byresearcherspreparingmanuscriptsforprofessionalpeerreviewers(i.e.,fellowexpertsinthe field)matchthoseexpectedbyinstructorsforthepurposesofpeerreviewbyclassmates,notto mentioncommentarybyinstructorsthemselves.Specificinstructorsandcourseassignmentsmay requirevariationsonthefollowingstandardformatting.Whennoextraclarificationisgiven,use theconventionsdiscussedinthissection.

3.1.FormatSettingsAppliedtotheWholeDocument
Thefollowingsettingsshouldbeappliedtoyourwholewordprocesserdocument.Onoccasion,you mayhavesectionsorpassagesthatrequireminoradjustments,suchastablesandappendices. Thesearecoveredlaterinthesection.

3.1.1.Pagelayoutsettings
APApapersarelaidoutlikemostacademicmanuscripts,includingamplemarginsforeasy annotation,runningpagenumbersforeasyreference,andinformativepageheaders. Margins:Setmarginstooneinchonallsides.DonotconfusethecorrectAPAmarginswiththe defaultpagesetupinMicrosoftWord.Word2007,forexample,defaultstowidermarginsthan desiredontheleftandright.Changethemarginsetuptooneinchwhenyoucreateyourdocument. Pageheaderwithpagenumbers:Apageheaderisanabbreviatedversionofyourpaperstitle andthepagenumber.Usingyourwordprocessorsheadercommand,insertintheupperleft handcornerofeachpageashortversionofyourpaperstitle(orthetitleitselfifnottoolong).Tab onthesamelinetotherightedgeoftheheader,insertinganautoincrementedpagenumber,which allwordprocessorsprovide(checktheInsertmenu).Thetitlepageisalwayspage1.Note:Your instructormaypreferthatyoulistyourlastnameinsteadoftheshorttitleforthepaper.

3.1.2.Paragraphandtypesettings
ThefollowingsettingscanbeappliedquicklytothewholepaperusingtheSelectAllcommand (Ctrl+AinWindows). Font:Usea11or12pointSeriffont,TimesNewRomanorsimilar.Yourinstructormayhave specificpreferences. Linespacing:Doublespacethroughout,includingthetitleandReferencesPages.Donotaddline breaksmanually,andletMicrosoftWorddeterminewhenthelineends. Paragraphindentationandalignment:Indentthefirstlineofeachparagraphby.5.Leftalign yourpaper;thismeansthattherighthandmarginofthepaperwillberaggednotalllineswill endatthesamespot,asinanewspaper.Also,makesureautomatichyphenationisturnedoff.

47

3.2.StandardPartsofanAPAPaper
AnAPApaperincludesanumberofstandardparts,althoughsomeprojectsdonotrequireallthe parts.Consultyourassignmentinstructionsorinstructorforguidanceonwhatisexpected.Note alsothateachofthepartsdiscussedbelowbeginsonanewpage.Pagenumberingiscontinuous throughout,beginningwiththetitlepage.Usuallyonlythebodypagescount,however,when determiningwhetherapapermeetsanassignmentsrequiredlengthinpagesorwordcount.

3.2.1.Titlepage
Thetitlepageshouldbecenteredverticallyandhorizontallyonthepageandincludethe(a)titleof yourpaper(orassignmentname),(b)yourname,(c)thecoursetitle,(d)professorsname,and(e) thedatethedraftwassubmitted(makingsuretochangethisdatewhensubmittingthefinaldraft). Itshouldalsobedoublespaced.*Note:Someprofessorsmaywantstudentstoalsoincludecourse andsectionnumberswiththecoursetitle.

SHORT TITLE

TITLEPAGECHECKLIST:

Title of the Paper Students Name Course Title Professors Name Date of draft

Do 1.Centerverticallyandhorizontallyonpage. 2.Includethefollowinginformation: a.TitleofPaper(orassignmentname) b.Yourname c.CourseTitle d.ProfessorsName e.Dateofdraft 3.Doublespaceeachitem. 4.Useoneinchmargins. 5.Usethesamefontandpointsizeastherestof thedocument.

DoNot 1.Insertgraphicsorusespecialformatting. 2.Usethesamedateforfirstandfinaldrafts.

3.2.2.Abstractpage
Anabstractisaquicksummaryhighlightingthekeypointsofyourpaper.Abstractsarenotthe sameasintroductions,whichgenerallyintroducereaderstothemainthesisofthepaperby providinganinterestingandinformativecontext.Bycontrast,anabstractwillpresentabrief descriptionofhowthethesisormainclaimisdemonstratedinthebodyofthepaper.

48 Notallwritingassignmentsrequireabstracts,buttheyareoftenexpectedforlongerpapers. However,ifyouarerequiredtoincludeanabstract,beginonanewpage,withthewordAbstractat thetop(noboldorquotationmarks).Theabstractshouldbe150200words(thoughyour instructormayspecifyanotherlength.Useallthestandardformattingguidelines(doublespacing, etc.)discussedabovebutdonotindentthefirstlineoftheabstract,likeyouwouldmost paragraphs.(TheLatintextusedfortheexamplescomesfrom<http://www.thelatinlibrary.com>.)

1 Abstract Cogitanti mihi saepe numero et memoria vetera repetenti perbeati fuisse, Quinte frater, illi videri solent, qui in optima re publica, cum et honoribus et rerum gestarum gloria florerent, eum vitae cursum tenere potuerunt, ut vel in negotio sine periculo vel in otio cum dignitate esse possent; ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi atque animum ad utriusque nostrum praeclara studia referendi fore iustum et prope ab omnibus concessum arbitrarer, si infinitus forensium rerum labor et ambitionis occupatio decursu 1 honorum, etiam aetatis flexu constitisset. 1

SHORT TITLE

ABSTRACTCHECKLIST

Do 1.Provideaheadingforthepage:Centertheword Abstractatthetop(nobold,italics,orcolonafter). 2.Leftaligntheparagraph,leavingaraggedright edge:UseyourwordprocessorsParagraph settings,omittingindentationforthefirstline. 3.Usethesamemarginsandspacingastherestof thedocument:Doublespacewith1inchmargins. 4.Usethesamerunningpageheaderastherestof thepaper:TheAbstractwillalwaysbepage2. DoNot 1.Insertblanklinesafterthepageheading. 2.Indentthefirstlineoftheabstract. 3.Rightjustifyorhyphenatethedocument;instead, leavearaggedrightedgeforthetext. 4.Exceed200words.

3.2.3.Thebodyofthepaper
Whilethesettingsdiscussedin3.1providethebasicguidelinesforthebodyofthepaper,keepin mindthatsomepartsofthepaperrequirespecialformatting,includingchangesinparagraph indentation,font,andalignment.Inthissection,wewillcoverthespecialformattingrequiredfor sectionheadings.Herearethelocationswhereotherspecialformattingiscoveredinthismanual:

BlockquotationsarecoveredinSection2.2.3.above. FigureandtableformattingiscoveredinSection3.6.below. Listformattingiscoveredin3.6.below.

APAsectionheadings:APAdocumentformatencouragestheuseofsectionheadingswithin longerpapers.Infact,APAprovidesspecificheadingstouseforempiricalstudies,whichshould havethefollowingmainsections:Introduction(notactuallygivenaheading),Method,Results, Discussion,andConclusion.Unlessyouareapsychologymajor,mostofyourpaperswilluseother headingsmoreappropriateforthepaperyouhavebeenassigned.Asyoudeterminethe

49 appropriatesectionlabels,notethestandardformattingforheadingsindicatingnewsectionsor subsections.Thefollowingdiagramshowstheappropriateformatforsectionheadingsand subsectionsatvariouslevels:

Top Level Headings are Centered and Bold with Major Words Capitalized Second Level Headings are Left-Aligned and Bold with Major Words Capitalized Third level headings are left-aligned, indented, bold, and ending with a period. Fourth level headings are left-aligned, indented, italicized, bold, and ending with a period.

Youprobablywillnothavemuchneedforthirdandfourthlevelheadings,unlesswritingapaper morethan10or15pages.Someinstructorsmayaskthatyouavoidheadingsforparticular assignments.Whenallowed,youaregenerallyencouragedtotakeadvantageofAPAsection headingsforpapersmorethanthreeorfourpages.Beawarealsothatyourinstructororthe assignmentitselfmaydirectyoutousespecificheadingsreflectingtheaimsofthegenreofpaper youarewriting.Whenyoudonotusethoseheadingstoarrangematerialinthebodyofyourpaper, youwilllikelyhavepointsdeductedfromthegradeofthepaper.NOTE:Noextralinespacing appearsbeforeoraftertheheadings.

SHORT TITLE 1 Full Paper Title 3

MAINBODYCHECKLIST

Saepe et multum hoc mecum cogitavi, bonine an mali plus attulerit hominibus et civitatibus copia dicendi ac summum eloquentiae studium. Nam cum et nostrae rei publicae detrimenta considero et maximarum civitatum veteres animo calamitates colligo, non minimam video per disertissimos homines invectam partem incommodorum; cum autem res ab nostra memoria propter vetustatem remotas ex litterarum monumentis repetere 1 instituo, multas urbes constitutas, plurima bella restincta, firmissimas societates, sanctissimas amicitias intellego cum animi ratione tum facilius eloquentia comparatas. Major Section Heading Ac me quidem diu cogitantem ratio ipsa in hanc potissimum sententiam ducit, ut existimem sapientiam sine eloquentia parum prodesse civitatibus, eloquentiam vero sine sapientia nimium obesse plerumque, prodesse numquam. Quare si quis omissis rectissimis atque honestissimis studiis rationis et officii consumit omnem operam in exercitatione dicendi, is inutilis sibi, perniciosus patriae civis alitur; qui vero ita sese armat eloquentia, ut non oppugnare commoda patriae, sed pro his propugnare 1 1

Do 1.Leftalignthebodyofthepaper:Useyourword processorsParagraphsettings. 2.Indenteachparagraphahalfinch:Again,usethe Paragraphsettingsofyourwordprocessor 3.Useoneinchmarginsthroughout:Thisisusually achievedwiththePageLayoutoptions. 4.Doublespacetheentiredocument:Thisisusually achievedwiththeParagraphsettings. 5.Indentblockquotationsanextrahalfinchfrom theleftmargin:Thisisalsoachievedwiththe Paragraphsettings(seemoreinSection2above). 6.Repeatthetitleofthepaperatthetopofthe firstpage:Centerit. 7.Insertarunningpageheaderwithnumbering: UsetheInsertoptionsinMSWord.

DoNot 1.Putaheadingbeforetheintroductoryparagraphs. 2.Insertblanklinesbeforeorafterparagraphs. 3.Rightjustifyorhyphenatethedocument;instead, leavearaggedrightedgeforthetext. 4.Forcepagebreaksormanualinsertpageheaders.

3.2.4.Referencespage
Beginonaseparatepage.ThewordReferencesshouldbecenteredatthetopofthepage(donot bold,italicize,underline,orusequotationmarks).Thispageisstillnumbered,usingthesamepage headerappearingthroughoutthepaper.

50
SHORT TITLE 1 References Brennan, T. (2006, December 27). Analyst: Housing bubble fears behind us. Retrieved from http://www.cnbc.com/id /16368271/Analyst_Housing_Bubble_Fears_Behind_Us Chanos, J. (2003, May 15). [Prepared remarks]. In Hedge fund strategies and market participation. Panel conducted at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Roundtable on Hedge Funds. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/spotlight 1 /hedgefunds/hedge-chanos.htm Gray, K. R., Frieder, L. A., & Clark, G. W. (2007). Financial bubbles and business scandals in history. International Journal of Public Administration, 30, 859-888. doi: 10.1080 /01900690701227420 Krugman, P. (2006, October 30). Bursting bubble blues. The New York Times, late edition, p. 25. Kudlow, L. (2006a, August 22). Greatest story never told. New York Sun. Retrieved from http://www.nysun.com/opinion /greatest-story-never-told/38330/ Kudlow, L. (2006b, March 11). Riding the right curve: Laffer days are here again. National Review. Retrieved from 1 1 9

REFERENCESPAGECHECKLIST

Do 1.Provideaheadingforthepage:Centertheword Referencesatthetop(nobold,italics,orcolon after).Ifthesourcelistingsspillontoanother page,donotrepeatthisheading. 2.Usehangingindentation:Whensource informationrunsontoasecond,third,or additionalline,indentthoselinesby.5usingthe Paragraphsettings. 3.Usethesamemarginsandspacingastherestof thedocument:Doublespacewith1inchmargins. 4.Listsourcesalphabeticallyusingthefirstword(s) ofeachentry(excludingA,AnorThe):For multiplesourceswithsameauthor(s),listthem fromearliesttolatestyears;ifyearsmatchalso, sortbytitle. DoNot 1.Putacolonafterthepageheading. 2.Insertextrablanklinesbetweenentries. 3.Listsourcesthatyoudonotactuallyciteinthe bodyofthepaper.

3.2.5.Appendices
Appendicescanbeusedinpapersforavarietyofpurposes,buttheirmainfunctionistoprovide fullerinformationaboutsomesourceorobservationdiscussedinthebodyofthepaper.The contentsofappendicesgenerallyincludeeithermoredetailedanalysesorextradata,fromgraphs andtablestosurveyquestionsorinterviewtranscripts.Whileyoumayneverhavecausetoprovide anappendix,someinstructorsmayrequiretheminordertodocumentprimaryresearch,sincesuch sourcesarenotaccessiblebyusingtypicalinformationontheReferencespage.Starteachappendix onaseparatepage.Usethesamepageheaderasthemainbodyofthepaper,includingashorttitle andpagenumbers.Theheadingcenteredatthetopofthefirstpageofeachappendixshould includethewordAppendix,and,whenmorethanoneisprovided,acapitalletterdistinguishing eachone(whichshouldbeusedwhenreferringtotheappendixinthebodyofthepaper).The appendixmaterialitselfshouldbeformattedlikesimilarmaterialappearingthebodyofthepaper.

3.3.FormattingTables,Figures,andLists
Whilethedocumentsettingsabovewillfulfillmostofyourformattingrequirements,somepartsof thebodyofthepaperrequireaddedformattingorslightalterationstodistinguishparticular contentfromtherestofthepaper.

3.3.1.Lists
Listsareacommonfeatureofallkindsofwritingsandcanbeformattedinavarietyofways,most ofwhicharereadilyaccommodatedbywordprocessorcommands.Usenumberedlistsfor orderedinformation(e.g.,chronologicalorder,priority,importance).Usebulletpointsforany

51 otherseries(APA,2010,p.64).Mosttimes,whenusingbulletpoints,capitalizeandpunctuatethe listasifitwereacompletesentence.However,ifthelistiswithinasentence,capitalizeand punctuatethroughout(APAStyleBlog,2010),asyouwouldforanysentence.Belowisanexample ofusingabulletedlistwithinasentence.

BULLETLISTS

All students are expected to come to tutoring with a pencil or pen, class notes, and all assigned coursework.

Listscanalsobepresentedinthemainflowofasentenceorparagraph.Inaparagraphorsentence withalist,uselowercaseletters(ratherthannumbers)inparenthesestosetoffeachitem.
LISTPRESENTEDINTHEMAINFLOWOFTHESENTENCE

All students are expected to come to tutoring with (a) a pencil or pen, (b) class notes, and (c) all assigned coursework.
Commasorsemicolonscanbeusedtoseparateelementsofbulletedlistsandlistswithin parentheses.Commasseparateindividualitemsinthelist,whilesemicolonsareusedtoseparate itemsthatalreadycontaincommas.
LISTOFITEMSSEPARATEDBYSEMICOLONS

The tour is scheduled to stop in Venice, Italy; Madrid, Spain; and Marseille, France. 3.3.2.Tablesandfigures
Tablesandfiguresallowauthorstoreportdataefficientlyandeffectivelyforreaders.*Note:APA rarelyrecommendscopyingandpastingtablesfromoutsidesources;theypreferauthorstocreate theirownusingawordprocessingprogram(likeMicrosoftWord).

Table: numerical data or textual information arranged in columns and rows

Figure:achart,photo,drawing,graph,diagram,orothernontextualinformation

Namingtablesandfigures:Asyoucreateyourtableorfigure,titleitwithaspecificnumberfirst. Numberalltablesandfiguresintheordermentionedinyourpaper(Figure1,Figure2,etc.).Ifyou haveanappendixwithtablesorfigures,labelthemwithacapitalletterandthenanumber(e.g., TableA1isthefirsttableinAppendixA.FigureD2isthesecondfigureinAppendixD).Atitleisthen addedafterthetableorfigurenumber(seeAPA,2010,p.129).Thetitleshouldbebrief,clear,and helpexplainthebasiccontentofthetableorfigure.Whenyourefertoyourtableorfigureinthe

52 bodyofyourpaper,refertothetableorfigurenumber.Forexample,asshowninTable3,the responseswereFigure1shows.APAformatdoesnotrefertothetableaboveorfigurebelow orthetableonpageX.Alwaysrefertothetableorfigurenumbersothatreaderscanmoreeasily locatetherelevantvisual. Formattingtables:Beconsistentinformattingtables;alwaysusethesamefontandsize throughoutyourpaper.Tablesmaybesingleordoublespaced,butbeconsistent.Whenmakingthe headingsforcolumnsinyourtable,bebrief.Useabbreviationsforknownterms(e.g.,no.for numberand%forpercent).Whenusingafigurefromanoutsidesource,youmustgivecreditto theauthororsource.Thiscitationisplacedatthebottomofthetableasanoteusingthisformat: Note:AdaptedfromArticleTitle,byA.Author&B.Author,year,Sourcetitle,p.# Formattingfigures:Figuresshouldhaveaknownpurposeorconnectiontoyourpaper,and shouldnotbeusedjusttotakeupspace.Everyfigureappearinginyourpapershouldbediscussed withinthemainbodyofyourpaper,whereyoushouldexplainthesignificanceofthefigurefor demonstratingyourmainpoints.Above the figure, provide a figure number followed directly with the figure title. After the title, add any information needed to clarify the figure. Whenusinga figurefromanoutsidesource,makesuretheimageislargeenoughtobelegible.Underneaththe figure,citewherethefigureisfrominthefollowingformat: AdaptedfromArticleorPageTitle,byA.Author,year,Sourcetitle,p.#
EXAMPLEOFFIGUREINAPAFORMAT

Figure 1. Number of Women Drinking Alcohol While Pregnant

Adapted from Decrease in Drinking after Education Campaign, by L. Jones, 2002, JAMA, 32, p. 119
*NOTE:Sourcesusedfortables/figuresmustalsobedocumentedontheReferencespage,although theformattingisdifferentontheReferencespagethanhowitappearsunderthefigureortable.

53

4.APAConventionsforGrammarandMechanics
ThefollowsectionsofferverybriefguidelinesforAPAconventionsongrammar,mechanics,and style.ThispartoftheFranklinStyleManualisonlyintendedtocoverafewcommonlymistaken basics.Formoreguidanceonacademicwriting,consultthegrammarhandbooksrequiredforyour lowerdivisionwritingcourses,consulttheappropriateresourcesinthefollowingsection,orsetup anappointmentforspecialtutoringwiththeStudentLearningCenter.

4.1.PunctuationandSpacing
Useonespaceafterendingpunctuation(periods,exclamationpoints,andquestionmarks).Note thatofficialAPArecommendationsaskfortwospacesafterthepunctuationattheendofasentence (APA,2010,p.88)thisisnotthestandardatFranklin,wherewerecommendonespace.

4.1.1.Commas
APAspecifiesthatcommasshouldbeusedinspecificinstances,including:

before a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) connecting independent clauses; to separate three or more items in a series (cereal, milk, and butter); after an introductory phrase at the beginning of the sentence (After 2006, . . .); before a comment or question tacked on to the end of a sentence; around phrases that interrupt the flow of the sentence (however, moreover, therefore); and around additional information NOT considered essential to the meaning of the sentence (Jones, who is also a noted actor, wrote a song).

4.1.2.Quotationmarks
Quotationmarksgoaroundtitlesofshorterpieces:magazineandjournalarticles,bookchapters, articlesfromeditedcollections,televisionepisodes,andsongtitles(seebelow).Pleasereview Section2.2aboveforfurtherinformationonusingquotationmarkstosetofforiginalmaterial.

4.2.SpecialFormatting
Useonespaceafterendingpunctuationmarks(periods,exclamationpoints,andquestionmarks), eventhoughAPAsuggestsusingtwospacesafterthepunctuationattheendofasentence(APA, 2010,p.88).Franklinsstandardistouseonespaceonly.

4.2.1.Capitalization
Capitalizepropernounsandformalnamesoftests,conditions,andgroupswhendefinite andspecific(e.g.,StroopColorWordInterferenceTest,GroupAwasthecontrolgroup). Capitalizenounsbeforenumbers,butnotbeforevariables(e.g.,Trial2,trialx). Capitalizespecificcourseanddepartmenttitles(e.g.,GSUDepartmentofPsychology,Psych 150),butdonotcapitalizewhenreferringtogeneralities(anydepartment,anycourse).

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4.2.2.Titles
InAPA,titleshavespecialrulesforformatting,dependinguponwhethertheyappearinthebodyof thepaperorontheReferencespage.Theformattingalsodependsonthenatureoftheworkbeing listed.YouwillseemanyexamplesintheSection2,APADocumentation.

Article, chapter, or segment titles: On the References page, capitalize the first word of the title, first word after a colon, and any proper nouns. In-text, capitalize all major words. Journal, magazine, newspaper titles: Capitalize all proper nouns and all major words. Book and report titles: On the References page, capitalize first word of title and all proper nouns. In-text, capitalize all major words.

4.2.3.Italics
Italicizetitlesofbooks,newspapers,magazines,editedcollections,movies,televisionseries, documentaries,oralbums.Italicsshouldbeusedtointroducenew,technical,orkeyterms.Once thewordisusedonce,donotcontinuetoitalicizeit(APA,2010,pp.104105).

4.2.4.Numbers
APAsgeneralruleistousenumeralstoexpressnumbers10andaboveandwordstoexpress numbersbelow10(APA,2010,p.111).RefertotheAPAManualforinformationonexceptionsto thisgeneralrule.

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5.OtherResourcesonWriting,Plagiarism,andAPAStyle
Hereareadditionalresourcescoveringvarioustopicsalreadydiscussedabove. AcademicIntegrityatPrinceton:PrincetonUniversityoffersanoverviewonproperuseof resources,includingexampleshowtoproperlyincorporateresearchintopapers,citesources,and ensureyouarenotplagiarizing: http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/index.html CapitalCommunityCollegeFoundation:Thissourceprovidesresourcesforgrammar,research, andwritingatword,sentence,paragraph,andessaylevels: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/index.htm CitationStyleandAvoidingPlagiarism:IndianaUniversityincludespamphletsfromIndiana UniversitysWritingTutorialServices: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets.shtml PurdueUniversitysOnlineWritingLab:Oneofthebestonlineresourcesforthewriting process,researchandwriting,APAformat,documentingsources,grammarandmechanicalhelp: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01 UniversityofHongKongSelfTest:Areyouunwillinglyplagiarizing?Testyourselfhere(note thatwritingexamplesherearenotinAPAformat): http://www4.caes.hku.hk/plagiarism TheOfficialAPAWebsite:TheofficialwebsiteforAPAStyleguidelinesalsooffersvaluable informationregardingformatting,creditingsources,andmanyexamplesofreferencecomponents: http://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/whatisdoi.aspx