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Human Needs 1
RUNNING HEAD: HUMAN NEEDSMaslow’s Theory of Motivation and Hierarchy of Human Needs:A Critical AnalysisAllison Ruby Reid-Cunningham, MSWSchool of Social WelfareUniversity of California – BerkeleyPrepared under the supervision of Dr. William McKinley RunyanSchool of Social WelfarePhD Qualifying ExaminationDecember 3, 2008
Human Needs 2
Table of ContentsAbstract …………………………………………………………………………………. 3Conceptual Framework and Methods ………………………………………………... 4Motivation Theory …………………...……………………………………………….... 5
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Physiological Needs
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Safety Needs
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Love Needs
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Esteem Needs
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Self-Actualization Needs
Application of Motivation Theory to Abraham Maslow’s Life…………………….. 24
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Childhood
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Physiological Needs
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Safety Needs
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Love Needs
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Esteem Needs
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Self-Actualization Needs
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Adult Life
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Deficiency Needs: Physiological, Safety, Love, Esteem
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Growth Needs: Self-Actualization
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Synthesis
Empirical and Theoretical Criticism ...….……...……………………………..…….. 55
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Deprivation: The Chronically Hungry Person
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Gratification: The Chronically Satiated Person
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Cultural Relativity and Universalism
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The Utility of the Original Five Categories of Needs
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Ecological Model of Human Needs
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Directions for Future Research
Implications for Society and Social Welfare ..………………….…………………… 73Figures …………………………………………………………………………………. 78References ……………………………………………………………………………... 79
Human Needs 3
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