1) Nicolaus Copernicus/Copernican Hypothesis: (14731543) A Polish clergyman and astronomer who theorized that the stars and planets,

including the earth, revolved around a fixed sun. He published his theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543, the same year he died. His major contribution to the scientific revolution was his questioning of the geocentric view of the universe. 2) Geocentric theory/heliocentric theory: The geocentric theory of the universe is the astronomical belief that the earth is at the center of the universe and everything revolves around it (Aristotle). This was the idea endorsed by the Catholic Church and taught in schools, while the heliocentric idea of the universe came about during the Scientific Revolution (Copernicus). This was the theory that the sun is at the center of the universe, with everything including the Earth orbiting it. 3) Tycho Brahe: (1546-1601) An aristocratic Danish astronomer who believed that all planets revolved around the sun and the entire group of suns and planets revolved around the earth-moon system. Brahe provided important, extensive observations of planets that were used by many of the scientists including his assistant, Johannes Kepler. 4) Johannes Kepler: (1571-1630) An aristocratic German astronomer who believed that the universe was built on mathematical relationships and the musical harmony of the heavenly bodies. Using the knowledge and observations regarding planets of his teacher, Tycho Brahe, Kepler was able to successfully prove that planets orbited around the sun in an oval pathway, the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits, and that the time it takes for a planet to make its complete orbit was related to its distance from the sun. 5) Galileo Galilei: (1564-1642) A poor Florentine nobleman and one of greatest contributors to the scientific revolution. As a young professor of Mathematics, Galileo

elaborated and consolidated the experimental method. Galileo's best contribution was the telescope, which he perfected. He worked on many experiments including his famous acceleration experiment, which helped him formulated the Law of Inertia (rest is not the natural state of an object- rather, an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force) .He developed his on telescope and used it to gain evidence of the Copernican theory. After publishing his beliefs in Dialogue on the Two chief Systems of the World in 1632, he was forced to recant them by the Church. 6) William Harvey: (1578-1657) Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body and pointed out heart, not the liver, as starting point of blood. 7) Sir Isaac Newton: (1642-1727) A member of English gentry and Cambridge graduate known for uniting both the experimental and the mathematical-theoretical sides of modern science. He published his famous Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. The book featured his law of universal gravitation which states that every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship, whereby the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of matter of the objects and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. 8) Deductive reasoning/inductive reasoning: Deductive reasoning is when one researches from the general to the specific (based on logic) and Inductive reasoning is when one researches form the specific to the general. 9) Francis Bacon: (1561-1626) English politician and writer who rejected the Aristotelian and medieval method theories, Bacon argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research. Francis Bacon is often referred to the father of empiricism and one of the first ones to include experimentation in

sciences. He claimed that the empirical method would result not only in more knowledge but also in highly practical, useful knowledge. He also was motivational to scientists as he set an intellectual tone and helped create a environment encouraging scientific work. 10) Rene Descartes/ I think, therefore, I am: (15961650) French philosopher who at the age of twenty three realized that there was a perfect correspondence between geometry and algebra, in what later comes to be called analytical geometry. He decided it was necessary to doubt everything that could reasonably be doubted and then, as in geometry, to use deductive reasoning from self-evident principles to ascertain scientific laws. With this, he developed a scientific method that depended more on assumption compared to the empirical study and induction. He is famous for saying I think therefor, I am meaning that if someone wonders whether or not they exist is, in and of itself, proof that something, an "I", exists to do the thinking. 11) Empiricism: the general theory of inductive reasoning and experimental research. For an example, if a researcher who wants to learn more about leaves or rocks should not speculate about the subject but rather collect a multitude of specimens and then compare and analyze them. 12) Cartesian dualism: Descartes two fundamental entities that reduces all substances to matter (the physical) and Mind (the spiritual). What we know through or mind is more accurate than what we know through our senses. 13) Blaise Pascal/Pensees: (1623- 1662) French philosopher, scientist and mathematician who invented the calculator and work with probability; he is best known for his Pensees, in which he tried to reconcile the new science and Christianity. Pascal sought to reconcile faith and reason because he believed that the more you use reason to explain

humanity and the world the more likely you would begin to have faith in God. 14) Robert Boyle: (1627-1691) English chemist who developed the gas law which bears his name. The law states that the volume of a gas varies in proportion to the pressure exerted on it. 15) Royal Society of London/French Royal Academy of Sciences: Formed in 1662 under Charles II. It consisted of weekly meetings to discuss science. Formed in 1666 and was the French version of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. It was also supported by the monarchy. 16) Joseph Priestly: (1733-1804) an 18th-century English theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, chemist, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. He is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen.